Chapter XVIII: General Survey of Romance Literature (1)

[Sidenote: Cycles of romance.] In the preceding chapters we have given an outline of the principal epics which formed the staple of romance literature in the middle ages. As has been seen, this style of composition was used to extol the merits and describe the great deeds of certain famous heroes, and by being gradually extended it was made to include the prowess of the friends and contemporaries of these more or less fabulous personages. All these writings, clustering thus about some great character, eventually formed the so-called "cycles of romance."

There were current in those days not only classical romances, but stories of love, adventure, and chivalry, all bearing a marked resemblance to one another, and prevailing in all the European states during the four centuries when knighthood flourished everywhere. Some of these tales, such as those of the Holy Grail, were intended, besides, to glorify the most celebrated orders of knighthood,--the Templars and Knights of St. John.

Other styles of imaginative writing were known at the same time also, yet the main feature of the literature of the age is first the metrical, and later the prose, romance, the direct outcome of the great national epics.

We have outlined very briefly, as a work of this character requires, the principal features of the Arthurian, Carolingian, and Teutonic cycles. We have also touched somewhat upon the Anglo-Danish and Scandinavian contributions to our literature.

Of the extensive Spanish cycle we have given only a short sketch of the romance, or rather the chronicle, of the Cid, leaving out entirely the vast and deservedly popular cycles of Amadis of Gaul and of the Palmerins. This omission has been intentional, however, because these romances have left but few traces in our literature. As they are seldom even alluded to, they are not of so great importance to the English student of letters as the Franco-German, Celto-Briton, and Scandinavian tales.

The stories of Amadis of Gaul and of the Palmerins are, moreover, very evident imitations of the principal romances of chivalry which we have already considered. They are formed of an intricate series of adventures and enchantments, are, if anything, more extravagant than the other mediaeval romances, and are further distinguished by a tinge of Oriental mysticism and imagery, the result of the Crusades.

The Italian cycle, which we have not treated separately because it relates principally to Charlemagne and Roland, is particularly noted for its felicity of expression and richness of description. Like the Spanish writers, the Italians love to revel in magic, as is best seen in the greatest gems of that age, the poems of "Orlando Innamorato" and "Orlando Furioso," by Boiardo and Ariosto.

Mediaeval literature includes also a very large and so-called "unaffiliated cycle" of romances. This is composed of many stories, the precursors of the novel and "short story" of the present age. We are indebted to this cycle for several well-known works of fiction, such as the tale of patient Griseldis, the gentle and meek-spirited heroine who has become the personification of long-suffering and charity. After the mediaeval writers had made much use of this tale, it was taken up in turn by Boccaccio and Chaucer, who have made it immortal.

The Norman tale of King Robert of Sicily, so beautifully rendered in verse by Longfellow in his "Tales of a Wayside Inn," also belongs to this cycle, and some authorities claim that it includes the famous animal epic "Reynard the Fox," of which we have given an outline. The story of Reynard the Fox is one of the most important mediaeval contributions to the literature of the world, and is the source from which many subsequent writers have drawn the themes for their fables.

[Sidenote: Classical cycle.] A very large class of romances, common to all European nations during the middle ages, has also been purposely omitted from the foregoing pages. This is the so-called "classical cycle," or the romances based on the Greek and Latin epics, which were very popular during the age of chivalry. They occupy so prominent a place in mediaeval literature, however, that we must bespeak a few moments' attention to their subjects.

In these classical romances the heroes of antiquity have lost many of their native characteristics, and are generally represented as knight-errants, and made to talk and act as such knights would. Christianity and mythology are jumbled up together in a most peculiar way, and history, chronology, and geography are set at defiance and treated with the same scorn of probabilities.

The classical romances forming this great general cycle are subdivided into several classes or cycles. The interest of the first is mainly centered upon the heroes of Homer and Hesiod. The best-known and most popular of these mediaeval works was the "Roman de Troie," relating the siege and downfall of Troy.

Based upon post-classical Greek and Latin writings rather than upon the great Homeric epic itself, the story, which had already undergone many changes to suit the ever-varying public taste, was further transformed by the Anglo-Norman trouvère, Benoît de Sainte-More, about 1184. He composed a poem of thirty thousand lines, in which he related not only the siege and downfall of Troy, but also the Argonautic expedition, the wanderings of Ulysses, the story of Aeneas, and many other mythological tales.

This poet, following the custom of the age, naïvely reproduced the manners, customs, and, in general, the beliefs of the twelfth century. There is plenty of local color in his work, only the color belongs to his own locality, and not to that of the heroes whose adventures he purports to relate. In his work the old classical heroes are transformed into typical mediaeval knights, and heroines such as Helen and Medea, for instance, are portrayed as damsels in distress.

This prevalent custom of viewing the ancients solely from the mediaeval point of view gave rise not only to grotesque pen pictures, but also to a number of paintings, such as Gozzoli's kidnapping of Helen. In this composition, Paris, in trunk hose, is carrying off the fair Helen pickaback, notwithstanding the evident clamor raised by the assembled court ladies, who are attired in very full skirts and mediaeval headdresses.

On account of these peculiarities, and because the customs, dress, festivities, weapons, manners, landscapes, etc., of the middle ages are so minutely described, these romances have, with much justice, been considered as really original works.

[Sidenote: The Roman de Troie.] The "Roman de Troie" was quite as popular in mediaeval Europe as the "Iliad" had been in Hellenic countries during the palmy days of Greece, and was translated into every dialect. There are still extant many versions of the romance in every European tongue, for it penetrated even into the frozen regions of Scandinavia and Iceland. It was therefore recited in every castle and town by the wandering minstrels, trouvères, troubadours, minnesingers, and scalds, who thus individually and collectively continued the work begun so many years before by the Greek rhapsodists. Thus for more than two thousand years the story which still delights us has been familiar among high and low, and has served to beguile the hours for old and young.

This cycle further includes a revised and much-transformed edition of the adventures of Aeneas and of the early history of Rome. But although all these tales were first embodied in metrical romances, these soon gave way to prose versions of equally interminable length, which each relator varied and embellished according to his taste and skill.

The extreme popularity of Benoît de Sainte-More's work induced many imitations, and the numerous _chansons de gestes_, constructed on the same general plan, soon became current everywhere. Sundry episodes of these tales, having been particularly liked, were worked over, added to, and elaborated, until they assumed the proportions of romances in themselves. Such was, for example, the case with the story of Troilus and Cressida, which was treated by countless mediaeval poets, and finally given the form in which we know it best, first by Chaucer in his "Canterbury Tales," and lastly by Shakespeare in his well-known play.

[Sidenote: Alexandre le Grant.] Another great romance of the classical cycle is the one known as "Alexandre le Grant." First written in verse by Lambert le Cort, in a meter which is now exclusively known as Alexandrine, because it was first used to set forth the charms and describe the deeds of this hero, it was recast by many poets, and finally turned into a prose romance also.

The first poetical version was probably composed in the eleventh century, and is said to have been twenty-two thousand six hundred lines long. Drawn from many sources,--for the Greek and Latin writers had been all more or less occupied with describing the career of the youthful conqueror and the marvels he discovered in the far East,--the mediaeval writers still further added to this heterogeneous material.

The romance of "Alexandre le Grant," therefore, purports to relate the life and adventures of the King of Macedon; but as Lambert le Cort and his numerous predecessors and successors were rather inclined to draw on imagination, the result is a very extravagant tale.

