Chapter XIII: The Cabinet Minister (2)

It required a great occasion for the queen dowager and her son to be invited, at lengthened intervals, to dine at Hirschholm. When they arrived, they were kept waiting; and the frigid reception granted them left them but little doubt that their presence was disagreeable. They were not angry with the king, and did not explain this contempt by his caprices or his indolent apathy, but they blamed the young queen and her adherents. Hence serious aid frivolous subjects combined to foment the misunderstanding in the royal family and between relations. The lightest insults are not those which hurt the least.

Serious complaints were being raised about this time at the court of the queen dowager, in the capital and the provinces, about the education of the prince royal, or rather, because his education was not yet begun. He was said to be left in the gardens of Hirschholm to the inclemency of the seasons and his own imprudence, with no other society but that of two lads of the lowest rank. The most reasonable and the warmest patriots said bitterly, that a retarded education was a great fault in the case of a boy whose majority began at the age of thirteen; as if the natural progress of a boy could be accelerated in accordance with human institutions.

Such were the universal prejudice, and the language of the most moderate men. At the court, on the contrary, they were so satisfied with the method adopted, that the queen and Struensee actually had drawings made of the childish amusements of their young Emile, which were engraved and published. He could be seen in them entering his cold bath, playing at ball, or using his little rake and spade. They fancied that the entire universe would applaud this unique example of a truly royal education.

The queen might be mistaken as to her son's education, as it was carried on by a man of systems, but she was an excellent mother, and paid as much attention to her children as her position allowed. When on any rainy day the court was obliged to remain in-doors, the queen did not fail to appear after dessert, carrying her daughter on one of her arms, and leading her son by the other hand, while his two little playmates clung to her skirt. She seemed thoroughly to enjoy the happiness of being a mother. The prince was neither timid, nor indocile, nor fretful; but his education was very much behindhand. At the age of nearly four years, he did not yet know any language, but had made a jargon of Danish and German, which he had learned from his two playmates. The conclusion at which Reverdil arrives, though displaying an evident bias, is probably correct:--

"If the temperature had been less damp; if the young prince had had a sufficiently strong constitution to withstand these trials; if an intelligent and almost imperceptible but continued inspection had caused his amusements to help in developing his reason, this education would have been worth more than that of all his ancestors."

But this inspection was not made, owing to the jealousy of Struensee, who considered everything badly done that did not pass through his hands, and who had undertaken this inspection himself, like all the rest, without reflecting that he already had a great deal more work than he could do in the course of the day.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 149: Peut-être lui donna-t-on des choses fortifiantes pour restaurer sa faiblesse, et qui eurent l'effet de lier les facultés de son esprit, sans les lui ôter tout-à-fait.--_Mémoires de mon Temps_, p. 56.]

[Footnote 150: This Berger was a surgeon-accoucheur, and favourite of Struensee. He must not be confounded with Etats-rath von Berger, the physician in ordinary, who had retired from court.]

[Footnote 151: "Authentische Aufklärungen."]

[Footnote 152: She was the mother of Christian Augustus, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein Sonderburg Augustenburg, who was deprived of his rights by the London treaty of 1852; of Prince Frederick of Noër; and of the Dowager Queen Amelia, widow of Christian VIII., King of Denmark.]

[Footnote 153: "Annual Register, 1771."]

[Footnote 154: This law, drawn up by the unfortunate Griffenfeldt, and signed on November 14, 1665, by Frederick III., the first absolute king of Denmark and Sweden, but not published till after his death in 1709, raises the king above the law, and makes him responsible to God alone for his actions as regent. The only condition imposed on him was, that he should belong to the Protestant religion, according to the Augsburg Confession. The _Lex Regia_ remained in force till June 5, 1849, the day on which the late King of Denmark, Frederick VII., signed the democratic constitution of Denmark.]

[Footnote 155: Struensee, the liberal reformer, who made the nobility feel his sarcasm on every occasion, was yet weak enough to have this absurdity painted on his coach panels, to dress his servants in red and white liveries, and to have his coat of arms fastened on their caps. When his valet appeared for the first time in this livery--so La Mothe, the queen's chamber-woman, tells us--he stumbled on the palace stairs, his cap fell off his head and broke the badge, and the blood that flowed from his nose thoroughly ruined the new livery. On Struensee being told of this, he only gave his ordinary answer when anything disagreeable to him happened "As God pleases." On this occasion, though, it may have contained a deeper meaning.]

[Footnote 156: After Struensee's downfall, this system was introduced again under the title of the Commission of Inquisition. It was finally abolished, together with running the gauntlet in the army, by Frederick VI.]

[Footnote 157: The clergy protested against the marriage of cousins-german being allowed, although the king had given the example of such an alliance, and a dispensation had always hitherto been granted. Nothing can be urged, however, in favour of Struensee's permission for a man to marry his wife's niece, or even sister.]

