Chapter XIV: September, 1916-1917

Selous left England on his last journey on August 10th, 1916, and landed at Mombasa (via the Cape) in September with a draft of 400 new recruits for the 25th Royal Fusiliers. First he went up the Uganda railway to Nairobi, and later to Korogwe in the Usambara valley, and after resting here a week or two brought his detachment on to Tanga in September, where he was detained for nearly eight weeks. He remained at Tanga until December 2nd, until his force moved up to Dar-es-Salaam to take part in a fresh movement against the Germans.

The campaign in German East Africa had now entered on its most difficult period. Owing to the enormous wastage in men and horses, transport of all kinds was most difficult and in some cases impossible during the rainy season. Writing from Tanga on November 11th, 1916, to Chapman, he says:--

"The war has now entered upon a very difficult phase. As von
Lettow-Vorbeck--a very able and determined man--the German
commander, has been allowed to escape with considerable forces
well equipped with machine-guns, into the wilderness towards the
Portuguese border. We hold all the ports, all the towns,
plantations, etc., and both the railway lines--but von Lettow
still commands a force, it is thought, of over 1000 whites and
several thousand trained black troops, well found in arms and
ammunition. The wastage from fever and dysentery has been
terrible, and, as the heavy rains will come on, where the
Germans are, very shortly now, if Smuts cannot round them up
quickly it will be impossible to continue this campaign for
months. He is busy repairing roads and railways and getting up
supplies to near the Front, and we are expecting to get forward
again at any moment. With the latest drafts our battalion has
had 1400 men out here. All we have left of them are 149 at
Kijabe (but these must mostly be unfit for further hard service)
and 394 here, of which latter number 101 are sick. Two have died
in hospital this week. Of the two fine Rhodesian regiments, it
is said that only 68 are fit. The North Lancs Regt. has wasted
to nothing, in spite of many drafts. The position is now most
difficult, and unless a decision can quickly be arrived at, this
campaign may drag on for months and have to be finished by black
troops, as another month in a heavy rainy season, without
shelter and short rations, will lay out all the white troops
still left.

"F. C. S."

"During the period March-September, 1916, General Smuts captured
the region from Kilimanjaro to Dar-es-Salaam, whilst the
Belgians gradually occupied the western part of German East
Africa, from the Great Lakes to Tabora, and General Northey the
south-west part of the country. The Germans were thus restricted
to the south, the south-centre and south-eastern regions, except
the actual coast-line.

"After evacuating Tabora the German troops in that region, who
were under General Wahle, retired south-east towards Mahenge, a
government station on a high plateau centrally situated between
the northern end of Lake Nyasa and the sea at Kilwa. Part of the
enemy force which had opposed General Smuts also retreated to
Mahenge, its commanding officer being Major Kraut. In its
retreat General Wahle's force harried, and was harried by,
General Northey's columns. Wahle broke through the British lines
and joined Kraut, who was being threatened from the north by
General Van Deventer, the commander of General Smuts' Second
Division. In the closing days of 1916 and the beginning of 1917
a combined effort was made by Generals Van Deventer and Northey
to 'round up' the Germans holding the Mahenge plateau. The
movement promised success, but, in the words of General Smuts,
the enemy 'eventually escaped through the dense bush and forest
under cover of darkness, and eluded pursuit.'

"Meantime the main enemy force, under Colonel von
Lettow-Vorbeck, upon whom the Kaiser in November, 1916,
conferred the Ordre Pour le Merite, had been driven by General
Smuts to the region of the Rufigi, south of Dar-es-Salaam. At
this period General Smuts reorganized his forces, and, in view
of the extremely unhealthy character of the country in which
further operations were to be conducted, as many as possible of
the white troops from South Africa were sent home, over 12,000
leaving East Africa between the middle of October and the end of
December, 1916. They were replaced by newly raised battalions of
King's African Rifles and by a Nigerian Brigade under General
Cunliffe. On January 1, 1917, General Smuts began a new
offensive in the Rufigi area, his object being to cut all
connection between the enemy in the Rufigi and Mahenge regions
and either to envelop the enemy on the Rufigi or to deal a heavy
blow as he escaped south. The last object was accomplished; a
heavy blow was inflicted upon von Lettow-Vorbeck's force, but it
was not brought to a decisive engagement. This brief campaign
was ended in March by the advent of the rainy season. While it
was in progress General Smuts was summoned to England to
represent South Africa in the special sittings of the War
Cabinet. He relinquished his command on January 20, 1917, being
succeeded by Major-General A. R. Hoskins, C.M.G., D.S.O., who
had previously commanded the First Division."--"The Times
History and Encyclopaedia of the War," the campaign in German
East Africa (III), pp. 397-398.