In the romance, as we know it, Alexander is described as a mediaeval rather than an ancient hero. After giving the early history of Macedon, the poet tells of the birth of Alexander,--which is ascribed to divine intervention,--and dwells eloquently upon the hero's youthful prowess. Philip's death and the consequent reign of Alexander next claim our attention. The conquest of the world is, in this romance, introduced by the siege and submission of Rome, after which the young monarch starts upon his expedition into Asia Minor, and the conquest of Persia. The war with Porus and the fighting in India are dwelt upon at great length, as are the riches and magnificence of the East. Alexander visits Amazons and cannibals, views all the possible and impossible wonders, and in his fabulous history we find the first mention, in European literature, of the marvelous "Fountain of Youth," the object of Ponce de Leon's search in Florida many years later.

When, in the course of this lengthy romance, Alexander has triumphantly reached the ends of the earth, he sighs for new worlds to conquer, and even aspires to the dominion of the realm of the air. To wish is to obtain. A magic glass cage, rapidly borne aloft by eight griffins, conveys the conqueror through the aërial kingdom, where all the birds in turn do homage to him, and where he is enabled to understand their language, thanks to the kind intervention of a magician.

But Alexander's ambition is still insatiable; and, earth and air having both submitted to his sway, and all the living creatures therein having recognized him as master and promised their allegiance, he next proposes to annex the empire of the sea. Magic is again employed to gratify this wish, and Alexander sinks to the bottom of the sea in a peculiarly fashioned diving bell. Here all the finny tribe press around to do him homage; and after receiving their oaths of fealty, and viewing all the marvels of the deep, as conceived by the mediaeval writer's fancy, Alexander returns to Babylon.

Earth, air, and sea having all been subdued, the writer, unable to follow the course of Alexander's conquests any further, now minutely describes a grand coronation scene at Babylon, where, with the usual disregard for chronology which characterizes all the productions of this age, he makes the hero participate in a solemn mass!

The story ends with a highly sensational description of the death of Alexander by poisoning, and an elaborate enumeration of the pomps of his obsequies.

[Sidenote: Rome la Grant.] A third order of romances, also belonging to this cycle, includes a lengthy poem known as "Rome la Grant." Here Virgil appears as a common enchanter. With the exception of a few well-known names, all trace of antiquity is lost. The heroes are now exposed to hairbreadth escapes; wonderful adventures succeed one another without any pause; and there is a constant series of enchantments, such as the Italian poets loved to revel in, as is shown in the works by Boiardo and Ariosto already mentioned.

These tales, and those on the same theme which had preceded them, gave rise to a generally accepted theory of European colonization subsequent to the Trojan war; and every man of note and royal family claimed to descend from the line of Priam.

[Sidenote: Story of Brutus.] As the Romans insisted that their city owed its existence to the descendants of Aeneas, so the French kings Dagobert and Charles the Bald claimed to belong to the illustrious Trojan race. The same tradition appeared in England about the third century, and from Gildas and Nennius was adopted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. It is from this historian that Wace drew the materials for the metrical tale of Brutus (Brute), the supposed founder of the British race and kingdom. This poem is twenty thousand lines long, and relates the adventures and life of Brutus, the great-grandson of Aeneas.

At the time of Brutus' birth his parents were frightened by an oracle predicting that he would be the cause of the death of both parents, and only after long wanderings would attain the highest pitch of glory. This prophecy was duly fulfilled. Brutus' mother, a niece of Lavinia, died at his birth. Fifteen years later, while hunting, he accidentally slew his father; and, expelled from Italy on account of this involuntary crime, he began his wanderings.

In the course of time Brutus went to Greece, where he found the descendants of Helenus, one of Priam's sons, languishing in captivity. Brutus headed the revolted Trojans, and after helping them to defeat Pandrasus, King of Greece, obtained their freedom, and invited them to accompany him to some distant land, where they could found a new kingdom.

Led by Brutus, who in the mean while had married the daughter of Pandrasus, the Trojans sailed away, and, landing on the deserted island of Leogecia, visited the temple of Diana, and questioned her statue, which gave the following oracle:

"'Brutus! there lies beyond the Gallic bounds
An island which the western sea surrounds,
By giants once possessed; now few remain
To bar thy entrance, or obstruct thy reign.
To reach that happy shore thy sails employ;
There fate decrees to raise a second Troy,
And found an empire in thy royal line,
Which time shall ne'er destroy, nor bounds confine.'"
GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH (Giles's tr.).

Thus directed by miracle, Brutus sailed on, meeting with many adventures, and landed twice on the coast of Africa. The Pillars of Hercules once passed, the travelers beheld the sirens, and, landing once more, were joined by Corineus, who proposed to accompany them.

Brutus then coasted along the shores of the kingdom of Aquitaine and up the Loire, where his men quarreled with the inhabitants. He found himself involved in a fierce conflict, in which, owing to his personal valor and to the marvelous strength of Corineus, he came off victor in spite of the odds against him.

In this battle Brutus' nephew, Turonus, fell, and was buried on the spot where the city of Tours was subsequently built and named after the dead hero. After having subdued his foes, Brutus embarked again and landed on an island called Albion. Here he forced the giants to make way for him, and in the encounters with them Corineus again covered himself with glory.

We are told that the first germ of the nursery tale of Jack the Giant Killer is found in this poem, for Corineus, having chosen Corinea (Cornwall) as his own province, defeated there the giant Goëmagot, who was twelve cubits high and pulled up an oak as if it were but a weed. Corineus, after a famous wrestling bout, flung this Goëmagot into the sea, at a place long known as Lam Goëmagot, but now called Plymouth.

[Sidenote: The founding of London.] Brutus pursued his way, and finally came to the Thames, on whose banks he founded New Troy, a city whose name was changed in honor of Lud, one of his descendants, to London. Brutus called the newly won kingdom Britain, and his eldest sons, Locrine and Camber, gave their names to the provinces of Locria and Cambria when they became joint rulers of their father's kingdom, while Albanact, his third son, took possession of the northern part, which he called Albania (Scotland).

Albanact was not allowed to reign in peace, however, but was soon called upon to war against Humber, King of the Huns. The latter was defeated, and drowned in the stream which still bears his name. Locrine's daughter, Sabrina, also met with a watery death, and gave her name to the Severn.

[Sidenote: King Leir.] The posterity of Brutus now underwent many other vicissitudes. There was fighting at home and abroad; and after attributing the founding of all the principal cities to some ruler of this line, the historian relates the story of King Leir, the founder of Leicester. As this monarch's life has been used by Shakespeare for one of his dramas,--the tragedy of "King Lear,"--and is familiar to all students of English literature, there is no need to outline Geoffrey of Monmouth's version of the tale.

The chronicler then resumes the account of Brutus' illustrious descendants, enumerating them all, and relating their adventures, till we come to the reign of Cassivellaunus and the invasion of Britain by the Romans. Shortly after, under the reign of Cymbelinus, he mentions the birth of Christ, and then resumes the thread of his fabulous history, and brings it down to the reign of Uther Pendragon, where it has been taken up in the Arthurian cycle.

This chronicle, which gave rise to many romances, was still considered reliable even in Shakespeare's time, and many poets have drawn freely from it. The mediaeval poets long used it as a mental quarry, and it has been further utilized by some more recent poets, among whom we must count Drayton, who makes frequent mention of these ancient names in his poem "Polyolbion," and Spenser, who immortalizes many of the old legends in his "Faerie Queene."

