Chapter LVI: Appendix: G. (P. 320.)—It must be most absolutely denied that an (2)

[114] Ritter (p. 31), when he mentions that Sinai was almost simultaneously regarded by the Egyptian, COSMAS, to be Serbâl; and by the Byzantine, PROCOPIUS to be Gebel Mûsa; adds another supposition, which I will mention here. “Might there not,” he says, “have, perhaps, existed a different tradition or party-view on this matter in convents, and among the monks at CONSTANTINOPLE and ALEXANDRIA, which might proceed from a jealous feeling to vindicate the superior sanctity of one or the other locality? It is remarkable that such different views of the matter should be held simultaneously by the most learned theologians of their day.”

[115] This letter, which I have had printed here _verbatim_, was addressed to the General Director of the Royal Prussian Museum, Privy Counsellor of Legation von OLFERS. This communication may perhaps serve to spread a correct estimation of the fundamental principles which has guided the arrangement and decoration of the Egyptian Museum, one of the grandest and latest works that have been executed in Berlin, and which has just been rendered accessible to the public.

[116] Burckhardt must have been mistaken when (Trav. in Syr., p. 5) he states that the tomb of Noah was only 10 feet long, although the same statement is repeated by Schubert (Reise in das Morgenland, vol. iii., p. 340). It is well known how frequently the number 40 is found employed by the Hebrews as an indeterminate multiple. The same custom seems to have been peculiar to _all Semetic_ nations; it may at least be pointed out frequently, and at all periods, among the Phœnicians and Arabians; even the numerical words for 4 and 40 in these languages indicate the universal idea of multitude. See my _Sprachvergleichenden Abhandlungen_, Berlin, 1836, p. 104, 139, and the _Chronologie der Ægypter_, vol. i, p. 15.

[117] See V. Hammer, Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs, Div. ii., p. 482.

[118] Compare Krafft, Topographie Jerusalems. Bonn, 1846. P. 269, and Plate II., No. 33.

[119] The king here represented is explained by Rawlinson to be the son of the builder of Khorsabad, Bel-Adonimscha. (A Commentary on the Cuneiform Inscr. of Babylonia and Assyria. London, 1850, p. 70.) According to Layard, the same king is found on the buildings of Kuyung´ik, Nebbi Yûnas, and Mossul (Nineveh, Lond., 1849, p. 142-144); who (p. 400) supposes that the cypress monument now to be seen in Berlin belongs to him. (Compare Bonomi, Nineveh and its Palaces. London, 1852, p. 127.)

[120] _Ægyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte._ (_Egypt’s Place in Universal History._ Trans. by C. H. Cottrell.)

[121] The great Book of the Dead, at Turin, is upon a single Roll, 57′ 3″ Rhineland feet in length.

[122] Ritschl. The Alexandrian Libraries. 1838. P. 32, &c.

[123] De Myster. viii. 1. According to Böckh, _Manetho_, p. 117. J. Firmicus also speaks somewhere of 20,000 books of Hermes. Compare Fabr. _Bib. gr._ ed. Harl. t. i. p. 85.

[124] 1 Kings iv. 30; Acts vii. 22.

[125] Herod. ii. 160.

[126] See the general accounts in Diodor. Sic. i. 69, 96-98; Plut. _de Is. et Osir._ c. x.; Clem. Alex. Strom. p. 131; Sylb. Cedren. _Hist. comp._ p. 94 B.

[127] Herod. ii. 91; vii. 94, &c. [Diod. i. 28.]

[128] Diod. i. 29.

[129] Diod. i. 69, 96; iv. 25. [Justin. Mart. ad Græc. c. xiv.]

[130] Diod. i. 96. [Clem. Protr. p. 12; Uireph. Synes, p. 421.]

[131] Ibid.

[132] Diod. i. 29.

[133] Diod. i. 69, 96. Heliodor. Aeth. iii. 14; Clem. Div. i. p. 130. [Justin. Mart. c. xiv. 17.]

[134] Diod. i. 96.

[135] Diod. i. 98.

[136] Ibid.

[137] Diod. i. 96; Plut. _de Is. et Osir._ c. x. [Plut. Lyc. i. p. 41; F. Isocr. Laud. Busir. p. 329.]

[138] Plato. _Tim._ p. 21; Diod. i. 69, 96; Plut. _de Is._ c. x.; _Vita Solon_, c. xxvi. [Justin. Mart. c. xiv.; Cyrill. c. Julian. i. p. 15.]

[139] ii. 177.

[140] Diog. Laert. i. 89.

[141] Strab. xvii. p. 806, 807; Cic. _de fin._ v. 29; Diod. Sic. i. 96; Plut. _de Is._ c. x.; _de genio Socr._ p. 578; Clem. Al. _Strom._ i. p. 131; Diog. Laert. iii. 6.

[142] Strab. ii. p. 119; xvii. p. 807.

[143] Plut. _de Is._ c. x.; _de placit. philos._ i. 3; Clem. i. p. 130; Diog. Laert. i. 27. [Theod. Melit. Proem. in Astr. c. xii.; Cyrill. c. Jul. i. p. 15.]

[144] Diog. Laert. i. 27; Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 17.

[145] Diod. v. 37.

[146] Cic. _de fin._ v. 29; Diod. i. 96; Strab. vii. p. 297; xiv. p. 638; Plut. _de Is._ c. x.; Diog. Laert. viii. 3, 11; Clem. l. 1. [Justin. Mart. c. xiv. 19; Isocr. Busir. p. 227.]

[147] Herod. ii. 81; Diog. Laert. viii. 24, 33, 34; Diog. Laert. viii. 4.

[148] Herod. ii. 123; Diog. Laert. viii. 14; Cic. Tusc. i. 16.

[149] Clem. Alex. i. p. 129; Cedren. p. 94, B. [Theod. Melit. Pr. in Astr. c. 12.]

[150] See preface to the _Todtenbuche der Ægypter_, p. 13, &c.

[151] Cedren. p. 94, B.

[152] Diod. i. 96; Diog. L. IX. 35.

[153] Diog. L. VII. 177.

[154] Diod. i. 96.

[155] Diog. L. VII. 186; viii. 87.

[156] Strab. I. ii. p. 37.

[157] Diog. L. III. 6.

[158] Herod. ii. 143.

[159] Diod. i. 44.

[160] Diod. i. 69.

[161] Plut. _de Is._ c. x.; _de genio Socr._ p. 578, F; Clem. Al. Str. i. p. 131.

[162] Diod. xvi. 51.

[163] Sync. p. 271, D.

[164] xvii. p. 806.

[165] See respecting this, Letronne. Translation of the 17th Book of Strabo. (Géographie de Strabon. t. i. Paris, 1819. p. 390.) Compare the passage in Herodot. ii. 123, where, though not by name, he accuses Pythagoras and Pherecydes of having ascribed to themselves what they had borrowed from the Egyptians. The same was related by some of Eudoxus. Diog. Laert. viii. 89.

[166] _Strom._ vi. p. 260, ed. Sylb. See also Bunsen _Ægyptens Stelle in der Weltgesch._, Bd. i. p. 34, &c. (_Egypt’s Place in Universal History_, book i. p. 9.)

[167] Aelian. _Hist. var._ xiv. 34, says, that the Egyptians in ancient times had priests as their judges.

[168] Clem. Strom. i. p. 131.

[169] [Sacred Scribe.]

