Lippincott's Horn-Ashbaugh Speller For Grades One to Eight

Chapter II: Part 2

Text size

=Directions for Teaching.=--Read carefully the suggestions on pages vii to xvi. Read also the suggestions to teachers of the first four grades. See to it that your pupils attack their lessons in an aggressive manner. The pupils in grade five do considerable work in written composition, so it will be well to watch very closely the errors made in such work. Have the pupils learn all words misspelled in their written work, using the same method as in their regular spelling lessons.

Remember that the lessons are arranged by weeks rather than by days. The work for each week consists of one advance column and one review column. The review column in each case is the fourth column preceding the advance work. That is, it is made up of a week's work one month old. For example, column 5 contains 20 new words to be learned in one week. During the same week, column 1 should be reviewed. The lesson for the first week consists of column 1, which is the advance lesson, and of column R 1, which is the review.

R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4

running joined wrong broad

legal tax anyway cleaned

mental chapter greater eighty

process dread hurt everybody

booster farther junk froze

rural fully o'clock fruit

manual idea ordering granted

straight inspect anyhow kindest

enroll jar blew lamb

mamma kitchen chain leaf

rainy knowing enclosed liberty

owe dealing circus living

French expert gallon Mrs.

largely frozen greeting neat

cedar guess opening ocean

together moment noisy officer

term reached retail pencil

busy remind worm pretty

gain serve afterward program

intend valued among provided

Standard Number of Errors

IV. 13 IV. 8 IV. 8 IV. 7
V. 8 V. 4 V. 4 V. 3
VI. 5 VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 2

1 2 3 4

acting charming copy shed

Bible chum wait birth

closer clever edge speed

crib colt won odd

depending drilling brace mass

glasses earning beef youth

grandfather flesh enjoy fuel

maple formed joke worse

overlooked globe favor hare

painted hardware until loud

pending joyful peace jaw

planted lighting reply main

posted likewise frame wage

printer loaded rough tread

renting lucky family score

stranger painter slipper scale

tested reaching wishes cure

trained respond united rye

whereby red nerve graze

candle sash caused creep

Standard Number of Errors

IV. 5 IV. 7 IV. 7 IV. 8
V. 2 V. 3 V. 3 V. 4
VI. 1 VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 2

5 6 7 8

scare sore diner sewing

fifth gas burst steady

hers says listen dirty

ease whom powder ivory

scrap union pitcher turned

dose women voice eager

throw stuff linen bridge

tried crazy built freeze

checks tired fixed narrow

hasten force penny refuse

chore habit liked strike

notes piano taught insist

scrub cough rapid seemed

seems nurse finest caught

Ave. raise dairy valley

finds ought loyal comply

bulbs extra devil weary

grit appear organ reduce

dodge fourth await showed

weekly button blessed angry

Standard Number of Errors

IV. 8 IV. 8 IV. 8 IV. 8
V. 4 V. 4 V. 4 V. 4
VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 2

9 10 11 12

admire needed placing eighteen

bundle bottom reaches northern

runner figured somebody thirteen

sentence comfort movement amounting

shadow throat informed withdraw

insure stating handsome including

friendly surface inviting industry

papered foolish contained breaking

circle carried English post-office

gaining message helpful homestead

cooler central improved workmanship

Easter helped changing housekeeping

boiler active checking handled

elbow shoulder intended inclosing

enlarge closing visited returning

formal opened dealings settlement

regain played stamped nevertheless

bracelet covered watching language

amounts damage anybody hereafter

charged quickly pavement production

Standard Number of Errors

IV. 8 IV. 8 IV. 8 IV. 8
V. 4 V. 4 V. 4 V. 4
VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 2

13 14 15 16

picnic directed detail perfect

taxes fitting action capital

raising flavor ladies misplaced

repeat products latter writing

cheaper disposed manage subject

decline recovered parlor furnish

lowest discovered degree instead

cutting checked useful advance

stopped needle reason handling

proven cheerful season daughter

latest eleventh writer chairman

setting deeply second requested

conduct feeder record mountain

dancing German notice potatoes

devoted prevented direct answered

studies suffering cousin contract

hence crowded enjoyed treatment

skating coasting explain delightful

drafts divide married delivered

clearly shower highest answering

Standard Number of Errors

IV. 8 IV. 8 IV. 8 IV. 8
V. 4 V. 4 V. 4 V. 4
VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 2

17 18 19 20

sew ordered though import

deer factory during changes

join middle enclose builder

daily lonesome address mistake

prize placed perhaps baseball

began breakfast providing suitable

public postal ashamed relations

color beaten cottage appoint

field extend already department

cheap awaiting express nearer

prove package Saturday months

chest history greatest expect

waist obtain delighted preach

kept square shipment proved

known finished painting cheese

judge fifteen pleasure sleepy

settle waiting trouble frankly

woman invite several prices

dealer orange training poultry

health require slippery writer's

Standard Number of Errors

IV. 8 IV. 8 IV. 8 IV. 10
V. 4 V. 4 V. 4 V. 5
VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 3

21 22 23 24

buyer begun length ribbon

proof buggy normal adjust

spare sleet barrel notion

apply topic begged quoted

bluff chose submit unpaid

waste admit borrow employ

coach slept barley winner

honor upper weight famous

claim credit bigger gained

ample attend collar recess

lodge supply gotten served

blaze result object namely

level secure sleeve sorrow

aware couple debate misses

filing advice animal voting

shock dainty cities agreed

owned profit beauty offers

actor regret lonely artist

worst permit beyond factor

acted buying loving recite

Standard Number of Errors

IV. 10 IV. 10 IV. 10 IV. 10
V. 5 V. 5 V. 5 V. 5
VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 3

25 26 27 28

points truly bond lbs.