There are, of course, many other mediaeval tales and romances; but our aim has been to enable the reader to gain some general idea of the principal examples, leaving him to pursue the study in its many branches if he wishes a more complete idea of the literature of the past and of the influence it has exerted and still exerts upon the writers of our own day.

INDEX TO POETICAL QUOTATIONS.

Ariosto, 141, 211. Arnold, Matthew, 212, 243, 269. Beowulf, (translations by Conybeare, Keary, Longfellow, Metcalfe), 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21. Buchanan, 145, 146. Bulwer Lytton, 219. Burney, Dr. (translation), 141. Byron, 150. Chanson de Roland (translations by Rabillon), 144, 145, 147, 148. Conybeare (translations), 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21. Cursor Mundi, 4. Death Song of Regner Lodbrock (translations by Herbert), 272, 276, 279. Dippold, G. T., (translations, Great Epics of Mediaeval Germany, Roberts Bros., Boston,), 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 188, 190, 195, 237, 239. Dragon of Wantley, 238. Drayton, 208, 210, 217, 218. Ellis, 207, 208, 209, 210, 227. Ettin Langshanks, The, 115, 116. Geoffrey of Monmouth, 308. Giles (translation), 308. Goethe, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49 50, 52. Gottfried von Strassburg, 237, 239, 241. Gudrun, (translations by Dippold, Great Epics of mediaeval Germany, Roberts Bros., Boston), 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34. Hartmann von Aue, 223. Head, Sir Edmund, (Ticknor's Spanish Literature, Messrs. Harper Bros., New York), 150. Heldenbuch (translations by Weber), 95, 96, 101, 105, 106, 107, 118, 119, 121. Hemans, Mrs., 278. Herbert (translations), 272, 276, 279. Hildebrand, Song of, (translation by Bayard Taylor, Studies in German Literature, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York), 127. Ingemann, 136. Jamieson (translations), 115, 116. Jones, J.C., 17. Keary (translation), 11. King Arthur's Death, 230. Lady Alda's Dream (translation by Head), 149. Layamon, 232. Legend of King Arthur, 218. Lettsom (translations), 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85. Lockhart, (Ancient Spanish Ballads, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York), 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300. Longfellow, (Poets and Poetry of Europe, and Poetical Works, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston), 12, 13, 95, 137, 251, 253, 254, 256, 258, 265. Lord Lovel, Ballad of, 245. McDowall (translation), 200. Metcalfe (translations), 16, 21. Morris, William, 275. Nibelungenlied (translations by Lettsom), 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85. Niendorf, 34. Rabillon (translations), 144, 145, 147, 148. Ragnar Lodbrok Saga, (The Viking Age, by Paul du Chaillu, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York), 270. Ragnar's Sons' Saga, (The Viking Age, by Paul du Chaillu, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York), 277. Robert of Gloucester, 209. Rogers (translations), 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52. Roland and Ferragus, 141, 142, 143. Rose (translation), 211. Scott, Sir Walter, 235. Sir Lancelot du Lake, 220. Sir Otuel, 148. Sotheby (translations), 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179. Southey, 132, 133, 295, 298. Spalding (translations), 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268. Spenser, 211. Swinburne, 206, 240, 241. Taylor, Bayard, (Studies in German Literature, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York,), 127, 190, 193, 223, 241. Tegnér, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268. Tennyson, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 229, 231, 232. Vail, 281. Weber (translations), 95, 96, 101, 105, 106, 107, 118, 119, 121. Wieland, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179. Wolfram von Eschenbach, 188, 190, 193, 195, 200.

GLOSSARY AND INDEX.