[170] The Pastophori do not appear in the train of the priests, and are expressly separated from the priests (ἱερεῖς) by _Porphyrius_. They were, as their name implies, the bearers of the small sacred chapels of the gods which formed the principal furniture of the temple. That is probably the reason why they appear in the great processions, where the images of the gods were carried about, not as priests, but as _under-officers_ of the temple; and they are, therefore, rightly placed by Porphyrius along with the νεωκόροι, the sweepers of the temple, and the other servants of the temple (ὑπουργοί). As bearers of the sacred shrines they were also their watchmen, and, therefore, especially the overseers of the temple, the watchmen of the temple; therefore their hieroglyphical sign, according to Horapollo, i. 41, is a house watchman, φύλαξ οἴκου, because the temple is guarded by him, διὰ τὸ ὑπὸ τούτου φυλάττεσθαι τὸ ἱερόν. But what could the temple watchmen have had to do with medicine? There is nowhere even the most distant relation indicated between the pastophori and the physicians; indeed, their occupations appear necessarily to exclude them. I therefore believe that there is either some fundamental error, or a false reading, in the passage of Clemens, which cannot yet be solved. The pastophori were the principal under-officers, and therefore were united by their rank with the chanter, the lowest class of the priests. Was this possibly the reason why the books of medicine, which succeeded those of the chanter in this canon, were ascribed to them? There were many more than forty-two sacred books, and they must have all been lodged among the archives of the temple, without, however, being assigned to any particular class of priests.

[171] [Diod. i. 70, 73, 96.]

[172] I speak here of the first section of the Papyrus of Sallier, No. 2, which is communicated in the _Select Papyri in the hieratic character, from the collection of the British Museum_. London. 1844. Pl. x.-xii.

[173] I procured in Thebes a number of such hymns for the Royal Museum at Berlin. Several of them were composed in the reign of King Ramses IX., in the 20th Dynasty. There was a hymn to Amen-Ra, upon a roll of eleven pages, in the Egyptian collection of Mr. Sams in London, 1839.

[174] Upon a wooden tablet covered with fine white chalk, in the British Museum.

[175] In the Book of the Dead, c. 128, 134, 139, &c. [Plut. _de Is._ c. 52.]

[176] Porphyr. _de abst._ iv. 8.

[177] Bunsen, Bd. i. p. 55. (_Eg.’s Pl. in Un. Hist._ bk. i. p. 28.)

[178] See my introduction to the _Todtenbuche der Ægypter_. Leipzig, 1842, p. 17.

[179] Bd. i. p. 47. (_Eg.’s Pl. in Un. Hist._ bk. i. p. 20.)

[180] i. 94, 95.

[181] [Tatian. _or. ad Græc._ c. 1.]

[182] _Annal._ ii. 60.

[183] Champollion, _Lettres écrites d’Egypte et de Nubie_, p. 21, 426. After the death of Champollion, Salvolini made use of the privately withheld papers of his master for a particular treatise: _Campagne de Ramsès-le-Grand (Sésostris) contre les Schéta et leurs alliés. Manuscrit hiératique appartenant à M. Sallier à Aix en Provence. Notice sur ce MS._ Paris, 1835, 8.

[184] I am indebted for this valuable present to an English lady, Miss Westcar, who had deposited it a long time ago in the _Bodleian Library_, Oxford. It contains nine sides, of which, unhappily, the first four are very much destroyed. The remainder, also, is very hastily written, and is therefore difficult to decipher. It appears to be poetical, and to be addressed to a king, whose name unfortunately is lost; the example “of his ancestors,” _Chufu_, _Snefru Ser_, &c. is held up to him.

[185] 1 Kings vi. 1.

[186] Exodus xii. 40.

[187] Ant. viii. 3, 1: 592; c. Ap. ii. 2: 612 years.

[188] Gen. xv. 13; compare Ap. Hist. 7, 6.

[189] Gal. iii. 17.

[190] Ant. ii. 15, 2; viii. 3, 1. Compare c. Ap. i. 33, where he calculates 170 years from Joseph to Moses.

[191] Isaac was 40 years old when he married Rebecca; Moses is 40 years old when he goes to Midian; at 80 years of age he leads the people out of Egypt, and dies at the age of 120.

[192] Contra. Ap. i. 26.

[193] Manetho had only related that the Hyksos were expelled in the reign of Tuthmosis. It is the opinion of Josephus alone that they were the Jews.

[194] Compare Exodus xxxiv. 12, 13.

[195] Gen. xvi. 3; xxi. 21.

[196] Gen. xli. 45.

[197] Numb. xii. 1.

[198] Exodus xii. 38. Compare Numbers xi. 4.

[199] p. 760, 824.

[200] C. Ap. ii. 3. Compare Tacit. _Hist._ v. 2. _Aethiopum prolem._

[201] Gen. xlvi. 34.

[202] Numbers xii. 10.

[203] Exodus iv. 6.

[204] Exodus ix. 3, 9.

[205] The Persians also knew no other way of protecting themselves against this infectious disease of the λέπρη ἢ λεύκη than by driving those who were attacked by it out of the town, and if they were _strangers_, out of the country. _Herod._ i. 138.

[206] Plut. _de Is._ c. xxxiii.

[207] Champollion, _Panthéon_, pl. xxxviii.

[208] 1 Kings xii. 2, 28, 30, 32; 2 Kings x. 29.

[209] Exod. i. 11.

[210] Similar perhaps to the command of Pharaoh to drown the Hebrew boys.

[211] Exod. i. 10.

[212] This number, which differs from the one in the original, was inserted by the Author, April, 1853.—TR.

[213] Bunsen. _Ægypten._ Bd. i. p. 227. (Tr. vol. i. p. 184.) But compare Bd. iii. p. 109, where this opinion appears to be already modified.

[214] Tatian. _Paraen ad Græc._ p. 129 (Oxon). Clemens Alex. _Strom._ i 21, p. 138. Justin Martyr ad Græc. p. 10, E.

[215] Justin Martyr. Africanus in Eusebius. _Præp. Evang._ x. 10. Clemens Alex.

[216] Compare the passages of Justin and Africanus.

[217] Contra. Ap. i. 15.

[218] p. 63, B; 123, D.

[219] Euseb. Armen. Canon, vol. ii. p. 105. Aucher.

[220] According to Gen. xii. 4.

[221] _Hist._ v. 2.

[222] Manetho, p. 192, 325.

[223] _Gesch. Isr._ ii. p. 69.

[224] _Ægypten_, i. p. 127, 234. (Tr. vol. i. p. 91.)

[225] _Anecd. græca_, Paris, ed. Cramer, vol. ii. p. 174.

[226] They are cited by Gesenius. _Thesaur. ling. hebr._ p. 1297.

[227] _De la géographie comparée et de l’ancien état des côtes de la mer rouge_, in the _Description de l’Eg._ ed. Panckoucke, vol. vi. p. 316.

[228] _Mémoires sur l’Eg._ p. 126.

[229] _Gesch. d. V. Isr._ ii. p. 53.

[230] C. Apion. i. 14, 26.

[231] Joseph, c. Ap. i. 14.

[232] Euseb. _Chron._ in Aucher. vol. i. p. 224.

[233] Africanus in Syncellus, p. 61, B, &c.

[234] p. 804.

[235] iv. 5. 53.

[236] ii. 107.

[237] Jos. c. Ap. i. 15.

[238] i. 57.

[239] Diodor. i. 57.

[240] Herod. ii. 141.

[241] Herod. ii. 154. Compare Diod. i. 67.

[242] Herod. iii. 10, 11.

[243] Diod. xvii. 48. Arrian. iii. 1.

