Chapter XL: Epilogue

The life and work of Elie Metchnikoff are so intimately bound together that, in a biography, it is impossible to separate them. That is why the description of his work necessarily has been dispersed along the story of his life; but, just as, in order to judge of a work of art, one has to draw back and contemplate the whole, we must also, after following the evolution and successive stages of E. Metchnikoff's scientific works, take a full view of his work as a whole.

He was a born biologist; everything connected with life interested him. In his childhood, he observed plants and animals. At the age of fifteen, he became acquainted with microscopic beings; they aroused in him such powerful interest towards the primitive forms of life that, from that moment, not only his future path was marked out for him but also his method of starting from the simple to elucidate the complex. He was imbued with Darwin's theory of evolution; having begun by the study of inferior animals, he began to look for their connections with other groups.

He endeavoured to establish the continuity and the unity of phenomena in all living beings. According to his method of studying first what was simplest, he turned to embryology, for in the egg and the embryo it is possible to follow step by step the transformation of the simple to the complex and to see the origin and development of all the constituent parts of the organism. Moreover, the embryo is exempt from secondary complications, due to the multiple external conditions of post-embryonic life.

Metchnikoff was able to establish, from embryological data, that the development of lower animals takes place according to the same plan and under the same laws as that of higher animals. In all of them, the segmentation of the egg is followed by the formation of embryonic layers, of which each gives birth to cells and to definite organs. Superior forms repeat, in their embryonic life, the evolution cycle of inferior forms.[37]

[37] Thus the _parenchymella_, _phagocytella_, and _gastrula_
stages correspond in the embryo with the adult form of
certain very primitive Metazoa and even to a colony of
unicellular animals.

This common plan in the embryology of all animals established their genealogical continuity and strengthened the Darwinian theory.

Metchnikoff's studies, carried out on the various groups of animals, contributed towards the foundation of comparative embryology. Owing to the comparative method, he had made himself familiar not only with the morphological and functional continuity of divers organisms, but also with that of their constituting cells; a comparison between the latter and unicellular beings was inevitable. That is why, having ascertained that the mobile cells of the lower Metazoa absorbed foreign bodies by inclusion, he naturally concluded that that phenomenon was similar to digestion in unicellular beings.

Having established the fact of intracellular digestion in lower animals, he extended it to certain cells of the higher animals; thus his phagocyte theory was born.

Seeing that unicellular beings, like the mobile cells of Metazoa, englobe, not only food, but foreign bodies, he asked himself whether this was not at the same time a defensive action. Such a possibility brought no surprise to a zoologist, accustomed to see that, in the struggle for existence, animals often devoured their enemies.

All the materials for the building up of the phagocyte theory were therefore ready in Metchnikoff's mind when he asked himself, as by an intuition, whether the white globules of our blood, globules so similar to amoebæ, do not play the part of a defensive army in our organism when they envelope in accumulated masses intrusive bodies injurious to the organism.

The thought was but the result of a preparatory work already accomplished; it was the butterfly escaping out of the chrysalis.

Metchnikoff had recourse to his method of simplification in order to solve the question.

The organism of the higher animals being extremely complicated, he went down as far as the transparent larva of the starfish (bipinnaria) in order to watch with his own eyes the phenomena which take place within it. He introduced a rose-thorn into the transparent body of the larva, and noted the next day that the mobile cells in the latter had crowded towards the splinter, like an army rushing to meet a foe.

The analogy of this phenomenon with inflammation and the formation of an abscess was striking. Metchnikoff said to himself that since most diseases in the higher animals are accompanied by inflammation and provoked by microbes, it was chiefly against these microbes that our defensive cells had to struggle. He named the defensive cells _phagocytes_.

He confirmed his hypothesis by another observation, equally simple. In a little transparent crustacean (Daphnia) infected by a small parasitic fungus, (_Monospora bicuspidata_), he was easily able to observe the struggle between the animal's mobile cells and its parasites.

These two simple observations served as foundation and supports to the bridge by which Metchnikoff connected normal biology with pathological biology. Having entered the domain of the latter, he studied various microbian diseases, and asked himself why the organism was sometimes liable and sometimes refractory. In order to elucidate this question, he turned again to lower animals, in which he could easily observe the most intimate phenomena, simplified.

He ascertained that liability in an animal corresponded with the fact that microbes introduced into the organism remained free and invaded it, whilst immunity coincided with the inclusion and digestion of the microbes by phagocytes.

He also found that, in artificial immunity, the phagocytes are accustomed gradually, by preventive inoculations, to digest microbes and their toxins.

Thus he established the fact that phagocytosis and inflammation are curative means employed by the organism.

All his ulterior researches, his studies on the various categories of phagocytes and their properties, on their digestive liquids, on the formation of antitoxins, on the different properties acquired by the blood, etc., were but the natural development of those premises.

He had proved that the part played by the phagocytes consists, not only in the struggle against microbes and their poisons, but also in the destruction of all the mortified or enfeebled cells of the organism, and that atrophies are nothing more than the absorption of cellular elements by the phagocytes.

He found that senile atrophies have the same cause, and asked why the cells of old people's organisms should become enfeebled.

He demonstrated that the principal cause is the chronic poisoning of the cells by toxins manufactured by microbes in the intestine. Premature senility was the result--a phenomenon as pathological as any disease.

The source of the evil, therefore, resides in the intestinal flora. Accordingly he started to study the latter, as also senility, in order to find means of struggling against both.

His researches enabled him to indicate a series of means, based, on the one hand, on the struggle against microbes, and, on the other, on the defence of the noble cells against destructive ones.[38]

[38] Replacement of the wild and noxious flora of the intestines
by antagonistic cultivated microbes; strengthening and
vaccinating of noble cells.

The study of old age led him to that of syphilis, a disease which provokes an arterio-sclerosis which is similar to that of old people; the study of the normal intestinal flora was followed by that of intestinal diseases, such as typhoid fever and infantile cholera.

Finally, he progressed towards the last phenomenon, the most mysterious in nature, Death.

Researches on the silk-worm moth--a rare example of an animal the life of which ends in natural death--allowed him to conclude that the latter is due to an auto-intoxication of the organism.

But he only just raised the veil of the great mystery; it was his last work....

* * * * *

Metchnikoff's philosophical evolution ran on parallel lines with his scientific researches.

When studying the laws and the unity of vital phenomena he found that their harmony was occasionally broken by the collision of internal conditions with the environment and that regrettable consequences ensued. He saw an example of that in human nature, full of disharmonies due to its animal origin.

These considerations caused the pessimism of his youth. But his energetic, pugnacious temperament could not remain content with a passive acceptance of facts.

He started to study the lack of harmony in human nature and its causes, and sought for means to combat these causes. Gradually he reached the conclusion that the greatest human disharmonies are provoked by the rupture of the normal cycle of our life, by the precocity of senility and of death, chiefly arising from a chronic poisoning by the toxins of intestinal microbes.

But having acquired the conviction that it is possible to struggle against that intoxication, he concluded that science, which has already done so much to fight diseases, would also find means of struggling against _premature_ old age and _precocious_ death, thus leading us to the normal vital cycle, _orthobiosis_.

Then disharmony, transformed into harmony, will cause the greatest of ills to disappear.

Faith in the power of Science and in the possibility of modifying human nature itself through Science was the foundation of the optimistic philosophy of his maturity. Thoughts full of strength and hope shine like leading stars all along his philosophical works.

"Alone, Rational Science is capable of showing humanity the true path."

"The real goal of human existence consists in an active life in conformity with individual capacity; in a life prolonged until the appearance of the _death-instinct_, and until Man, satisfied with the duration of his existence, feels the desire for annihilation."

"Man is capable of great works; that is why it is desirable that he should modify human nature and transform its disharmonies into harmonies."

"If an ideal capable of uniting _men_ in a sort of religion is possible, it can only be founded on scientific principles. And, if it is true, as is often affirmed, that man cannot live without faith, it must be faith in the power of Science."

Thus Elie Metchnikoff had begun by the study of nascent life in inferior beings; by a logical and continuous chain, he had followed the whole cycle of development of living beings in their continuity and their whole.

From the initial question of intracellular digestion he had reached the most exalted problems which can occupy our minds, the harmonising of human discords through knowledge and will.

Such is the harmonious edifice which he has built.

No vital question was indifferent to him. He tackled the most difficult and most mysterious among them with courage, moved by an invincible impulse towards Truth and sustained by enthusiasm and faith in the power of Science.

The beauty of a work of art consists in the harmony and unity of a realised conception.

Thus a Gothic cathedral, by its graceful and harmonious lines, expresses an impulse towards higher spheres; it leans solidly on the earth only in order to soar better towards the heavens.

Such is also the character of Elie Metchnikoff's life-work.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX

WORKS OF ELIE METCHNIKOFF

1865. "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Chaetopoden," Zeitschrift für
wissenschaftliche Zoologie, xv. 3, p. 328.

"Über einige wenig bekannte Thierformen," Zeit. f. wissen.
Zool. xv. 4, p. 450.

"Über Geodesmus bilineatus Nob. (Fasciola terrestris), eine
europäische Landplanarie, Mélanges biologiques" (Bull. de
l'Académie des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg, vol. v.).

1866. "Untersuchungen über die Embryologie der Hemipteren
(vorläufige Mitteilung)," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xvi. 1, p.
128.

"Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte von Myzostomum," Zeit. f. wissen.
Zool. xvi. 1, p. 326.

"Apsilus lentiformis, ein Räderthier," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool.
xvi. 3, p. 1.