[Footnote 158: This charge against Struensee can hardly be repeated too often. The breach between Dane and German, which produced such a terrible catastrophe in his case, has never since been healed, and it is in great measure owing to thin jealousy, that the inhabitants of the duchies have had cause to complain of their treatment by the triumphant, and, I fear, dictatorial, minority.]

[Footnote 159: Bernstorff mentioned this fact to Reverdil on the very day before his death, and Rantzau said to the Swiss, shortly after the negociation had been broken off, "Bernstorff would be here now if he could have trusted to me."] [Footnote 161: The king most frequently spoke German to Reverdil, which was the court language at the time, though formerly he had piqued himself on addressing everybody in his own language, and had always spoken to Reverdil in French, rarely in Danish, and never in German.]

[Footnote 160: Brandt and Rantzau.]

[Footnote 161: The king most frequently spoke German to Reverdil, which was the court language at the time, though formerly he had piqued himself on addressing everybody in his own language, and had always spoken to Reverdil in French, rarely in Danish, and never in German.]

END OF VOL. I.

INDEX TO VOL. I.,

HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL.

A.

Academicians, of Paris, dine with King Christian, 180.

Administration, retrenchment in the, 329.

Administrative changes in Denmark, 318.

Adultery, punishment for, mitigated, 326.

Agricultural Commission, appointed by Christian VII., 7.

Agnate and cognate, the different lines of succession explained,
50, 51.

Algiers, Danish war with, and naval expedition against, 260, 261, 262.

Altona, Caroline Matilda's enthusiastic reception at, 47, 48.

Anne, Queen, governed by her favourite women, 4, _note_.

Aristocracy, murders committed by the, 12.

Arnould, Sophie, the celebrated _prima donna_ of Paris, 179.

Arts and sciences become an object of attention to Struensee, 332.

Augusta, Princess of Brunswick;
her marriage, 39.

Augusta, Princess of Wales, (see Wales, Princess of).

Augustenburg, duke of, his genealogy and family connexions, 75.

Auteroche, Comte de, anecdotes of, 174.

B.

Baltimore, Lord, his vicious eccentricities, 9.

Beauveau, Madame de, 169.

Berger, von, surgeon, accoucheur, and favourite of Struensee, 346.

Berkentin, Frau von, appointed governor of Prince Christian, 50;
dismissed from the Danish Court, 117.

Bernis, cardinal, 172.

Bernstorff, count, the Danish minister, 75, 76;
court triumvirate formed by, 77;
appointed director of the Sound dues, 81;
his influence, 111;
his servility, 115;
declines in favour, 229;
his dismissal, 268;
his character, 269;
his kindness, 303;
anecdote of, 362;
his advice to Count Reverdil, 365.

Bestucheff, Madame, 303.

Binet, Sieur, 166.

Bishop militant, 24.

Bontemps, the fortune-teller, 173.

Brockdorf, nurse to Prince Christian of Denmark, 55.

Brandenburg Kulmbach, dowager Margravine of, 127.

Brandt, Enevold, page of the chamber, and a court favourite, 121;
biographical notices of, _ib._;
his character, 122;
his charges against Count Holck, 122, 124;
his visit to Paris to see the king, 210;
his promotion, 231;
his policy, 285;
court festivities arranged by, 342, 343;
his beloved Frau von Holstein, 344;
made a Danish count, 352;
public hatred of, 370.

Bülow, von, 230.

Bute, lord, his influence over the Princess of Wales, 15;
his frequent visits to Leicester House, and scandals about him, 27,
28, 31.

C.

Cabal, the, 252.

Cagliostro, the charlatan, 173.

CAROLINE MATILDA, Princess; birth of, 15;
account of her youth, 33;
her vivaciousness and sweetness of temper, 34;
her manners and person, 35;
her education, _ib._;
her character, 35, 36;
her correspondence, 37-43;
proposal of marriage on behalf of, 40;
her feelings, 41;
makes her public appearance at Court, _ib._;
her letter to the Princess Mary of Cassel, 42;
public opinion favourable to her marriage, 43;
message from the crown for a grant upon the occasion of her
marriage, 44;
her marriage solemnized at the Chapel Royal of St. James', _ib._;
her departure for Copenhagen, 45;
her anxious feelings, 45, 46;
her letter to her brother, the Duke of York, 45;
her enthusiastic reception at Altona, 47;
loyal addresses to, 48;
her youth and inexperience, 48, 49;
her arrival at Copenhagen, 81;
her marriage, 84;
her warm reception, 85;
warnings respecting her 86, 87;
her household, 88;
feelings of the royal family of Denmark towards, 88, 89;
various festivals and amusements in honour of, 90;
her own account of the journey to Copenhagen, written to her
brother, the Duke of York, 92 _et seq._;
her description of Holstein and Copenhagen, 94, 96;
her coronation, 98;
her first quarrel, 99;
her letter to her brother previous to his death, 101;
letter to her mother, the Princess Dowager of Wales, 102;
insulted by her husband, 103, 104;
gives birth to a son and heir, Frederick VI., 108;
her ladies and maids of honour, 126;
her life at home during her husband's absence, 159 _et seq._;
her letter to Princess Amelia, respecting her husband's dissolute
life, 161;
her letter to Princess Mary of Hesse Cassel, 196;
visit of her brother, the Duke of Gloucester, 198;
greatly humiliated by the insignificant part she played at court,
213;
her acquaintance with Dr. Struensee, 215 _et seq._;
her familiarities with him create suspicion, 226, 227;
accompanies her husband in his journey to Schleswig and Holstein,
228;
her incautious levity, 232;
interview with her mother, the Dowager Princess of Wales, 248, 249;
coldness of, towards her brother, George III., 249, 250;
her favourite residence, the palace of Frederiksborg, 250, 251;
her free and easy manners and masculine dress give offence, 264;
her fondness for hunting, 282, 283;
her costume and personal improvement, 283;
her beautiful appearance described in the recollections of an old
chamberlain, 284;
mad freaks of her husband, 291, 292;
her dissipated habits, 292, 293;
establishes the Order of Matilda, 314;
gives birth to a princess, 345;
her close intimacy with Struensee, 377;
an affectionate mother but neglectful of her son's education, 380.