[244] Strab. p. 756, 760, 781.

[245] p. 803.

[246] _Gesch. des Volkes Isr._ i. p. 451.—עַבָרִים, _Abarim_, is also a Palestinian name. Numb. xxvii. 12; Deut. xxxii. 47, 49, &c.

[247] The supposition of Larcher in Herd. t. viii. p. 62; Champollion, _L’Eg. sous les Phar._ ii. p. 91; and Gesenius, _thes. l. hebr._ p. 1297, that Αὔαρις is connected by its sound with Ἡρώ (see below on Heroonpolis) has not even a semblance in itself, even if it were geographically admissible.

[248] Bd. i. p. 328.

[249] Gesch. Isr. Bd. i. p. 290, 291.

[250] _Mém. sur l’Eg._ p. 124.

[251] Hérod. t. viii. p. 62, 429.

[252] _L’Eg. sous les Phar._ t. ii. p. 90.

[253] _Thes. l. hebr._ p. 1297.

[254] In his map of the Delta.

[255] Joseph. c. Ap. i. 26.

[256] Apollodor. i. 6, 3.

[257] Herod. iii. 5.

[258] Apollon. Rhod. ii. 1215.

[259] [This reading is now adopted also by the last eminent editor of Stephanus, Meineke (tom. i. p. 559).]

[260] 𓊃𓐰𓏏𓁣, Set, is the common hieroglyphical name of Typhon.

[261] Joseph. c. Ap. i. c. 32.

[262] Gen. xlvi. 28.

[263] xvii. p. 804.

[264] Rozière, in the _Descr. de l’Eg._ vol. vi. p. 257, &c.

[265] Ptolem. V. 17. 1. Plin. H. N. V. 11, § 65.

[266] iv. 5. According to other manuscripts, 29° 50′.

[267] Wilkinson, _Modern Egypt and Thebes_, vol. i. p. 311, there only heard the name of _E’ Saqieh_, “the Water-wheel;” but my friend and fellow-traveller, H. Abeken, who was also on the spot, confirmed me in the name which Robinson gives in his map (_Abu Keischeib_). The French scholars, on the contrary, write _Abou Keycheyd_.

[268] _Mém. sur l’Eg._ i. p. 166.

[269] _L’Eg. sous les Phar._ ii. p. 89.

[270] _Descr. de l’Eg._ xi. p. 378.

[271] _Antiq. Jud._ ii. 7, 8.

[272] p. 75, ed. Parthey and Pinder (p. 170, Wess).

[273] _Mém. sur l’Eg._ t. i. p. 151, &c.

[274] Herod. ii. 158.

[275] Plin. H. N. V. ix. 9.

[276] S. Wilkinson, _Eg. and Thebes_, vol. i. p. 311.

[277] In his _Mémoire sur les anciennes limites de la mer rouge_, in the _Descr. de l’Eg._ t. xi. (Panck.) p. 371, &c.; and in the _Notice sur le séjour des Hébreux en Egypte_, t. viii. p. 112, &c.

[278] p. 768.

[279] p. 767.

[280] Strabo, ii. p. 85, 86, &c.

[281] The first imperfect copy is in the _Descr. de l’Eg. Antiq._ vol. v. pl. 29, No. 6-8. The best is given by Wilkinson in his _Materia Hieroglyphica_, Append. No. 4.

[282] King Ramses was therefore just as much the local god of the town Ramses, as the god Hero of the town Hero.

[283] ii. 158. Compare iv. 42.

[284] _Meteorolog._ i. 14, p. 352, b (Bekk).

[285] i. 33.

[286] p. 38, p. 804. Compare p. 780.

[287] _Hist. Nat._ vi. 29, § 165-167.

[288] iv. 5.

[289] _L’Isthme de Suez_, in the _Révue des Deux Mondes_, _livr. du 15 Juill. 1841_.

[290] Herod. ii. 102.

[291] The height of the Red Sea was discovered to be 30 feet 6 inches above the level of the Mediterranean Sea. [By the very latest investigations the difference of 30 feet, which was formerly accepted, has been reduced to 3 feet.]

[292] _Descr. de l’Eg._ Atlas, pl. 23, 31.

[293] ii. 158, iv. 42.

[294] Herod. ii. 159.

[295] _Descr. de l’Eg._ (Panck.) _Ant._ vol. viii. p. 27, &c. Compare vol. v. p. 451, and Jomard, _carte de la basse Egypte_. A copy of the fragment is given in a copper-plate, _Ant._ vol. v. pl. 29.

[296] [The spot has now been re-discovered, and marked upon the map of the Société d’Etudes de l’Isthme de Suez. _Travaux de la Brigade Française._ Rapport de l’Ingénieur. 1847.]

[297] _Descr. de l’Eg._ Atlas, pl. 23, 31.

[298] Letronne was probably led to this opinion because, as above mentioned, he thought that Heroonpolis was on the sea.

[299] Letronne, in this treatise mentioned, has further attempted to show that the connecting canal between the Nile and the Red Sea continued till about the third century after Christ, but was then interrupted until it was re-opened by the Caliph ʾOmar in the year 639. Since that time it continued till the year 762 or 767, when the canal was designedly filled up by the Caliph El Mansur. The ingenious combinations by which Letronne assumes that the canal was filled up with sand, about the time of Septim. Severus, because at that time the Porphyry quarries of Gebel Dochân appear to have been neglected, is not, however, a sufficient reason for this conclusion. The canal might easily have been deepened again, as in the time of ʾOmar, and many other reasons might be given for the neglect of the stone-quarries in the Red Sea. But there is a positive proof _against_ it in Ibn el Maqrizi (_Notices et Extr. des MSS._ tom. vi. p. 337, 366), where it is said, according to Langlès: _Hadrien dirigea ensuite sa marche vers l’Egypte, où il fit recreuser le canal qui allait du Nil à la mer de Qolzoum; les vaisseaux y passaient encore à l’apparition de l’islamisme: c’est le même que ʾAmrou ben el-ʾAss fit nettoyer_; and farther on (p. 340), where Amru says: _Je sais qu’avant l’islamisme, des vaisseaux amenaient chez nous des marchandises de l’Egypte. Depuis que nous avons fait la conquête de ce pays, cette communication est interrompue; le canal est encombré et les marchands en ont abandonné la navigation._ It is evident from this, that the canal during the rising of the Arabs, shortly before the Egyptian conquest, had been designedly filled up by the Egyptians as an inimical and prudential measure, for the same reason that it was afterwards again filled up by the Caliph El Mansur, when Mohammet ben ʾAbdallah rose against him at Medina, in the year 762 (according to others 767). The year also of its restoration appears to me still doubtful. Maqrizi, indeed, says (p. 334): _Lorsque le Très-Haut accorda l’islamisme aux hommes, et que ʾAmrou ben el-ʾAss fit la conquête de l’Egypte, ce général, d’après l’ordre de ʾOmar ben âl-Khaththâb, prince des fidèles, s’occupa de faire recreuser de canal dans l’année de la mortalité._ This famine year was certainly the year 18 after the flight of the prophet—_i. e._ A.D. 639. But in the same year Egypt was also conquered, and it is not very probable that cutting the canal, which would occupy six months, was the first and immediate undertaking of the conqueror, although it was undoubtedly soon called for by the famine in Arabia, which made it necessary to import provisions from Egypt. From the words of Amru also, quoted above, there appears to have been a longer period between the conquest and the cleaning out the canal. I, therefore, think that we ought rather to follow the defined statement of El-Kendi, who is cited by Maqrizi himself (p. 343), and who wrote about 880. He places the restoration of the canal five years later—namely, in the year 23; _i. e._ 644, the last year of Amru. For the history of the canal, compare, besides the treatises of Letronne which we have cited, what the same scholar said at a former time in his edition of the _Dicuil._ 1814, 8vo, p. 10, &c., and in his translation of the 17th book of Strabo, p. 382; also Mannert, _Geogr. von Africa_, Abth. i. p. 503, &c., and Weil, _Gesch. der Chalifen_, Bd. i. p. 119, &c.; the last of whom likewise places the restoration of the canal after 641.