"Embryologischen Studien an Insecten," Zeit. f. wissen.
Zool. xvi. Entgegnung auf die Erwiederung des Her. Prof.
Leuckart in Giessen, in Betreff der Frage über die
Nematodenentwicklung (Göttingen, Verlag von Adalbert Rente).

1867. "Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Würmer," Zeit. f. wissen.
Zool. xvii. 4, p. 539.

"Embryology of the Sepiola" (in Russian), Archives des Sciences
physiques et naturelles, Genève, vol. 21.

1868. "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Entwicklungsgeschichte der
Chaetopoden" (in collaboration with Ed. Claparède), Zeit. f.
wissen. Zool. xviii.

1869. "Embryology of Nebalia" (in Russian), Mélanges biologiques
de l'Académie de Saint-Pétersbourg, vi. p. 730.

"Untersuchungen über die Metamorphose einiger Seethiere,
Tornaria," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xx. p. 131.

"Über ein Larvenstadium von Euphausia," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool.
xix. 4, p. 179.

"Über die Entwicklung der Echinodermen und Nemertinen,"
Mémoires de l'Acad. de Saint-Pétersbourg, xiv. 8, p. 33.

1870. "Bemerkungen über Echinodermen," Bulletins de l'Acad. de
Saint-Pétersbourg, xiv. p. 51.

"Embryologie des Scorpions," Zeitschr. f. wissen. Zool. xxi.

1871. "Über die Metamorphose einiger Seethiere," Zeit. f. wissen.
Zool. xxi. 2, p. 235.

"Entwicklungsgeschichte des Chelifers," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool.
xxi. p. 513.

"Über den Naupliuszustand von Euphausia," ibid. Bd. xix.

1872. "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der einfachen Ascidien," Zeit.
f. wissen. Zool. xxii. 3, p. 339.

"Vorläufige Mitteilung über die Embryologie der Polydesmiden,"
Mélanges biologiques des Bullet. de l'Académie des Sciences
de Saint-Pétersbourg, vol. viii.

"Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Kalkschwämme," Zeit. f. wissen.
Zool. xxiv. p. 1.

"Studien über die Entwicklung der Medusen und Siphonophoren,"
Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xxiv. p. 15.

"Embryologie der doppelfüssigen Myriapoden," Zeit. f. wissen.
Zool. xxiv. p. 253.

1874. "Embryologisches über Geophilus," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool.
xxv. p. 313.

1876. "Beiträge zur Morphologie der Spongien," Zeit. f. wissen.
Zool. xxvii. p. 275.

1878. "Spongiologische Studien," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xxxii. p.
349.

1879. "Spongiologische Studien," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xxxii. p.
374.

1880. "Über die intracelluläre Verdauung bei Coelenteraten,"
Zoologischer Anzeiger, No. 56, p. 261.

"Untersuchungen über Orthonectiden," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool.
xxxv. p. 282.

"Über die systematische Stellung von Balanoglossus,"
Zoologischer Anzeiger, pp. 139, 153.

1881. "Zur Lehre über die intracelluläre Verdauung niederer
Tiere," Zoologischer Anzeiger, p. 310.

_Vergleichend-embryologische Studien_:

1. Entodermbildung bei Geryoniden.

2. "Über einige Studien der Cunina," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool.
xxxvi. p. 433.

1882. 3. "Über die Gastrula einiger Metazoen," Zeit. f. wissen.
Zool. xxxvii. p. 286.

"Die Embryologie von Planaria polychroa," Zeit. f. wissen.
Zool. xxxviii. 3, p. 331.

1883. "Untersuchungen über die intracelluläre Verdauung bei
wirbellosen Tieren," Arbeiten d. zool. Instituts zu Wien, v.
2, p. 14 (Quarterly Journal of Micr. Science, vol. 93).

"Untersuchung über die mesodermalen Phagocyten einiger
Wirbeltiere," Biologisch. Centralblatt, No. 18, p. 560, Bd.
iii.

1884. "Embryologische Mitteilungen über Echinodermen,"
Zoologischer Anzeiger, vii. Nos. 158, 159.

"Über eine Sprosspilzkrankheit der Daphnien; Beitrag zur Lehre
über den Kampf der Phagocyten gegen Krankheitserreger,"
Virchow's Archiv, vol. 96, p. 177.

"Über die Beziehung der Phagocyten zu Milzbrandbacillen,"
Virchow's Archiv, vol. 97, p. 502.

"Über die pathologische Bedeutung der intracellulären
Verdauung," Fortschritte der Medizin, 1884, p. 558, No. 17.

1885. _Vergleichend-embryologische Studien_:

4. "Über die Gastrulation und Mesodermbildung der Ctenophoren,"
648.

5. "Über die Bildung der Wanderzellen bei Asterien und
Echiniden," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xlii. p. 656.

1886. "Medusologische Mittheilungen," Arbeiten d. zool. Instituts
zu Wien, vi. 2, p. 1.

Embryologische Studien an Medusen, ein Beitrag zur Genealogie
der Primitivorgane, Wien, 1886.

1887. "Sur l'atténuation des bactéridies charbonneuses dans le
sang des moutons réfractaires," Annales de l'Institut
Pasteur, i. p. 42, No. 1.

"Über den Kampf der Zellen gegen Erysipelkokken, ein Beitrag
zur Phagocytenlehre," Virchow's Archiv, vol. 107, p. 209.

"Über den Phagocytenkampf bei Rückfalltyphus," Virchow's
Archiv, vol. 109, p. 176.

"Sur la lutte des cellules de l'organisme contre l'invasion des
microbes," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, i. p. 321, No. 7.

"Kritische Bemerkungen über den Aufsatz des Herrn
Christmas-Dirckinck-Holmfeld, I. V.," Fortschritte der
Medizin, 17, p. 541.

1888. "Über die phagocytäre Rolle der Tuberkelriesenzellen,"
Virchow's Archiv, vol. 113, p. 63.

"Pasteuria Ramosa, un représentant des bactéries à division
longitudinale," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, p. 165, t.
ii. No. 4.

"Über das Verhalten der Milzbrandbakterien im Organismus,"
Virchow's Archiv, vol. 114, p. 465.

"Réponse à la critique de M. Weigert au sujet des cellules
géantes de la tuberculose," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur,
ii. p. 604.

1889. "Recherches sur la digestion intracellulaire," Annales de
l'Institut Pasteur, iii. p. 25, No. 1.

"Contribution à l'étude du pléomorphisme des bactéries,"
Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, iii. p. 61, No. 2.

"Note sur le pléomorphisme, etc.," Annales de l'Institut
Pasteur, iii. p. 265, No. 5.

_Studies on Immunity_:

1. "Immunité des lapins contre le bacille du rouget des porcs,"
Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, iii. p. 289, No. 6.

1890. 2. "Le Charbon des pigeons," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur,
iv. p. 65, No. 2.

3. "Le Charbon des rats blancs," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur,
iv. p. 193, No. 4.

1891. 4. "L'Immunité des cobayes vaccinés contre le Vibrio
Metchnikowii," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, v. p. 465, No.
8.

"Sur la propriété bactéricide du sang de rat" (in collaboration
with Dr. Roux), No. 8.

"Recherches sur l'accoutumance aux produits microbiens" (in
collaboration with Dr. Roudenko), Annales de l'Institut
Pasteur, v. p. 567, No. 9.

"Beiträge zur vergleichenden Pathologie der Entzündung,"
Virchow Festschrift, vol. 11.

1892. "La Phagocytose musculaire" (in collaboration with Dr.
Soudakevitch), Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, vi. p. 1.

Leçons sur la pathologie comparée de l'inflammation. Paris,
1892.

"On Aqueous Humour, Micro-organisms and Immunity," Journal of
Pathology, i.

_Studies on Immunity_:

5. "Immunité des lapins vaccinés contre le microbe du
Hogcholéra," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, vi. p. 189, No.
5.

"Atrophie des muscles pendant la transformation des
batraciens," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, vi. No. 1.

"Note au sujet du mémoire de M. Soudakevitch (Parasitisme
intracellulaire des néoplasmes cancéreux)," No. 3.

"Über Muskelphagocytose," Centralblatt für Bakteriologie, 1892.

"La Lutte pour l'existence entre les diverses parties de
l'organisme," Revue scientifique, 10 sept. 1892, No. 11.

1893. "Recherches sur le choléra et les vibrions, 1er mémoire"
(Sur la propriété préventive du sang humain vis-à-vis du
vibrion de Koch), Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, vii. p.
403, No. 5.

2. "Mémoire," idem (Sur la propriété pathogène des vibrions),
tome vii. p. 562, No. 7.

Comparative Pathology of Inflammation. Lectures at the Pasteur
Institute. Paul: London, 1893. 8vo. (The name of the
translator is not stated.)

1894. 3. "Mémoire," idem (Sur la vaccination artificielle du
vibrion cholérique), Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, viii. p.
257, No. 5.

4. "Mémoire," idem (Sur l'immunité et la réceptivité vis-à-vis
du choléra intestinal), tome viii. p. 529, No. 8.

"L'état actuel de la question de l'immunité" (Rapport du
Congrès international de Budapest), Annales de l'Institut
Pasteur, viii. p. 706, No. 10.

1895. _Studies on Immunity_:

6. "Sur la destruction extracellulaire des bactéries dans
l'organisme," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, ix. p. 433, No.
6.

1896. "Toxine et antitoxine cholériques" (in collaboration with
Drs. Roux and Salimbeni), Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, x.
p. 25, No. 5.