Casanova, the cabalist, 173.

Cassel, Princess Mary of, Caroline Matilda's letter to, 42.

Castries, Mary, de, anecdote of, 174.

Catherine II., Empress of Russia, 238, 301, 302.

Chanceries, subjected to reorganization, 325.

Charles, Landgrave of Schleswig, 230, 231;
his account of the queen's levity of conduct, 232, 233.

Charles, Prince of, Denmark, 74, 75.

Charles II. of England, governed by his mistresses, 4, _note_.

Charlotte Amelia, Princess of Denmark, her character, 89;
the benefactress of the poor, 345.

Chartres, Duchesse de, her profligacy, 171.

Chassé, the comedian, 172.

Chateauroux, Duchesse de, 163.

Choiseul, duc de, 176.

Christian V., King of Denmark, 254.

CHRISTIAN VII. of Denmark, his proposed marriage with the Princess
Caroline Matilda of England, 40;
his accession to the throne on the death of Frederick V., 43;
married by proxy to Caroline Matilda, 44;
biographical notice of, 50;
his hereditary claims to the Schleswig Holstein duchies, 50, 51;
suspected plots against his life, 55;
his education, 56 _et seq._;
his sarcasms, 58;
Reverdil's account of him when twelve years old, 61 _et seq._;
his progress in the polite arts, 64;
proclaimed King of Denmark, 69;
his religious notions, 72;
court anecdotes of, 73, 74;
under the influence of a triumvirate, 77;
pleasant anecdote of, 79;
marriage of his two sisters, 81;
his marriage in contemplation, 82;
affianced to Princess Caroline Matilda, _ib._;
sees her for the first time at Roeskilde, 83;
traits of his character and person, 84;
his entry with the princess into Copenhagen, 84;
their marriage and festivities, 84, 85;
various festivals and amusements introduced by, 90;
his coronation, 98;
his first quarrel, 99;
his journey to Holstein, 100;
insults his wife on his return, 103;
his dissolute orgies, 104, 105;
birth of his son and heir, Frederick VI., 108;
appoints a general commission for agricultural improvements, 111;
his debaucheries and dissipated career, 112;
his domestic orgies, 113;
list of his ministry, 114;
his court favourites, 121 _et seq._;
his travels in foreign parts, 126 _et seq._;
his journey through Jütland, Schleswig, and Gottorp, 127;
his presents to Voltaire, who sang the praises of his benefactor,
131;
his visit to Hanau and his brother-in-law, Landgrave Charles, 132;
sails down the Rhine, _ib._;
visits Amsterdam, the Hague, and Brussels, 133;
his arrival in England, _ib._;
his visit not agreeable to George III. 134;
his cold reception, 135 _et seq._;
list of the royal suite, 136;
his stay in London, 137;
Walpole's satirical sketches of his visit and its amusements,
137 _et seq._;
his interview with the Princess Dowager, 139;
his journey to Yorkshire, 142;
his visits to Cambridge, and also to Oxford,
where he received the honorary degree of D.C.L., 143;
magnificently entertained by the City of London, 144, 148;
entertained at Richmond Lodge, Carlton House, &c., 148, 149;
his sarcasm against the Princess Dowager, 149;
gives a grand masked ball at the Opera House, 149, 150;
his departure from England, 151;
execrable verses on, _ib._;
sketches of his private life and character, 152-158;
his adventure with the money lender, 154-6;
Walpole's character of him, 157;
his wife's letter respecting him, 161;
his journey to France, and arrival at Paris, 175;
his reception by Louis XV., 175;
his private interview with him, 177;
his reception at Paris, and his visits to the various institutions,
178 _et seq._;
dines with the Academicians, 180;
his high opinion of Paris, 182;
his munificence, 183;
his return home, 185;
his joyous reception, 187;
the members of his ministry, 188;
distressed state of the country on his return, 191;
his trip to Schleswig and Holstein with the queen, 228;
dismisses his court, 235;
state of his court, 240-2;
state reforms effected by his minister, 270 _et seq._,
(_see_ DENMARK);
his madness and hopeless condition, 290, 291;
his freaks of madness, 291, 292;
suppresses his council by public decree, 305;
becomes absolute, 307;
celebration of his birthday, 314;
his administrative changes and reforms, 318 _et seq._;
appoints Struensee privy cabinet minister, with all the power of
grand vizier, 347, 350;
his insanity clearly manifested, 374, 375.