AA'CHEN. See _Aix-la-Chapelle_.
AB-RA-CA-DAB'RA. Malagigi's charm, 158.
A'CRE. Ogier besieges, 138.
ADENET (ä-de-na') Author of an epic on Ogier, 138.
AE'GIR. Northern god of the sea, 250.
AE-NE'AS. In mediaeval literature, 303;
adventures of, 304;
Romans claim, 307.
AES'CHE-RE. Seized by Grendel's mother, 15;
Beowulf offers to avenge, 16.
AF'RI-CA. Brutus lands in, 308.
AG'NAR. Son of Ragnar and Thora, 272;
a great viking, 274;
fights Eystein, 276.
AG'RA-VAINE. Doubts Arthur's title to throne, 216.
AI-GO-LAN'DUS. Revolts against Charlemagne, 141.
AIX-LA-CHA-PELLE'. Founding of, 133;
Ganelon executed at, 148;
Renaud's body to be taken to, 162.
A'LARD. Son of Aymon, 154;
Renaud's affection for, 155;
plays chess with Chariot, 155;
prisoner of Charlemagne, 157;
freed by Malagigi, 158.
AL'BA-NACT. Son of Brutus, 309;
wars against Humber, 309.
AL-BA'NI-A. Name for Scotland, 309.
AL'BER-ICH. Dwarf guardian of treasure, 61;
delivers hoard, 70;
meets Ortnit under tree, 96;
the father of Ortnit, 97;
helps Ortnit, 97;
warns Ortnit against dragons, 98;
receives magic ring, 98;
Wolfdietrich warned by, 107;
meets Dietrich, 111.
See _Laurin_ and _Elbegast_.
AL'BI-ON. Brutus lands in, 308.
AL'BOIN. Sent in quest of armor, 86;
and Rosamund, 87;
cruelty of, 87;
death of, 88.
AL'DRI-AN. I. Father of Hagen, 75.
AL'DRI-AN. II. Son of Hagen, 127;
betrays Etzel, 127.
AL'E-BRAND. See _Hadubrand_.
AL-EX-AN'DER. Hero of metrical romance, 305;
conquests of, 306;
death of, 307.
AL-EX-AN'DRE LE GRANT. Synopsis of, 305.
AL-EX-AN'DRINE METER. Origin of, 305.
A-LEX'IS. Angela restored to, 170.
AL'FER-ICH. See _Alberich_.
AL'FILD. First wife of Sigurd Ring, 269.
AL-FON'SO, DON. King of Leon, 288;
made prisoner, 290;
escapes to Toledo, 290;
hears of Don Sancho's death, 292;
escapes from Toledo, 292;
king of Castile, 292;
banishes Cid, 293;
restores Cid to favor, 294;
makes edict in favor of exiles, 294;
takes Toledo, 294;
defeated by Cid, 294;
encourages suit of Counts of Carrion, 295;
responsible for marriage of Cid's daughters, 297;
Cid seeks redress from, 297;
refuses Babieça, 297;
gives orders for burial of Cid, 300.
AL'FRED. An ally of Ella, 279.
ALF'SOL. Sigurd Ring wooes, 270;
death of, 270.
AL-I-MAY'MON. Reveals how Toledo can be taken, 290;
death of, 294.
ALMES'BUR-Y. Guinevere at, 232;
Lancelot visits, 233;
Guinevere dies at, 233.
AL'PRIS. See _Alberich_.
AL'TE-CLER. Sword of Oliver, 139.
AM'A-DIS OF GAUL. Cycle of, 302.
AM'A-LING LAND. Italy called, 121;
Dietrich king of, 121;
invaded by imperial army, 123;
Dietrich returns to, 125.
AM'A-LUNG. Son of Hornbogi, 121.
A-MAN'DA. Rezia called, 175;
marriage of, 175;
in Titania's valley, 175;
mother of Huonet, 176;
loses her child, and is captured by pirates, 176;
shipwreck of, 177;
slave of the Sultan, 178;
visits fairyland, 179;
journeys to Paris, 179.
AM'A-ZONS. Alexander visits, 306.
AM-BRO'SI-US AU-RE-LI-A'NUS. British chief, 205.
AM'E-LINGS. The, 100-109.
AM'EL-RICH. Ferryman's signal, 76.
AM-FOR'TAS. Son of Frimontel, 188;
king of Montsalvatch, 189;
wound of, 189;
agony of, 193;
brother of, 199;
cured, 200;
death of, 200;
armor of, 201.
AN-GAN'TYR. Helps to recover ship Ellida, 250;
ruler of Orkney Islands, 250;
Frithiof sent to claim tribute from, 258;
Frithiof's landing seen by watchman of, 260;
Frithiof's visit to, 261;
purse of, 261.
ANGEL. Visits Charlemagne, 130;
visits Ogier, 137;
visits Oliver, 139.
AN'GE-LA. Huon advised by, 170;
Huon delivers, 170.
AN-GLO-SAX'ONS. "Beowulf" probably composed by, 9.
AN-GOU-LAF'FRE. Castle of, 169;
Huon's encounter with, 169;
ring of, 173.
AN-GUR-VA'DEL. Magic sword, 247;
Thorsten receives, 249;
Frithiof inherits, 253.
AN'TON. See _Hector_.
ANT'WERP. Marriage of Else and Lohengrin at, 203.
AN'ZI-US. Emperor of Constantinople, 100.
A-POL'LO. Marsile worships, 144.
A-PU'LI-A. Part of Rother's kingdom, 89.
A-QUI-TAINE'. Walther son of duke of, 124;
Brutus coasts along, 308.
AR'ABS. Huon defeats a band of, 166;
Spain under the, 282.
AR'A-GON. Calahorra cause of quarrel in, 286;
Don Ramiro of, 286.
ARDENNES (är-den'). Quest for robber knight of the, 134;
Aymon's sons take refuge in, 160.
AR-GO-NAU'TIC EXPEDITION. In mediaeval literature, 303.
A'RI-AS GON-ZA'LO, DON. Receives challenge, 291.
A-RIB'A-DALE. Bearer of Holy Grail, 201.
A-RI-OS'TO. Version of Roland by, 130;
Merlin's fountain mentioned by, 211;
works of, 302, 307.
AR'NOLD, MATTHEW. Treats of Arthurian legend, 204;
version of Tristan and Iseult, 234.
AR'THUR. Dietrich wooes daughter of, 123;
Ogier joins, 138;
in Avalon, 139;
Parzival sets out for court of, 189;
at Nantes, 191;
Parzival's request to, 192;
Parzival sends conquered knights to, 196;
knights Parzival, 196;
Gawain a knight of, 196;
hears of Gawain's prowess, 198;
Parzival visits, 200;
vain quest for Holy Grail, 201;
legend of King, 204, 214-233;
Merlin serves, 205, 210;
birth of, 210;
Merlin makes palace and armor for, 211;
adventures of, 214;
brought up by Sir Hector, 214;
comes to London, 215;
adventure with sword, 215;
overcomes Gawain, 216;
secures sword Excalibur, 217;
victories of, 217;
marriage of with Guinevere, 217;
receives Round Table, 217;
welcomes Lancelot, 220;
repudiates and reinstates Guinevere, 220;
questions knights, 225;
cannot defend Guinevere in judicial duel, 226;
yearly tournaments of, 226;
and Elaine, 229;
quarrels with Lancelot, 229;
leaves Guinevere with Mordred, 230;
wars against Mordred. 230;
mortal wound of. 231;
disposes of Excalibur, 231;
departs in barge. 232;
Philip II.'s oath in favor of. 232;
buried at Glastonbury. 232;
Lancelot buried at feet of. 233;
Tristan a contemporary of, 234;
Tristan goes to court of. 243;
Tristan delivers, 244;
reconciles Mark and Iseult, 244.
AS'CA-LON. Huon at, 174.
A'SI-A. Monarch of, 179;
Alexander sets out for, 306.
ASK'HER. See _Aeschere_.
AS'LAUG. Same as Krake;
story of birth and childhood of, 274;
prediction of, 275;
sons of, 275;
begs that her sons may avenge Agnar and Erik, 276.
AS'PRI-AN. King of northern giants, 90;
and the lion, 90;
carries off Imelot, 92.
AS'TO-LAT. Lancelot at, 227;
Lancelot comes to, 227;
Elaine the lily-maid of, 228;
Gawain comes to, 228.
AT'LÉ. Challenges Frithiof, 260.
AT'LI. Same as Etzel, 53.
AT'TI-LA. Same as Etzel, 94, 118;
Theodoric born after death of, 128.
AUCH-IN-LECK' MANUSCRIPT. Sir Otuel in the, 143.
AUDE. (od) Beloved by Roland, 149.
AU'DOIN. King of Langobards, 86.
AU-RE'LI-US AM-BRO'SI-US. Son of Constans, 205.
AV'A-LON. Ogier to dwell in, 135;
Morgana takes Ogier to, 138;
Arthur in, 232.
A'VARS. Aymon wars against the, 152.
A-VEN'TI-CUM. See _Wiflisburg_.
A'YA. Aymon marries, 154;
Aymon sends for, 154;
goes to find her husband, 155;
intercedes for her sons, 160;
and Renaud, 161.
AY'MON. _Chansons de gestes_ relating to, 152;
a peer of Charlemagne, 152;
wages war against Charlemagne, 152;
helped by Bayard and Malagigi, 153;
besieged by Charlemagne, 153;
flight and victories of, 154;
Charlemagne makes peace with, 154;
marriage of, 154;
adventures of, 154;
distributes his property, 155;
recovery of, 155;
flees from court, 156;
a captive, 156;
Turpin's promise to, 156;
oath of, 156;
tries to seize his sons, 157;
Malagigi frees sons of, 158;
adventures of sons of, 158-161.