The result we have arrived at with regard to the whole history of this remarkable connecting canal is, therefore, briefly, the following:

c. 1350 B.C. _Ramses II._ (_Sesostris_) digs the canal from Bubastis to Heroonpolis (Mukfâr, near Seba-Biar), and with the assistance of the Israelites builds near it the towns _Pithom_ and _Ramses_.

c. 600 B.C. _Nekô_ appears to have conducted the canal as far as the Bitter lakes.

c. 500 B.C. _Darius_, for the first time, makes the whole connection, since he cuts through the elevation between the Bitter lakes and the sea.

c. 350 B.C. In the time of Aristotle the canal appears to have fallen into disuse.

c. 250 B.C. _Ptolemæus Philadelphus_ digs a wide canal, _amnis Ptolemæus_, from the sea to the Bitter lakes, constructs an artificial sluice, and builds Arsinoë on the sea.

c. 100 A.D. _Trajan_ opens a new canal, _amnis Traianus_, from Babylon to Heroonpolis.

643 (644) A.D. _ʾOmar_ re-opens the interrupted connection.

762 (767) A.D. _Mohammet ben ʾAbdallah_ fills up the canal.

[300] Jomard, _carte de la basse Egypte. Wilkinson, Mod. Eg. and Thebes_, i. p. 187.

[301] It is a great mistake if Champollion—_L’Eg. sous les Phar._ ii. p. 244—considers these the ruins of the town built by the Israelites.

[302] Wilkinson (_Mod. Eg._ p. 319) misunderstands the passage when he supposes that _Patumos_ was situated at the other end of the canal, on the Red Sea. He appears here to have followed Jomard, who, in his map of the Delta, also places it at the head of the bay, although he places Pithom in the right position.

[303] Compare Steph. Byz.

[304] Πά-τουμος, Pi-thom, ⲡⲓ-ⲑⲟⲙ, means “_the_ (namely the _Temple_, the _Dwelling-place_) _of the Tum_” of the well-known Egyptian god 𓏏𓐰𓍃𓅓𓅱𓀭, who was much honoured exactly in this part of Egypt. He is frequently found upon the Flaminian obelisks, which come from Heliopolis, as well as upon the monuments of Ramses at Abu-Keshêb.

[305] iv. 5, 53.

[306] Compare Böckh, _Manetho_, p. 293 and p. 229.

[307] Exod. ii. 23.

[308] Ramses III., also, whose reign happened soon after the Exodus of the Israelites, waged war with the northern nations, and therefore undoubtedly passed through Syria and Palestine. But it is not probable that his marches were ever of any considerable duration, or were connected with long periods of possession, so that we may venture to believe that these transitory marches against the _powerful_ nations of this country, to whom the Jews did not at that time belong, could have as yet little effect upon them, unless, indeed, it happened, perhaps, when they were themselves subjugated by the Mesopotamians or the Moabites. Such a supposition would be still less probable if the Jews had departed as early as the reign of _Tuthmosis III._, or of _Amosis_, because in that case that Egyptian occupation of the country would have happened when the Jews had already become quite established, and masters of the land.

[309] _Handb. d. Chron._ i. p. 569, 578, 580.

[310] Josephus, _Ant. Jud._ II. xv. 2, calculates 430 years from the entrance of Abraham into Canaan to the Exodus of Moses. Compare VIII. iii. 1.

[311] [Ideler, _Handbuch der Chron._ i. p. 507, 543.]

[312] Ideler, _Handb. d. Chron._ i. p. 531.

[313] Abraham ben David (about 1161) says, in his book Sepher _hakabbala_, col. 33, b (Amsterd.): “The second period begins from the great synagogue of Simeon the Just. The Persian empire was destroyed in his time by Alexander, the King of Greece (Javan). He came to Jerusalem ... in the year 40 after the building of the temple ... and commanded that they should commence the reckoning of their contract from this year, which is the year 1000 since their Exodus from Egypt, and the year 3450 since the Creation.” But he placed the year of the Exodus at 2448; therefore the year 3450 is properly the 1003rd, not the 1000th, since the Exodus. R. Isaac Israëli (about 1250), in the book _Jesod Olam_. Bl. 84, b, says, “And the Talmud was concluded in the year 3949, according to the calculation of the world, which is the year 500 of the Contract.” We thence obtain for the commencement of the era of the Contract the year 3450 = 312.

[314] _Semach David_ (written about 1592), p. 60-65, in the Latin translation by Vorst (Lugd. Bat. 1644), cites several more authorities for the year 3448; among them also Abraham ben David, but who, as we have seen, expressly writes 3450, in spite of the mention of the 1000-yeared period since the Exodus.

[315] Ant. XI. viii. 5.

[316] _Thesaur. tempp. Euseb._ 1658, tom. ii. p. 72.

[317] S. Ideler, _Handb._ i. p. 579.

[318] In the year 318 the determination of Easter, according to the different Christian calendars, was transferred from the Nicene Council to the Alexandrian chronologists. S. du Cange, _praef. ad Chron. pasch._ This difficult work at once presupposed a careful consideration and investigation of the different eras still in use, but especially of the Jewish computation of time, because the feast of Easter was connected with the solemnisation of the Jewish Paschal feast, which was instituted at the time of the _Exodus from Egypt_. Therefore in those days, when chronological studies were more especially practised, there was a particular cause for obtaining the true date of the Exodus, which, to Egyptian scholars in particular, could not have been difficult.

[319] _Handb._ i. p. 581.

[320] It was also called “the Era of _Alexander_.” Ideler, _Chron._ i. p. 449.

[321] It would be important to inquire when the year 2448 is first mentioned in Jewish literature as that of the Exodus, and which of the Rabbis first clung to this epoch in the outline of history, which was at first probably only marked in the calendar.

[322] We have already seen above, that neither the Apostle Paul nor Josephus recognised the calculation of the 480 years. Africanus just as little, who reckoned 748 years. (Routh, _Reliqu. sacræ_, vol. ii. p. 313, ff.) Eusebius (reckons 600, or even 610 years; _Præp. Ev._ x. 14, compare Routh elsewhere; but in his _Canon_ he calculates 480), Clemens Alexandr. (_Strom._ p. 386, Pott. 567), Syncellus (p. 175, 659), and others. Among modern scholars, Des Vignoles (_Chronol. de l’hist. sainte_, t. i. p. 172) has especially treated the question in detail. He finally decides upon the acceptation, that the period consisted of 648 years, but that the number 480 arose from a mistake in the text (p. 184), as others before him had declared. Böckh lastly says, that the number appears to him to have been _inserted at a later period_. (_Manetho_, p. 190.) Several other numbers of the Old Testament, especially all indeterminate numbers, as the 40 and its multiplicates, as well as the greater sums, _e. g._ Exodus xii. 40; Judges xi. 26; 1 Kings vi. 1; and in other places, and the whole uninterrupted chain of numbers, originating in them, appear to me to have been for the first time adopted since that early part of the Old Testament was last combined and revised, at all events for the first time after the exile. The opinion also adopted by Bertheau (_Richter_, p. 34), that this revision proceeds from Ezra, appears to me to be very probable.