"Quelques remarques à propos de l'article de Gabritchevsky sur
la fièvre récurrente," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, x. No.
11.

_Recherches sur l'influence de l'organisme sur les toxines_:

1897. 1st Memoir. "Recherches sur l'influence de l'organisme sur
les toxines," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xi. p. 801.

"Réponse à M. Gabritchevsky," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur,
xi. No. 3.

"Immunität," Weyl's Handbuch der Hygiene. Jena, 1897.

"Recherches sur l'influence de l'organisme sur les toxines"
(Communication faite au congrès de Moscou en août 1897),
Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xi. No. 10.

1898. 2nd Memoir. "Influence du système nerveux sur la toxine
tétanique," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xii. No. 2, p. 81.

3rd Memoir. "Toxine tétanique et leucocytes," Annales de
l'Institut Pasteur, xii. No. 4, p. 263.

1899. "Résorption des cellules," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur,
xiii. No. 10, p. 737.

1900. _Researches on the Influence of the Organism on Toxins_:

4ème mémoire. "Sur la spermotoxine et l'antispermotoxine,"
Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xiv. p. 5.

"Sur les cytotoxines," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xiv. No.
6. p. 369.

"Recherches sur l'action de l'hémotoxine sur l'homme," Annales
de l'Institut Pasteur, xiv. No. 6, p. 402.

1901. _Biological Studies on Old Age_:

1st Memoir. "Sur le blanchiment des cheveux et des poils,"
Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xv. No. 12, p. 865.

L'Immunité dans les maladies infectieuses. Paris, 1901.

1902. _Biological Studies on Old Age._ "Recherches sur la
vieillesse des perroquets" (in collaboration with Drs.
Mesnil and Weinberg), Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xvi.
No. 12.

The Nature of Man. Studies in optimistic philosophy. The
English translation by P. Chalmers Mitchell. Heinemann:
London; Putnams: New York, 1903. 8vo.

1903. _Studies on Human Nature_: Paris, 1903.

Études expérimentales sur la syphilis (in collaboration with
Dr. Roux):

1st Memoir. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xvii. No. 12, p. 809.

1904. 2nd Memoir. "Études expérimentales sur la syphilis" (in
collaboration with Dr. Roux), Annales de l'Institut Pasteur,
xviii. No. 1, p. 1.

3rd Memoir. Id. No. 11.

1905. 4th Memoir. Id. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xix. No. 11.

Immunity in Infective Diseases. Translated from the French by
F. G. Binnie. University Press: Cambridge; The Macmillan
Co.: New York, 1905. 8vo.

1906. 5th Memoir. Id., Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xx. No. 10.

The New Hygiene: three lectures on the prevention of infectious
diseases. Translated and a preface written by E. Ray
Lankester. Heinemann: London, 1906. 8vo.

[Another edition.] Chicago Medical Book Co.: Chicago, 1906. 8vo.

1907. [Another edition.] W. T. Keener & Co.: Chicago, 1907. 8vo.

"Sur la prophylaxie de la syphilis" (Paper read at the XIIth
International Congress in Berlin), Annales de l'Institut
Pasteur, xxi. No. 10.

The Prolongation of Life: optimistic studies. The English
translation edited by P. Chalmers Mitchell. Heinemann:
London, 1907. 8vo.

_Essais optimistes._

1908. "Études sur la flore intestinale," "Putréfaction
intestinale," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xxii. No. 12.

1909. Idem. "Roussettes et microbes" (in collaboration with MM.
Weinberg, Pozersky, Distaso, Berthelot), Annales de
l'Institut Pasteur, xxiii. No. 12.

Notes on Sour Milk and other Methods of administering Selected
Lactic Germs in Intestinal Bacterio-therapy. J. Bale, Sons &
Co.: London, 1909. 8vo.

1910. Idem. "Poisons intestinaux et scléroses," Annales de
l'Institut Pasteur, xxiv. No. 10.

The Prolongation of Life. New and revised edition, Heinemann:
London; Putnams: New York, 1910. 8vo.

1911. "Sur la fièvre typhoïde expérimentale" (Metchnikoff et
Besredka), Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xxv. No. 3.

Annales de l'Institut Pasteur:

Tome xxv. No. 6. Quelques remarques sur la vaccination à propos
du mémoire de M. Choukevitch sur le choléra.

Tome xxv. No. 6. Réponse de MM. Metchnikoff et Besredka à M. le
Dr. Vincent (remarques sur la vaccination antityphique).

Tome xxv. No. 11. El. Metchnikoff, E. Burnet et L.
Tarassevitch, "Recherches sur l'épidémiologie de la
tuberculose dans les steppes Kalmouks."

Tome xxv. No. 12. El. Metchnikoff et A. Besredka, "Des
vaccinations antityphiques (2nd Memoir)."

1912. Tome xxvi. No. 11. El. Metchnikoff et Eug. Wollman, "Sur
quelques essais de désintoxication intestinale,"
"Bactériothérapie intestinale."

The Warfare against Tuberculosis--being the Priestley Lecture
of the National Health Society for the year 1912. Published
in Bedrock, January 1913. Constable: London.

1913. _Études sur la flore intestinale._

Tome xxvii. No. 8. "Des vaccinations antityphiques" (El.
Metchnikoff et A. Besredka).

Tome xxvii. No. 11. "Toxicité des sulfoconjugués de la série
aromatique."

1914. Tome xxviii. No. 2. "Études sur la flore intestinale" (4ème
mémoire). "Les diarrhées des nourrissons."

1915. Tome xxix. No. 8. "Causerie de El. Metchnikoff à l'occasion
de son jubilé."

Tome xxix. No. 10. "La Mort du papillon du mûrier."

"Founders of Modern Medicine: Pasteur, Lister, Koch" in Russian
(a French translation to appear shortly).

1915-16. "Introduction à 'Études sur la fonction sexuelle'"
(posthume, dans Le Mercure de France, 1917).

1916. The Nature of Man. Popular edition. Heinemann: London, 1916.
8vo.

_Note._--Sources consulted: British Museum Catalogue; English
Catalogue; American Catalogue.

INDEX

Acoelomata, development of, 73

Albaran, Dr., 231

Alexander I., Tsar of Russia, 26

Alexander II., 28;
assassination of, 101, 104, 218

Alexis Michailovitch, Tsar, sends Spatar on mission to China, 24;
death of, 25

Alhambra, the, 124

Amour (Amur) river, Spatar's exploration of, 24

_Anisoplia austriaca_, experiments on, 111

_Annales de l'Institut Pasteur_, 1915, 249-50 _n._

Anthrax vaccine experiment, unfortunate result of, 133-4

Anthropoid apes, Metchnikoff's desire to experiment with, 140, 189;
syphilis experiments with, 190, 191;
infantile cholera experiments with, 207, 220;
typhoid fever experiments with, 207

Antitoxins, Metchnikoff's experiments with, 162

_Arbeiten des zool. Inst. zu Wien_, publication of Metchnikoff's
"Untersuchung über die intracelluläre Verdauung bei wirbellosen
Tieren," 119 _n._

Arterio-sclerosis, 189, 206

Ascidia, Metchnikoff's difference with Kovalevsky _re_, 62, 73

Asiatic cholera, 220

Astrakhan steppes, 84, 85

Austria, declaration of war on Serbia, 1914, 240

Baer, Prof., and Baer Prize, 58

Bakounine, 52, 56

Bardach, Dr., 127, 133

Bassarab, Constantine, 24

Baumgarten, Prof., hostile criticism of phagocyte theory, 126, 129;
criticism refuted, 148

Behring, theory of immunity, 148;
discovery of antitoxins, 149, 150

Békétoff, Prof., 40, 58

_Bell_, the, 29

Berlin Congress, 1890, 148-9

Berthelot, M., pupil and collaborator of Metchnikoff, 197, 221

Besredka, Dr., researches, 161-2, 207-8

Birsch, 169 _n._

Bobrinsky, Count, 111, 112

Bogomoloff, 29

_Bombyx mori_ (moth of the silk-worm), Metchnikoff's experiments
with, 238-9, 251

Bordet, M. I., important researches and experiments, 165

Borrel, M., 162

Brockhaus and Effrone, _Encyclopædia_ quoted, 25-6

Bronn, _Classes and Orders of the Animal Kingdom_, 31

Büchner, 169, 265;
paper on humoral theory, 150

Buckle, _History of Civilisation_, 29

Buda-Pest Congress (International, 1894), 159

_Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Naturalists_, 33

Bunsen, 48

Burnet, M., 211

Caillaux affair, 240

Cantemir, Prince, 26

Casso, Minister of Public Instruction, 219

Cephalopoda, Metchnikoff's study of, 56, 57

Chamberland, 265

Chauveau, 169 and _n._

Cholera outbreak in France, 1892, 154;
Metchnikoff's experiments with cholera vibrio, 154-7, 158 _seq._

Choukevitch, Dr., 212

Cienkovsky, friendship for and interest in Metchnikoff, 59, 60, 73;
resigns from Odessa University, 75;
bacillus, 210

Claus, Prof., 48, 119

Coelentera and intracellular digestion, 107, 110, 116

Coelomata, development of, 73

Cohendy, M., research work of, 196

Cohn, association with and interest in Metchnikoff, 43, 45

"Conception of Nature and of Medical Science, A," Metchnikoff's
Stuttgart Lecture, 1909, 209, 224

Crimea, and Black Sea fauna, 59

Ctenophora, 73

"Curative Forces of the Organism, The," Metchnikoff Lecture on, in
Berlin, 1908, 208, 223