On December 8th, the Royal Fusiliers went in open trucks by rail to Mikesse, near Morogoro, and from thence had a very trying eight days' march to Kissaki. During this and previous marches Selous never rode a yard of the way, but marched like his men, living on their rough fare and enduring the constant rain and soaking bivouacs with stoical indifference. On December 15th he writes to his wife from Tulo:--

"We are now marching to Kissaki, and from there will probably
advance and attack the Germans on the Rufigi river. Very heavy
rains have now set in, and we have had rather a bad time of it,
and our detachment has shrunk from 384 to 170, with which we
march to-day. We hear the bridge over the Rufigi river has been
washed away by the floods and the German forces cut in two."

One of his last letters, written on Christmas Day, 1916, from Kissaki, states:--

"We are on the eve of an attack on the Germans out here. Their
lines here are quite close to ours, our forces are gathering,
and we shall now attack their lines in several places
simultaneously in a few days. Our forces are terribly depleted
principally from sickness. The German forces are sure to be
entrenching, and as they still have a number of machine-guns, it
may be no child's play attacking their positions, and we may
meet with heavy losses."

During the last three weeks of 1916, General Smuts (except for Van Deventer's Division) had not been engaged in important operations but was busy reorganizing his columns. Von Lettow-Vorbeck was, however, forced out of Kissaki on September 15th, by the brigade under Brits and Nussey. He then took up his position between the Ingeta and Rufigi rivers, where he remained until January 1st, when General Smuts began another offensive from Kissaki.

An attack was made on the German positions by General Smuts on January 2nd, but the enemy again escaped and took up a fresh position in dense bush on the Beho-Beho ridge. All January 2nd and 3rd General Smuts spent in developing a new encircling movement of which the following is the "Times" History account:--

"The troops, which had to march through most difficult country,
got in touch with the enemy again on the afternoon of the 3rd,
and at 10.30 a.m. on January 4th Sheppard's Brigade caught up
the chief enemy force as it was retiring from Beho-Beho. A sharp
engagement followed, but though severely handled the enemy
'again slipped past,' to use General Smuts' phrase. The brunt of
the action was borne by the 25th Royal Fusiliers (the Legion of
Frontiersmen). During the fight Captain F. C. Selous fell at the
head of his company. He was buried under the shadow of a
tamarind tree, beside the graves of members of his company who
fell at the same time. Thus ended the life of the most
distinguished of the hunter-naturalists of recent years, the man
who had opened up thousands of miles of South Central Africa.
Throughout the campaign, though well over sixty, he had set an
example of endurance and devotion to duty unexcelled by any
member of the force. As stated in Chapter CLXXXIII, he had
already been given the D.S.O. in recognition of his services.
None knew better than Selous the dangers and difficulties of the
campaign. Writing home from Tanga in November, 1916, he set
forth some of these difficulties, adding: 'I shall try and hold
out to the end, if possible, or, at any rate, as long as my
health and strength last. General Smuts is now working ... for
the next forward movement, and when he is ready the remnants of
my battalion will join him.'"

General J. Smuts, who was in command of the British Forces in German East Africa, has kindly given me the following account of the fight at Beho-Beho, Sugar Mountain, on January 4th, 1917, when Selous met his death. General Smuts, with the aid of a large-scale map, personally explained to me the feature of the operations on that day, and though it was instrumental in driving the enemy from their positions, causing them to retreat to the Rufigi river, it did not result in the capture of the enemy's force, which it was hoped would be the case.