Christiansborg, palace of, 311.

Chudleigh, Miss, at the fancy ball, 31.

Civic council of Copenhagen, reorganization of the, 325.

Condé, prince de, 181.

Conti, prince de, 172.

Copenhagen, institutions and laws of extensively reformed, 325
_et seq._;
"Court and Town Council" of established, 327. (See DENMARK, and
CHRISTIAN VII.)

Council of Conferences, established after the suppression of the
Privy Council, 307.

Court of Denmark, state of the, 240-2;
changes and reductions in the, 327, 328;
amusements of the, 84, 85;
intrigues connected with the, 29, 77, 80, 122 _et seq._, 363, 364.

Court language of Denmark, 309.

Court reforms in Denmark, 277.

Cresset, the favourite of the Princess Augusta, 20;
anecdote of, 22.

Cumberland, duke, anecdote of, 16.

D.

Dames de la Halle, 183.

Damiens, execution of, 173.

Danish language, complaints against the disuse of, 359, 360.

Danneskjold Samsöe, count, 75;
his genealogy, 75, _note_;
his court intrigues and influence, 76;
his dismissal, 109.

Danneskjold Laurvig, count von, the Danish minister, 188;
his high character, 190;
his daughter married to Count Holck, 198.
---- admiral, dismissed, 271.

Dehn, baron von, 47.

DENMARK, Caroline Matilda's journey to, 47;
court of, 50;
the royal family of, and right of succession to the throne, 51;
possession of Schleswig-Holstein vital importance to, 51, 52,
_note_;
government of, under Frederick V., 68;
subsidies paid to, 68;
ruinous condition of, 69;
names of the royal family of, 78;
and their feelings towards Caroline Matilda, 88, 89;
various festivals and amusements introduced into, 90;
enactment for the punishment of fanatics and murderers, 107;
protection extended to the Society of Arts at Copenhagen, _ib._;
composition of the ministry, 114;
heavy debts of, when Christian VII. ascended the throne, 127;
state of the kingdom, 128, 129;
the members of the ministry, 188;
public discontent, 190;
depressed state of, 193;
existence of serfdom in, 193;
changes at court, 195;
state of the court, 240-2;
general anarchy of the kingdom, 243;
state of, under Struensee, 253;
historical retrospect of, 254 _et seq._;
the _Lex Regia_, _ib._;
foreigners in, 254;
titles and honours bestowed, 256, 257;
useless expenses incurred, 257, 258;
her increasing debt, 258;
war with Algiers, 260, 261;
her naval expedition against Algiers, 261;
abolition of the censorship, 262;
great changes and proposed reforms, 270, 271;
her foreign affairs, 273;
Russian alliance with, 273;
her home affairs, 274;
collection of the taxes, 275;
court reforms, 277;
public morals, 278;
the council of state reorganised, 279;
changes in the privy council, 281;
levity of the court, 285;
bad harvest in, 294;
visit of the princes of Sweden to, _ib._;
letter of the government to the Empress of Russia, 297;
reorganisation of the privy council, 304;
council suppressed by royal decree, 305;
council of conferences established, 307;
the king becomes absolute, _ib._;
reforms in, 308;
freedom of the press, _ib._;
the court language of, 309;
great reforms in every department of the state, 324 _et seq._;
state debts of, 330;
negotiations with Russia, 340;
Struensee's absolute power, 348, 353;
dissatisfaction with the government measures., 348, 359;
her foreign relations, 357.

Desnoyers, the French dancing master, 1.

Divorces, number of, in George the Third's reign, 11.

Dorchester, lady, ex-mistress of George II., anecdote of, 8.

Dorset, Sackville, duke of, 192.

Dubarry, Madame, the mistress of Louis XV., 168, 169.

Dubois, cardinal, 172.

Duras, duc de, presents to the, 183.

Düring, Major, 120.

Durfort, duc de, 171.

E.

Edwin, Lady Charlotte, 17.

Eighteenth century, habits and manners of the, 7-9;
excessive gambling of the, 9;
vices of the, 10 _et seq._

English, poetical sketch of the, 186.

Ennui, arises from etiquette, 218.

Etioles, Madame de, 166;
afterwards Madame Pompadour, 167.

Executions, for robbery and murder in the 18th century, 12.

Eyben, Fräulein von, 88.

F.

Fair Amazon, the, 165.

Falckenskjold, Seneca Otho von, biographical notices of, 320;
employed by Struensee in diplomatic matters with Russia, 321
_et seq._

Filosofow, major-general, chevalier, the Russian diplomatist,
insults Struensee, 221;
intrigues of, 244, 245;
appointed minister plenipotentiary of Russia, 253.