Curded milk, manufacture, Metchnikoff's connection with, 226-7

Daphniæ, experiments with, 121, 279

Darré, Dr., 256, 266, 271

Darwin, _The Origin of Species_, 41;
theories, 276, 277

Diabetes, 246

Dubois-Reymond, journal of, 48

Duclaux, M., 137, 265

Duniasha (Avdotia Maximovna), 4, 10

Eberth's bacillus, 207-8

Echinodermata, Metchnikoff's researches, etc., 61, 62, 70;
metamorphoses of, 72, 73;
and intracellular digestion, 107, 110, 116;
observations on larvæ transformation, 119

_Education from an Anthropological Point of View_, Metchnikoff's
paper on, 63, 74

Ehrlich, Prof., 199, 265

Embryology, comparative, Metchnikoff's studies in, 50-51, 56, 57,
107, 277

Emmerich, 265;
attack on phagocyte theory, 131;
attacks refuted, 148

Engelmann, 45

Ephemeridæ, Metchnikoff's study of, 105, 106, 193, 237

Escherich, 265

_Essais optimistes_, 191-2, 209

_Études sur la nature humaine_, 185, 191, 209;
quoted, 188

Evolution, Metchnikoff's researches in, 50-51

_Fabricia_, Metchnikoff's researches on, 43

Fédorovitch, Mlle. Ludmilla, afterwards Madame Elie Metchnikoff, 63;
engagement to Metchnikoff, 65-9;
marriage to Metchnikoff, 69;
illness of, 69-70;
a clever draughtswoman, 71;
temporary recovery of, 73;
relapse, 74, 75, 78;
death, 79

Fédorovitch, Mlle., 71, 74, 78, 80;
account of interview with Metchnikoff, 83

"Flora of the Human Body," Wilde Lecture, 1901, 182

_Flore du corps humain_, La, 224

"Forces curatives de l'organisme," quoted, 120-21

_Forty Years' Search for a Rational Conception of Life_, 223

_Founders of Modern Medicine, The_, extract from preface to, 247-8

Fraenkel, Carl, 265

Gamaléia, Dr., 127, 133

Garibaldi Movement, the, 47

Garnier, M., 21, 22

_Gastræa_, Haeckel's theory of the, 108

"Gastrotricha," Metchnikoff's establishment of, 42

Geneva, young revolutionary centre, 47-8

_Geodesmus bilineatus_, 106-7

Geophilus (_see_ Myriapoda)

George, Henry, 202

Germany, Metchnikoff's appreciation of scientists of, 55

Germany, declaration of war on Russia, 240;
on France, 242

Giessen, Naturalists' Congress at, 1864, 44-5

_Glycobacter peptonicus_, 221, 222

Goethe, _Faust_, 195, 204

Goldschmidt, Dr., 78, 79

_Göttingen News_, Leuckart's memoir on Nematodes in, 48

Granada, 124

Gravitz, 169 _n._

Grove, _The Unity of Physical Forces_, 32

Guancios, Caves of the, 77

Haeckel, theory of the _gastræa_, 108

Hayem, 169 _n._

Heitz, Dr., 231

Heligoland, flora and fauna of, 43

Helmholtz, 48

Henle, Prof., 54

Herzen, _Passé et pensées_, 47

Hirschfeld, 169 _n._

Hodounof, 19, 20, 22

Hueppe, Prof., 131

Hugo, Victor, 260 _n._

Iamanouchi, M., 211

Immunity, 122;
opposing theories of Behring and Metchnikoff, 148, 149, 150, 151;
ancient and modern theories of, 168-70;
Metchnikoff's exposition of, 171-180

_Immunity in Infectious Diseases_, 170

Infantile cholera, 207, 220-21

_Inflammation_, Metchnikoff's lectures on, 152-3

Intestinal flora, problem of, 196-8, 206;
further researches, 220, 235, 280;
experiments with rats, 221, 222

Intracellular digestion, Metchnikoff's studies of, 57, 105, 107, 110,
116, 170, 277, 278

Jaurès, assassination of, 240

Jelly-fish, Metchnikoff's monograph on embryology of, 126

Jenner and method of antivariolic vaccination, 168

_Journal de Moscou_, Elie Metchnikoff's first publication in, 33

Jupille, M., 155

Kalmuk steppes, Metchnikoff's journey to, 82-3;
description of, 215-16;
Metchnikoff's anthropological work among natives of, 84-5;
liability of natives to tuberculosis, 210-11;
Pasteur Institute expedition to, 212;
description of, 215-17

Keferstein, Prof., 54

Kent, Saville, discoveries of _Protospongia_, 110

Kharkoff, 1, 16, 20;
Lycée, progress in, 28;
University, ancient methods in, 31-2, 37, 40

Kherson, peasants' grievances and vexatious conduct in, 113, 114

Kirghiz steppes, endemic plague in, 211;
Russian plague mission to, 211, 215, 218;
description of, 214

Kleinenberg, Prof., encouragement of Metchnikoff, 118, 119

Kleps, 169 _n._

Koch, Prof., 265;
attitude to Metchnikoff's theory, 133, 149

Kölliker, Prof., 37

Kovalevsky, Alexander, friendship with Metchnikoff, 49, 58;
work of, 51, 52, 61, 62, 72, 73, 108;
divides Baer Prize with Metchnikoff, 58

Kriloff, 26

Kühne, 41

Latapie, M., 155

_Law of Life, The_, 223

_Leçons sur la pathologie comparée de l'inflammation_, 152-3

Leube, Dr., 231

Leuckart, Prof., 43-5, 46

Lilienfiorse, 199

Lister, Dr., 148

Loeffler, 265

London Congress, 149-50

Lubarsch, attacks on Metchnikoff's theory, 232

Lucernaria, 73

_Macaques_ or Barbary apes, 124;
Metchnikoff's typhoid experiments with, 207-8

Macrophages, 163-4, 166, 178, 184

Madeira, 75

Maeterlinck, Maurice, 228-9

Maisonneuve, M., 191

Malaga, gardens of, 124

Manoukhine, Dr., 231

Martin, Dr., 256, 273

Medusæ, 72, 73, 116

Mertens, 76, 79

_Messenger of Europe_, Metchnikoff's contributions to, 208-9,
239 _n._

Messina, Metchnikoff's work at, 61

Messina, the Metchnikoff home at, 115

Messina, earthquake at, 1908, 115, 116

Metazoa, 277

Metchnikoff, Dmitri Ivanovitch, devotion to his brother's family, 5,
17, 21, 28;
appearance and character, 5-6;
other references, 12, 14

Metchnikoff, Elie (or Ilia), parents' home at Panassovka, 1-3;
birth of, 3;
appearance and disposition in childhood, 8-11;
early indications of unusual intelligence, 9, 16, 20;
an adventurous journey to Slaviansk, 12-15;
life at Kharkoff, 16-18;
develops natural history tastes with Hodounof, 20-22;
ancestry, 23-7;
entry into and progress at Kharkoff Lycée, 28-34;
friendships and their influence, with Bogomoloff, 29,
with Tschelkoff, 32-3, 42,
with Kovalevsky, 48 _seq._,
with Cienkovsky, 59-60,
with Kleinenberg, Virchow, and others, 118-19,
with Pasteur, 132 _seq._,
various, 56, 58-9, 63, 65, 93, 137;
adopts atheism and shows continued interest in natural history,
29-30;
love of music, 31, 34, 54-5, 93;
plans a scientific career, 31;
early publications, 33, 41;
devotion to his mother, 35, 93-4;
early love affairs, 35-6;
abortive journey to Würzburg, 37-9;
at Kharkoff University, 40-42;
an early controversy with Kühne, 41;
influenced by Darwin, 41, 50;
early researches and privations in Heligoland, 43-5;
letters to his mother quoted, 44-6, 65-9;
at Giessen Congress, 45;
work and relations with Leuckart, 45-8;
eyesight troubles, 46, 62, 82-3, 105;
visit to Geneva, 46-8;
researches, Mediterranean, 48-53, 56-7, 61 _seq._,
in the Crimea, 59-60,
at Spezzia, etc., 70-73,
anthropological among Kalmuks, 84-5,
in intracellular digestion and Ephemeridæ, 105-11, 116,
in infectious diseases, 128,
in tuberculosis and phagocytosis, 133;
at Pasteur Institute, 135-6,
in cholera, 154-157,
in immunity, 168-80,
in senile atrophies and intestinal flora, 182-9, 191, 196-8,
206-8, 220 _seq._,
in syphilis, 189-91,
in infantile cholera and typhoid, 207-8, 220,
in tuberculosis and plague among Kalmuks, 210-19;
silk-worm moth, 238-9, 251;
contribution to foundation of comparative embryology, 51, 56;
studies in Germany and opinion of German scientists, 54-5, 57;
illnesses, 55-56, 65, 104, 181, 217, 222, 229 _seq._, 249;
return to Russia and Odessa University appointment, 58-60;
appointed Zoology Professor at Petersburg, 61;
interest in educational questions, 63, 100;
life at Petersburg, 63-4, 71 _seq._;
engagement and first marriage, 66-70;
reappointed to Odessa University and difficulties of appointment,
73, 75, 78, 98 _seq._;
his philosophical theory and its evolution, 74-7, 184-9, 191-5,
209, 222-4, 228-9, 281-3;
visit to and life at Madeira, 75-7;
death of first wife, 79;
attempts suicide, 80-81;
Mlle. Fédorovitch's description of, 83;
journey to Astrakhan steppes, 82-3;
studies of childhood, 86;
meeting with family of second wife and growing intimacy, 86-8, 94;
Setchénoff's description of, 88;
harmony of second marriage, 89-95;
character and disposition 96-8, 143-5;
views of women's scientific capacity, 103;
inoculates himself with relapsing fever, 104;
and the phagocyte theory, first statement of, 110,
describes first inception of, 116-17,
progress in, 117-22, 126, 128, 142, 148, 150-53, 158-66,
183, 208-9,
controversies and attacks on, 131, 133, 142, 147-9;
difficulties over Russian estate management, 112-14;
life at Messina, 115-19;
again returns to Russia, 119;
journey through Spain to Tangiers, 123-4;
life at Tangiers and Villefranche, 125-6;
describes work at Bacteriological Institute, Odessa, 127-8;
describes first meeting with Pasteur, 132;
Pasteur's offer, 132;
visit to Berlin and reception by German scientists, 133;
work and influence at Pasteur Institute, 135-146;
M. Roux's appreciations of, 138-9, 150, 159;
other appreciations, 141, 165;
life at Sèvres and Paris, 144-5;
visit to England, 149;
triumph at London Congress, 150;
interest in Pfeiffer's phenomenon, 158-60;
theory and studies of natural death, 192-5, 230-35, 237-8, 252;
receives Nobel Prize, 199;
journey to Sweden and Russia, 199-200;
visit to Tolstoï, 200-205;
expedition to Kalmuk steppes, 210 _seq._;
unpleasant incident of lacto-bacilli fabrication, 225-7;
kindness to friends, 227-8;
descriptions of his own symptoms, etc., 229-36, 250-51, 263-5;
holidays at St. Léger-en-Yvelines, 228, 237-9, 251;
effect of war on, 239-46, 261;
preface to _Founders of Modern Medicine_ quoted, 247-8;
plans a work on sexual questions, 249, 252, 260;
jubilee celebrations, 249-50;
last illness, 254-73;
last days at Pasteur Institute, 256-73;
death, 273;
synopsis of work and achievements, 276-81

