Chapter XXX: Appendix: M (2)

„ „ to be carried away from building, 107

„ „ to be connected, 120

„ „ to be deep and wet, 107

„ „ to be good, 126, 130

„ „ to be in moist ground, 21, 52, 55, 56, 58, 74, 113, 118, 123,
124, 125, 126, 131

„ „ to be tested, 111, 131

„ „ with charcoal cinders or coke, 9, 12, 16, 23, 24, 58, 104, 116,
120, 125, 126, 131

„ „ with coil of conductor, 9

„ „ with galena, &c., 58

„ „ with gas pipes (_See_ GAS).

„ „ with iron forks or harrows, 11, 131

„ „ with old iron, 74, 204

„ „ with water, 52, 53, 67, 68, 126, 130, 140

„ „ „ pipes, 9, 26, 46, 55, 56, 68, 118, 125, 126, 127, 128, 132,
231, 235, 243

Eddystone Lighthouse, 183, 184, 186, 189, 191

Effects of climate on copper and zinc wire ropes, 205

Electric current checked, 193

„ discharge takes path with best conduction, 127

„ fire not diverted from its path by rod, 125

Electricity a terribly explosive power, 72

„ Atmospheric, 98, 112, 117, 119

Electricity, frictional and atmospheric the same, 82, 112

„ carried off by water pipe, 126

„ for telegraphic purposes follows Ohm’s laws, 133

„ is force, not matter, 100

„ of earth negative—atmosphere positive, 112

„ Static, laws of, 132

„ will leave small conductors for large ones, 204

Electrodes, 110

Elevated rods preferable to low conductors, 79

End of conductor, lower, to be coiled up, 9

Energy of lightning lessened by trees, 127

England, accidents from lightning, 126

Escurial, no conductor on, 100

Examination of Conductors (_See_ CONDUCTORS, EXAMINATION OF).

Expansion of conductor to be allowed for, 11, 70, 125, 128, 226, 229

Experiment on wire across Thames, 121

„ on plait of copper and zinc wire at Blackheath, 205

„ with a very thin strip of tinfoil, 199

„ with glass rods, 121

Explosion of a gas meter, 239

Explosions, electrical, their cause, 81

Extent of surface does not favour lightning discharges, 134

Eyes for fastening conductors, 99, 115 (_See_ ATTACHMENT).

Faraday on conductors, 83, 84, 89, 102, 132, 183, 186, 187, 189, 190,
195, 196, 199.

Field, Rogers, C.E., on accident at Caterham, 210

„ on ventilating pipes, 216

Fire of inflammable materials, 127

First conductor erected in England, 85, 121

First conductor fixed in Europe at Hamburg, 122, 129

Fixing conductors to ships, 87

Fizeau, M., his report on powder magazines, 66, 67

Flagstaff should have a conductor, 70

„ struck, 44, 187, 196

Flashing, Lead, how to connect wire rope with, 10, 11, 34

Flash, lightning, effects of, 84

Flow of electricity through conductors, 133

Flues copper, 183, 185

„ lightning passed down, 38, 39

„ warm, and an iron grate, a dangerous conductor, 101

Forest Hill, chimney of house struck, 38

Forms of upper terminals (_See_ POINT).

Formula for determining area protected (_See_ PROTECTION, AREA OF).

Foster, Prof. G. Carey, on Personal safety, 233

Fountains, Public, conductor lead away from, 56

Franklin, Dr., and wet rat, 85

„ discovered pointed metal best conductor, 121

„ erected lightning rod to his house, 121

„ experiments, 79, 84

„ „ repeated by Buffon & Dalibar, 115

„ first conductor was melted, 116

„ his report to French Academy, 51

„ on cold fusion, 102

„ on connection of lightning rod, 54

„ report on Purfleet, 76, 126

„ round rod best, 114

„ success in pushing use of conductors, 121

„ tried his kite successfully, 121

Freeman & Collier, their answer, 10, 17

French instructions, 51

„ „ on area protected, 22

Fresnel, M., his instructions, 59

Frost, A. J., Abstracts by, 99, 118

Fusion, metals which resist, only to be used, 139

„ of defective conductor, 215

„ of rod, Wheatstone on, 83

Gable near conductor struck by lightning, 28

Galena, and melted sulphur, Bed of for end of conductor, 58

Galvanic action between iron and copper, 111, 130

„ of wet and smoke on conductors, 205

Galvanised conductor painted, 139

„ iron, 19, 67, 68, 72, 101, 120, 124, 125, 132, 139

„ not to be in contact with copper, 102

Galvanised iron best material for earth contact, 130

Galvanometer for testing earth currents, 131

Gas and water mains, 113

„ „ „ utilisation of, 9, 28, 37, 39, 44, 72, 100, 102, 103, 108,
114, 117, 125, 126, 128, 138, 201, 231, 235

Gas coke for earth terminal, 23, 24

Gases from chimney injure conductors, 111

Gas ignited, 219

„ meter exploded, 239

Gasometer struck, 43

Gas-pipes, Soft metal, not to be used as conductors, 108

Gavarret’s, M., experiments, 139

Gavey, J., on accident at Carmarthen, 217

Gay Lussac’s iron conductor recommended, 104

German “reception rod” of iron, 125

Geneva cathedral, 103

Genoa, St. Mary’s Church, 126

Gilbert, Dr. (1600) magnetic and galvanic action one force, 120

Gilt point (_See_ POINT GILDED.)