roast account sign bulk

soak feel fee Tues.

thumb quite quit germ

warn regard view solo

bathe suppose aid local

blouse advise loss skirt

cloud to-morrow diet worry

friends desire fund pupil

gorge further text quiet

plait enclosing aim break

stew question base owner

strain acre grip fever

stroll balance duet owing

wealth else film shown

guard hoping gravy crowd

juice except limb model

kegs statement lazy touch

lease minute bowl weigh

stitch oblige knot clerk

Standard Number of Errors

IV. 9 IV. 10 IV. 10 IV. 10
V. 5 V. 5 V. 5 V. 5
VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 3

29 30 31 32

saddle husband deserve Sunday

fitted parties illness Monday

insert putting neglect Tuesday

backed invoice reduced Wednesday

baking obliged sitting Thursday

struck evident stories Friday

forward product excited Saturday

against matters letting January

written climate breathe February

machine primary needing March

careful delayed offices April

student fashion captain May

greatly rapidly percent June

quarter noticed blossom July

correct plainly fullest August

lecture elected renewed September

holiday butcher serving October

include example silence November

pattern reserve uniform December

measure soldier although Christmas

Standard Number of Errors

IV. 10 IV. 10 IV. 10 IV. 5
V. 5 V. 5 V. 5 V. 2
VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 1

33 34 S-1 S-2

Sun. feet fireman acres

Mon. needed solve argue

Tues. main stable border

Wed. weigh starve mason

Thurs. weight stiff acid

Fri. freeze stingy China

Sat. grip switch civil

Jan. birth tablet harm

Feb. won undo false

Aug. sewing unpack acute

Sept. base verse deny

Oct. break grocer shove

Nov. prize whisper envy

Dec. peace clothes feat

Co. waste drawing tool

Dr. shown happens attic

Mr. waist pretend voted

Mrs. fourth groom muddy

St. capital olive shave

Ave. wait launch veal

Standard Number of Errors

IV. 5 IV. 9 IV. 9 IV. 9
V. 2 V. 6 V. 6 V. 6
VI. 1 VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 3

SIXTH GRADE DIRECTIONS TO SIXTH GRADE TEACHERS

The advance lessons numbered 1 to 32 inclusive contain 640 new words. The supplementary list containing 80 new words is meant for schools which, because of the long term or for other reasons, finish the minimum list of words before the end of the year. The lessons marked R-l, R-2, R-3, R-4, are made up of 80 words in the fifth grade list which are most commonly misspelled by sixth grade children.

=Directions for Teaching.=--Read the preface and study with particular care the suggestions given on pages vii to xvi. It would be well also to read the suggestions given to teachers of the first five grades. Give particular attention to the correction of all written work.

R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4

fund pattern buying advise

habit caught fee collar

owing writing invoice fever

parties buyer oblige quarter

proof couple opened to-morrow

pupil forward rough its

quiet gotten scrap hoping

sigh voting aid measure

until minute crazy owing

barrel needed enclosing level

clerk question greatly obliged

color sew grip putting

dealer throw loss regard

handling although ought touch

husband ample picnic truly

model quite profit weigh

parlor breakfast shown loving

placing delayed break crowd

though feel explain further

account fourth shock waste

Standard Number of Errors

V. 5 V. 6 V. 7 V. 8
VI. 3 VI. 4 VI. 4 VI. 5
VII. 1 VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 3

1 2 3 4

delivery entering improving accept

election dreadful performed herewith

continue dwelling crippled attack

property boarding requesting barrels

prospect following increasing cactus

shipping gentleman investment destroy

standard perfectly throughout pepper

enjoying Wednesday explained errand

properly directory addresses flowers

visiting intention regulation grower

relation happened containing nicer

promised reduction furnishing fabric

headache attending forwarding lemon

required countries friendship olives

gasoline obtained yourselves peaches

nineteen enjoyment deportment places

southern expressed Thanksgiving Day mitten

frighten presented headquarter regards

fourteen extending relationship sandy

outlined traveling collections cooky

Standard Number of Errors

V. 5 V. 5 V. 5 V. 5
VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 3
VII. 1 VII. 1 VII. 1 VII. 2

5 6 7 8

polite million problem wired

foggy total included exact

samples duties private humor

secured payable expected issue

sections cigar advising moral

severe final furnished bury

melons polls foundation royal

twelfth carrier geography sunny

escort worthy companion curly

buttons pastor location appeal

cabbage modern directly common

canon watched progress assist

consent feature refreshment entire

insects collect extended notify

jealous jury conversation period

laundry refused promotion burner

listed ideal adventure caller

pickle burden expecting concert

publish fortune protected carbon

hinges female concluded memory

Standard Number of Errors

V. 5 V. 5 V. 5 V. 6
VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 4
VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2