[323] Numb. i. 26.

[324] Ezra ii. 59; Nehemiah vii. 61.

[325] Ezra ii. 62; Neh. vii. 64.

[326] Contra. Ap. i. 7.

[327] Gospel Matth. i. 2, &c.; Luke iii. 23, &c. The great differences between the two genealogies have been considered in a variety of ways, but, as it appears, they have not yet been satisfactorily explained. Therefore, they do not permit of any immediate chronological conclusions.

[328] The removal of some of the difficulties indicated in the following table are obvious, and may, therefore, have been expressed long before me, in the critical-biblical literature already published, although I am unable to point it out. But the aim we have in view requires us to examine this subject somewhat more accurately. I see, besides, that Ewald also, _Gesch. Isr._ i. p. 31, ii. p. 433, and in other passages, considers the two generations from Levi to Saul and to Heman, as the most complete, and, therefore, all the others as incomplete.

[329] According to the Septuagint. In the Hebrew text, chap. v. & vi.

[330] [Hebrew text, 1 Chron. vii. 20, 21, 24-27.]

[331] It is impossible that the descendants of Ephraim, mentioned in 1 Chron. viii. 20, 21, could have been all killed at the same time by the men of Gath (therefore, in Palestine), since they include eight generations. The march to _Gath_ also, which is mentioned, could not have been from Egypt (Bunsen, _Æg._ i. p. 220) (Tr. vol. i. p. 178), since they went _down_. It is equally impossible that _Non_ and _Jehoshuah_ can be rightly placed in v. 27, since the latter ought to stand in the ninth in place of the third degree from Ephraim.

[332] _Gesch. Isr._ ii. p. 371.

[333] _Buch. d. Richt._ p. xix. xx.

[334] Heb. Text, 1 Chron. vi. 39, 43.

[335] Unless the name of _Jahath_, the son of Gershom, is to be withdrawn, and Shimei put into its place, by which means this genealogy also would only have eleven degrees from Moses to Solomon.

[336] See above, p. 402.

[337] De Wette, in his translation, makes no distinction in v. 22.

[338] See Luther’s German Trans. of Bible.—TR.

[339] The names of _Levi_, _Gershom_, _Jahath_, _Sima_ (_Zimmah_), _Adaiah_ (_Iddo_), Zerah agree. It only differs in Ethan (Joah), and _Ethni_ (Jeaterai). Shimei and Libni appear to be brothers. But, on that account again, the name of Jahath, as above remarked, ought to be rubbed out of both lists, and perhaps be considered as a common surname of the brothers. For Jahath appears in the 1 Chron. vii. 43 as the father of Shimei, xxiii. 10 as the son of Shimei, vii. 20 as the son of Libni, but, xxiii. 8, not among the sons of Laadan, who nevertheless, xxiii. 7, stands in the place of Libni.

[340] Gesen. Thes. l. Hebr. p. 1011.

[341] The omission may perhaps be explained by Exodus vi. 24, where Assir, Elkanah, and Abiasaph literally appear beside one another as sons of _Korah_, while it was probably intended that, as his sons, they should succeed one another.

[342] We should, perhaps, also take into consideration the preference which is given in the genealogical tables of the Old Testament to _three_ sons.

[343] The genealogy was certainly originally _brought down_ from father to son; therefore the names _carried up_ from Elkanah to Heman precede those from Kohath to Joel (and Heman), although Kohath is the _elder_ brother. We follow the correct order.

[344] _Azariah_ appears to have been the true father of _Joel_; Samuel was, perhaps, his father-in-law, or his uncle, for although, 1 Sam. viii. 2, _Joel_ and _Abiah_ are also stated to be sons of Samuel, our fourth genealogy, 1 Chron. vii. 28, calls them Vashni and Abiah.

[345] In the series of Eli, Ἀχίτωβος must stand in place of Ἰοχάβης, for the ancestors of Zadok and Achimelech were both named Ahitub, which might at all events easily produce confusion. The name Ἰοχάβης seems to be founded upon Ichabod, the brother of Ahitub (1 Sam. iv. 21; xiv. 3).

[346] According to Eratosthenes, Apollodor., Diodor. &c.; see Larcher, _Hérod._ tom. vii. p. 51, 53, 68, 395, 397.

[347] _Æg._ i. p. 209-214. (Tr. vol. i. p. 166-171.)

[348] Two points may, perhaps, strike the reader in the survey of the different statements of numbers given here from the Book of Judges, upon which I will subjoin what follows in explanation. I have placed the 20 years under the Canaanites to the right, the 20 of Sampson and Saul to the left; not arbitrarily, but from the following reason: In the first section of this epoch, which ends with Gideon, all the numbers are indeterminate except those exactly which relate to the oppressions by other nations. This does not seem to me to be accidental; why should not the times of the oppression have been firmer fixed in the memory than the other divisions of time, the recollection of which is principally connected only with celebrated persons? The number 20 does not belong to the round numbers; it bears in itself, therefore, the probability of being historical. On the other hand, the 20 years of Sampson and Saul are in the third division, in which all the remaining numbers are unhistorical, as the eight preceding are all historical. The person of Sampson is especially so poetically represented, that it is perfectly adapted to its unchronological neighbourhood. It is possible, also, that it belonged entirely to the preceding Philistine time of 40 years, and ought therefore to be quite omitted. But the 20 years of Saul was even received in the Acts of the Apostles, and by Josephus, as a round number, and was therefore exchanged with 40. The period of Saul also was certainly not better known than that of David and Solomon. The second point is, that it might appear remarkable to see the periods of oppression placed generally together with those of the separate Judges, whilst both classes are however quite heterogeneous. I would have separated them, if by that means the result would have been very different. But it is so circumstanced, that the mean number of the historical statements, if we separate the periods of oppression, amounts to 11 years, in place of 12 years; therefore the total sum is 304 years, in place of 318 years. But this is the same result to us; as we cannot look for an exact sum in the calculation, it therefore appeared more suitable, because more prudent, to leave those statements in their historical order.

[349] By the kind permission of Chevalier Bunsen we are enabled to give the following note, which contains the result he has arrived at on this subject:—Chevalier Bunsen agrees with Dr. Lepsius in the conviction that the arrival of the Israelites cannot have taken place under the Hyksos. On the question whether they arrived before or after them, Chevalier Bunsen differs from Dr. Lepsius, since he believes that Jacob’s family came to Egypt at a far earlier period, viz., in the reign of Sesurtesen (Sesostris) the Second (or Third, according to some), in whose reign he thinks the ancient writers place those changes in the tenure of land which the Bible ascribes to Joseph’s advice as prime minister. This Sesurtesen (Sesostris) reigned, according to the tables of Bunsen, about 2650 B.C., and since he agrees with Dr. Lepsius in placing the Exodus in the reign of Menephthes, 1210 B.C., he allows an interval of 1440 years to elapse between Joseph and the Exodus, more than _fourteen_ centuries.—TR.

[350] They are called by Manetho Φοίνικες and Ποιμένες, and from the most ancient times the north-eastern neighbours of the Egyptians were never other than Semitic nations. The unfounded opinion that the Hyksos were the Scythians has been long ago refuted.