Metchnikoff, Madame, meeting with Metchnikoff, 87,
parents and family, 87-8, 94,
marriage, 89, 90,
relations between husband and wife, 90-95,
illness of, in 1880, 104,
loss of both parents, 112,
illnesses of, 123, 181, 252

Metchnikoff, Emilia Lvovna (_née_ Nevahovna), appearance and
disposition, 2, 5, 6, 93;
a capable housewife, 3;
a devoted mother, 4, 6, 13, 14, 18, 37;
delicacy of, 22;
ancestors, 26;
influence on Elie Metchnikoff's choice of a career, 41;
endeavours to prevent Elie's first marriage, 66;
letters to, from Elie quoted, 44-5, 65-69;
death of, 94

Metchnikoff, Elena Samoïlovna, 4, 8, 10

Metchnikoff, Ilia Ivanovitch, home at Panassovka, 1,
appearance and character, 2,
marriage, 2,
easy-going temperament, and extravagance, 2-6,
attitude to his family and servants, 6-7

Metchnikoff, Ivan, 3, 8

Metchnikoff, Katia, appearance and character, 8,
marriage, 16, 21,
other references, 12, 14

Metchnikoff, Leo, 3, 8,
illness of, 19,
gifted but superficial nature of, 19, 46-7;
activities in Geneva and connection with Garibaldi Movement,
46-7, 80

Metchnikoff, Nicholas, birth of, 3;
appearance, 8;
his great-aunt's favourite, 8, 10;
boyhood pursuits, 17-18;
enters Kharkoff Lycée, 28;
life in Kharkoff, 31;
death of, 230

_Microphages_, 163-4, 166

Morosoffs, the, of Moscow, 189

Moscow, Anthropological Society of, Metchnikoff's report to, 85

Moscow, International Congress, 1897, 164-5;
Skin Disease Research Society, 189

Müller, Fritz, _For Darwin_, 50

_Müller's Archives_, Metchnikoff's memoir on the Vorticella in, 41

Myriapoda, embryology of, 76, 85

Naegeli, 169 _n._

Naples, cholera epidemic in, 1865, 53;
Metchnikoff's first stay at, 49-53,
second stay, 62

Napoleon, 260 _n._

Natural death, Metchnikoff's studies of, 237, 280-81

Natural science, Metchnikoff's campaign for the teaching of, 100

Nematodes, Metchnikoff's discoveries, etc., 42, 46

Nevahovitch, Leo, 26

Nicholas I., 28

Nobel Prize, the, 199

Nocard, M., 265;
appreciation of Metchnikoff, 165

Norden, Dr., 231

Odessa, University of, 58-9,
Metchnikoff's work at, 60-61, 98-9,
party intrigues at, 75, 101,
rights to autonomy threatened, 101-3,
Congress, 1883, 120,
bacteriological Institute founded at, 127

Oldenburg, Prince of, 129

Panassovka, the home of the Metchnikoffs, 1, 3,
fire at, 20-21

_Parenchymella_, explanation of, 109-110

Paris, International Congress, 1900, 170

Paris, air raids on, 246

Pasteur, antirabic inoculations, 127,
Metchnikoff's first interview with, 132,
friendship with Metchnikoff and interest in phagocyte theory, 137,
experiments in vaccination and immunity, 168-9,
death of, 181,
discovery of lactic fermentation microbe, 193,
age at death, 265

Pasteur Institute, the, 132,
Metchnikoff's work and influence at, 134-142, 144,
Metchnikoff's appreciation of, 139,
effect of outbreak of European War on, 244-5;
celebration of Metchnikoff's jubilee, 249

Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, 24, 25, 26

Petersburg, 2, 19,
Congress of Russian Naturalists at, 1867, 60-61,
difficult conditions of Metchnikoff's work at, 63-4, 71,
foundation of Bacteriological Institute at, 129

Petersburg Geographical Society, 82

Petrushka, 4, 12, 13

Pettenkoffer, 154, 236

Pfeiffer, 265,
experiments in extracellular destruction of microbes, 158-60,
165-6, 175;
attacks on Metchnikoff's theory, 232

_Phagocytella_, 110, 126

Phagocytes, origin of Metchnikoff's theory of, 51, 57, 278,
development of theory, 110, 111, 113, 120-22, 142,
inception of theory, 116-19,
Baumgarten's hostile criticism of theory, 126;
application of theory to erysipelas, 128,
opposition to theory, 131, 151,
controversy, 148,
renewed experiments for proving theory, 148, 149, 150, 151,
152, 153, 279;
vindication of, at Buda-Pest Congress, 159, 160;
experiments with toxins and poisons, 160-62;
experiments with antitoxins, 162-164,
and doctrine of immunity, 170-80,
and senility, 183, 280

Phagocytosis, Metchnikoff's first paper on, read at Odessa Congress
of Physicians and Naturalists, 1883, 120

_Phyllirhoë_, 175

Picot, E., _Chronicle of John Neculua_ quoted, 23

Pirquet's test, 211

_Pleomorphism of Microbes_, Metchnikoff's memoir, 1888, 211

Poland, Revolution in, 1830, 26

Polypi, 72

_Popular Star_, 29

Preyer, theory of fatigue and sleep, 194

_Protospongia_, discovery of, by Saville Kent, 110

Pushkin, 2, 26

Radlkoffer, _The Crystals of Proteic Substances_, 33

Rasputin, 219

Recklinghausen, 169 _n._

Relapsing fever, experiments to prove phagocytic reaction, 129

Renon, Dr., 255

Rotifera, 193, 237-8

Rousseau, J. J., _Confessions and the Nouvelle Héloïse_, 260 _n._

Roux, Dr., 137, 255,
appreciation of Metchnikoff quoted, 138-9, 141, 159, 249;
collaboration with Metchnikoff, 150, 162, 163, 164,
wins Osiris Prize, 189;
reply to campaign against Metchnikoff, 226;
friendship with and visits to Metchnikoff in his last illness,
257, 267, 273

Rubinstein, M., 260

St. Léger-en-Yvelines, 228, 237

Salimbeni, Dr., 163, 184, 211, 215, 256, 266, 272-3

Sanarelli, Dr., discovery of choleriform bacilli, 156

Sarepta, 217-18

Schaudinn, discovery of syphilitic treponema, 190

Scorpion, the, Metchnikoff's researches concerning the development
of, 71

Senility and death, Metchnikoff's views on and researches, 182-8,
191-5

Serums, their action, 177

Setchénoff, Prof., 52-3, 71, 73, 78, 239;
autobiography quoted, 88

Sèvres, Metchnikoff Villa at, 144, 145

Siphonophora, 72

Slaviansk, adventurous journey of the Metchnikoff family to, 12

Spain, Metchnikoff's eventful journey through, 80

Spatar, Joury Stepanovitch, 26

Spatar, Nicholas Milescu, exploits and adventures of, 23-4,
mission to China, 24,
literary activities and services to Peter the Great, 25,
death of, 25

Spezzia, the Metchnikoffs sojourn at, 70-71

Sponges and Echinodermata, Metchnikoff's study of, 61, 72, 106, 117

Stepanita, Prince, his dealings with Nicholas Milescu Spatar, 24

Syphilis, Metchnikoff's researches on, 189-91, 280

Tangiers, journey to, through Spain, 123-4,
description of, 124-6

Tarassevitch, Dr., 212

Tchistovitch, Dr., 231

_Time for Marriage, The_, Metchnikoff's paper on, 77

Tolstoï, Léon, a day at Iasnaïa Paliana, 200-205

Tolstoï, Countess, 203

Tornaria, Metchnikoff's discovery concerning, 70

Toxins and the phagocyte theory, experiments, 160 seq.