"Our force moved out from Kissaki early on the morning of
January 4th, 1917, with the object of attacking and surrounding
a considerable number of German troops which was encamped along
the low hills east of Beho-Beho (Sugar Mountain) N.E. of the
road that led from Kissaki S.E. to the Rufigi river, distant
some 13 miles from the enemy's position. The low hills occupied
by the Germans were densely covered with thorn-bush and the
visibility to the west was not good. Nevertheless, they soon
realized the danger of their position when they detected a
circling movement on the part of the 25th Royal Fusiliers, which
had been detailed to stop them on the road leading S.E., the
only road, in fact, by which they could retreat. They must have
retired early, for their forces came to this point at the exact
moment when the leading company of Fusiliers, under Captain
Selous, reached the same point. Heavy firing on both sides then
commenced, and Selous at once deployed his company, attacked the
Germans, which greatly outnumbered him, and drove them back into
the bush. It was at this moment that Selous was struck dead by a
shot in the head. The Germans retreated in the dense bush again,
and the Fusiliers failed to come to close quarters, or the enemy
then made a circuit through the bush and reached the road lower
down, eventually crossing the Rufigi."

When he came to the road, Selous and his company met the German advanced guard, which probably outnumbered his force five to one. He had, however, received his orders to prevent, if possible, the enemy from reaching the road and retreating, so he immediately extended his company and himself went forward to reconnoitre. It was whilst using his glasses to ascertain the position of the enemy's advance guard that Selous received a bullet in his head and was killed instantly.[82]

Thus died Frederick Selous of the Great Heart, a splendid Englishman, who in spite of age and love of life, gave up all pleasant things to follow the iron path of duty. To him his country's needs were ever before his private interests. Like the voyageurs of old he was ever looking for some far-off country where his restless soul could sleep in peace. Let us hope that he found his Valhalla on that day.

He sleeps with other gallant comrades who fell beside him in the heart of Africa, far from home and loved ones. Yet it seems fitting that he should lie at last in the land of his dreams, where he laboured so much, and where his name will never be forgotten. No sculptured mausoleum records his prowess, but only a simple wooden cross bearing his name and that of his good comrades stands beneath the shade of a tamarind tree in the woody forest, where the bush-cuckoo heralds the dawn and the lion roars his requiem to the night.

"Under the wide and starry sky,
Dig the grave and let me lie.
Glad did I live and gladly die,
And I laid me down with a will.
This be the verse you grave for me;
_Here he lies where he longed to be._
Home is the sailor, home from the sea,
And the hunter home from the hill."

I am indebted to Captain R. M. Haines of the South African Forces for the following account of Selous' life from the time he landed at Mombasa till his death:--

"I did not actually bury Captain Selous, but I was present at
his funeral. I think I had better give you his doings from about
the end of August. He came out for the second time about the end
of August, 1916, and landed at Mombasa (via the Cape) with a
draft of about 400 new men for the 25th R. Fusiliers. He took
these up the Uganda Railway to a small detail camp called
Korogwe, in the Usambara Valley. After waiting there for a week
or two, he brought the draft to Tanga, when to his intense
disgust he was held up for nearly eight weeks. In the meantime
the original part of the regiment was trekking down the centre
of the country towards the German Central Railway. Whilst at
Tanga, he lived in a house with Captain MacMillan, whom you
probably know. It was here that he heard he had been awarded the
D.S.O. Whilst we were waiting here, he frequently gave the men
lectures on his early life in South Africa, to their intense
delight. Here I first met him. He was literally adored by the
men. From a boy he had always been a hero of mine, and to my
great joy I actually met him. He wore a double Terai grey slouch
hat, slightly on the back of his head. Khaki knickerbockers,
with no puttees, bare legs, except for his socks, and shirt open
at the neck, with a knotted handkerchief round the neck to keep
the sun off, with a long native stick in his hand. He had a
rooted objection to wearing a cork helmet. It is impossible to
forget the impression he made. He was as straight as a
guardsman, with a broad deep chest, with a beautiful healthy
look in his face.

"We left Tanga, on board an armed merchantman, at the end of
November, and after calling in at Zanzibar for a few hours,
arrived at Dar-es-Salaam. At Zanzibar I went ashore with him and
had breakfast at the English club. We were landed at
Dar-es-Salaam at about 10.30 at night and went into the local
detail camp. He remained there about a week and was then sent up
to take up the draft he had brought out to Kissaki, which is
about 100 miles south of the German Central Railway, where the
rest of the regiment was waiting.