BAR'I-CAN. King of Hyrcania, 171;
Rezia dreams of, 171.
BA-BIE'ÇA. Steed of the Cid, 286;
Cid's ride to Zamora on, 291;
offered to Alfonso, 297;
Cid's last ride on, 298, 299;
end of, 300.
BAB'Y-LON. Ogier besieges, 138;
same as Bagdad in mediaeval literature, 164;
Alexander crowned at, 306.
BAG-DAD'. Huon to go to, 163, 163;
same as Babylon, 164;
Sherasmin indicates road to, 165;
Huon resumes journey to, 169;
Huon's adventures in, 171.
BAL'DER. Shrine of, 254, 256, 257;
temple of, 267.
BA'LI-AN. Seaport in Hagen's kingdom, 26.
BAL'TIC SEA. Bornholm, island in the, 247.
BAN. Father of Lancelot, 219.
BA'RI. Capital of Rother, 89;
arrival of magician's vessel at, 93.
BAU'TA. A memorial stone for Beowulf, 21.
BA-VA'RI-A. Rüdiger rides through, 71.
BAY'ARD. Aymon's marvelous steed, 153;
Satan steals, 153;
Malagigi recovers, 153;
Aymon saved by, 154;
given to Renaud, 155;
Renaud and his brothers escape on, 156;
Renaud's adventures in Paris with, 157;
Renaud's escape on, 158;
timely kick of, 159;
Charlemagne demands death of, 161.
BECH-LAR'EN. Rüdiger of, 71, 120;
Kriemhild at, 73;
Burgundians at, 76.
BED'I-VERE, SIR. Finds Arthur dying, 231;
bids Arthur farewell, 232.
BEE HUNTER. See _Beowulf_.
BELÉ (be-la'). Heir of Sogn, 249;
replaced on throne, 250;
conquers Orkney Islands, 250;
helps Thorsten secure Völund ring, 251;
sons of, 251;
last instructions of, 252;
kings seated on tomb of, 254.
BEL-FO-RA'DO. Given to Rodrigo, 285.
BEL-I-A'GOG. Tristan conquers, 244.
BEL'LI-GAN. City of, 106.
BEL-LIS-SAN'DE. Wife of Ogier, 136.
BEL'LYN. Escort of Reynard, 46;
death of, 47;
deceived by Reynard, 48;
accused of treachery, 49.
BEL'RI-PAR. Capital of Conduiramour, 192;
Kardeiss king of, 201.
BE-NOÎT' DE SAINTE-MORE. Poem of, 303;
popularity of work of, 305.
BE'O-WULF, 9-21;
epic of, 9;
resolves to visit Denmark, 11;
honors won by, 12;
arrival in Denmark, 13;
guards Heorot and wounds Grendel, 13, 14;
receives Brisingamen, 15;
hears of Aeschere's death, 15;
and Grendel's mother, 16, 17;
regency of, 18;
reign of, 19;
adventure with dragon, 19, 20;
death and burial of, 21.
BERCH'THER OF ME'RAN. Adviser of Rother, 89;
sons of, 89;
accompanies Rother, 90;
guardian of Hugdietrich, 100;
journey to Thessalonica, 101;
finds Wolfdietrich. 102;
foster father of Wolfdietrich, 103;
warns Wolfdietrich against Rauch-Else, 104;
Wolfdietrich remembers, 106;
sons of delivered from captivity, 108;
rewards given to sons of, 109.
BERCH'TUNG. See _Berchther of Meran_.
BE-RIL'LUS. Goes to Rome, 185.
BERN. Same as Verona, 77, 110;
hero of, 115, 116, 126;
Heime in, 115;
Wittich in, 116;
Dietrich returns to, 117, 121;
Wildeber comes to. 117;
Laurin a prisoner in, 120;
Wittich's return to, 122;
Dietrich surrenders, 124;
Dietrich's triumphant entry into, 126.
BER'NERS, LORD. Translates "Huon of Bordeaux," 163.
BER'SERK-ER. Rage, 24, 261;
Atlé a, 260.
BER-TAN'GA LAND. Same as Britain, 123.
BER'THA. I. Mother of Charlemagne, 129.
BER'THA. II. Sister of Charlemagne and mother of Roland, 133.
BERTHE'LOT. Same as Charlot, 155.
BER'WICK. See _Joyeuse Garde_.
BI'BUNG. Dwarf protector of Virginal, 133.
BJÖRN. I. Confidant of Frithiof, 254;
plays chess with Frithiof, 255;
steers Ellida, 259;
carries men ashore, 259;
takes charge of Ellida, 264.
BJÖRN. II. Son of Ragnar, 274.
BLAISE. A holy man who baptizes Merlin, 206.
BLAIVE. Roland buried at, 147;
Lady Aude buried at, 149.
BLANCHE'FLEUR. Wife of Meliadus and mother of Tristan, 235.
BLÖ'DE-LIN. Kriemhild bribes, 80.
BOC-CAC'CIO. Makes use of story of Griseldis, 302.
BO'GEN. Son of Hildburg. 103.
BO'HORT. Cousin of Lancelot, 219.
BO-IAR'DO. Writer of a version of the adventures of Roland, 130, 302;
love of the marvelous shown in works of, 307.
BOl-FRI-AN'A. Captivity of, 116;
Dietrich rescues, 117;
Wittich marries, 122.
BOOK OF HEROES. Same as "Heldenbuch," 86;
Dietrich principal character in, 110.
BOR-DEAUX'. Huon in captivity in, 180.
BORN'HOLM. Viking born in, 247.
BOUILLON (boo-yon'). Godfrey of, 139.
BRA-BANT'. Else, Duchess of, 202.
BRANG'WAINE. Attendant of Iseult, 240;
confidante of Iseult, 242;
Ganhardin falls in love with image of, 244.
BREI'SACH. Harlungs dwell at, 123.
BRE'KA. Enters into swimming match with Beowulf, 12.
BRET'LAND. Soté buried in, 251.
BRI-SIN'GA-MEN. Necklace given to Beowulf, 15.
BRIT'AIN. Same as Bertanga land, 123;
Uther and Pendragon's wars in, 208;
Holy Grail vanishes from, 208;
named by Brutus, 309;
invaded by Romans, 309.
BRITISH MUSEUM. Manuscripts in, 9.
BRIT'ONS. War of, 208.
BRIT'TA-NY. Soltane, forest in, 188;
Broceliande in, 212;
Arthur's campaign in, 217;
Ban king of, 219;
Lancelot retires to, 230;
Arthur's second campaign in, 230;
Tristan goes to, 243;
Tristan returns to, 244.
BRO-CE-LI-AN'DE. Forest in Brittany, 212.
BRONS. Brother-in-law of Joseph of Arimathea, 184.
BROWN. Sent to summon Reynard, 39;
arrives at Malepartus, 39;
caught in tree trunk, 40;
returns to court, 41;
injuries of, 43;
imprisonment of, 46;
release of, 47.
BRUN'HILD. Gunther wishes to marry, 58;
test of strength of, 60;
defeat of, 60;
leaves her own country, 62;
objects to Kriemhild's marriage, 62;
binds Gunther, 63;
is conquered by Siegfried, and loses fabulous strength, 63;
invites Siegfried and Kriemhild to Worms, 64;
quarrels with Kriemhild, 64;
in care of Rumolt, 75;
son of made king of Burgundy, 85;
Aslaug daughter of, 274.
BRU'TE. See _Brutus_.
BRU'TUS. Metrical romance of, 307;
descendant of Aeneas, 307;
adventures of, 307-309;
descendants of, 309.
BU'CAR. Besieges Valencia, 298;
retreat of, 299.
BUCH-AN'AN. Poem of on Roland, 130.
BUR'GOS. Cid born at, 282;
Ximena at, 284;
inhabitants weep at Cid's departure from, 293.
BUR-GUN'DI-ANS. Siegfried challenges, 56;
Nibelungs support king of, 61;
Nibelungs angry with, 69;
nobles escort Kriemhild, 73;
often called Nibelungs, 75;
warnings conveyed to, 77;
see hostility of Huns, 79;
kindly treated by Etzel, 79;
murder of squires of, 80;
bloody fight of, 81;
bravery of, 82;
slaughter of, 83;
name Gunther's son king, 85;
Hagen a hostage for, 124.
BUR'GUN-DY. King and queen of, 53;
Siegfried goes to, 55;
threatened invasion of, 56;
Brunhild receives king of, 59;
Kriemhild remains in, 69;
Kriemhild wishes to leave, 71;
Kriemhild's brothers return to, 73;
chaplain returns to, 76;
Etzel promises to send his son to, 80;
Etzel makes peace with, 124;
Hagen returns to, 124;
Gunther, king of, 124.
CA-LA-HOR'RA. On frontier between Castile and Aragon, 286.
CAM'BER. Son of Brutus, names Cambria, 309.
CAM'BRI-A. Named after Camber, 309.
CAM'E-LOT. Palace at, 211, 218;
feast at, 217;
twelve kings buried at, 218;
Lancelot at, 220, 221;
knights assemble at, 224;
appearance of Holy Grail at, 225;
knights return to, 226;
Guinevere's feast at, 226;
funeral barge arrives at, 228;
Lancelot leaves and returns to, 229.
CAM-PE-A-DOR'. Title given to Cid, 289, 290.
CAN'TER-BUR-Y TALES. Troilus and Cressida in, 305.
CA-PE'TIAN KINGS. Ogier reaches France during reign of one of, 138;
origin of race of, 181.
CAP-PA-DO'CIA. Berillus from, 185.
CAR'DU-EL. Same as Carlisle, 208;
knights assemble at, 209.
CAR-LISLE'. See _Carduel_.
CA-RO-LIN'GIAN LEGENDS, 129-181;
Naismes the Nestor of, 144.
CAR'RI-ON, COUNTS or INFANTES OF. Marry Cid's daughters, 295;
cowardice of, 295;
Cid's followers gibe at, 296;
illtreat their wives, 296;
Alfonso's anger with, 297;
before the Cortes, 297;
challenged, 297;
defeat of, 298.
CAS-SI-VEL-LAU'NUS. Tristan may be a contemporary of, 234;
a descendant of Brutus, 309.
CAS-TILE'. Invasion of, 283, 289;
Calahorra near, 286;
Don Sancho king of, 288;
Cid and Don Sancho return to, 289;
Cid's raid in, 294.
CHAMP DE MARS. The Frank assembly, 36.
CHAN'SON DE RO'LAND. Sung at Hastings, 130;
most famous version of Roland's death, 147.
CHAR'LE-MAGNE. Conquers Lombardy, 88, 129, 137;
and his paladins, 129-151;
favorite hero of mediaeval literature, 129;
champion of Christianity, 129;
fabulous adventures of, 129;
Einhard son-in-law of, 130;
_chansons de gestes_ referring to, 130;
receives angel's visit, 130;
conspirators punished by, 131;
and Frastrada, 131;
affection of for Turpin, 132;
founds Aix-la-Chapelle, 133;
and the boy Roland, 134;
asks for jewel of knight of the Ardennes, 134;
knights Roland, 135;
makes war against Denmark, 135;
releases Ogier, 136;
insulted by Ogier, 136;
appearance of, 136, 137, 141;
and Ogier, 137;
quarrels with Duke of Genoa, 139;
Roland champion of, 139;
vow and pilgrimage of, 139;
peers of, 139;
vision of, 140;
besieges Pamplona, 140;
pilgrimage of to Compostela, 140;
Aigolandus revolts against, 141;
challenged by Ferracute, 141;
sends Ogier to fight Ferracute, 142;
dove alights on, 143;
wars in Spain, 143;
sends embassy to Marsiglio, 144;
retreat of, 144;
hears Roland's horn, 145;
Turpin celebrates mass before, 147;
returns to Roncesvalles, 147;
orders trial of Ganelon, 148;
Aymon a peer of, 152;
character of, 152;
wars against Aymon, 153;
treats with Aymon, 154;
coronation of at Rome, 155;
hostility toward sons of Aymon, 156;
captures sons of Aymon, 157;
bribes Iwo, 158;
Richard carried captive to, 159;
besieges Montauban, 159;
and Malagigi, 160;
Aya intercedes with, 161;
and Bayard, 161;
Huon does homage to, 163;
gives orders to Huon, 163, 172;
tournament of 179;
pardons Huon, 181;
contemporary of Ragnar Lodbrok, 269;
Italian cycle treats of, 302.
CHARLES THE BALD. Struggles of, 152;
claims descent from Trojan race, 307.
CHARLES MAR-TEL'. Deeds of attributed to Charlemagne, 129.
CHAR'LOT. Kills Ogier's son, 136;
Ogier demands death of, 137;
Renaud defeats, 155;
quarrels with Alard, 155;
death of, 163.
CHAU'CER. Uses tale of Griseldis, 302;
uses Troilus and Cressida, 305.
CHRESTIEN DE TROYES (kr[=a]-t[=e]-an' deh trwä'). Poems of, 182, 204, 219,
234.
CHRIST. Jews angry against Joseph for burying, 183;
Vespasian hears story of, 183;
born during reign of Cymbelinus, 309.
CHRISTIAN. Faith taught to Rezia 175;
legends, 184;
Fierefiss becomes a, 200;
faith, 277;
army besieges Coimbra, 287;
king takes Toledo, 294;
army evacuates Valencia, 300.
CHRIS-TI-A'NI-A-FIORD. Frithiof in the, 264.
CHRISTIANITY. Charlemagne champion of, 129;
Roland argues about, 142;
sadly mixed with mythology, 303.
CHRISTIANS. Triumph in Spain, 143;
massacre of, 145;
enmity between Moors and, 154;
can take Toledo, 290;
Bucar retreats before, 299;
Moors routed by, 299.
CHRONICLE OF TURPIN, 140.
CID, THE, 282-300;
birth of, 282;
Ximena accuses, 284;
Ximena marries, 285;
pilgrimage of to Santiago de Compostela, 285;
adventure with leper, 286;
duel of with Martin Gonzalez, 286;
saved by Moorish kings, 287;
at Zamora with Ximena, 287;
defeats champion of Henry III., 288;
vassal of Don Sancho, 288;
victories of, 289;
conducts siege of Zamora, 291;
banished by Alfonso, 293;
at Valencia, 294;
cowardly sons-in-law of, 295;
daughters of illtreated, 296;
at the Cortes, 297;
offers Babieça to Alfonso, 297;
returns to Valencia, 298;
warned of coming death, 298;
last instructions of, 298;
death of, 299:
last victory of, 299;
body of in state, 300;
sword of, 300;
chronicle of, 302.
CI-SAIRE', PASS OF. Roland's ghost at, 145.
CLARETIE (kla-re-tee'). Ancestress of Capetian race, 181.
CLAR'ICE. Ogier marries, 138.
CLA-RIS'SA. Wife of Renaud, 156;
treachery of father of, 158;
intercedes for her father, 159;
death of, 161.
CLEVES. Henry the Fowler at, 202.
CO-IM'BRA. Siege of, 287.
CO-LA'DA. Sword won by Cid, 294;
given to Infante of Carrion, 296;
recovery of, 297.
CO-LOGNE'. Death and burial of Renaud at, 162.
CON-DUIR'A-MOUR. Parzival rescues and marries, 192;
Parzival reminded of, 195;
at Montsalvatch, 200;
children of, 201.
CON'STANS. King of England, 205;
sons of, 205, 208.
CON'STAN-TINE. I. Father of Oda, 89;
and Rother, 90-93;
II. Son of Constans, 205.
CON-STAN-TI-NO'PLE. Embassy arrives at, 89;
Rother's visit to, 89-93, 100;
Anzius emperor of, 100;
Hildburg goes to, 102;
Wolfdietrich king of, 103, 108;
the Normans in, 281.
CO-RI-NE'A. Same as Cornwall, 309.
CO-RI-NE'US. Companion of Brutus, 308;
the original Jack the Giant Killer, 308;
kills Goëmagot. 309;
CORN'WALL. Tintagel in, 209;
Gorlois duke of, 209;
Mark king of, 235, 240;
Tristan in, 236, 237, 238;
Iseult embarks for, 241;
Iseult lands in, 242;
Tristan's passion for Iseult of, 243, 244;
Kurvenal's journey to, 244;
arrival in Brittany of Iseult of, 245;
Tristan and Iseult buried in, 243, 244;
Corineus settles in, 309.
COR'TES. Infantes of Carrion at the, 297, 298.
CRU-SADES'. Influence of on literature, 302.
CYM-BE-LI'NUS. Christ born during reign of, 309.