Girard, M., his instructions, 59

Girders, how connected, 10

Glass, foundation of house insulated, 118

„ insulators (_See_ INSULATORS.)

„ repeller, 83, 185, 186

Globular Lightning (_See_ LIGHTNING, BALL).

Goldie’s, Mr., experience, 193

Governments, French and English, size of rod sanctioned by, 12

Grapnels and gratings for earth plates, 125, 126, 131

Gray, J. W. and Son, their answer, 7–9, 17

“Gridiron,” Termini of ribs pointed, 23, 24

Groome’s, J. E., evidence, 196, 197, 198

Ground connection (_See_ EARTH TERMINALS).

„ containing ironstone, 48

Guillemin’s, M., opinion, 132

Gunpowder stores, conductor, how to be fixed, 82

Gutters, Metallic, 40, 41, 45, 46, 47, 60, 125, 213

„ must be connected with conductor, 60

„ utilization of, 47, 125, 244

Guyton, M., his practice with charcoal, 58

Haigh & Son’s Colliery, 74, 216

Harris, Sir William Snow, Crown adviser, 8

„ combated the idea that rods attracted lightning, 122

„ conductors to ships and buildings, 83, 122, 130, 196

„ in conflict with Faraday, 195, 196, 200

„ on Sectional Area, 110

„ on copper conductors, 202

„ on expense of conductors, 49

„ on fusion, 86

„ on hollow or solid conductors, 74

„ on relative conductivity of metals, 71

„ on shipwrecks by lightning, 90

„ on thunderstorms, 85

„ Principles adopted by, 70, 101

„ regarding insulators, 15

„ report on safety of conductors, 72, 110

„ says discharges pass over surface, 132

„ suggestions issued in army circulars, 122

Hauksbee, F., F.R.S., similarity of electric flash and lightning, 121

Hawksley, T., his report, 37

Hay a bad conductor, 127

Hay newly gathered, inflammable, 127

Heated smoke from chimney, a conductor, 132

Heckingham poorhouse struck, 87

Height of rods, 120, 124, 125, 139, 177

Hemispheres of brass, experiments with, 105

Henly, W., his report, 78, 79

Henry, Prof. Joseph, on construction of lightning rods, 99, 181

Herring’s, Mr., evidence, 196

Heryet, Chas. J., his opinion, 206

Higginbotham’s, Mr., evidence, 194

High buildings a source of safety to lower ones near, 12

Highton, E., on lightning conductors, 239

Hill, A., his Report, 37

Hine, G. J., his Report, 37

Hine, T. C., and Sons, Architects, ground plan of Nottingham Castle, 26

Holborn Union Infirmary, Upper Holloway, struck, 39

Holdfast, brass, 16

„ copper, 7, 8, 13, 16, 21, 24, 39

„ driven in too tight, 16, 193 (_See_ ATTACHMENT.)

Hole in ship’s side, made by lightning, 62

Honeyman’s, J., evidence, 194

Hook and rings used as joints, 94

Hoop iron in brickwork of chimneys struck, 46

Hoops round chimney, 89

Hopkins, Rev. G. H., his Report, 30

Horizontal conductor, 71

„ conductors for steeples, 125

Horsley, Bishop, his Report, 79

Hotel des Invalides, Paris, conductor on, 86

Hotel de Ville, Brussels, conductors of, 126

House at Bethnal Green cut in two by lightning, 41

„ at Bournemouth with, 7 conductors, 199

„ at Cannes (France) struck, 198

„ near trees struck, 127

„ of Parliament protected by Harris’s conductors, 122

„ with two separate conductors, 128

Hugueny, M. F., on “Le coup de foudre de l’ile du Rhin”, 99

Ignition depends on retardation of discharge, 127

Infirmary, how to be protected, 10

Ingenhousz’s, Dr., experiments, 122

Ingram, Mr., of Belvoir Castle, on trees struck, 47

Inspection of conductors, 9, 72, 102, 111, 124, 127, 130, 131, 132,
179, 244

Instructions, 63, 99, 176, 181, 240

„ British Army Circular, 70

„ French Official, 59

„ for formation of good earth, 64, 72, 132

Instrument hut at Valencia, how protected, 105

Insulation, shock decreased by, 118

Insulators, 34, 37, 76, 99, 184, 186, 194

„ approved, 13, 118

„ objected to, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 21, 24, 68, 69, 73, 86, 89, 103,
111, 118, 126, 139, 186, 226

Iron a better conductor than formerly, 19

„ and copper form best conductors, 119

„ as a conductor, not objected to if galvanised, 19

„ bar, 131, 226

„ „ melted, 61

„ bars on ridge for metallic connection, 125

„ better than copper, 192, 243

„ box for earth contact of conductors, 126

Iron buildings covered with asphalte, 70

„ built ship, metal-rigged, if protected, 122, 200

„ cables, galvanized, sometimes used, 125

„ conductors, 18, 69, 74, 116, 125

„ „ bad, 9, 39, 192

„ „ good, 81, 243

„ „ cost of, 19, 70, 124, 132

„ „ should weigh, 13 to, 37 oz. per foot, 119

„ galvanized for conductor, 74, 116, 132, 139

„ has greater specific heat than copper, 132

„ its high temperature at fusion, 132

„ in coke undergoes no change, 116

„ Joints in defective, 116

„ not to be used for rods, 123

„ points, 88, 138

„ pumps reaching to water act as attractive points, 127

„ rain water pipes, good conductors, 102, 113

„ “reception rod” used in Germany, 125

„ rods on all sides best protection, 124

„ safe in altered position caused damage to building, 127

„ staples and wall eyes, 125, 130

„ terminal rods, 124, 125

„ underground, destruction of prevented, 125

„ wires surrounding copper wire, 200

Isolators (_See_ INSULATORS).