Finances, college of, 330;
deputies appointed to, 331.

Flavecourt, Madame de, 178;
valuable present to, 184.

Flaxboom, curious mistake in the translation of, 310.

Foreign affairs of Denmark, 273.

Foundling Hospital, established by Struensee, 295.

France, wretched state of, in 1745, 163;
the degraded noblesse of, 163, 164;
all the signs of an impending revolution manifested under Louis
XV., 167;
destruction of the ancien regime, 168;
matrimony entirely disregarded in, 171;
universal libertinism in, 171 _et seq._;
prevalence of superstition in, 173;
chivalry of, 174.

Frederick, crown prince of Denmark, his refractory temper, 286;
his course of education, 287 _et seq._;
at court, 378.

Frederick, Prince of Wales (_see_ WALES, prince of).

Frederick III. of Germany, 254.

Frederick V. of Denmark, surnamed "the Good," 52;
anecdote of, _ib. note_;
inconsolable at the loss of his wife, 52, 53;
married to the Princess Juliana Maria of Wolfenbüttel, 53;
his illness, 65;
his death, 43, 66;
sorrow caused thereby, 67;
his government, 68.

Frederick VI. of Denmark, birth of, 108.

Frederiks_berg_ and Frederiks_borg_, the distinction between,
311, 312.

Frederiksborg, palace of, 250, 251.

Frederikson, the money lender, 154;
King Christian's adventure with, 155.

Funerals, expenses of, curtailed, 326.

G.

Gabel, Frau von, her acquaintance with Dr. Struensee, and intrigues
with the king, 216.

Gähler, General von, wife of, 222;
the enemy of Struensee, 363.

Gambier, Admiral, 151.

Gambling of the eighteenth century, 9.

Gardes du corps, 336.

Garrick's interview with King Christian, 150.

George I., his mistresses, 8;
coarseness of manners introduced by, _ib._

George I. and II., their family life one long offence against
propriety, 8;
the feeling of hatred betwixt them, _ib._

George II., his detestation of his son, 3;
his character, 3, 4;
lampoon on, 4, _note_;
his unforgiving spirit, 4.

George, Prince of Wales (afterwards George III.), 14;
anecdotes of his early life, 16 _et seq._;
his governors and tutors, 20 (_see_ George III.).

George III., his first speech after ascending the throne, 3;
vices of his reign, 10;
character of, 25;
anecdotes of, 26;
his speech respecting the marriage of Caroline Matilda, 40;
his dislike to Christian VII., 134;
his cold reception of him, 135 _et seq._;
Walpole's sarcastic account of the meeting, 137, 138;
treated with coldness by his sister Caroline Matilda, 249;
his feelings and impressions respecting his sister's conduct, 250.

German, the language of Denmark, 209;
Struensee's use and abuse of, _ib._

Gesvres, duc de, 172.

Gleichen, von, the Danish envoy to France, 68, 176.

Gloucester, duke of, juvenile anecdotes of, 16.

Gottorp, von, raised to the rank of count, 129.

Government, mode of, by different sovereigns, 4, _note._

Grafton, duke of, and Nancy Parsons, 11.

H.

Hanoverian dynasty, 7;
coarseness of manners introduced by the, 8.

Harcourt, lord, his resignation as governor to Prince George, 18, 19;
anecdotes of, 20.

Hay, lord Charles, anecdote of, 174.

Hayter, bishop, 20.

Hell-fire club, blasphemous travesties of the, 9.

Hesse, Prince Charles of, 81;
biographical notices of, 81, _note_.

Hesse Cassel, Princess Mary of, Caroline Matilda's letter to, 196.

Hirschholm, palace of, presented to Count Moltke, 57;
the most magnificent of all the royal residences, 265-7;
royal hunt at, 282.

Hjorth, a royal runner, 103.

Holck, Conrad von, Count, 100;
the courtier, 104;
his insolence towards the young queen, 104;
appointed court marshal, 105;
his influence, 109;
invested with the Star of the Dannebrog order, 117;
his marriage, 120;
charges against, 123;
appointed grand maître de la garderobe et des plaisirs, 191;
his offer of marriage refused by Lady Bel Stanhope, 192;
his boundless extravagance, 194;
his second marriage, 198;
his impertinent assumption, 199;
his intrigues, 227;
his dismissal, 235.

Holderness, lord, secretary of state, 21.

Holidays, abolition of superfluous ones, 281.

Holm, von, dismissed, 318.

Holstein, Russians claims to, 130;
its maritime importance, _ib._

Holstein, count, his appointment, 325.

Holstein Gottorp, Charles Frederick
sovereign duke of, 129;
house of, a formidable power, _ib._

Horace, prince of Scandalia, 32.

Horse races, established by Von Warnstedt, 285.

Hunting, the queen's fondness for, 282;
incident recorded in, 289.

Hotel de Ville, of Paris, grand ball at, 166.