_Trattoria della Harmonia_, the, 53

Trieste, Metchnikoff's work at, 62

Tschelkoff, Prof., 32, 33, 40, 41, 42

Tshori, Convent of, 217

Tuberculosis, researches on phagocytosis, in, 133;
Metchnikoff's theory of natural vaccination, 210-11, 218

Typhoid fever, 207-8

Vaquez, Dr., 230

Veillon, Dr., 256

Vienna, Hygienists' Conference at, 1887, 131

Villa Orotava, giant dragon-tree at, 77

Virchow, cellular theory, 32, 48, 169 _n._;
encouragement of Metchnikoff, 118-19;
_Archives_, publication of Metchnikoff's researches in, 122, 129

Volga, description of, 212-13

von Noorden, 182

von Siebold, Prof., 54

Vorticella, the, Metchnikoff's memoir on, 41

Waldeyer, 169 _n._

Weinberg, M., 184

Widal, Dr., 255, 256

Wollman, pupil and collaborator of Metchnikoff, 196-7, 221

Würzburg, University of, Metchnikoff's abortive journey to, 37

Zalensky, 32

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intimate way the personality of Lord Kitchener and many others,
and introduces us to the War Cabinet.

"A vivacious picture of life behind the scenes of the great drama
... told keenly and poignantly, with a biting humour ... and with
a frankness of disclosure."--_The Times._

"Sir Charles Callwell is one of the soundest military critics in
the country.... He is a writer ... his sense of proportion is
never at fault."--_Spectator._

THE LIFE OF LIEUT.-GEN. SIR STANLEY MAUDE, K.C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O.
Authorised Memorial Biography of the Conqueror of Baghdad. By
Major-General Sir C. E. CALLWELL, K.C.B.

Illustrated. 21s. net.

"General Callwell is in the very front rank of military writers
... one of the very few who combine learning in the military art
with ability to make it interesting to others."--_Times Literary
Supplement._

"A good book.... Should be in the hands of every newly joined
subaltern, for no nobler picture of a British officer and a
gentleman could be laid before them."--Hon. JOHN FORTESCUE in
_The Observer_.

SUVOROF. By W. LYON BLEASE. With an Introduction by Major-General Sir
CHARLES CALLWELL, K.C.B.

Frontispiece and 21 Maps. Demy 8vo. 25s. net.

"Mr. Blease has done his work uncommonly well. The book is
well arranged and well written.... Sir E. Callwell in his
preface pronounces Suvorof to have been, next to Frederick the
Great, unquestionably the greatest soldier of the last half
of the eighteenth century.... We hold that Sir E. Callwell is
undoubtedly right. He was a very great soldier and a great
man."--_Times Literary Supplement._

FREDERICK THE GREAT. By H. DE CATT. Translated by F. S. FLINT.
Introduction by LORD ROSEBERY.

Demy 8vo. 2 vols. 24s. net.

"Entertaining and instructive.... Perhaps the main attraction is
the masterly introduction by Lord Rosebery which occupies some
forty pages."--_British Weekly._

"A very human book. We have never read anything giving so simple
and homely a picture of Frederick as that drawn by his admiring
Swiss reader."--_Spectator._

THE LIFE OF FREDERICK THE GREAT. By NORWOOD YOUNG.

Front. Maps and Plans. Demy 8vo. 21s. net.

"The book shows both energy and industry.... Mr. Young has a
large acquaintance not only with the original authority but also
with the literature of the subject."--_Times Literary Supplement._

MOLTKE. By Lt.-Col. F. E. WHITTON. (Makers of XIX. Century Series.
See p. 4.)

AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF SIR WILLIAM BUTLER.

Frontispiece and Maps. 6s. net.

"This book must always occupy a prominent place in our military
literature, and its vivid portraiture and its humour, as well as
the light it throws on the 19th century history, must carry it
beyond the circles of military interest."--_Aberdeen Free Press._

LIFE OF SIR FREDERICK HAINES. By ROBERT S. RAIT, M.A.

Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.

THE LIFE AND CAMPAIGNS OF HUGH, 1ST VISCOUNT GOUGH, FIELD MARSHAL. By
ROBERT S. RAIT, M.A.

Illustrations and Maps. Demy 8vo. 2 vols. 31s. 6d. net.

"By no means a mere compilation, but a substantial and
independent work bearing the clear interests of individuality,
power of research, and historic training.... The style is
suited to the work--clear, vigorous, and graphic.... By
means of his own letters, a brave, hot-headed, affectionate,
pure and conscientious soldier is revealed to us in all his
naturalness."--_Athenæum._

Makers of the XIX. Century.

Biographies of Men of all Countries who have had a definite
influence on thought or action in the Nineteenth Century. Edited by
BASIL WILLIAMS. Demy 8vo. With Frontispiece, Bibliographies, and
Full Index.

DELANE OF THE "TIMES." By Sir E. T. COOK. 6s. net.

ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By LORD CHARNWOOD. 10s. 6d. net.

ABDUL HAMID. By SIR EDWIN PEARS. 6s. net.

HERBERT SPENCER. By HUGH S. ELLIOT. 6s. net.

DIAZ. By DAVID HANNAY. 6s. net.

LI HUNG CHANG. By J. O. P. BLAND. 6s. net.

BISMARCK. By C. GRANT ROBERTSON, C.V.O. 10s. 6d. net.

CECIL RHODES. By BASIL WILLIAMS. 15s. net.

VICTOR HUGO. By MARY DUCLAUX. 14s. net.

MOLTKE. By Lieut.-Col. F. E. WHITTON.

II.

Political and Social Biographies and Reminiscences.

AN ENGLISH WIFE IN BERLIN: A Private Memoir of Events, Politics and
Daily Life in Germany throughout the War and the Social Revolution
of 1918. By EVELYN, PRINCESS BLÜCHER.

Portrait. Demy 8vo. 19s. net.

"If there are any other diarists who managed to preserve as much
fairness and coolness as Princess Blücher displays in this book
they need not be ashamed to publish their records. If she had a
just mind she had a stalwart one."--_Spectator._

"This is a book apart. Nothing yet published gives so clear and
honest a picture of German mentality. The soul of Germany is laid
bare and the exposure achieved without the slightest pretension.
The character of the Berlin aristocracy is written in every page
of this honest and absorbing document."--_Daily Telegraph._

"Perhaps the most absorbingly interesting war book that has been
written.... Altogether the book is a most remarkable one. The
kind that causes one to forget one's meals and other pleasures
until the last page is read. Princess Blücher has earned the
undying gratitude of her countrymen for her indefatigable work on
behalf of prisoners of war."--_Globe._

THE LIFE OF JOHN BRIGHT. By G. M. TREVELYAN.

20 Illustrations. Med. 8vo. 15s. net.

"A book of great and vivid interest."--_Westminster Gazette._

"The book, fully commensurate with the fame of its subject, will
take its place with the standard Lives of Statesmen."--_Daily
Telegraph._

"Mr. George Trevelyan has had the honour of writing what must
henceforth be the accepted Life.... Finely written. We only wish
we had space to quote in full."--_Spectator._

EDUCATION DEPARTMENT AND AFTER. By Sir GEORGE KEKEWICH, K.C.B.

Demy 8vo. 21s. net.

"His reflections upon the Civil Service are full of
interest.... There is much entertaining matter in the book,
which touches in turn on almost every topic of present-day
administration."--_Morning Post._

"Sir George Kekewich and Anthony Trollope are, so far as we
know, the only permanent officials who have written a book about
their own departments.... Sir George was genuinely interested
in his duties and did well the work which he found to his
hand."--_Saturday Review._

THE END OF A CHAPTER. By SHANE LESLIE, M.A.

Fcap. 8vo. 2s. net.

A BEACON FOR THE BLIND: Being a Life of Henry Fawcett, the Blind
Postmaster-General. By WINIFRED HOLT. Foreword by Rt. Hon. Viscount
BRYCE.

16 Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.

"The whole wonderful story of this life Miss Holt tells with a
proper warmth of enthusiasm.... Carefully and intimately, so
that the reader is able to love the man as well as admire the
hero."--_Observer._

"A valuable memorial of a noble character and a truly
extraordinary man."--_Times._

CHARLES STEWART PARNELL. A Memoir by his Brother, JOHN HOWARD PARNELL.

Frontispiece. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.

GENERAL BOTHA: The Career and the Man. By HAROLD SPENDER. Portrait
and Maps. New and Enlarged Edition, bringing the story down to
General Botha's death.

Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.

"A tale worth the telling, and set forth with a lucidity,
a sympathy, and a comprehension remarkable in one whose
acquaintance with South Africa can only be slight.... A book
which is not only a valuable historical document but absorbingly
interesting in every page."--_Westminster Gazette._

CECIL RHODES. By BASIL WILLIAMS. (Makers of XIX. Century Series. See
p. 4.)

LORD GEORGE BENTINCK: A Political Biography. By BENJAMIN DISRAELI.
Introduction by CHARLES WHIBLEY.

Demy 8vo. 6s. net.

"A fascinating edition of a fascinating book."--_Morning Post._

"Mr. Whibley's introduction contains an appreciation of
Lord Beaconsfield concisely just to his great gifts, to the
general consistency of his life, and to his qualities as a
statesman."--_Outlook._

OLIVER CROMWELL. By THEODORE ROOSEVELT.

Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 12s. net.

BISMARCK. By C. GRANT ROBERTSON, C.V.O. (Makers of XIX. Century
Series. See p. 4.)