[351] Evidently the same name as that of the Heliopolitan priest פוטיפרע, which only, being more complete, has the ע at the end, and which the Seventy likewise write Πετεφρῆ. In hieroglyphics the name would be 𓊪𓐰𓂞𓁛 or 𓊪𓐰𓂞𓇳𓐰𓏤 Pet-Ra, or with the article, which can also be written in hieroglyphics, Pet-Ph-Ra, _i. e._ “he who is consecrated to the sun.”

[352] This was especially the dress of the Egyptian priests, as well as of the king himself, whose transparent upper garments, of fine linen, are known by the monuments. Compare Herod. ii. 37; Plin. H. N. xix. 2. The elevation of Joseph into the most distinguished class, that of the priests, is shown by this laying on of fine linen garments.

[353] Precious necklaces and chains were bestowed by the Egyptian kings as particular marks of distinction. Several very illustrative representations of this from Thebes and Tel-el-Amarna will be disclosed in the work of the Prussian Expedition.

[354] At festive processions the chariot of the queen used to follow that of the king, and after it the chariot of the princes. Joseph was thus treated like the son of a king.

[355] For other points of comparison, see Hengstenberg, _Die Bücher Moses und Ægypten_, p. 21-76.

[356] Jablonski, _Voc. Æg._ _s. v._ _Psonthomphanech_; Gesenius, _Thesaur._ p. 1181.

[357] xvii. p. 788.

[358] Maqrizi in Quatremère. Mém. ii. 318, 401.

[359] ii. 37.

[360] i. 54.

[361] i. 72, 74. Compare c. 71.

[362] Compare also Strabo, xvii. p. 787, upon the taxes to the king.

[363] Exodus i. 8.

[364] Exodus ii. 23.

[365] Even if we take into account the months also, subtracting 80 years and 8 months from 510 years and 10 months, we shall obtain 430 years and 2 months.

[366] I do not, however, lay more importance upon this agreement than it deserves. The coincidence of this number with the Hebrew periods, originating in a different manner, may certainly have first caused it to be believed that the Hyksos were the Jews. I am the less inclined to reject this opinion, as we shall see below that the Hebrew number may also be explained in a different manner.

[367] Böckh is also of this opinion, _Manetho_, p. 227.

[368] Ps. xc. 10.

[369] So Ewald, _Gesch. d. Volks Israel_. Bd. i. p. 30, 339 &c. Bunsen, _Ægypten_, i. p. 215, 225. (Trans. vol. i. p. 171, 181.)

[370] Ewald, i. p. 31. Compare Bunsen, i. p. 220.

[371] Ewald, i. p. 354, 387, &c.

[372] P. 204, 206. (Trans. by C. H. Cottrell, vol. i. p. 161-163.)

[373] Ægyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte. Hamburg, 1845.

[374] Die Chronologie der Ægypter. Berlin, 1849.

[375] These dates were obligingly supplied by Dr. Lepsius himself, in a letter dated Berlin the 5th of July, 1853.

[376] From the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal for July, 1850.

[377] Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Aus dem Jahre, 1844.

[378] The breadth of the river itself. See Letter to Hr. Böckh, p. 27.

[379] Dr. Lepsius, after he had seen this paper, informed me that Katakomben was a misprint for Katarakten.—L. H.

[380] Miss Martineau’s Eastern Life, vol. i. p. 99.

[381] Reisen in Europa, Asien und Afrika, in der Jahren 1835, bis 1841. Stuttgart, 1841-1846.

[382] With reference to the object of this paper.

[383] Reisen, Bd. ii. 545.

[384] “Über den Stromlauf und das zunächst liegende Uferland des Nils, von der zweiten Katarakte bis Assuan, besitzen wir eine vortreffliche Karte nämlich:” “Land zwischen der kleinen und grossen Katarakten des Nils. Astronomisch bestimmt und aufgenommen in J. 1827, durch v. Prokesch. Nil Grundrisse der Monumente. Wien, 1831.”—Reisen, Bd. ii. Thl. iii. 86.

[385] Russegger, Reisen, Bd. i. 258.

[386] Travels in Ethiopia, p. 272.

[387] Description de l’Egypte.—Separate Memoir, entitled “Description de Syène et des Cataractes.”

[388] Russegger, Bd. ii. 3 Thl. 85.

[389] Russegger, Bd. ii. 3 Thl. 76.

[390] Travels, p. 257.

[391] Wanderungen durch das Nilthal, von G. Parthey, Berlin, 1840. 378.

[392] Travels, pp. 9 and 11.

[393] Eastern Life, i. 104.

[394] Ib. 144.

[395] Rennie, Report on Hydraulics, in the Fourth Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1834, p. 487.

[396] I state this on the authority of my friend, W. Hopkins, Esq., of Cambridge.

[397] Russegger, Bd. ii. 1 Thl. 569 to 584.

[398] Rennie, Report cited above, p. 422.

[399] See note, p. 511.

[400] Parthey, 318.

[401] Russegger, Reisen, Bd. ii. 300 and 320. Lancret, Description de l’Egypte, Mémoire sur l’île de Philæ, 15-58. Rosellini, I Monumenti dell’ Egitto e della Nubia. Monumenti del Culto, 187. Wilkinson’s Thebes and General View of Egypt, 466. Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Arts. Ptolemy, Ph. and Nectanebus.

[402] p. 187.

[403] Ægyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte.—Drittes Buch, 122.

[404] Antiquités de la Nubie, p. 6.

[405] Tome iii. parte ii. p. 6.

[406] Thebes, &c. p. 482.

[407] Bunsen, as above.

[408] p. 9.

[409] Wanderungen, &c. 334.

[410] Reisen, Bd. i. s. 273.

[411] Reisen, Bd. ii. 1 Thl. s. 328.

[412] The _italics_ in the above quotation are thus distinguished by Dr. Lepsius, the CAPITALS by the author himself.

[413] Here follows a sketch of the plan.

INDEX.

A.