Italy, Lightning rods used there, 179

Jarriant, M., his books abstracted, 111, 115

„ his manufactory, 227

Jenkin, Professor, says point prevents discharge, 106

Jerman, J., his report, 37

Johnson, Clapham & Morris, their answer,13

Johnston, W. P., 181

Joints, avoided in wire cables, 132

„ Cutting & Co., 216

„ damaged, 69, 110, 126

„ how avoided in upper terminals, 23

„ how made, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 20, 24, 52, 55, 59, 63, 70,
71, 103, 179, 192, 243

„ must be perfect, 58, 131

„ of bars always defective, 116

„ of extra thickness, 74

„ of rain water pipes, 132

Joints should be metallically continuous, 20

„ soldered, 9, 24, 66, 68, 70, 71, 102, 123, 125, 139, 140, 141, 243

„ to be avoided, 10, 11, 16, 20, 63

Journal of Society of Telegraph Engineers, May, 12, 1875, 130

“Jupiter” ship struck, 62, 95

Karsten, Prof. D. G., lightning conductors, by, 119

Kew, experiments at, on atmospheric electricity, 112

Kilbourne, Lieut., 181

Kirchoff, Prof., on connection with gas mains, 235

Kite, Silk, Franklin’s experiments with, 80

Korte’s, Messrs., Paper, 105

Lacoine, M., on area protected, 134

Lane, T., his Report, 79

Lantern on lighthouse, 184, 186

La Place, M., his Reports, 53, 57

Lateral discharge, 73, 83, 84, 85

Latham, Baldwin, on conductors, 202

Law, E. J., his Report, 37

Laws of Static electricity, 132

Lead a bad conductor, 123

„ at joints, 94, 125

„ casing for upper terminals, 131

„ floors, 188, 189

„ liked because of fitting sharp curves, 123

„ pipe for earth connection, 77

„ roofs and spouts, 51, 82, 102

„ thin sheet of, covering ends of wire, very dangerous, 20

Leaves of trees draw off electricity, 84

Lefevre-Gineau, M., his instructions, 59

Le Gentil, M., his observations, 84

Length and sectional areas, proportion between, 14

„ of conductor above top holdfast destroyed, 193

„ of conductor determines amount of resistance, 131

Lenz, M., on conducting power of metals, 124

Leroy, M., his Report, 51, 53

Lewis, Prof. T. Hayter, Abstracts by, 70, 79, 81, 84, 100, 110, 112,
117, 120, 179

„ his joint Report, 28, 37

Leyden discharges and lightning flashes, 84

„ Jar, 121

Lichtenberg of Gottingen, his opinion, 129

Liddell, J., on lightning conductors, 202

Lighthouses and exposed buildings protected did not suffer, 106

Lighthouse at Berehaven struck by lightning, 208

„ damaged by lightning, 196

„ lightning rods on, 183, 190

Lightning an immense electric spark, 123

„ Ball, 99, 101, 102, 108, 205, 242

„ Bifurcated, 45

„ conductor (_See_ CONDUCTOR).

„ diffused, 108

„ does it pass inside or outside conductor?, 15, 18, 49, 132

„ Flash, 108

„ follows line of least resistance, 108

„ Force of, exemplified, 45

„ Globular (_See supra_ BALL).

„ going to earth without conductor, 128

„ identical with electricity, 82

„ incandescent matter, 100

„ in colliery workings, 237

„ leaves conductor and enters chimney, 203

„ passed down mainmast and through ship, 195

„ passed to iron supports, 128

„ passing out of a ship by a copper bolt, 205

„ Personal safety from, 233

„ protectors (_See_ CONDUCTORS).

„ ran along a bell wire, 195

„ „ thatched roof of house, 128

„ Rod Conference, their Circular, 28

„ Rods (_See_ CONDUCTORS).

„ Sheet, 108

„ the cause of, 81

„ various forms of, 108

Lime, to prevent oxidation of cylinder, 140

Line, conductor should run round building, 134

Linked system of conductors introduced by Sir W. S. Harris, 204

Links of chains, 179

Llandaff Cathedral, conductor on, 102

Lofty buildings require larger rods (_See_ AREA, SECTIONAL).

Long conductors above buildings, their effect, 77

Long’s, F., account of injury to Wells Church, 195

Louvre, New Buildings of the, Special Report for, 64

„ slightly injured by lightning, 123

Low straggling buildings should have several conductors, 15

Lucas, Mr., his Report, 67

Lussac, Gay, M., his Report, 57, 59

McDonald’s, Mr., experience, 193

McGregor, W., protection from Lightning, 106

Magazine, copper doors and windows to, 74, 216

„ of metal, the safest, 73

„ underground, 70

„ well at each end of, 126

(_See also_ POWDER MAGAZINES).