9 10 11 12

chilly personal encourage loam

presume reliable factories dirt

regular absolute inspector berth

special approved neglected due

advised attended ourselves piece

arrived commerce president loan

certain consider reception firm

connect honestly situation lose

justify increase instruction ache

liberal interest collection whose

musical moderate composition fault

natural prepared connecting passed

quality suffered connection taste

baggage charging consideration loose

bidding resulting construction lime

educate appointed correction wrap

happily corrected difference terms

seasons correctly instructed ditch

credits dangerous particular loans

instruct direction departments pity

Standard Number of Errors

V. 6 V. 6 V. 6 V. 7
VI. 4 VI. 4 VI. 4 VI. 4
VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2

13 14 15 16

queer important debating entirely

growth prepare gentlemen automobile

tight inquire believe effort

fare item attention section

chief lately information maybe

forced beautiful service arrange

group according future prompt

booth depot remember addressed

ninth forty condition recently

smooth hospital replying promptly

guide offered interested carefully

calm hello either allow

scarce channel advantage district

debts favorable different promise

strict February general instant

crew curtain therefore surprise

fern mentioned regarding mention

bass using arrive education

billed stayed success complete

braid fairly forenoon neighbor

Standard Number of Errors

V. 7 V. 7 V. 7 V. 7
VI. 4 VI. 4 VI. 4 VI. 4
VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2

17 18 19 20

alter chapel desired tanning

reset closet domestic weighed

gross seldom prepaid hurried

trial parent furnace minister

knows refund dentist supplied

limit cement entitle division

idle custom popular conclude

towel poetry average preacher

human apiece settled visitors

amply hereby bedroom complain

berry seller entered constant

ankle utmost failure current

ruin approve healthy rendered

abroad boarder sixteen director

manner brokers expects shopping

retire harmony sweater produced

tickle sleeper leading creamery

govern justice ironing exciting

potato observe wearing blooming

garage outlook receive cherries

Standard Number of Errors

V. 7 V. 7 V. 7 V. 7
VI. 4 VI. 4 VI. 4 VI. 4
VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2

21 22 23 24

remained vacant cases assure

mountains elope aloud easily

neighbors insult simply recent

wondering deem cellar effect

publisher width method volume

agreeable facts tongue system

machinery hymn sleigh social

oversight ideas height spirit

directors remit select avenue

preparing avoid toward author

addressing rifle violin prayer

durable drama camera excess

convention adopt wander liquid

pertaining bacon occurs search

considering satin fasten hungry

reputation motor enable others

permission avail secret league

blackberries arise relief surely

explaining apron parcel highly

remembering sweat likely compare

Standard Number of Errors

V. 7 V. 8 V. 8 V. 8
VI. 4 VI. 5 VI. 5 VI. 5
VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2

25 26 27 28

engine propose citizen adjusted

safely efforts capable soreness

poison thunder applied umbrella

desert useless courage landlady

decent possible grammar freshman

corset cashier prevail position

gloomy manager expired national

tomato decided affairs circular

relating absence portion purchase

theater support squeeze relative

earnest proceed reunion graduate

biggest concern journey supplies

consist neither disturb telegram

closely limited fearful discounts

grocery ability gallery commence

adopted assured instance indicate

colored attempt addition attached

tickled favored advanced maintain

shipper federal attain arranged

cabinet funeral confined hesitate

Standard Number of Errors

V. 8 V. 8 V. 8 V. 8
VI. 5 VI. 5 VI. 5 VI. 5
VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2

29 30 31 32

calves attacked invest New York

choice backward lettuce Chicago

clothe commands shipments Philadelphia

stalk carriage mileage Cleveland

debt catarrh questions Detroit

doubt combine muslin St. Louis

ghost composed nearest Boston

guest compared chickens Baltimore

laid condemned occurred Pittsburg

missed consult onions Los Angeles

priced culture oppose Buffalo

tract details eastern Milwaukee

route dismiss pamphlets Minneapolis

shipped materials partner Newark

signed fiction persons New Orleans

slight goodness persuade San Francisco

style forever procure Seattle

canned careless purple Washington

course granite quarrel Cincinnati

ere sprinkle scarcely Portland

Standard Number of Errors

V. 8 V. 9 V. 9 V. ( )
VI. 5 VI. 6 VI. 6 VI. ( )
VII. 2 VII. 3 VII. 3 VII. ( )

S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4

accent quinine kodak affect

members railway angel ashore

counter remains burial lemonade

affords sailor ceiling attempts

bearing session offend basement

Europe solely paragraph behave

confine subjects proceeds blister

garnet suburb quartet bloomers

griddle tackle reasons camping

hammer tartar diameter caved

humble wherein sandwich copied

induce homely suite driving

judging combined surround dropped

ignore relate suspect dizzy

mixture ditches tour dollars

outcome forage traveler darkness

packers grapevines housekeeper daytime

precious lying wholly fallen

pronounce major vinegar farmers

proposed injury carload finely

Standard Number of Errors

V. 9 V. 11 V. 11 V. 8
VI. 6 VI. 8 VI. 8 VI. 5
VII. 3 VII. 5 VII. 5 VII. 2

SEVENTH GRADE DIRECTIONS TO SEVENTH GRADE TEACHERS

The minimum lessons for this grade are numbered from 1 to 30 inclusive and contain 600 new words. The supplementary lessons contain 60 new words which are not so commonly used as those in the minimum lessons. As in preceding grades, these supplementary lessons are introduced in order to afford additional work for classes which finish the regular lessons before the end of the year. The lessons marked R-l, R-2, R-3, R-4, are made up of words from the sixth grade lessons which are most frequently misspelled by seventh grade children.