Aahmes-nufre-ari, mother of Amenophis I., 246

Ababde Arabs, 140, 154

Abahuda, village of, 240

Abaris, 406, 416, 426, 446

—— situation of, 426-434

—— same as Pelusium, 431-434

Abaton, island of, 123

Abbas Pascha, 45

Abdebab, Nubian Desert, 141

Abd el Qurna, hill of Thebes, 243, 271

Abdîn, or Blue Nile, 174

Abeken, H., 12, 55, 72, 94, 98, 132, 148, 153, 159, 160, 194, 237,
273, 346

Abel’s Tomb, Palestine, 340

Abke, Nubia, 239

Abir, or Qabir Mount, 237

Abocharagos, the Saracen Prince, 557

Abraham, 422, 485

—— ben David, cited, 452

Abu el Abas, village of, 172

—— Dôm, town of, 222, 229

—— Hammed, town of, 17, 141

—— —— arrival at, 143

—— Haras at mouth of Rahad, 148, 167

—— Haschin, province of Berber, 145

—— Keshêb, ruins of, 435, 438

—— Nugara, mountain chain in Nubian Desert, 141

—— Roasch, Pyramids of, 14, 59, 79

—— Schar, coast of Red Sea, 289

—— Senejat, mountain chain in Nubian Desert, 141

—— Sihha, mountain chain in Nubian Desert, 141

—— Simbel, temples of, 20, 240

—— Tlêh, Desert of Gilif, 214

—— Zelîmeh, Gulf of Suez, 22, 302, 365, 547

Abusir, Pyramids of, 13

—— stone inscribed at, 69

—— Sheikh of, 76

Abydos, 17, 23, 101, 116

Acca (Ptolemais), 336

Achencheres, Exodus was placed in reign of, 489

Achmed Pascha, 129, 147, 160, 163, 187, 191, 198

—— Pascha Menekle, 130, 147, 205, 190, 160

Adar Auîb, 141

Adererât, plain of, 141

Adulis, town of, 220

Aennum (Philotera), 22

Africa, certain nations in Central, 45

Africanus, Julius, cited, 419, 423, 487, 488

—— —— lists of, 418

—— —— preserved the works of Manetho, 499

Ag´aïze Arabs, 278

Agamîeh, the Faiûm, 97

Ahmet Pascha, 45

Ai, King, 261

Ain Gulut, Syria, 335

—— el Haramieh, Syria, 334

—— Hawâreh, Peninsula of Sinai, 547, 548

—— Uneh, Peninsula of Sinai, 555

Aithi, Syria, 336

Akaba, gulf of, 554

Akoris, position of town of, 105

Albert, Prince of Prussia, 70

Alabaster quarry, 101, 114

Alabastron, ancient, 115

Alexandria, 13, 41

—— obelisks in, corroded by weather, 42, 369

Alexander of Macedon, 252, 452, 456

Alexandrian library, 382, 496

—— critics, 487

Ali, a Bischâri, 241

Alluvial soil above Cataract of Assuan, 527

Aloa, kingdom of, 163

Altars at Wadi el Kirbegân, 194

Altar, Ethiopian, 223

Alus, Peninsula of Sinai, 547, 548

Amada, near Korusko, 20, 240

Amara, village of, 19, 237

Amarna, valley El, 101, 114, 115, 262, 322

Amasis I., 114

—— —— King, said to be buried in Sphinx, 67

Ambukôl, Nubia, 231

Amen-Ra, 382

—— hymn to, in Egyptian collection of Mr. Sams, London, 392

Amenemha I., 391, 395

—— III., 15, 20, 91, 239, 301, 527

Amenophis, 405, 408, 420, 497

—— I., 246, 248

—— II., 237

—— III., 19, 222, 236, 237, 253, 256, 261, 485

—— IV., 19, 27, 262, 278, 322

Ammon Ra, 126, 223, 248

Amharic language known by Isenberg, 39

Ammonius, the Monk, cited, 556, 557

Amnis Ptolemæus, a canal, 440, 444

Amosis, 424, 486, 488, 497

Ampère, M., cited, 121, 273

Amru entered Egypt with 4000 Arabs, 430

Anianos, 498

Anîbe, village of, 20, 240

Annals of the Monarchy as early as the first Dynasties, 380

Anti-Libanon, 338

Antinoe, ancient, 113

Antiochus Epiphanes, 409

Antoninus Placentinus, 558

Ants, large black, 138

Aphophis, King, 479, 487, 488

Apion, cited, 411, 421, 423

Apis, the, taken by Amenophis to Ethiopia, 407

Apries (Hophre), inscription belonging to Temple of, 43

Arab, Ababde, 140, 154

—— Ag´aïze, 278

—— ʾAuadîeh, 214

—— Schaiqîeh, 214, 229

—— carelessness in cookery, 280

—— discontented with pay for camels, 130

—— explanation of term, 76

—— family, manners of, 276

—— hospitality, 277

—— vengeance, 271, 321

Arabian Gulf, 434, 437, 441, 442

—— races orally transmit register of generations, 458

Arabic characters, 258, 311

—— inscription, 550-552

—— language, 228, 231

—— music, 182

Arbagi, village of, 166

Arch, pointed and round, 73, 74

Archæology of Egypt, 28

Archimedes invented water-screw in Egypt, 384

Architecture in Egypt, 388

Argo, island of, 17, 233

Argonsene, ruins of town at, 235

Ariston, cited, 554

Aristotle, cited, 439, 444

Arnaut soldiers, 198

Arsinoë II., 109

—— town of, 93, 435, 437, 440, 444

Art, canon of proportions in Egyptian, 21, 118, 383

—— Ethiopian more recent than Egyptian, 152

—— in Egypt and Ethiopia, 18

—— history of, in Egypt, 28

Artaxerxes, 279, 386

Artemidorus, 553, 554, 555

Artim Bey, 189

Artists of Greece, educated in Egypt, 383

Asasif, valley of, 254, 264

Asses in Berber, 157

Astronomy of Egyptian priests, 386

—— knowledge of, necessary to chronology, 396, 398

Assuan, 20, 104, 118

—— granite rocks of, 32, 371

Assur, plain of, 150

Astaboras river, 146

Atbara, province of Berber, 146

Atfeh, Nile at, 43

Athanasius in Theban desert, 266

Atrib (Athribis) in Nile Delta, 333

Atschan, range of, 158, 193

Auatêb, valley of, 156

ʾAuad, the guide, 271

ʾAuadîeh Arabs, 214

Axum, Abyssinia, 220

Ayûn Mûsa, Peninsula of Sinai, 547, 548

B.