Magne, Mr., his Report, 67

Mahon, Lord, his Report, 79

Mairie, of, 20th Arrondissement struck, 69

Majendie, Major V. D., his Report, 74, 216

Malcolm, Major, R. E., discussion on lightning conductors, 131

Mann, Dr. R. J., Lecture at Society of Arts, 108

„ discussion on earth connections, 131

„ discussion on lightning conductors, 131

Man might touch conductor in thunder storm, 126

Marseilles, Powder Magazine at, how to be protected, 51, 52

Massingham, T., evidence and letter, 15, 16, 17, 193

Masses, metallic must be connected with conductor, 60, 94, 104, 126,
132, 240

Mass or surface, which conducts?, 13, 15, 18, 49, 74, 132, 227

Masts of large vessels, each to have a conductor, 6

Masulipatam, accident near, 206

Materials, inflammable, not ignited, 127

Maxwell, Hugh, on kind of trees struck, 47

Maxwell’s, Clerk, Theory, 109, 126, 132, 133

Mechanical action of lightning, 85

Meiszner’s improvement, 130

Melsens says discharge passes over surface, 132

„ System of protection as applied to monument at Lacken, 230

„ various works by, 124, 138, 140, 141

Men-of-war, old conductors in, 202

Merton College, Oxford, damaged, 126

Metallic cap may assist protection of house, 132

„ circuit, 126

„ connection must be perfect, 130

„ connections on ridge by iron bars, 125

„ joints, 89

Metals, contact of dissimilar, results in decay, 19, 21

Metal cowl of chimney struck, 198

„ for points must be good conductor, 139

„ immaterial if sectional area be large, 131

„ in buildings, contiguity with to be avoided, 5

„ inside or out, to be connected with conductor, 125, 126

„ melted, dimensions of, 61, 83, 223, 231

„ of high conductivity for conductors, 131

„ stays and fastenings, 184, 185

Michel, M., Papers by, 67, 68, 111, 131

„ on galvanised wire rope, 131

Milne, D., his Report, 44

Mining Engineers, Enquiry by, 237

Mohn’s, H., Lynildens Farlighed I Norge, 106

Moist earth destroys terminal, 116

„ for lower terminal, essential, 21, 52, 56, 58, 125, 126

%center%(_See_ EARTH TERMINALS).

Moisture, Access of, to surfaces in contact, 71

Moncel, Comte du, his Report, 67

„ „ his opinions, 226

Monte Video, English Consul’s house struck, 195

Montgolfier, M., his Report, 57

Monument, London, its immunity from injury by lightning, 103

Morea, Signor Lerigi, 180

Müller’s, Prof., conditions for lightning conductors, 129

Müller’s, Dr. Hugo, experiments, 135

Municipal buildings in Paris, lightning rods for, 67, 225

Munson, D., & Co., their rods, 216

Murgatroyd, J., his report, 39

Murray, J., on Atmospheric Electricity, 82

Musgrave, Dr., his report, 79

Myers, Gen., 181

Nails, copper, used in attaching conductor to building, 14 %center%(_See also_ ATTACHMENT).

Nairne, E., his report, 79

Nash lights, 183, 187

National Institute (of France) report made to, 53

Nelson column, 90

Newton, Sir I., machine of glass, 120

“New York,” packet boat, struck, 61, 62

Nickson, Mr., his report, 78

Nottingham, Castle, how protected, 23, 24

Nuts, copper, 192 %center%(_See_ JOINTS).

Number of persons killed by _one_ discharge, 129

Objects on plains attract lightning, 127

Odour, sulphurous, of lightning, 85

Official instructions:

„ Denmark, 176

„ England, 70–74

„ France, 51–69

„ India, 181

„ Italy, 179

„ Norway, 106, 176

„ United States, 181

Ohm, his laws, 18, 133

„ on conducting power of metals, 124

Oldham, Explosion at, 239

Oliver, T., his report, 39

Oxidation, how to be avoided, 83

„ of copper less than that of iron, 131

„ of cylinder, 140

„ „ earth terminals, 131

„ „ surface of conductor unimportant, 73

„ „ terminals leads to failures of conductors, 131

Painted conductor, 69, 94, 99, 103, 113, 117

„ galvanized conductor, 139

Paint objected to, 67, 227

Palais de l’Industrie, Paris, its construction, 61

Paratonnerres, Traité des, 103

„ A Collin et Fils, Paris, 117

„ Nouveau par Jarriant, 111

„ par Jarriant, 115

Partial protection, 194, 244

Passage of electricity of tension in bad conductors, 141

Patterson, Mr., of Philadelphia, on good contact, 58

Payneshill, site of first conductor, 85

Pearson, J. L., his report, 39

Pegwell Bay, tide receded, 48

Pennycook & Co., their answer, 13, 14, 17

Perfect lightning conductor, 131, 186

Perforated iron pipe as earth terminal, 114

Perrott’s, M., experiments, 139

„ remarks on earth contacts, 140

Perry, Prof., on conductors, 132

Personal safety from Lightning, 233

Persons killed by lightning in France, 129

Perspiration from flock of sheep, a conductor, 48

Phillips, R., on atmospherical electricity, 98

Phin, John, on lightning rods, 102, 181

Phipson, R.M., account of destruction of Wells Church, 194

Pidgeon, Mr., discussion on earth connections, 131

Pierron, M., his proposal, 52

Pinnacles on church towers, 10, 29, 137

Pipes, gas, (_See_ GAS, WATER, and EARTH TERMINALS).