(Here I went down with fever, and so had to stay behind for two
weeks.)

"He went by train to Mikessi, about 150 miles up the Central
Railway, and from there started with his draft of 400 men to
reach the regiment. He reached Kissaki in a fortnight. This is
practically the last point where any life exists, except game,
in this part of the country. In many ways it is terrible
country; there are no names, save such names as we gave it, no
roads. It is covered with thick elephant-grass, six to eight
feet high, and very thick thorn-bush and swamp. Although I was
one of them, I honestly think that the sufferings of the troops
in this horrible trek have hardly been exceeded by any in the
war. There was only filthy water, we marched on half-rations,
with no bread at all, only flour being issued and occasionally
biscuit. The whole country was poisonous with fever and
'blackwater'; hardly any natives live here, as it is too
poisonous. Most of the men went sick and died like flies. It was
just south of Kissaki he caught the regiment up. He was just as
cheerful as a schoolboy.

"The day he was killed, I passed him in the morning with his
company, I was driving an armoured machine-gun, as the driver
was ill. As I passed him, I shouted out, 'I shall be back and
have _tea_ with you to-day, sir,' for we used to joke him about
his habit of drinking tea with every meal.

"That was the last I saw of him. There was some fighting in the
bush during the day, and when I came back in the afternoon I was
greeted with the news of his death. I was just in time to see
him buried. He was sewn up in a blanket, and buried with five
other men of the R. Fusiliers. I was told he was first wounded
in the right arm, which was broken, but was bandaged up, and he
remained with his company.[83]

"A little later he was again hit in the mouth and was killed
instantaneously and apparently painlessly.

"A little space was cleared in the bush and he was buried, at
one of the most impressive services I have ever attended, the
same day in the afternoon. I intended to photograph the spot,
but next day I went down with a bad attack of blackwater fever,
and the next few weeks are a complete blank to me. My memory is
still somewhat out of gear. My diary and camera were missing
when I came round, and so all my exact records are going to some
scamp. He is buried about 60 miles south of Kissaki, in a
nameless spot, but if you will wait a month or two I may yet be
able to get you some photographs and further details.

"As I said before, he was always my hero as a boy in books, and
he remains so now. He had all that simplicity and modesty of
great men. He was the easiest of all men to cheat, but yet no
one ever dared to do it. He was a moral antiseptic in a country
where men are not saints. Anything mean or sordid literally
shrivelled up in his presence.

"Although I am a young man, my fate has led me to travel in all
our white colonies, and I can honestly say that of all the men I
have met, good or bad (and they have been mostly good), no one
has ever left me with the impression of being a 'whiter' man, or
who was a more perfect English gentleman.

"R. M. HAINES, S.A.F."

Mr. P. H. Lamb, writing in "The Field," June 18th, 1918, gives some details of the actual position of Selous' grave, of which he furnishes a photograph.

"The geographical position of his grave is approximately lat. 7
deg. S., long. 38 deg. E. It is not near any village but lies
only a few yards to the east of the main road leading south from
Mikesse, on the Central Railway to the Rufigi river, from which
it is about 10 miles distant. There is a stream crossing the
road at this point. It was here that the gallant 25th Royal
Fusiliers were camped on the day (January 4, 1917) when Selous
was killed. It was to this spot that the fallen hero was
carried.

"The graveyard is situated close by the old camp, and contained
at the time of my visit seven simple wooden crosses. Besides the
one in memory of Captain Selous are those of Sergeant Knight,
Lance-Corporal Evans, and Privates Taylor and Evans, all of the
Royal Fusiliers, who were killed on the same day. The other two
graves are those of privates of the British West Indies Regiment
who died at the same place months later. The precise spot where
Selous was fighting when he was first wounded was pointed out to
me. It was among some small knolls which lie about a mile to the
north, on which the present camp, known as Chogawali, has since
been built....