DAG'O-BERT. Claims descent from Trojan, race, 307.
DANE. Hawart the, 81;
Dietlieb the, 117;
Ogier the, 129, 135.
DANES. Beowulf escorted by, 16;
gratitude of, 18;
disapprove of Ragnar's marriage, 274;
Eystein declares war against, 276.
DAN'ISH. Writers, 246;
dynasty connected with Sigurd, 269;
ships burned by English, 276;
kings make raids, 280;
settlements, 280.
DANK'RAT. King of Burgundy, 53.
DANK'WART. Under Siegfried's orders, 56;
accompanies Gunther to Issland, 59;
suspicion of, 59, 61;
goes to Hungary, 75;
helps Hagen, 76;
warns Hagen, 80.
DAN'UBE. Journey of Kriemhild down the, 73;
Burgundians reach the, 75.
DEN'MARK. Hrothgar king of, 9;
Beowulf sails for, 12;
Wealtheow queen of, 15;
Ludegast king of, 56;
Charlemagne defeats king of, 135;
Ogier king of, 136;
Krake queen of, 274.
DES'ERT BAB-Y-LO'NI-A. Kingdom of Imelot, 91;
Constantine takes possession of, 92.
DES-I-DE'RI-US. See _Didier_.
DI-A'NA. Brutus in temple of, 308.
DID'I-ER. Ogier flees to, 136.
DIEGO LAYNEZ (dee-ay'go ly'nez). Insulted by Don Gomez, 282;
avenged by Rodrigo, 283;
takes Rodrigo to court, 283.
DI-E'GO OR-DO'ÑEZ, DON. Sends challenge to Don Arias Gonzalo, 291.
DIE-TE-LIN'DE. Daughter of Rüdiger, 73;
Giselher betrothed to, 77.
DIE'THER. Brought up by Hildebrand, 112;
Helche cares for, 124;
death of, 126.
DIET'LIEB. Merry-making and athletic feats of, 117;
lord of Steiermark, 118;
and Laurin, 119, 120;
victory and reward of, 120.
DIET'MAR. Grandson of Wolfdietrich, 109;
ruler of Bern, 110;
death of, 121.
DIE'TRICH VON BERN. Warns Burgundians, 77;
defies Kriemhild, 78;
abstains from tournament, 79;
Kriemhild tries to bribe, 80;
a safe-conduct for, 81;
saves Etzel and Kriemhild, 81;
hears of Rüdiger's death, 83;
fights and captures Gunther and Hagen, 84;
lament of, 85;
ancestors of, 109;
story of, 110-128;
birth of, 110;
fiery breath of, 110, 119;
Hildebrand friend and teacher of, 110;
adventure of with Hilde and Grim, 111;
wins sword Nagelring, 111;
fights with Sigenot, 112;
sees and rescues Virginal, 114;
marries Virginal, 114;
gains possession of Heime and Falke, 115;
Wittich's adventure with, 116;
adventures of with Ecke and Fasolt, 116;
delivers Sintram, 117;
visits Rome, 117;
and Laurin, 118-120;
visits Etzel, 121;
becomes king of Amaling land, 121;
victories in Wilkina land, 121;
wars against Rimstein, 122;
Eckhardt joins, 123;
Ermenrich wars against, 123;
wooes Hilde, 123;
exile of in Hungary, 124;
victories and wounds of, 125;
returns to Bern, 125;
fights against Ermenrich, 126;
marriage of, 126;
kills Sibich, 127;
made emperor of West, 127;
old age of, 128;
Wild Hunt led by, 128;
Ragnar saga like saga of, 269.
DOL'FOS, VEL'LI-DO or BEL'LI-DO. Murders Don Sancho, 291.
DOR-DOGNE'. Aymon of, 152;
Lord Hug of, 152.
DORT'MUND. Renaud's body at, 162.
DOU'RO. River in Spain, 296.
DO'VER. Arthur encounters Mordred near, 230.
DRA'CHEN-FELS. Dietrich saves lady of, 116;
Wittich marries lady of, 122;
Roland wooes maid of, 150;
Roland's return to, 151.
DRAGON SLAYER. Surname of Siegfried, 275.
DRAGONS. See _Beowulf, Siegfried, Ortnit, Wolfdietrich, Tristan, Ragnar._
DRAY'TON. Author of "Polyolbion," 310.
DRU'SI-AN. Kidnaps Sigeminne, 105;
Wolfdietrich captive of, 105;
death of, 106.
DUB'LIN. Morold's corpse carried to, 237;
Tristan's visit to, 238.
DU'O-LIN DE MAY'ENCE. A _chanson de geste_, 152.
DU-RAN-DA'NA. Sword of Roland, 139;
powerless upon Ferracute, 142;
Roland disposes of, 146.