=Directions for Teaching.=--Read carefully the suggestions on pages vii to xvi. Read also the suggestions to teachers in the first six grades. As in grades four, five and six, the spelling errors found in pupils' compositions should be rigorously corrected.

R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4

decided easily interested lose

either instant likely clothe

extended neither delivery missed

favored mention doubt Dr.

hospital remit fern shipped

relative replying item strict

piece perfectly loose choice

queer purchase mentioned maintain

system surprise passed February

telegram absence spirit maybe

Wednesday circular supplies using

ache graduate support ability

believe instance toward nineteen

consist manager accept choose

favorable receive addressed moral

growth particular attempt regarding

indicate supplied assured stayed

lately tight biggest course

limited cashier cellar forenoon

minister fabric concern hello

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 5 VI. 5 VI. 7 VI. 8
VII. 3 VII. 3 VII. 4 VII. 5
VIII. 2 VIII. 2 VIII. 2 VIII. 3

1 2 3

slightly forgotten extensive

appeared represent quotation

assembly complaint seventeen

selected youngster effective

struggle nightgown interests

supposed certainly patent

enrolled satisfied comfortable

procured increased instructive

followed selection improvement

restless accomplish considered

internal doubtless importance

accounts entertain reasonable

contents advertise interesting

distance forwarded republican

describe justified themselves

overalls published represented

presents treasurer circulation

gathered connected subscriber

availing difficult appointment

gratitude described expression

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 5 VI. 5 VI. 5
VII. 3 VII. 3 VII. 3
VIII. 2 VIII. 2 VIII. 2

4 5 6

attraction bride whether

adjustment awful anxious

federation usual realize

introduction Prof. patient

remembered refer banquet

introduced gland exactly

graduation decide nervous

manufacture error suggest

connections madam expense

educational salary society

frightened broker article

quotations copies library

approached policy thereto

entertainment really junior

stockholders actual opinion

considerable design inasmuch

publication college arrival

satisfaction affair deposit

transportation pardon salesman

international purpose securing

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 5 VI. 7 VI. 7
VII. 3 VII. 4 VII. 4
VIII. 2 VIII. 2 VIII. 2

7 8 9

favors exercise balances

pudding material contemplate

uneasy medicine handkerchief

accuse knowledge neighborhood

discuss splendid installed

occur valuable surprised

entry establish dependent

cartoon purchased distribute

studied argument apartment

figuring lovingly services

motion carrying depositors

Bro. accident establishing

therein bicycle conditions

attach customer observation

writers received passenger

awaken situated requirements

stylish arriving destroyed

matron earliest possibly

drawer happiness underwear

porter continued conclusion

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 7 VI. 7 VI. 7
VII. 4 VII. 4 VII. 4
VIII. 2 VIII. 2 VIII. 2

10 11 12

fierce territory orchard

freight character suggesting

haste prefer acquaint

hauled description approach

heir operation biscuit

niece commercial canoe

strength democrat bungalow

quote finally consumption

source available cultivate

brief accordance interview

choir confidence review

coarse develop ruffle

meant etc. trolley

mere fortunate engage

sense satisfy ferry

herein receiving thereafter

type entitled prospects

based generally Pres.

urge expensive transactions

grippe previous altitude

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 8 VI. 8 VI. 8
VII. 5 VII. 5 VII. 5
VIII. 3 VIII. 3 VIII. 3

13 14 15

evidently qualities signature

instructor substitute ordinary

literary compelled relieve

applicant formerly influence

impose honorable government

thereof instrument investigation

enrollment politics series

genuine choosing afford

believing electrical favorably

constitution transit attorney

disposal authorized journal

extreme contemplated institute

lining estimated candidate

personality identify merchandise

prosperous letters distribution

tatting mercantile similar

blizzard worrying exhibit

cushion disgusted considerably

equally realizing renewal

gradually admission succeed

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 8 VI. 8 VI. 9
VII. 5 VII. 5 VII. 6
VIII. 3 VIII. 3 VIII. 4

16 17 18

strictly barely assistant

studying engineering industrial

elsewhere orchestra sirup

lading crocheting arrangements

impression illustrated inquiry

announce succeeded auction

development exclusively appreciated

explanation supervisor principal

sincere civics usually

stationary criticize circumstances

confer attitude variety

jobber congratulate presence

transact electricity practical

decision existing assistance

moisture prosperity equipment

administration talent registration

employee appearance duplicate

excitement inquiries particularly

acceptance planned absolutely

organize athletics basis

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 9 VI. 10 VI. 10
VII. 6 VII. 7 VII. 7
VIII. 4 VIII. 4 VIII. 4

19 20 21

business practice safety

pleasant beginning unusual

appreciate experience surplus

necessary acknowledge typhoid

probably benefit coupon

receipt subscription disagreeable

sincerely awfully heretofore

opportunity secretary welfare

inst. successful assurance

proposition premium auditor

foreign magazine exceptional

institution association assignment

examination certificate confirm

university commission possession

imagine excellent attendance

additional literature demonstration

alfalfa annual assume

terrible organization correspond

separate remittance goodbye

envelope arrangement consequently

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 10 VI. 10 VI. 10
VII. 7 VII. 7 VII. 7
VIII. 4 VIII. 4 VIII. 5