"The stream running by the spot where Captain Selous' remains
are laid to rest is the last fresh water met with along the road
before reaching the Rufigi. It is for the most part a wild
inhospitable district--the haunt of a great variety of big game,
including elephants, giraffes, and rhinos. Not more than four
miles away is a warm salt spring running down into a salt lake,
where hippos, wild ducks, egrets, and numerous other wild fowl
abound. But despite these alleviations it can hardly be called a
fascinating part of the country, and the object of most people
who have seen it will be to avoid it carefully in the future."

The war in German East Africa dragged its slow length along throughout 1917, in November of which year it may be said to have terminated, when the remnant of the German forces under Colonel von Lettow-Vorbeck were driven right across the borders into Portuguese territory. There, owing to the rainy season in the early part of 1918, they split up into small parties and searched the country for native supplies, being finally (September, 1918) forced into the low-lying country between the north of the Zambesi and the coast.

Since then they have attacked various Portuguese stations and encampments and taken fresh supplies of provisions, medical necessaries and ammunition and are still (September, 1918) causing much trouble to trace, British forces relentlessly pursuing them. Colonel R. Meinertzhagen, who is well acquainted with the local conditions, writes:--

"The campaign is not over to-day (August 1st, 1918), and it is
by no means impossible that Von Lettow breaks north again into
his old colony.[84] He is an exceptional man of iron will and
great personality. I met him in Tanga in November, 1914, and he
then declared that even though we might drive him from his
colony he would fight to the last, and that he would never be
taken alive."

Commenting on the great difficulties of the campaign, General Smuts, at a meeting of the Royal Geographical Society (January 28th, 1918), designated the travels of Livingstone and Selous as mere "joy rides" compared to what had been done by Empire troops in East Africa.

"The Germans," he remarked, "are not in search of colonies after
the English model. Not colonies, but military power and
strategic positions for a great Central African Empire,
comprising not only her colonies before the war, but also all
the English, French, Belgian, and Portuguese possessions south
of the Sahara and Lake Chad, and north of the Zambesi river in
South Africa.

"Towards this objective she was steadily marching even before
the war broke out, and she claims the return of her lost African
colonies at the end of the war as a starting-point from which to
resume the interrupted march. This Central African block was
intended in the first place to supply the economic requirements
and raw materials of German industry, and in the second and far
more important place to become the recruiting ground of vast
armies. The natural harbours on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans
were to supply the naval and submarine bases from which both
ocean routes would be dominated and British and American
sea-power be brought to naught.

"No fresh extension of Prussian militarism to other continents
and seas should be tolerated, and the conquered German colonies
can only be regarded as guarantees for the security of the
future peace of the world. The premature or unwise restoration
of German East Africa to its former owners might have
consequences reaching far beyond the confines of the African
continent. Perhaps I may be allowed to express the fervent hope
that a land where so many of our heroes lost their lives may
never be allowed to become a menace to the future peaceful
development of the world."

All of which is very true, for after the war, if German East Africa is restored to Germany, as some of our socialists, like Mr. Wells, seem to desire, it is a certainty that in time we shall lose all our South African possessions as well as those in the north.

FOOTNOTES:

[82] Colonel Driscoll, who commanded the 25th Royal Fusiliers, writes: "Captain Selous, the great hunter, was one of the hardest men in the battalion, in spite of his 65 years. He was shot dead while leading his company through the bush against an enemy four times their strength. Lieutenant Dutch, another very gallant man, took his place and received a mortal wound immediately afterwards."

[83] Mr. Lamb also mentions that Selous was wounded before he was killed, but this is contradicted by others who were present. Mr. Denis Lyell, writing in the "Field," August 17th, 1918, says: "Details of his death were given to Mr. W. Watmough by a friend in his regiment who was present. He says: 'Capt. Selous was shot through the head and right side. We were on a crest line at the time with the Germans in front and on both flanks. We were subjected to very heavy enfilade fire, and could not locate the enemy properly owing to the wooded nature of their positions. At this stage Selous went forward down the slope about fifteen yards, and was just raising his glasses in order to see (more particularly) where certain snipers were when he received his first wound in the side. He was half-turning towards us when he was shot through the side of the head. He died immediately.'"

[84] This view has proved to be correct.