THE LIFE AND TIMES OF CAVOUR. By WILLIAM ROSCOE THAYER.

Front. Demy 8vo. 2 vols. 30s. net.

"A real benefit to the cause of recent history.... Mr. Thayer
has done his work notably well. It is accurate, thorough,
well-balanced, essentially lucid. Well-written, solid yet
inspiring, admirably produced.... Such a work is a credit to the
book industry from every point of view."--_Bookman._

THE LIFE OF VENIZELOS. By S. B. CHESTER.

In this volume the author has traced the life of one of the
most remarkable men of to-day. BOOK I.--Crete before and during
the rise of Venizelos--deals with the early life of this great
patriot; his early struggles as leader of the Cretan revolution;
his final triumphal election to the Greek National Assembly. BOOK
II.--Venizelos as Maker of Modern Greece--is a history of the
gradual aggrandisement of Greece. From 1910 to 1920 the life of
Venizelos is synonymous with that of his country.

ISMAIL KEMAL BEY. Memoirs. With an Introduction by W. MORTON
FULLERTON.

Demy 8vo. 18s. net.

"An invaluable source for the historian of the downfall of the
Turkish Empire, and adds materially to our knowledge of the
intrigues of the great continental powers in Egypt and the Near
East."--_Manchester Guardian._

"Of profound interest and reveals some inner secrets of Near
Eastern policy."--_Sunday Times._

ABDUL HAMID. By Sir EDWIN PEARS. (Makers of XIX. Century Series. See
p. 4.)

LI HUNG CHANG. By J. O. P. BLAND. (Makers of XIX. Century Series. See
p. 4.)

DIAZ. By DAVID HANNAY. (Makers of XIX. Century Series. See p. 4.)

NADIR SHAH. By Sir H. MORTIMER DURAND.

Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.

THE WINTER QUEEN: The sad story of Elizabeth of Bohemia. By MARIE HAY.

12s. 6d. net.

EMMA, LADY HAMILTON. From New and Original Documents, together with
an Appendix of Notes and Letters. By WALTER SICHEL.

Illust. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF ANDREW CARNEGIE.

Illustrated. 25s. net.

"He was in spirit a true sportsman, and his autobiography, fresh,
crisp, and entirely unaffected, will do something to put him in
his right niche."--_Observer._

"The two stages of his extraordinary career as he describes them
in great detail, with honest self-satisfaction and a good deal of
quiet humour, make a story--almost a romance--which is not only
entertaining but instructive."--_Westminster Gazette._

A CYCLE OF ADAMS LETTERS, 1861-1865. Edited by W. C. FORD.

With many Illustrations. 2 vols.

Letters of CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS, American Minister to England
during the Civil War, and his two sons--HENRY ADAMS, who acted as
secretary, and CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS, Jr., then serving in the
Northern Armies.

These two volumes of family letters form an unique series. They
contain detailed description of social conditions, discussion of
public questions, and wise and informed comments on the events in
Great Britain and America during the war between North and South.
Social, military, and diplomatic, the importance of so long a
series of letters between members of a distinguished family
cannot be over-estimated.

LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOHN HAY. By WILLIAM ROSCOE THAYER.

2 vols. 21s. net.

"Mr. Thayer's very interesting biography."--LORD CROMER in _The
Spectator_.

"Mr. Thayer is to be congratulated on this biography.... He
has made a most skilful and attractive book, full of good
reading, dealing with great events and little, and adding to our
knowledge of men and things at moments of real importance to
history."--_Westminster Gazette._

"One of the most comprehensive and masterly biographies I have
ever read."--CLAUDIUS CLEAR in _The British Weekly_.

THEODORE ROOSEVELT. An Intimate Biography. By WILLIAM ROSCOE THAYER.

Illust. Demy 8vo. 25s. net.

"A vivacious narrative, decidedly more attractive for the English
reader than Roosevelt's record of his career."--_Manchester
Guardian._

ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By LORD CHARNWOOD. (Makers of XIX. Century Series.
See p. 4.)

LINCOLN, MASTER OF MEN. By ALONZO ROTHSCHILD. Illustrated with
Portraits.

Demy 8vo. 17s. 6d. net.

ALEXANDER HAMILTON. An Essay on American Union. By F. S. OLIVER. With
Portraits.

Demy 8vo. 6s. net.

"A thorough and penetrating review of the circumstances which
united the States of America under a common and supreme
government. On literary grounds it is a book of singular merit,
while as a contribution to the political and constitutional
history it deserves the closest study."--_Liverpool Post._

THE DIARY OF GIDEON WELLES, with a Memoir. Edited by JOHN T. MORSE.

Illustrated. 3 vols. 42s. net.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF NATHANIEL SOUTHGATE SHALER. With a Memoir by his
Wife.

Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 16s. net.

Modern Biographies.

With Bibliographies and Portraits. Fcap. 8vo. 1s. 6d. net each.

LAFCADIO HEARN. By EDWARD THOMAS.

W. E. HENLEY. By L. COPE CORNFORD.

TOLSTOY. By EDWARD GARNETT.

PAUL BOURGET. By ERNEST DIMNET.

VERLAINE. By WILFRED THORLEY.

DR. BARNARDO. By A. R. NEUMAN.

CARDUCCI. By ORLO WILLIAMS.

III.

Literary, Artistic, Philosophical and General.

THE LIFE OF SIR E. T. COOK. By J. SAXON MILLS.

Frontispiece. Demy 8vo.

This is the authorised life of the famous journalist and
publicist, friend and biographer of Ruskin, who became during the
War one of the chiefs of the Press Bureau. Sir Edward Cook was
in his time editor of the _Pall Mall Gazette_, the _Westminster
Gazette_, and the _Daily News_, and Mr. Saxon Mills' book throws
much valuable light on the political and social England of the
last thirty years. Contents:--Parentage and School; Oxford Days;
Early Journalism; Early Days on the _Pall Mall_; Politics in
the 'Eighties; Editor of the _Pall Mall_; From _Pall Mall_ to
_Westminster_; The _Westminster Gazette_; The _Daily News_; The
South African Scene; Sale of the _Daily News_; As Editor and
Journalist; Literary Work; The Last Task; Death and Character;
The Age of Puff; Some Stories.

ARTHUR HUGH CLOUGH: A Critical Biography. By JAMES I. OSBORNE.

Demy 8vo. 8s. 6d. net.

"Mr. Osborne has approached his difficult task with ardour and
taste."--EDMUND GOSSE in the _Sunday Times_.

"A very careful and interesting piece of work."--W. L. COURTNEY
in the _Daily Telegraph_.

"A most admirable exposition of character of singular and
beautiful integrity."--NEW STATESMAN.

"This acute and interesting book."--_Times Literary Supplement._

MEMORIES OF GEORGE MEREDITH, O.M. By LADY BUTCHER.

Three Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 5s. net.

"All the swift criticisms and unpremeditated comments that
this indefatigable diarist has recovered from her treasures
make it clear that Meredith's wit was as spontaneous as it was
characteristic."--_Saturday Westminster._

"Lady Butcher deserves very hearty thanks for this little volume
of her charming memories."--CLEMENT SHORTER in _The Sphere_.

FREDERICK LOCKER LAMPSON. By the Rt. Hon. AUGUSTINE BIRRELL.

Illustrated. Fcap. 4to. 25s. net.

*** 100 copies on hand-made paper, bound in white and gold and
signed by the author, were also issued.

"Life is more than politics, and if we deal with a book this week
it is because we have found in it an ironic and reconciling charm
to make us more content with existence as it is. We are restored
to the forgotten grace of letters, and Mr. Birrell has done this
with that way of his own which is like no other man's. This
little quarto with the rough edges, perfect in form and texture
to a book lover's eye, written with a deep-laid negligence, makes
us surer that Mr. Birrell will be remembered when more ponderous
reputations have foundered.... A collector can see at a glance
that the book lovers of posterity will always gather this volume
like amber.... This character sketch, followed by a little
masterpiece of editing applied to family letters and a book list,
makes us regret the fate that lured Mr. Birrell from writing
and wasted him on political clubs.... He is a cross between Dr.
Johnson and Charles Lamb."--_Observer._

"Nothing that Mr. Birrell has previously written has been
conceived in so happy a vein as this monograph.... A charming
little quarto."--_Daily Chronicle._

"The book to delight the heart of every one who really cares for
literature. Written with a manly and tender affection and with
the reverence which the subject demands. The publishers have done
their part admirably."--CLAUDIUS CLEAR in _The British Weekly_.

GEORGE MEREDITH: His Life, Genius, and Teaching. By S. C. PHOTIADES.
Rendered into English by ARTHUR PRICE.

Extra Crown 8vo. 6s. net.

W. E. HENLEY. By L. COPE CORNFORD. (Modern Biographies Series.
See p. 9.)

HERBERT SPENCER. By HUGH S. ELLIOT. (Makers of XIX. Century Series.
See p. 4.)

THE MIDDLE YEARS: Reminiscences. By KATHERINE TYNAN.

Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.

THE YEARS OF THE SHADOW. By KATHERINE TYNAN.

Demy 8vo. 15s. net.

THE EDUCATION OF HENRY ADAMS. With an Introduction BY HENRY CABOT
LODGE.

21s. net.

"This fascinating autobiography.... A brilliant picture of
a social epoch now completely vanished, and a record of an
intellectual pilgrimage which will stand along with the few
perfect examples."--_Manchester Guardian._

LETTERS TO A NIECE, and Prayer to the Virgin of Chartres. By HENRY
ADAMS, Author of _The Education of Henry Adams_, etc.