Baal Zephon, 427

Bab Allah, gate of Damascus, 343

Bab el Meluk, Thebes, 244

Babylon, 437, 440, 445

Babylonian prisoners, 482

Bachît, village of, 230

Bageh, temple of, 526

Bahiuda, desert of, 213

Bahr-bela-mâ, the Faiûm, 95, 136

—— Jussuf, the Faiûm, 15, 92, 96

—— ʾHatab, Nubian desert, 137

—— Scheitan, or mirage, 142

—— Scherkîeh, the Faiûm, 94

—— Wardâni (the Faiûm), 94

Bâlbeck, 346

Ban-tree, 227

Baobab-trees, 166

Bárada river, 339

Barbarus of Scaliger, 453

Barkal, Mount, 18, 220, 222

Bartlett, H., cited, 535

Barquq, Sultan, 94

Batn el Hagér, province of, 237

Basilica in Wadi Gazâl, 218

Bauer, Herr, of Kamlîn, 189, 163

Bech-en-aten (King Amenophis IV.), 114, 262, 278

Bedouin, the, 86

—— explanation of term of, 76

Beg´a language, 31, 242, 244

—— plain of, 348

Begerauîeh, village of, 17, 150, 152, 195, 209, 212

Behbét el Hagér (Iseum), in Nile Delta, 23, 333

Berber, Mudhir of, 131

Bêida, village of, 198

Belbês, Israelites were settled near, 449

Beled Ellâqi, village of, 241

Belled e’ Nuba, village of, 228

Benihassan, tombs of, 16, 101, 110-113

Ben Naga, village of, 153, 154, 194

Beni-Suef, town of, 15, 100, 322

—— Kensi, tribe of, 241

Berscheh, village of, 16, 101, 113, 115

Bertheau, cited, 464

Bet el Ualli, temple of, 124

Berut (Berytos), Syria, 336, 356

Bethin (Bethel), Syria, 334

Bethmann, Dr., 23, 322

Biahmu, monuments of, 96

Bigeh, island of, 20, 120

—— temple of, 531

Bir Ambar, spring of, 277

Birds, collection of, 160

—— on Blue River, 168

Bîreh, village of, 334

Birket e’ temsah, 434

Birqet-el-Qorn, the Faiûm, 15, 92, 93, 95, 97

Biscay, Bay of, 37

Bischarîba people, 244

Bischâris, the, 140

Bischâri language, 241

Bitter lakes, 436, 440, 442, 444

Bischeh, the Faiûm, 97

Blemyes, the, 242

Blue River, 162

—— —— birds, trees, monkeys, &c., 168, 169

Bocchoris, King, 423

Böckh, cited, 107, 242, 424, 494

—— letter to, from Dr. Lepsius, 508

Boghos Bey, confidential minister of Mohammed Ali, 40, 46, 189

Bokty, the Prussian consul, 47

Bonomi, J., travelling companion, 12, 35, 45, 56, 57, 98

Book of the Dead, 381, 392

Braun, Herr Julius, 41

Bricks of Nile mud, 372

Bricks, burnt, of Babylon, 373

Brick-vaulted roofs, 373

Britan, Syria, 340

British Museum, 394

Bscherreh, Syria, reception at, 351

—— Sheikh of, 352

Bubastis, 369, 429, 436, 448, 449

Bubastic arm of Nile, 427, 428

Buêribs, the, 154, 157

Bulaq, harbour of Cairo, 44

Bunsen, Chev., cited, 387, 392, 420, 424, 471, 492, 499, 526

—— —— last friend seen in England, 35

Bujurldis. _See_ Firman

Burckhardt, cited, 338, 532, 551, 561

Burial near Blue River, 176

Burying alive in Fazoql, 202

Byblus (Gebel), 355

C.

Cailliaud, cited, 150, 154, 155, 209

Calippus, cycle of, 454

Cæsar, Augustus, 252, 266

Cairo, 23, 44-46, 80

—— festival in, 70

Cambyses, 251, 279

Camel, explanation of term, 81

—— drivers, imposition of, 216

Camels, want of, 130

Camp, attack on, at Saqâra, 75

—— life in the, 56, 87

—— night in the Egyptian military, 204

Canal between Nile and Red Sea, 441-445

—— Nile, 436

—— Rosetta, 43

Canals in Egypt, 482

Candace, Queen, 196

Canons of proportions, 28, 118, 383

Canopic arm of Nile, 447

Carians, the frontier guard near Pelusium, 429

Carmel, Mount, 336

Castle of Abd el Qurna, 243

—— Abke, 239

—— Hellet el Bib, 226

—— Sêse, 236

Cataract, second, 131

—— country, excursion to, 225

—— of Kalfa, 237

Cataracts in provinces of Schaiqîeh and Monassir, 228

—— 239

Cemetery of Meröe, 212

Cepheus, King, 423

Chafra (Chephyren), Pyramid of, 59

Chairemon, cited, 434

Champion, M., the Austrian consul, 45, 47

Champollion, Figeac, cited, 25, 51, 107, 110, 112, 119, 120, 124,
266, 527

—— —— cited, 381, 394, 431, 435

Chanter, the two books of, 388

Chartûm, 15, 130, 131, 158, 190, 193

Chemmis, 115

Chencheres, King, 422, 489

Cheops, writing on the monuments since the time of, 37

—— (Chufu), Pyramid of, 48, 59, 72, 372

—— —— —— —— —— tablet on, 57

—— King, 110, 114

Chephren. _See_ Schafra

Chôr el Ammer, desert of Gilif, 216

—— Bân, 227

Choreb. _See_ Horeb

—— 559

Chorography of Egypt, 29

Chôsch e’ Gurûf, Nuba village, 228

Christian chronologists on the period of the Exodus, 421

Christianity in Nubia, 231

Christmas at Pyramids, 55

—— —— Thebes, 273

Chronicle, old, 497, 498

Chronology, 396

—— Old Testament, 490, 492

—— Manethonic, 490

Chronological character of Jewish History, 401

Chronologists, Jewish and Christian, 421

Churches and convents, Christian, 230, 267

Church, Coptic, 237

—— of Magal, 231

Churshid Pascha, 163, 195

Civilisation of Egypt during the first Dynasties, 25

Clavis Nilotica, 210

Clemens of Alexandria, 387, 392, 398, 423

Cleobulus, sage of Lindus, 384

Cleopatra, Queen, 444

—— —— inscription referring to, 106

Cleopatra’s Needle, 42

Climate in Peninsula of Sinai, 545

—— 224

—— at Thebes, 103

Clot Bey, M., 32, 246

Clysma Poemes, bishop of, 557

Codex of Syncellus, 489

—— Mediceus, 437

Computation of time, Egyptian, 497

Contracts, era of the, 452

Convent at Gebel Mûsa, 291, 305, 556

—— in Wadi Gazâl, 218

Copper mines in Peninsula, 22, 300, 301

Coptic characters, 27, 94, 109, 117, 123, 158, 277, 394, 426

—— churches, 219, 237, 260

—— —— plan of, 219

—— inscription, 220

—— language encouraged by Lieder’s exertions, 36

—— population near Thebes, 268

—— school, 36

—— settlement, 278

Copts, the, 270

Corinth, Isthmus of, 442

Cosmas Indicopleustes, cited, 313, 320, 558, 560

Costume in Cairo, 80

—— worn by travellers in Thebes, 104

Crocodiles of Blue River, 169

—— eggs, 175

Crocodilopolis, remains of, 15, 97

Croly, Rev. Dr., 540

Cuneiform inscriptions, 443

Customs in southern provinces, 202

Cynocephalus, 172

D.

D’Abadie, cited, 99

Dáhela, village of, 175

Dakkeh (Pselchis), 17, 20, 242

Dal, frontier village, 237

—— Haui, island of, 149

Damascus, 340

—— journey to, 336-340

Damietta, 23

Dams of Lake Mœris, 95

D’Anastasi, M., the Swedish consul-general, 39, 394

Dâmer, village of, 133, 146, 147, 149

Danai, the flight of, 424

Danaus, 383, 408, 421

Danqeleh, village of, 209

D’Anville, cited, 427, 431, 433, 434

Daphka, Peninsula of Sinai, 540, 547, 548

Daphni of Pelusium, 429

Dara-buka kettle-drum, 184

Dar Fûr, 30, 234

—— —— language of, 244

Darius, 439, 440, 442

Darius II., 252, 279

Darmali, village of, 228

Daschûr, Pyramid of, 13, 79, 98

Dedications on Temples, 379

Date of the Exodus, 470-474, 449-457, 490

Debbet e’ Ramleh, plain of, 300

Debôd, 17, 20, 123, 242

Debu, temple at, 526

Decades, or Egyptian weeks, 398

Decius, Emp., 266

Defterdar Bey, 195

Defûfa, tomb of, 234

Delta of the Nile, 369, 483, 486

Dender River, 170

Dendera, temple of, 17, 23, 101, 110, 116, 322

Dendûr, temple of, 17, 20, 124, 242

Der el Ahmar, village in Syria, 348

—— Bachît, convent of, 267

—— Bahri, convent of, 267

—— Medînet, convent of, 267, 381

De Rozière, cited, 443

Derr, temple of, 126, 232, 240, 356

Desert, Nubian, 133, 143

—— journey through, 214

Derut-Scherif, 15

Dhafari, Peninsula of Sinai, 547

Dilêb-Palms, 171

Diméh, in the Faiûm, 15, 97

Dinka tribes, 149

—— language, 161

Diocletian, Emp., inscription in honour of, 42

Diodorus, cited, 123, 202, 260, 381, 383, 391, 408, 421, 429, 439,
480, 483, 553, 554

Diodorus, Exodus according to, 409

Division of time, 398

Doko, country of the, 46

Dongola, province of, 19, 458

—— new, 233

—— old, 232

Dôm-Palms, 137, 218

Doseh, the trampling, 71

Dromedary, explanation of term, 81

—— pace of, 139

Du Bois Aymé, cited, 435, 436