I.

Intrigues at the court of Denmark, 29, 77, 80, 122 _et seq._, 363, 364.

J.

James II. governed by his priests, 6, _note_.

Juliana Maria, of Denmark, her secret dislike to Caroline Matilda, 89;
her retired life, 160;
her intrigues, 161;
Princess, Caroline Matilda's character of her, 197;
retires to Fredensborg, 345;
See WOLFENBÜTTEL.

Jütland, oppressed state of, 193.

K.

Keith, Sir R. Murray, his memoirs and correspondence, 47, _note_.

Kirchoff, John, valet of the Danish king, 71, 72.

Köppern, von, his dismissal, 317.

L.

Lackeydom, abolition of, 310.

Law courts, number of abolished, 227;
ameliorations in, 324.

Leczinska, Maria, 163.

Legge, his court intrigues, 28, 29, 30.

Lex Regia, of Denmark, 254, 350 _et note_, 351.

Litterateurs, in Denmark, 308.

London, city of, entertains King Christian, of Denmark, 114-8;
remarkable bill of fare, 146, 147.

Lottery, establishment of the, 313.

Louis XV., of France, 163;
his voluptuous court, 165, 166;
influenced by Madame Pompadour, 167;
his debaucheries and low propensities, 168 _et seq._;
his interview with King Christian, 177;
his expensive visits to the Théâtre Français, 179.

Louisa, Queen of Denmark, her goodness and beauty, 52;
her death, _ib._

Louisa, Princess of Denmark, 89, 90.

Louisa Augusta, Princess, birth and christening of, 346;
mother of Christian Augustus, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein Sonderburg
Augustenburg and other royal personages, 346 _note_.

Lühe, Frau von der, the queen's lady in waiting, dismissed, 235.

Luxembourg, Maréchal de, 171.

M.

Marble church, the, 328.

Masquerades first given at the Danish court, 90.

Matilda, order of, established, 314, 315;
members on whom the order was conferred, 316.

Matrimony, ridiculed in the eighteenth century, 10.

Melcombe, lord, 4;
his feelings towards Frederick Prince of Wales, 5;
his anecdotes of Augusta Princess of Wales and the royal family, 16
_et seq._

"Memoirs of an Unfortunate Queen," authenticity of the work, 34.

Moltke, count, of Denmark, 54, 57;
sarcasm on, 58;
his arbitrary rule, 66;
court triumvirate formed by, 77;
his dismissal, 80;
his death, 317.

Monaco, prince de, 178.

Monaldeschi, executed, 178.

Münter, the German preacher, his sermon against the royal amusements,
91, 92.

Murders, by the aristocracy, 12.

Murray, solicitor-general, 20.

N.

Navy, reforms in the administration of the, 320.

Nevers, duchesse de, 178.

Nielson, instructor of Prince Christian of Denmark, 58, 59.

No-Popery, riots of 1780, 12.

North, lord, anecdote of, 11.

"Northern Courts," by T. Brown, its secret history of Sweden and
Denmark, 53, 54, 55 _note_.

Norwegians, discontent of the, 190.

O.

Oginsky, count, 302.

Oldenburg, count Christian of, elected Prince of Schleswig-Holstein,
51.

Opera House, grand masked ball at the, 149, 150.

Orkney, lady, ex-mistress of William III., 8.

Orléans, duc de, 175, 176.

Osten, count von der, appointed to the Foreign Office, 299;
his birth and chequered fortunes, 299 _et seq._

Oxford University confers the honorary degree of D.C.L. on King
Christian and many of his suite, 143.

P.

Parc aux Cerfs, at Paris, 168, 170.

Paris, city ball at the Hotel de Ville, 163, 164;
immorality of, 164.

Parsons, Nancy, 11.

Père d'Orleans' "Révolutions d'Angleterre," 21, 24.

Peterborough, Dr. T., bishop of, preceptor to the Prince of Wales, 24.

Plessen, Frau von, her influence, 85, 88, 89;
her removal and dismissal, 116, 117.

Poisson, Mademoiselle, 166;
afterwards Madame Pompadour, 167.

Police of Copenhagen, reorganized, 326.

Polish election, 302.

Pompadour, Madame, 167;
her power over the king, and despotic rule, 167, 168;
spread of her evil example through France, 168.

Poniatowski, biographical notices of, 301.

Pope, Alex., Prince of Wales's visit to, 5.

Popelinière, M., the pretty wife of, 173.

Portsmouth, duchess of, ex-mistress of Charles II., 8.

Press, freedom of the, in Denmark, 308.

Prince Royal of Denmark, his education neglected, 379.

Princess, birth of a, 346. (See LOUISA AUGUSTA.)

Privy Council suppressed, and the ministers dismissed, 307.

Provisions, scarcity of in Denmark, 294.

R.

Rake-hell, 12;
verses on the word, 13, _note_.