„ hard metal, as conductors, 108

„ iron, easily made into protectors, 102

„ of terra cotta, 180

„ rain-water, 34, 74

„ as earth terminal, 114

Plait of copper wire, 5, 9, 205, 210, 215

Planta, Mr., his report, 79

Plate, Earth (_See_ EARTH PLATE).

Platinum points, 37, 115, 140, 227

„ „ approved of, 15, 54, 55, 59, 63, 66, 99, 104, 116, 120

„ „ objected to, 67, 73, 103, 123, 139

„ „ only half the conducting power of copper, 73

„ „ blunted, 69

„ „ fused, 128, 231

Plymouth, Charles Church at, 86

Point Aigrettes (_See infra_ MULTIPLE).

„ attracts electricity, 82

„ blunted, 53, 69

„ breaks the force of lightning, 73

„ coronal (_See infra_ MULTIPLE).

„ dimensions of, 17, 18, 120, 130, 178

„ Duhamel upon, 66

„ Engravings of some modern ones, 230

„ facilitate discharge, 131

Point generally, 9, 17, 18, 76, 79, 81, 86, 92, 122, 125, 131, 139

„ gilded, 9, 55, 59, 71, 120, 138

„ „ needless, 73, 103, 113

„ height of, 52, 138

„ how to be fixed, 14, 52, 53, 55, 58, 130

„ _in situ_, examination of necessary, 18

„ melted, 53, 87, 92, 192, 195, 231

„ multiple, 34, 231

„ „ recommended, 10, 13, 14, 15, 23, 104, 108, 125, 132, 139, 243

„ „ objected to, 18, 71

„ not to be fusible, 93, 120

„ of attraction, 127

„ „ copper, 10, 13, 23, 66, 67, 107, 111, 117, 120, 123, 132, 139

„ „ iron, 88, 138

„ „ brass, 13

„ „ pinnacles to be united to main conductors, 118

„ „ platinum (_See_ PLATINUM).

„ „ silver, 7, 120, 130, 139

„ „ three kinds, 138

„ „ vane, 186
%center%(_See_ VANES).

„ or blunt conductors, 77, 79, 106

„ render lateral discharges less probable, 131

„ Report upon, 60, 66

„ sharp, 129, 130, 132, 138, 139

„ „ not too, 92, 123, 129, 242

„ „ experiments with, 51, 80

„ should be kept clean, 130, 132

„ „ of good conducting metal, 139

„ should it be painted? (_See_ PAINTED).

„ space protected by (_See_ PROTECTION, AREA OF).

„ square tapering, 23

„ used in Germany, fire gilded copper cone or sphere, 105, 111, 130

„ useful, 102, 122

„ useless, 77, 103, 113

„ vertical, horizontal, or perpendicular, 58

Poisson, M., his joint instructions, 59

Polarity of ship’s compass reversed by lightning, 121

Poles, Telegraphic, how protected, 101

Pouillet, M., his joint Report, 60, 66

„ on Conducting Powers of Metals, 124

„ „ Discharge of Lightning, 131

Powder magazines, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 66, 67, 70, 73, 74, 76, 81, 87,
109, 118, 123, 126, 130, 177, 178, 216

Preece’s, Mr. W. H., Abstract of Replies of Manufacturers, 22

„ Discussion on Lightning Conductors, 131

„ Discussion on Earth Connection, 131

„ Abstracts by, 98, 102, 117, 130, 132, 241, 243

„ on Conductors, 100

„ „ Ball Lightning, 101, 102

„ Paper Discussion on, 102

„ Proper Form of Lightning Conductors, 132

„ Space protected, 135

Priestly, Dr., his Report, 79

Pringle, Sir John, his Report, 79

„ advocated use of points, 122

Protector (_See_ CONDUCTOR).

Protection, Area of, 6, 9, 13, 15, 16, 21, 22, 24, 57, 60, 64, 67, 71,
73, 82, 87, 96, 102, 106, 111, 112, 117, 123, 125, 134, 135, 137,
180, 192, 226, 230, 243

„ of buildings from lightning, 195

„ „ buildings from lightning, R. S. Brough, 132

„ „ iron from decay by galvanizing, 132

„ „ telegraph wires by lightning conductor, 130

„ partial, 194, 244

Prussia, accidents from lightning, 126

Purfleet, Board House struck, 76, 78, 88, 122, 126

Purity of copper essential, 124

Quadrangular iron bar for conductor (_See_ IRON, BAR OF).

Questions respecting damage by lightning, 28, 29

Radius of Protection (_See_ PROTECTION, AREA OF).