22 23 24

privilege readily recommend

guarantee vicinity definite

rheumatism corporation correspondence

guaranteed crochet courtesy

schedule assigned judgment

data ninety courteous

Latin sympathy thoroughly

majority disease Chautauqua

suggested planning efficiency

control advisable approval

established original senior

Christian merely furniture

operating practically regularly

patron science contemplating

religious advertisement difficulty

altogether semester issued

bargain quantity profession

engineer response allowed

responsible capacity examine

situated catalogue glorious

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 11 VI. 11 VI. 12
VII. 8 VII. 8 VII. 9
VIII. 5 VIII. 5 VIII. 6

25 26 27

certified associated custard

dismissal timothy double

develops accomplished resign

estimate tendency panel

heavily confirming pamphlet

horrible congratulation familiar

obligate illustrating sermon

traffic meter hustle

trifle reliability janitor

exceed resource occupy

finance examiner warehouse

overdo demonstrated envelop

residence carnival preside

camphor conservatory scholar

discussion consultation museum

galvanized enormous methods

interrupt legislation patience

intimate maturity fundamental

luncheon nickel accredited

mattress manufacturing continuous

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 11 VI. 11 VI. 12
VII. 8 VII. 8 VII. 8
VIII. 5 VIII. 5 VIII. 5

28 29 30

adapted buried rhubarb

almonds marked initials

analyze foliage confidential

capitol heading irrigate

faculty locally mutually

formula luxury engaged

mutual medium Vice Pres.

nursery quietly circulars

quoting rabbits exercised

salad razor childhood

scenery refers vegetable

tobacco reverse packages

towards shining terribly

opera solid desirable

urgent survey determine

via turkeys shortage

visitor visits rainfall

widow vomit wherever

accompany wasted fertilizers

apricot confess adequate

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 10 VI. 9 VI. 10
VII. 7 VII. 6 VII. 7
VIII. 4 VIII. 3 VIII. 4

S-1 S-2 S-3

items willow muscle

honey gospel guilty

stormy wisdom soldiers

stupid naughty handles

negro slowly hearty

tailor expand helper

sire arises somehow

rally sewed raisin

toilet murder jewels

tower miner napkin

unload holy dessert

upset vigor lessons

utter lawyer marble

vice crown scatter

vessel vague millers

wages votes minded

warmly yacht roomer

repay cable earlier

mercy create remarks

whistle ladder kindle

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 7 VI. 7 VI. 7
VII. 4 VII. 4 VII. 4
VIII. 2 VIII. 2 VIII. 2

EIGHTH GRADE DIRECTIONS TO EIGHTH GRADE TEACHERS

The minimum lessons for this grade are numbered from 1 to 25 inclusive, and contain 500 new words. There are in addition 240 supplementary words which are new, but which are not so frequently used as those in the minimum list. The four lessons marked R-1, R-2, R-3, R-4, are made up of those words in the preceding grades which are most frequently missed by eighth grade students. The lesson marked "Special Review," contains the hardest words, of the two thousand most frequently used in correspondence.

In addition, there are four letters which should be given as dictation exercises. These letters contain a large number of words which are very likely to be misspelled, as shown by their frequency of use in correspondence and the percentage of error of eighth grade pupils who attempt to spell them.

R-1 R-2 R-3

Chautauqua planning separate

schedule remittance advisable

guaranteed probably awfully

rheumatism sincerely disease

privilege arrangement sense

efficiency considerably familiar

inst. capacity merely

judgment corporation presence

recommend usually receiving

thoroughly choir similar

correspondence inquiry variety

courteous renewal crochet

semester alfalfa imagine

practically basis organization

opportunity benefit successful

literature catalogue sympathy

absolutely excellent appreciated

receipt necessary assigned

definite quantity assistant

guarantee response pleasant

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 15 VI. 13 VI. 12
VII. 12 VII. 9 VII. 8
VIII. 9 VIII. 6 VIII. 5

R-4 1 2

relieve convince reference

surprised transfer companies

appreciate independent discourage

assistance investigate insurance

candidate wholesale inclined

certificate democratic organized

distribution employer ambition

magazine exception attractive

principal confident credited

readily advertised notified

registration constantly operated

commission manufacturer worried

equipment sanitary automatic

exhibit submitted accord

nervous liable frequently

practical evidence management

regularly concerning generous

succeed assuring involved

uneasy positive misunderstanding

duplicate superior representation

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 10 VI. 7 VI. 7
VII. 7 VII. 4 VII. 4
VIII. 4 VIII. 2 VIII. 2

3 4 5

invitation contrary abstract

celebrate entertaining employed

discontinued examined register

respectfully profitable resident

obligation registered vision

occupied reservation favorite

application universal nephew

accordingly requirement regardless

collecting deliveries satisfactory

convinced desiring serious

destination conference Hallowe'en

agriculture strawberries pneumonia

fashionable advancement appendicitis

combination decrease ingredients

resigned deserved phosphorus

membership triumph telephone

supervision graduating temperature

clause hustling possibilities

activity numerous temptation

impossible raiser constructed

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 7 VI. 7 VI. 10
VII. 4 VII. 4 VII. 7
VIII. 2 VIII. 2 VIII. 4