EAD'GILS. Son of Othere, 19.
EAST. Ogier goes to the, 138;
Holy Grail in the far, 201;
Alexander's journey to the, 305;
wealth of the, 306.
EAST GOTH'LAND. Thora dwells in, 271.
ECK'E. Giant killed by Falke, 116;
Dietrich takes sword of, 117.
ECK'EN-LIED. Story of Ecke, 116.
ECK'E-SAX. Sword of Ecke, 117.
ECK'E-WART I. Escorts Kriemhild, 64;
remains with Kriemhild, 70;
accompanies Kriemhild to Hungary, 72;
warns Burgundians, 76.
ECK'E-WART II. See _Eckhardt_.
ECK'HARDT. Fidelity of, 109, 123;
flees to Dietrich, 123.
EC'TOR DE MA'RIS, SIR. Lancelot eulogized by, 233.
ED'DA. Hilde in the, 22;
Hedin in the, 25.
EIN'HARD. Son-in-law of Charlemagne, 130.
EIN-HE'RI-AR. Ragnar leader of the, 279.
E-LAINE'. Story of, 227-229.
EL'BE-GAST. Same as Alberich, 111;
Charlemagne's adventure with, 130, 131.
E'LI-AS. See _Ylyas_.
EL-KI'NAR. Isegrim bound to bell at, 42.
EL'LA. King of Northumberland,
captures and kills Ragnar, 278;
defeats Ragnar's sons, 279;
gives land to Normans, 279;
Ivar kills, 280.
EL-LI'DA. The dragon ship given to Viking by Aegir, 250;
belongs to Frithiof, 253;
in the storm, 258;
arrives at Orkney Islands, 259;
Frithiof sails in, 262.
EL'SE. Story of Lohengrin and, 201-3.
EL-SI-NORE'. Ogier sleeping in, 136.
EL-VI'RA, DOÑA. Receives Toro, 288;
robbed of Toro, 290.
EM'ER-ALD ISLE, 23.
ENG'LAND. Invasion of, 9;
rhyme introduced in, 9;
Clarice, princess of, 138;
Ogier leaves, 138;
Hengist driven from, 205;
Merlin brings stones to, 208;
Merlin's predictions concerning future of, 210;
Arthur's name in, 214;
dissensions in, 229;
firm belief in concerning Arthur's return, 232;
vikings' raids in, 276;
stone altars in, 280;
tradition of Trojan descent in, 307.
ENG'LISH. Version of Roland, 130;
more than eighteen versions of Frithiof saga in, 246;
fight Ragnar's sons at Whitaby, 276.
E'NID THE FAIR. Story of, 222-224.
ENIGÉE (ay' nee-zhay). Sister of Joseph of Arimathea, 184.
E'REC. Name for Geraint in French and German poems, 223.
E'RIK. Son of Ragnar, 272;
a great viking, 274;
attacked by enchanted cow, 276.
ER'ME-LYN. Wife of Reynard, 45, 46, 47.
ER'MEN-RICH. Treasure of, 45;
emperor of the West, 110;
Dietrich's visit to, 117;
Dietlieb rewarded by, 118;
Dietrich helps, 122;
and Sibich, 122, 123;
wars against Dietrich, 126;
death of, 126.
ER'MO-NIE. Meliadus lord of, 234.
ERP. Son of Helche, 125;
death of, 126.
ES-CLAR-MON'DE. Same as Rezia, 171, 175;
early version of story of, 180.
ES-TRE-MA-DU'RA. Moors defeated in, 287.
E-TRU'RI-A. Luna in, 276.
ET'ZEL. Same as Atli, 53;
wooes Kriemhild, 71;
Kriemhild sets out for court of, 72;
Kriemhild wife of, 73;
invites Burgundians to Hungary, 74;
welcomes Burgundians, 78;
banquet of, 79;
promises to send son to Burgundy, 80;
saved from massacre, 81;
Burgundians wish to treat with, 82;
cannot save Hagen, 84;
lament of, 85;
Helche marries, 94;
Dietlieb serves, 118;
Dietrich visits, 121, 124;
Walther escapes from, 124;
gold stolen from, 124;
cowardice of, 125;
helps Dietrich, 125;
marries Kriemhild, 126;
killed by Aldrian, 127;
same as Attila, 128.
EU'ROPE. "Beowulf" oldest relic of spoken language in, 9;
"Reynard the Fox" popular in, 35;
to be infested by dragons, 98;
Charlemagne conquers nearly all, 140;
introduction of legend of Holy Grail in, 182;
popularity of Arthurian legends in, 214;
popularity of "Roman de Troie" in, 304.
EU-RO-PE'AN. Versions of legends, 205;
versions of Tristan, 234;
languages, sagas translated into, 246;
states, romances current in, 301;
nations, classical romances in, 303;
versions of Iliad, 304;
literature, mention of Fountain of Youth in, 306;
colonization, 307.
EX-CAL'I-BUR. Arthur's sword, 217;
Arthur disposes of, 231.
EY'STEIN. Ragnar visits, 274;
wars against Danes, 276;
magic cow of, 276.