Railings to be joined to conductor, 125

Railway Terminus at Antwerp struck, 137

„ track makes capital earth, 117

Rain-water pipe as conductor, 37, 38, 41, 132, 213

Rat, Wet, indestructible by electricity, 85

Ravel, M. de Puy Contal, his proposal, 52

“Reception rod” of iron used in Germany, 125

Regnault, M., his reports, 66

Regnier’s system of lightning rods, 54, 57

Regulations for lightning conductors in Denmark, 176

Repellers, Glass, 186

Resistance of conductor varies with its length (_See_ AREA, SECTIONAL).
Retarding influence of electrostatic capacity, 133

Return shock mechanical in effect, 129

Ribbons and tubes still in use, 133

„ or rods offer less resistance than ropes, 204

%center%(_See also_ TAPE.)

Richard & Co., their tall chimney struck, 44

Richmann, Prof., killed, 1753, whilst experimenting, 121

Ridges, metallic conductor covering, 68, 177

Rittenhouse, Dr., of Philadelphia, his observations, 53

Rivets, copper, used for joints, 24

Robins, E. C., his report, 39

Robertson, J., his report, 76

Rochon, M., his report, 51, 57

Rods better than ropes or chains, 96, 204

„ solid copper, 10, 13, 14, 15, 73, 89, 117, 123, 184, 195

„ copper not fusible, 125

„ copper, their size, 70, 180

„ Earth terminals of (_which see_).

„ elevation, how coupled, 24

„ horizontal, on roof, 52, 118

„ how to be fastened to buildings, (_See_ ATTACHMENT).

„ iron, conductor, 10, 46, 47, 77, 99, 117, 177

„ „ tarred or galvanized, 104

„ „ the size of, 52, 58, 70, 74, 130

„ Joints in (_See_ JOINTS).

„ Lightning, and how to construct them, 102

„ Munson’s, 216

„ must be thoroughly joined, 52

„ not to be inside chimney, 111

„ of greatest length gives most protection, 137

„ of spirally twisted iron, 192

„ Points of (_See_ POINTS).

„ should be painted (_See_ PAINTED).

Rods, size of (_See_ CONDUCTOR, Size of).

„ Tie, must be connected with conductor, 60

„ to be diameter of chimney above top, 111

„ to be made of conical form, 129

„ will not divert electric fire from its path, 125

Rome, system of rods used there, 179

Roof, all metals in, to be connected, 60, 72

„ covered with metal, 37, 69, 177

„ lead, easily made into protector, 102

„ of wood or slate has conductor on ridge, 125

„ with masses of metal, difficult to protect, 7

Rope better than rod, 5, 10, 60, 111, 113, 131, 243

„ brass wire, 60, 124

„ conductor, how to fit to ship’s rigging, 6

„ „ lower end of to be opened, 11, 15

„ copper and zinc wire decayed, 205

„ copper better than iron for towns, 19

„ copper, its advantages and disadvantages, 8, 56, 63, 131, 134

„ copper wire, 10, 13, 14, 34, 37, 39, 60, 75, 103, 125, 131, 225,
226, 227

„ „ dimensions of, 8, 9, 223

„ „ has both surface and mass, 16

„ „ too expensive, 58

„ easily bent without angles, 19
„ „ joined, diverted, or lengthened, 19

„ hemp, for conductors, 56

„ Iron wire, 19, 58, 68, 125, 227, 243

„ „ „ smashed, 86

„ liable to corrosion on factory chimneys, 125

„ of thick copper wire, 226, 229

„ or cable, fringed out at upper terminal, 14

„ metallic, disadvantages of, 62, 63, 95, 204

„ for connecting points with metal bars, 55

„ with hemp strand in middle, 116, 227

„ Wire, conductor, badly erected, 39

„ damaged, 193

Rosherville Church struck though provided with a conductor, 34

Rounded and pointed conductors, 79 %center%(_See_ POINT.)

Route to earth for conductor, 126

Royal Society, Committee of, 76, 78, 79

Rules for erecting Conductors %center%(_See_ INSTRUCTIONS).

Russell, F. & Co., their answers, 9, 17

Rust increases electrical resistance, 70, 107

Sacré’s, M. E., system, 140

Safety from Lightning, Personal, 233

St. Ann’s Hotel, Buxton, struck, 34

St. Aubyn, J. P., 29

St. Clotilde Church, Paris, struck, 69

St. Eloi Church, Paris, struck, 69

St. George’s, Leicester, 126, 240

St. James’ Church, West-End, Hants, struck, 34

St. Mary’s, Crumpsall, near Manchester, struck, 39

St. Mark’s, Venice, 103

St. Matthias’s Church, Brixton, struck, 39

St. Michael’s Church, Stamford, struck, 43

St. Paul’s Cathedral, Accident to, 78

„ „ fitted with copper wire rope, 131

„ „ its immunity from injury by lightning, 103

St. Peter’s Church, Brighton, pinnacle struck, 48

St. Sepulchre’s Church, Northampton, struck, 37

St. Sulpice Church, Paris, struck, 69

Sanderson & Co., their answers, 23, 24

“Scientific American,” 118

Screen, metallic, a protection, 85

Secchi, P., 180

Sectional Area (_See_ AREA, SECTIONAL).

Sharp Points (_See_ POINTS).