Rantzau-Ascheberg, count von, biographical notices of, 114, 115, 235
_et seq._;
his libertine habits, 236, 237;
Mr. Wraxall's remarks on his infamous character, 238, _note_;
introduced to the king and queen, 239;
entertained at court, 240;
colours presented by the queen to the regiment commanded by him, 245;
his appointments, 252;
his factious advice, 322, 323;
his dislike to Struensee, 361, 362;
his heavy debts, _ib._;
his intrigues against Struensee, 362, 363.

"Recollections of an Old Chamberlain," a novel, describes the
appearance of Caroline Matilda, 284.

Reventlow, count, tutor of Prince Christian, 56;
his severity as a taskmaster, 57, 62;
his administration, 70;
grand chamberlain,
anecdotes of, 73 _et seq._;
court triumvirate formed by, 73;
at the head of the malcontents, 91;
his dismissal, 111;
his death, 307, _note_.

Reverdil, von, tutor of Prince Christian, 60;
his account of Prince Christian when twelve years of age, 61;
his manly reproof, as minister, of the dissolute Count Holck, 104;
ordered to leave Constantinople, 105;
invited to resume office, 6, 365;
Count Bernstorff's letter, to, _ib._, his journey, 370;
his introduction to court, and his interview with Christian,
372, 373;
his details about the king and the habits of the court, 374
_et seq._

Robbers of the eighteenth century, 12.

Roeskilde, in Denmark, meeting of Christian VII. and Caroline Matilda
at, 83.

Roman-Coupier, Mademoiselle, 168.

Rosenkranz, privy councillor von, appointed minister of war, 77;
his dismissal 80; his death, 307, _note_.

Rothe Thyge, of the College of Finances, 331.

Royal Family of Denmark, 90;
their amusements, 90, 91.

Royal hunt at Hirschholm, 282.

Royal quarrel, 293.

Royal successions, remarks on, 51.

Russia, her influence, 115;
her bullying spirit, 244;
alliance with Denmark, 273;
letter from the Danish government to the empress, 297;
cavalier treatment of the Danish minister, 298;
quarrel with, 322;
negociations with, 339;
rumours of war with, 340, 341.

S.

St. Germain, count, manufacturer of the elixir of life, 173;
president of the war ministry, 77;
biographical notices of, 77, _note_;
his dismissal, 110;
his excellent reforms in the army, 275.

Saldern, Herr von, 115;
his letter against Count Rantzau, _ib._;
takes his leave, 117;
his career and character, 118.

Schack opposes the reform of the privy council, and is dismissed, 304.

Schimmelmann, baron von, 113;
biographical notices of, 119.

Schleswig-Holstein, hereditary claims of the royal family of Denmark,
50;
historical notices, 51 _et seq._;
Count Christian of Oldenburg elected, 51;
decided that the duchies "should remain eternally undivided and
together," _ib._;
rule of succession, _ib._;
its possession of vital importance to Denmark, 51, 52, _note_.

Schleswig-Holstein Sonderburg Augustenburg, duke of, his descent, 316,
_note_.

Schrödersee, von, dismissed, 318.

Schumacher, his government of Denmark, 254;
the cabinet secretary, 364.

Scott, Mr., tutor to the Prince of Wales, 19, 20.

Seckendorf, baron von, his letter to Mr. W. N. Wraxall, 34, _note_.

Serfdom, existence of in Denmark, 193.

Serfs, emancipation of the, 367.

Sesquier, advocate-general, 181.

Sèvres, King Christian's visit to, 179.

Shauenburg race, expiration of the, 51.

"Sharp examination" of prisoners abolished, 356.

Schleswig, royal visit to, 230.

Small pox, its ravages in Zeeland, 223.

Smith, Mrs. Gillespie, 46.

Söhlenthal, baron von, 121.

Sophia Magdalena, Queen of Denmark, 74;
her influence over public affairs, 78, 79;
her feelings towards Caroline Matilda, 88, 89;
her death, 228.

Sperling, von, equerry of Christian VII., 71;
appointed bailliff of Hütten, 111;
his vicious character, 115.

Stanhope, Lady Bel, refuses the offer of Count Holck, 192.

Stiefelett-Kathrine, mistress of Christian VII., 103, 104;
her shameful career, 113;
arrested and sent to prison, _ib._

Stockfleth, Fräulein von, married to Count Holck, 120.

Stone, Mr., sub-governor to Prince George, 18, 19.