6 7 8

Pullman librarian superintendent

cistern agricultural occasion

customers announcement representative

sight-seeing completely possibility

warrant ballot all right

acknowledged cooperative especially

electric cordial committee

borrowers inferior immediately

circumstance preliminary analysis

opposite disappointed bulletin

edition physical mortgage

excursion exceptionally referred

patronage annually referring

professor exhausted convenience

restaurant responsibility allotment

commencement algebra installment

chaperon executive advertising

thesis permanent administrator

possess soliciting straightened

physician alumni epidemic

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 12 VI. 12 VI. 13
VII. 8 VII. 9 VII. 10
VIII. 5 VIII. 6 VIII. 7

9 10 11

vary specially ambitions

duly extremely appreciation

leisure calendar communication

acquire originally commissioner

agency official exhibition

immense candidacy mechanical

hastily extension specification

various naturally consequence

unlock cordially disappoint

solicit customary remembrance

medical campaign authority

license financial appreciating

client associate interfere

Sabbath acquainted sufficient

injure personally cooperating

stomach immediate relieved

notary esteemed cooperation

surgery executed anticipate

losing postscript preparation

council convenient satisfactorily

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 15 VI. 13 VI. 13
VII. 10 VII. 10 VII. 10
VIII. 6 VIII. 7 VIII. 7

12 13 14

individual bonus patronize

actually unusually probably

merit disappointment reverend

fertilize X-ray manufactured

necessity canvass typewriter

community enthusiasm enclosure

bureau accompanying illustrate

grateful tuberculosis preserve

correspondent politician opportune

quantities anticipating appetite

thorough characteristic bronchitis

compliment anniversary discussed

geometry zephyr privileged

regretting peculiarities courtesies

equipped assortment desirous

prior illustration promenade

efficient inducement strenuous

affectionately label kimono

lieutenant practicing ultimo

fraternally amendment aggravate

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 14 VI. 14 VI. 15
VII. 10 VII. 11 VII. 12
VIII. 7 VIII. 8 VIII. 8

15 16 17

principle articles decomposed

professional bachelor developing

circuit benefits embroidery

acquaintance infected employment

scientific minimum enjoyable

inconvenience miserable immensely

enthusiastic objection experiment

recd. opinions facilities

assessment sidewalk gardening

materially stopping inventory

recommendation tomatoes irrigation

supplement treasure mentioning

confirmation vineyard memorandum

occasionally advantages measuring

apparatus asparagus officials

essential carpenter operations

unnecessary casseroles previously

accommodate catalogues proportion

affidavit comfortably specimens

definitely temporary spineless

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 15 VI. 12 VI. 12
VII. 13 VII. 8 VII. 8
VIII. 9 VIII. 5 VIII. 5

18 19 20

cafeteria accommodation nowadays

squirrels accommodations steadily

straighten acknowledging butter-fat

substantial acknowledgment contented

suggestion advantageous conveyance

twenty-five anticipation scholarship

undertake communications cooperate

communicate financially cucumbers

complement incidentally everywhere

continually kindergarten impatient

conveniently manufacturers inquiring

unpleasant preliminaries missionary

unfortunate solicitation organizing

institutions undoubtedly positively

progressive beautifully sometimes

prospective presentation separately

publications remittances sediments

gymnasium unfortunately rosebushes

memorandums unexpected rheumatic

uncomfortable vice president correspondents

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 12 VI. 13 VI. 12
VII. 8 VII. 10 VII. 9
VIII. 5 VIII. 7 VIII. 6

21 22

Ala. (Alabama) Md. (Maryland)

Alaska Mass. (Massachusetts)

Ariz. (Arizona) Mich. (Michigan)

Ark. (Arkansas) Minn. (Minnesota)

Cal. (California) Miss. (Mississippi)

Colo. (Colorado) Mo. (Missouri)

Conn. (Connecticut) Mont. (Montana)

Del. (Delaware) Nebr. (Nebraska)

D. C. (District of Nev. (Nevada)

Columbia) N. H. (New Hampshire)

Fla. (Florida) N. J. (New Jersey)

Ga. (Georgia) N. Mex. (New Mexico)

Hawaii N. Y. (New York)

Idaho N. C. (North Carolina)

Ill. (Illinois) N. Dak. (North Dakota)

Ind. (Indiana) Ohio

Iowa Okla. (Oklahoma)

Kans. (Kansas) Oregon

Ky. (Kentucky) Pa. (Pennsylvania)

La. (Louisiana) R. I. (Rhode Island)

Me. (Maine)

Standard Number of Errors

VI. ( ) VI. ( )
VII. ( ) VII. ( )
VIII. ( ) VIII. ( )

23 24

S. C. (South Carolina) A. M. (Forenoon)

S. Dak. (South Dakota) Agt. (Agent)

Tenn. (Tennessee) Assn. (association)

Tex. (Texas) A1. (First class)

Utah

Vt. (Vermont) bbl. (barrel)

Va. (Virginia) bbls. (barrels)

Wash. (Washington) bldg. (building)

W. Va. (West Virginia) bu. (bushel)

Wis. (Wisconsin) Capt. (Captain)