"These letters written from Washington and during his travels
in the Pacific, in Egypt, Paris, etc., leave in their playful
and tender intimacy a pleasant impression which forms a
welcome memorial of the inner life of a distinguished man of
letters."--_Times Literary Supplement._

REMINISCENCES OF ARTHUR COLERIDGE. By J. A. FULLER-MAITLAND.

Demy 8vo.

Arthur Duke Coleridge, born in 1830, was the grand-nephew of
the great poet, S. T. Coleridge. Educated at Eton and King's,
Cambridge, he acted for fifty-four years as an official on the
Midland Circuit. He died in October 1913. Very few people have
had so fine a gift for friendship as Arthur Coleridge. Few
also have had the privilege of knowing so many of those who
interpreted the artistic feeling of their time. He himself did
much to stimulate the vogue of the best in music. His musical
recollections are a delightful account of his important work
towards the musical revival in England.

VIA GIBBS. A Memoir by Mrs. ALSTON.

Photogravure Portrait and 8 half-tone Illust. Demy 8vo.

A memorial volume to Victoria Florence de Burgh Gibbs, C.B.E.,
eldest daughter of the Rt. Hon. W. H. Long, M.P., and the wife of
Lieut.-Col. G. A. Gibbs, M.P. "The path of a good woman is indeed
strewn with flowers, but they rise behind her steps, not before
them."--RUSKIN.

DELANE OF THE "TIMES." By Sir E. T. COOK. (Makers of XIX. Century
Series. See p. 4.)

LORD STOWELL: His Life and the Development of English Prize Law. By
E. S. ROSCOE.

Front. Med. 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.

"Mr. Roscoe has collected diligently and reverently and has
been able to present a picture such as we have not had before
of a great judge and a constructive jurist."--_Times Literary
Supplement._

THE LIFE AND A SELECTION FROM THE LETTERS OF WILLIAM STUBBS (Bishop
of Oxford). 1825-1901. Edited by W. H. HUTTON, B.D.

Demy 8vo. 6s. net.

"Mr. Hutton gives an excellent account of the Bishop's
career.... Of Stubbs as a historian the book can only recount
the achievements, but of Stubbs as a man it gives an excellent
portrait."--_Athenæum._

PAUL VERLAINE. By HAROLD NICOLSON.

It is not easy to write a critical biography of Verlaine without
either patronage or pomposity. Mr. Nicolson succeeds because he
treats his subject whimsically but with respect. He does not
seek to excuse or to minimise the failings of Verlaine as a man,
nor does he make extravagant claims of poetical genius, but he
tells with genial sympathy a rather pitiful life story, and by
skilful quotation enables the reader to form his own judgment
of Verlaine's work. Contents:--Youth; Marriage; Arthur Rimbaud;
"Sagesse"; Middle Age; The Last Phase; Verlaine's Literary
Position.

VERLAINE. By WILFRED THORLEY. (Modern Biographies Series. See p. 9.)

PAUL BOURGET. By ERNEST DIMNET. (Modern Biographies Series. See p. 9.)

VICTOR HUGO. By MARY DUCLAUX. (Makers of XIX. Century Series. See p.
4.)

CARDUCCI. By ORLO WILLIAMS. (Modern Biographies Series. See p. 9.)

DANTE ALIGHIERI: A Biographical Study. By CHARLES A. DINSMORE.

Large Crown 8vo. 15s. net.

"Dante's latest biographer has made out a very just summary of
modern opinion and research."--_New Statesman._

THE LIFE OF TOLSTOY. By AYLMER MAUDE.

Vol. I. First Fifty Years to 1870.

Vol. II. Later Years.

Each vol. illustrated. Price per vol. 12s. 6d. net.

TOLSTOY. By EDWARD GARNETT. (Modern Biographies Series. See p. 9.)

JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH. His Life, Art, and Work. Translated from the
German of JOHANN NIKLAUS FORKEL. With Notes and Appendices by
CHARLES SANFORD TERRY, LITT.D.

Illustrated. Demy 8vo. 21s. net.

"Very much more than a re-translation of an old work which was
previously translated very imperfectly into English a hundred
years ago.... Though it bears the name of Forkel on the cover,
it contains material for a history of Bach criticism from
the beginning of the 19th century until the present day, and
incidentally suggests directions which future research may
follow."--_Times Literary Supplement._

TSCHUDI, THE HARPSICHORD MAKER. By WILLIAM DALE, F.S.A.

Demy 8vo. Illustrations. 7s. 6d. net.

MICHEL-ANGELO: A Record of his Life as told in his own Letters and
Papers. By R. W. CARDEN, R.W., A.R.I.B.A.

Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.

LIFE AND LETTERS OF LAFCADIO HEARN. By ELIZABETH BISLAND.

Illust. Demy 8vo. 2 vols. £3: 3s. net.

LAFCADIO HEARN. By EDWARD THOMAS. (Modern Biographies Series. See p.
9.)

THE JAPANESE LETTERS OF LAFCADIO HEARN. By ELIZABETH BISLAND.

Illust. Demy 8vo. 31s. 6d. net.

LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOEL CHANDLER HARRIS. Author of "Uncle Remus." By
JULIA COLLIER HARRIS.

Demy 8vo. Illustrated. 18s. net.

THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOHN FISKE. By JOHN SPENCER CLARK.

Illustrated. Demy 8vo. 2 vols. 50s. net.

LETTERS OF ROBERT WATSON GILDER. Edited by ROSAMOND GILDER.

Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 14s. net.

THE MEMORIAL BIOGRAPHY OF W. G. GRACE. By LORD HAWKE, LORD HARRIS,
and Sir HOME GORDON. Published under the auspices of M.C.C.

Demy 8vo. Illustrated. 21s. net.

"Of inestimable value.... Sir Home Gordon must have had
an extremely difficult and laborious task, and is to be
congratulated on the way in which he has accomplished
it."--_Field._

IV.

Scientific and Medical.

THE LIFE OF ELIE METCHNIKOFF. By OLGA METCHNIKOFF. Translated by Mrs.
R. L. DEVONSHIRE.

Frontispiece. Demy 8vo.

Reviewing the French edition of this book in January 1921, _The
Times Literary Supplement_ said: "Madame Metchnikoff's excellent
analysis of her husband's scientific theories does not hinder
her from showing us the living, the lovable, the extraordinary
human being who conceived so many ideas, who developed so many
theories, inventions, innovations.... Mme. Metchnikoff has made
us admire the man of science and warmly the man."

THE LIFE OF PASTEUR. By RÉNÉ VALLERY-RADOT. Translation by Mrs. R. L.
DEVONSHIRE. New Edition with a preface by Sir WILLIAM OSLER, Bart.,
M.D., F.R.S. 2nd edition.

Demy 8vo. Portrait. 10s. 6d. net.

"A classic of scientific biography."--_Saturday Review._

"The translation of M. Vallery-Radot's admirable biography of the
great Frenchman is a book which every English-speaking admirer of
Pasteur will desire to possess."--_The Athenæum._

"Pasteur's career is set out in the fullest detail, making an
absorbing narrative, and the scientific, social, and political
environment is sketched with vivid accuracy. It is the picture of
a great man, a great career, and a great epoch in the history of
France and of science."--_The Times Literary Supplement._

SIR VICTOR HORSLEY. By STEPHEN PAGET. Foreword by LADY HORSLEY.

Illustrated. Demy 8vo. 21s. net.

"All the aspects of Horsley's strenuous life are depicted with
the writer's accustomed sympathy and skill. Mr. Paget has given
us a study of absorbing interest.... We are never allowed to
lose sight of the restless energy and indomitable courage that
characterised all that Horsley undertook."--_British Medical
Journal._

"No biographer who agreed with Horsley could have given us
anything so valuable, so convincing, so vitally defined.... Mr.
Paget has never had an equal as a medical biographer, and here he
has excelled himself."--_The Observer._

LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOSEPH BLACK, M.D. By Sir WILLIAM RAMSAY, K.C.B.,
LL.D., F.R.S., etc. Introduction by F. G. DONNAN, F.R.S.

Demy 8vo. Frontispiece Portrait and Illustrations. 6s. 6d. net.

ROBERT BOYLE: A Biography. By FLORA MASSON.

Frontispiece. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.

"May be recommended as an excellent study of the great Irishman
to whose services as natural philosopher and chemist even modern
scientists owe a debt of gratitude."--_Pall Mall Gazette._

THE LIFE OF SIR CHARLES TILSTON BRIGHT. By CHARLES BRIGHT, F.R.S.E.
Revised and Abridged.

Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.

"The life story of Sir Charles Bright presents the career
of a famous Englishman with all the charm of simplicity and
enthusiasm.... As the chief engineer of the Atlantic cable
Sir Charles Bright will always have a memorable place in the
scientific progress of this century.... These volumes possess a
special interest for men of science, but they tell with clearness
and simplicity the career of a man of whom Englishmen must always
feel proud."--_Morning Post_.

[_Spring 1921._]

MESSRS. CONSTABLE will be glad to send free on application classified Lists of their publications. The following subject headings are ready:--

POLITICS, POLITICAL SCIENCE, AND SOCIOLOGY.

HISTORY.

WAR AND MILITARY HISTORY.

RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY.

EDUCATION AND PSYCHOLOGY.

ECONOMICS AND COMMERCE.

ART AND ILLUSTRATED BOOKS.

FICTION.

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Transcriber's note:

Variations in spelling and hyphenation have been retained except in obvious cases of typographical error.

Names and terms which deviated between chapter headings and text have been made consistent.