Struensee, Dr. John Frederick, the physician of Altona, 130;
his visit to the Galerie des Cerfs, 178;
biographical notices of, 200;
origin of his family, _ib._, _note_;
his person and character, _ib._;
his growing influence with the king, 209;
his appointment as state councillor, 211;
his first introduction to Caroline Matilda, 215;
his acquaintance with Frau von Gabel, 216;
his intimacy with, and influence over, Caroline Matilda, 219, 221;
gains the confidence of the king, 220;
insulted by Filosofow, the Russian diplomatist, 221;
conciliates the royal pair, 223;
his constant access to the queen, 225;
her familiarities with him create suspicion, 226, 227;
his great influence over her, 232;
his proposed reforms, 233, 234, 241;
his first decree, 259;
dissatisfaction with, 263;
his proposed reforms, 271, 272;
his maxims, 276;
his plan for driving the nobles from Copenhagen, 276, _note_;
reorganises the council of state, 279 _et seq._;
his wise measures in providing against the effects of a bad
harvest, 294;
continues his reform, and establishes a foundling hospital, 295, 296;
privy council suppressed by, 305;
his almost absolute power, 306;
his reforms, 311 _et seq._;
establishes a public lottery, 313;
his administrative changes and reforms, 318 _et seq._;
his further reforms and ameliorations in every department of the
state, 324 _et seq._;
his sudden alarm and resignation of office, 337;
his desire to maintain the independence of Denmark, 338;
his absolute power and extravagance, 347;
appointed privy cabinet minister, 348;
made a Danish count, 352;
his coat of arms, 353;
his progress in reforms, 355;
his management of foreign affairs, 357;
growing dissatisfaction with, 358 _et seq._;
intrigues against, 362, 363;
public dislike to, 370.

Struensee, Charles Augustus, of the college of finances, brother of
the secretary, 331.

Struensee, Justiz-rath, his influential position, 356.

Superstition in France, _temp._ Louis XV., 173.

Sweden, princes of, visit Copenhagen and Paris, 295.

T.

Talbot, lady, beauty of, 140, 152.

Theatre Royal, royal quarrel at the, 293, 294.

Theatricals, introduced into the Danish court, 90.

Thott, count von, the Danish Minister, 188;
his high character, 189;
his dismissal, 307;
joins the newly formed ministry in 1772, 307, _note_.

V.

Vices of the eighteenth century, 9 _et seq._

Villeroy, Magdaleine de, Duchesse de Boufflers, libertinism of, 171.

Voltaire sings the praises of Christian VII., 131.

W.

Waldegrave, lord, 30.

Wales, Augusta princess of, 1;
state of society at the time of her husband's death, 13;
her family, _ib. et note_;
her income, 14;
delivered of a princess, Caroline Matilda, 15;
libels on, _ib._;
Melcombe's anecdotes of, 16 _et seq._;
her encouragement of native industry, 26;
anecdote of, 26, 27;
her unbounded sway over the king, 31;
her departure for the continent, 246;
her meeting with the King and Queen of Denmark, 248;
coldness between her and her daughter, _ib._;
her return to England, 249.

Wales, Frederick prince of, his death, 1;
his character, 2;
retrospect of his life, 2 _et seq._;
his reply to the city addresses on the birth of his son, 2;
to whom his bad qualities were attributable, 5;
his visit to Pope, _ib._;
his extravagance, _ib._;
satirical epitaph on, 6;
influenced by the manners of the age, 7;
state of society at the time
of his death, 7-13;
his widow and family, 13 _et note_;
Walpole's account of, 26 _et seq._;
court intrigues in his family, 29. (See GEORGE, PRINCE of).

Walpole, Horace, his biographical sketches and anecdotes, 15, 16, 19;
his account of Frederick prince of Wales, 26 _et seq._;
his satirical sketches of King Christian's visit to London, 137
_et seq._;
his character of the king, 157.

Warnstedt, chamberlain von, 211, 227, 230;
his treatment at Petersburg, 298;
his dismissal, 318;
Sir R. M. Keith's notices of, _ib. note_.

Wasmer, von, dismissed, 318.

Wegener, lieutenant-colonel von, made intendant of the court, 317.

Weilburg, princess of, 47.

Wessel, Peter, appointed assessor of the new court at Copenhagen, 327.

Whitehead, Mr., the poet-laureat, 48.

William III. governed by his men, 4, _note_.

Wolfenbüttel, Princess Juliana Maria of, married to Frederick V. King
of Denmark, 53;
marriage of her sisters to Frederick, and Prince Augustus William,
of Prussia, _ib._;
her character, 53, 54;
suspicions against her, 55, 56.

Woodford, Mr., British minister in Lower Saxony, 249.

Worsley, lady, suit against, for divorce, 10, 11;
her vicious propensities, 11.

Wraxall, Mr., of Bristol, his letter to his son respecting the queen,
36.

Y.

"Yellow Horse," the, 319, _note_.

York, duke of, Caroline Matilda's letters to, 94-96;
his death, 101, 102.

Z.

Zeeland, oppressed state of, 193.

LONDON:

LEWIS AND SON, PRINTERS, SWAN BUILDINGS, MOORGATE STREET.

* * * * *

+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| Transcriber Notes: |
| |
| P.8. 'Gräfinn' changed to 'Gräfin'. |
| P.154. 'lappel' changed to 'lapel'. |
| P.292. 'someting' changed to 'something'. |
| P.382. 'her warm reception;', duplicate taken out of index. |
| P.383. 'madnesss' changed to 'madness'. |
| P.390. 'famly' changed to 'family'. |
| Fixed various punctuation. |
| |
| The equals sign is used to surround =bold text=; |
| underscores to surround _italic text_. |
| |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+