Wyo. (Wyoming) C.O.D. (Collect on

Cuba Delivery)

Philippine Islands c; ct. (cent)

Porto Rico cr. (credit)

Co. (Company or cwt. (hundredweight)

County) doz. (dozen)

Messrs. (Gentlemen) gal. (gallon)

R.F.D. (Rural Free ft. (foot or feet)

Delivery) F.O.B. (Free on Board)

Hon. (Honorable)

acct. (account) i.e. (that is)

Dr. (Doctor or debtor) N. B. (take notice)

Treas. (Treasurer)

Standard Number of Errors

VI. ( ) VI. ( )
VII. ( ) VII. ( )
VIII. ( ) VIII. ( )

25 Special Review

Jour. (Journal) Chautauqua

in. (inch or inches) fraternally

mdse. (merchandise) schedule

ass't (assistant) guaranteed

Jr. (Junior) privilege

Mdlle. (Mademoiselle) affectionately

mfg. (manufacturing) guarantee

oz. (ounces) rheumatism

sec'y (secretary) judgment

pkg. (package) efficiency

pr. (pair) recommend

pd. (paid) referred

P. M. (afternoon) disappoint

mgr. (manager) immediately

P. S. (postscript) referring

pub. (publisher) equipped

qt. (quart) grateful

St. (Saint or street) bulletin

Supt. (superintendent) all right

viz. (namely) mortgage

Standard Number of Errors

VI. ( ) VI. (16)
VII. ( ) VII. (13)
VIII. ( ) VIII. (10)

S-1 S-2 S-3

descend postpone resources

necktie political respectable

swallow elaborate sentiment

nonsense exporting seriously

oatmeal kidney suddenly

wireless locations tablespoon

afloat memorial telegraph

tiresome muscular preparatory

horseback negotiate commencing

housework peculiar warranted

wealthy unlikely occupant

scarlet purposes performance

whiskers readiness physiology

scissors recognize bacteria

scramble remaining beginner

scribble resemble beneficial

sweetness military proportions

heaviest blossoms intentions

slippers coloring accustomed

accepted chemical opposition

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 9 VI. 9 VI. 12
VII. 6 VII. 6 VII. 8
VIII. 3 VIII. 3 VIII. 5

S-4 S-5 S-6

attempting expressing machines

economize expressions honored

carelessness suggestions endorsed

stenographer likelihood occasional

decoration manufactures epistle

particulars maintained misspell

grandmother maintaining innocent

extravagance occasions inferred

firecracker notwithstanding matured

exposition remitting proffer

partially sentiments invested

pleasantly specialty logic

congenial unsettled audited

carnation beforehand academy

gophers misunderstand formally

whatsoever alteration importing

demonstrate apologies masonic

disposition appreciates mutilate

embroider contribution shelving

prescription developments socialist

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 12 VI. 12 VI. 12
VII. 8 VII. 8 VII. 8
VIII. 5 VIII. 5 VIII. 5

S-7 S-8 S-9

tenement accorded comment

thereabouts activities descriptive

transacted adjustable declamation

indigestion affectionate deducted

interruption undershirt economical

facilitate appropriate encouragement

facility approximately endeavor

fraternity cemetery endeavoring

inaugurate commodities expectation

mathematics comparatively faculties

reciprocate critical feasible

tabernacle introduce financing

thermometer dreadfully hysterics

vivisection dividend ignoramus

affiliated purchases inability

appreciative directories industrious

indefinitely disaster pocketbook

probability dictionary representatives

informal depositing instructions

dressmaker depository sufficiently

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 13 VI. 12 VI. 12
VII. 10 VII. 8 VII. 9
VIII. 7 VIII. 5 VIII. 6

S-10 S-11 S-12

detain alcohol exceedingly

deprive charity insignificant

exhaust comedy wonderfully

whoever imitate measurement

expire invalid sacrifice

faithful lovable sarcastic

frequent operate satisfying

happiest opium selecting

disgust remodel temperance

apology taxicab thoughtfulness

homelike allowing marriage

hopeful borrowing unanswered

intrude chocolate undertaking

lantern promises willingly

liquor conductor population

output congress advisability

outrage decorate agreement

physic deposits celebration

becoming developed comparison

discount discover emergency

Standard Number of Errors

VI. 9 VI. 10 VI. 12
VII. 6 VII. 7 VII. 9
VIII. 3 VIII. 4 VIII. 6

USE OF THE CONTRACTION

One of the first things to learn in writing letters is that the form and style of the letter must be suited to the message which the letter contains, and to the relationship which exists between the person who sends the letter and the one who is to receive it. The style of business letters must be clear, direct, and dignified. With certain exceptions, as in sales letters, such letters are usually made very impersonal. On the other hand, personal letters are quite properly regarded by many as a sort of conversation in writing. In writing to friends or to relatives one usually desires to be informal. One of the ways of achieving this informality is through the use of colloquial English and contractions. In the past, many teachers of English have cautioned students against the use of contractions in letters; but an examination of the correspondence of writers whose letters are regarded as models shows that most of these authors use contractions very freely. If you will read the letters of Henry Adams, Stevenson, Gray, Henry James, Lamb, Carroll, Walpole, Keats, Emily Dickinson, Thackeray, Dickens, and others, you will see that in writing to friends and members of their families they wrote much as they would have chatted with those to whom the letters were addressed.