FA'E-RIE QUEENE. Merlin's fountain mentioned in, 211;
contains mediaeval legends, 310.
FAF'NIR. Sigurd slayer of, 269, 274.
FAF'NIS-BANE. Surname of Sigurd, 274.
FAIR AN'NET. Loved by Lord Thomas, 245.
FA'LIES, MARQUIS OF. Sword Tizona in family of, 300.
FAL'KE. Horse of Dietrich, 115;
kills Ecke, 116.
FAL'STER WOOD. Heime in the, 117.
FA'SOLT. Dietrich defeats, 117.
FA'TA MOR-GA'NA. Mirage called, 95.
FAT'I-MA. Attendant of Rezia, 173;
in Tunis, 177;
finds Amanda, 178;
taken to fairyland, 179;
rescued by Huon and Sherasmin, 180.
FE'LEZ MU-ÑOZ.' Nephew of Cid, 296;
rescues his cousins, 296.
FER'DI-NAND. Rodrigo's first visit to, 283;
recalls Rodrigo, 284;
Ximena before, 284;
receives gifts from Cid, 287;
Henry III. complains of to Pope, 287;
threatened by Pope, 288;
Cid's victories for, 288;
death and legacies of, 288.
FER'RA-CUTE. Challenges Charlemagne, 141;
defeats Ogier and Renaud, 142;
fights and argues with Roland, 142, 143;
Otuel, nephew of, 143.
FER'RA-GUS. See _Ferracute_.
FIEREFISS (fyâr-e-f[=e]s'). Encounters Parzival, 199;
conversion and marriage of, 200;
father of founder of Knights Templars, 200.
FIRE'DRAKE. Ravages of the, 19;
slain by Beowulf, 20.
FLAM'BERGE. Sword of Aymon, 154;
Renaud, owner of, 158;
Renaud breaks, 161.
FLAN'DERS. "Reynard the Fox" in, 35.
FLOR'ENCE. Council at, 287.
FLOR'I-DA. Ponce de Leon in, 306.
FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH, 306.
FRAM'NÄS. Home of Thorsten and Frithiof, 250, 251, 253;
ruins of, 261.
FRANCE. "Reynard the Fox" in, 35;
Charlemagne principal hero of, 129;
Ogier in, 135, 138;
Charlemagne in, 140, 141, 144, 148;
Huon embarks for, 174;
Capetian kings of, 181;
legend of Holy Grail in, 182;
Merlin brings armies from, 210;
viking raids in, 276;
king of, 289.
FRANKS. And "Reynard the Fox," 35;
assembly of, 36;
hostage from, 124;
at feud with Lombardy, 136.
FRAS-TRAD'A. Wife of Charlemagne, 131.
FRED'ER-ICK BAR-BAR-OS'SA. Ogier like, 136.
FRED'ER-ICK OF TEL'RA-MUND. Guardian and oppressor of Else, 202;
defeated by Lohengrin, 203.
FRENCH. Version of Roland, 130;
army betrayed by Ganelon, 144;
version of Tristan, 234;
kings descended from Priam, 307.
FRIE'SIAN. Invasion, 18;
sea, Charlemagne's vision of, 140.
FRIES'LAND. Invasion of, 18.
FRI-MOU-TEL'. Anointed king, 188;
death of, 189.
FRITHIOF (frit'yof). Story of, 246-268;
saga put into verse by Tegnér, 246;
birth of, 251;
loves Ingeborg, 251, 252;
home of, 253;
sues for hand of Ingeborg, 254;
suit of rejected, 255;
Ingeborg's brothers ask aid of, 255;
meets Ingeborg in temple, 256;
tries to make terms with kings, 257;
journey to Orkney Islands, 258;
in tempest, 259;
fights Atlé, 260;
visits Angantyr, 261;
returns to Framnäs, 261;
goes into exile, 262;
becomes a pirate, 263;
visits Sigurd Ring, 264;
Ingeborg recognizes, 265;
loyalty of, 265;
guardian of infant king, 266;
rebuilds temple, 267;
marries Ingeborg, 267.
FRUTE. Follower of Hettel, 25;
in quest of Hilde, 26.