Sheets, Iron, struck, 53

Sheet lightning is the reflection of forked, 101, 242

Ships struck, 53, 61, 62, 88, 95, 195, 205

„ conductors, 6, 90, 121, 122, 195, 199, 200

Short terminal points to chimneys, 125

Siemens, A., abstract by, 127

Silver Points (_See_ POINTS OF SILVER).

Simmons, J., his Essay, 81

Size of conductor (_See_ CONDUCTOR, SIZE OF). Small conductor replaced by heavier one, 194

Smoke discharged from chimney a conductor, 132

Smoke often destroys brass, 124

Snell, H. S., his report, 39

Soil, change in nature of, its effect, 71

„ dry, a non-conductor, 70

„ metallic veins beneath, 61

„ water beneath will attract lightning, 61

Soldered joints (_See_ JOINTS).

Solder, objectionable, 16

„ the use of, imperative, 20

„ „ not universal, 20

„ with copper, 103

Solid rods superseded by ropes of wire (_See_ ROPES), 131

South Foreland Lighthouse, 185, 186

Spagnoletti, Mr., discussion on lightning conductors, 131

Spang, H. W., Treatise on Lightning Conductors, 112, 181

Sparks from Holtz’s machine, 141

„ „ Ruhmkorff’s coil, 141

Space protected (_See_ PROTECTION, AREA OF).

Specific attraction, equal in all bodies, 73

„ heat of iron greater than copper, 132

Sphere, Metal, on top of conductors, 111

Spike of iron (_See_ POINT).

Spiral twisted iron rods, 192

Spires, Church, conductor for, how fixed, 23

Spire, Church, conductors for without joints, 24

Spires, connection from bottom of vane rod, 14

Spout, Iron, entered by lightning, 43

Spout split at joints, 45, 46, 47, 49

Spratt’s patent conductors, 205, 210, 215

Spurn Point High Light, 184

Square building to have terminal at each end, 125

„ wire, 13, 216

Staples for attaching conductor (_See_ ATTACHMENT).

Static discharges from conductors, 133

„ electricity, laws of, 132

Stays, Metal, 184,185

Steeple of Jacobi Church, at Hamburg, 129

Steeples to have horizontal conductors, 113, 125

Steeple with lightning rod injured, 124, 125

Steinheil’s lightning protector, 130

Sterriker, John, his report, 45, 46

Straps and nails (_See_ ATTACHMENT).

Strasbourg, accident at, 99

Straw conductors for country use, 104

Strata, water bearing, connection to be made with (_See_ EARTH
TERMINAL).

Stream of fire in rigging of ship, 54

Striking distance, 650 to, 6500 feet, 108

Stroke, lightning, 9 or, 10 miles, 108

Sullivan, Adml. 183, 195, 199

Sulphur Paste made of galena and melted, for end of conductor, 58

Sulphurous fumes destructive to terminals, 131

„ odour of lightning, 85

Sun burner to lofty building, 201

Superficial conductors, advantages of, 86

Supports of protector soldered with zinc, 140

Supposed perfect conductor, 131

Surface exposed to air considerable, 139

„ or mass, which conducts?, 13, 15, 18, 49, 74, 89, 132

Swan Cotton Mill, 239

Sweden, accidents from lightning, 126

Symons, G. J., 43, 46, 183

„ abstracts by, 74, 89, 99, 102, 104, 111, 115, 131, 132, 134, 135

Tacchini, Prof., 179, 180

Tait, Prof., on thunderstorms, 241

Tanks, 15, 71, 94, 107, 130

Tape, joints, if any, should be rivetted and soldered, 7

„ copper better than rope, 8, 204

„ „ objections to, 5, 6, 16

„ „ let into masts, 92

„ lower end to have a discharging fork, 11

„ Phin, upon, 103

„ to be cut in strips for earth terminal, 15, 23

„ copper, the sizes and lengths made, 7, 10, 14, 23, 70, 133

„ cheaper than rope, 8, 9

Tarred casing of wood to enclose iron, 125

„ metallic rope, 60

Taunton Church, large copper rope conductor, 8

Teale, F. G., of Calcutta, 181

Telegraph instruments injured, 100

„ poles, how protected, 101

„ wires affected underground, 101

Temperature, variations of, affecting length of conductor, 68, 125, 226

Terkelsen, C., abstract by, 106

Terminal area protected by (_See_ PROTECTION, AREA OF).

Terminals (_See_ POINTS).

Terminal, earth (_See_ EARTH TERMINAL).

Terminal for every, 20 ft. of roof, 125

„ how fastened to roof, 52

„ if numerous, should have proportionately thicker conductor (_See_
AREA, SECTIONAL).

„ long upper, 68, 77, 225, 229

„ jar roof by vibration by wind, 116, 127

„ not always pointed, 92, 125

„ painted or tinned, 55

„ rods, 17, 55, 66, 67, 72, 124

„ „ to branch out at top
%center%(_See_ POINTS).

„ Upper, how attached to conductor, 60

„ „ fused, 193

„ „ should be cased in lead to protect from sulphurous fumes, 131

„ „ to be a round rod, 125

„ „ to be iron or copper, 82

„ „ too small, 62

„ „ what it is, 59

„ „ what made of, 13

Terra Cotta water pipes, 180

Testing apparatus, 111, 225, 228, 243, 244

„ of building as well as of conductor, 9

„ of conductors with galvanometer, 9, 131

„ to be periodical, 132, 244

Theory of protection (_See_ PROTECTION, AREA OF).

Thimbles, glass, 186

Thomson, Prof. Sir W., on conductors, 47, 48, 49, 102, 133

Thunderstorms dangerous where no woods are, 119

„ in France, 1822, 123

„ nature of, 85

Ties, Metallic (_See_ ATTACHMENT).

Tin and lead conductors tried, 123

Tinfoil, experiments with, 199

Tinned metallic wire, 95

Tips (_See_ POINTS).

Tomes, J., F.R.S,, accident to his house, 210

Top conductor (_See_ CONDUCTOR RIDGE).

Torquay, no good earth there, 130

Tower of church struck, 29

„ of house struck, 37

Trees bad conductors, 127

Trees, High, their protective action, 85, 127, 243

„ injured while passing lightning to better conductor, 127

„ on plains attract lightning, 127

„ struck, 45, 47, 49

Trenches, Connections in, 72

„ filled with carbonaceous materials, 7, 12, 100, 125

„ in rocky or dry soil, 72
(_See also_ EARTH TERMINALS).

Trough, Oaken, for lower terminals to pass through, 56

Trinity House, 183

Tube conductor for Houses of Parliament, 199

„ Copper, 7, 10, 14, 70, 74, 133

„ „ having copper cable passing through it, 13

„ patent insertion joints, 7

„ Iron, 86, 117

„ conductors, why objectionable, 5

Turrets, conductors for, how fixed, 23, 24

Twyford Moors, near Winchester, 34

Underground connection (_See_ EARTH TERMINAL).

United States, accidents from lightning, 126

University Coll., Chimney struck, 38

University of Padua protected by conductors, 122

Upper terminal (_See_ TERMINAL UPPER and POINTS).

Upwood Gorse, Caterham, accident at, 210

Vaillant, Le Maréchal, his Report, 66

Vanes, how connected, &c., 10, 11, 14, 23, 39, 40, 52, 53, 104, 183,
185, 186, 202

Varley, C., quoted, 101

Venetians decreed to use lightning rods in Republic, 122

Ventilating pipes, 216

Vitreous tubes (Fulgurites) formed by electricity, 112

Vyle’s, S., rod & testing apparatus, 244

Walker, C. V., on conductors, 84

„ on Leyden discharges, 84

„ J., 187

„ Matthew, His knot, 16

Wall eyes of iron, 130

%center%(_See also_ ATTACHMENT).

Wandsworth, chimney of house struck, 38

Ward, G. G., of New York, 181

Water mains and underground water generally (_See_ EARTH TERMINALS).

Water spouts to be connected, 10, 226

Watson’s, Dr., conductor at Payneshill, 85

„ „ for ships, 121

„ report, 76, 79

Weathercock (_See_ VANES).

Weber, Dr. L., on lightning discharges in Schleswig Holstein, 127, 231

Week, St. Mary, the Church of, 29, 30

Weight of conductors (_See_ CONDUCTORS, SIZE OF).

Wells (_See_ EARTH TERMINALS).

Wells Church, Norfolk, destruction of, by lightning, 194

West side of house, rod to be on, 100

Wheatstone quoted, on fusion of rod, 83

Whichcord, J., his joint Report, 28

White, W. H., Secretary R.I.B.A., circular signed by him, 28

Wilkins & Weatherby, their answer, 4–6, 17

Wilson, Mr., his report and views, 76, 79

Wilson, R., on conductors on chimneys, 110

Wind, action of on conductors, 116, 127

Windmill with conductor struck, 128

Windows, copper, to magazines, 74

Winkler, Prof. J. H. (1746), electricity cause of thunderstorm, 129

Wire cables (_See_ ROPE).

„ cage as protection without use of earth, 132

„ melted into drops like shot, 195

„ of zinc melted, 107

„ rusted in earth and was useless, 107

„ square, 13, 216

Withers, J. B. M., his report, 40

Wood to be creosoted to form case for iron, 125

„ coated with resin, as a conductor, 54

Workhouse, how to be protected, 10

Wrexham Church struck, 126

Wrottesley, Col. G., R.E., his report, 40

Wrought iron (_See_ IRON).

Wyatt Papworth Church struck, 39

York, accident at, 219

Zenger’s, Prof. C., Symmetrische Blitzableiter, 104

Zinc better conductor than iron, 74

„ coating, 72

„ chimney of house struck, 37

„ cylinder, wire to pass through, 83

„ strips, 192

„ wire melted, 107

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. P. 170, changed “Annals of Electricity. 10 vols. 8vo. 18363–4” to “Annals of Electricity. 10 vols. 8vo. 1836”. 2. Silently corrected typographical errors and also variations in spelling. 3. Retained anachronistic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed. 4. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. 5. Enclosed bold font in =equals=. 6. Enclosed small font in ¤currency signs¤. 7. Superscripts are denoted by a caret before a single superscript character or a series of superscripted characters enclosed in curly braces, e.g. M^r. or M^{ister}. 8. Subscripts are denoted by an underscore before a series of subscripted characters enclosed in curly braces, e.g. H_{2}O.