In general, then, contractions are to be used only in informal or friendly correspondence. In letters to strangers and in most business correspondence they should be avoided. Perhaps the best guide to the proper use of contractions is to be found in the models of writers who are famous for their personal letters.

can't "You can't be too careful." (Lamb)

don't "... for, O, I don't know how long." (Stevenson)

doesn't "He doesn't agree with them all ..." (Stevenson)

won't "This sort of thing won't do." (H. James)

it's "... It's a glorious afternoon ..." (E. Dickinson)

I'm "I'm three parts through Burns; ..." (Stevenson)

I'll "I'll try to improve it ..." (Stevenson)

haven't "... I haven't yet had time to give ..." (H. James)

you'll "You'll never guess; ..." (Carroll)

isn't "It isn't like gold ..." (E. Dickinson)

I've "So I've been idle." (Stevenson)

we'll "We'll finish an education sometime ..." (E. Dickinson)

wouldn't "... but Stephen wouldn't allow it ..." (Stevenson)

didn't "... I didn't see him." (Fitzgerald)

I'd "Another shot and I'd have gone to kingdom come." (Stevenson)

you'd "... and I beg you'd believe me ..." (Gray)

hadn't "... if you hadn't seen her ..." (H. James)

hasn't "This ought to have made me gay, but it hasn't." (Stevenson)

couldn't "If it were easy to write a play, I couldn't ... think
of it." (H. James)

wasn't "Wasn't it curious?" (Carroll)

DICTATION EXERCISES

The following letters contain a large number of words which occur with relatively high frequency in correspondence, and are quite likely to be misspelled by persons of eighth grade education. They should be dictated in short phrases of three to five words without repetition, pausing after each dictated phrase for the children to write. The rate should be such, however, that the dictation and writing will be completed in the time designated in the note preceding each letter. On the average this will be about one and one-half lines per minute. A little practice will enable the teacher to dictate at this rate without difficulty.

Pupils should be able to write these letters at the given speed without hesitation or error of spelling before they have completed the work of this grade.

LETTER NO. 1

This letter should be dictated in three sections. The first exercise extends to the end of the first paragraph, including the heading and salutation, and should be written in 8 minutes. The second exercise includes the second and third paragraphs and should be written in 9 minutes. The third exercise completes the letter and should be written in 6-1/2 minutes.

Des Moines, Iowa,
June 2, 1920.

DEAR MAMMA,

I suppose you feel that I have been very slow about writing, but I haven't had a minute for either letter writing or pleasure the past few days. I took my last test this forenoon--the terrible and much dreaded literature examination. It lasted from ten o'clock until noon, and though it was different from what I had expected I think I got along all right. I probably won't get an excellent grade, for I just had to make a guess at one answer I didn't know, but you can't imagine how happy I am to be all through. Tomorrow will be the last day of school and our superintendent is going to let us celebrate with a class party.

Aunt Lucy wants me to stay with her another month, but I am coming home Saturday, for I know I'll be eager to get back to the farm just as soon as we have good weather again. Last Sunday I accepted Edith's invitation to spend the day with her. She lives about thirty miles from Des Moines, and I enjoyed the drive over the country roads. I'm sure I'll never lose my love for the farm.

I must tell you, too, about Edith's brother, a lieutenant, who got his commission at the same time John did. He is personally acquainted with John's captain and knew several other men in that company. I was very much interested in his account of his army experiences.

I appreciated the check you enclosed in your last letter, for I needed some money for my new dress. I never realized before this year how much it costs to clothe a girl. I wish you were here to advise me what kind of material to get. I miss your judgment when I try to go shopping alone. Aunt Lucy's voile dress has given her a great deal of service, and so I think I'll decide on that material for my best summer dress.

Remember me to the boys when you write, and give my love to Grandmother. I do hope her rheumatism is better.

Affectionately,

HELEN.

LETTER NO. 2

This letter should be dictated in two sections. The first exercise extends to the end of the first paragraph, including the heading and salutation, and should be written in 12 minutes. The second exercise completes the letter and should be written in 7 minutes.

October 18, 1920.

Iowa Land and Loan Company,
706-712 Commerce Building,
Des Moines, Iowa.

GENTLEMEN,

We take this occasion to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 17th inst., and sincerely appreciate the interest which you have shown in our association. We must find a permanent location for our Chautauqua, and believe that we have found lots which will be satisfactory, especially since they are in a really pleasant locality, convenient to the college. Since it will be necessary to investigate this business opportunity immediately, we are referring the matter to a committee and we feel the analysis of the situation will be complete. The committee to which this matter is referred will probably recommend giving a mortgage but quite certainly will receive advice on this point from representative citizens. The money to carry on the investigation is in the First National Bank, the certificate of deposit being in the hands of the treasurer of the association.

If possible the members of the association would like to issue the bulletin which contains the course by the beginning of the season, whether the matter of permanent grounds is thoroughly investigated, or not. Experience has taught us, too, that the bulletins are received with more enthusiasm at an early date.

The truly awful accident of last year in which two people were killed when the tent fell will have its influence on our present campaign for a permanent building.

Kindly give this matter your attention at your earliest convenience.

Respectfully yours,

HENRY JONES.

LETTER NO. 3

This letter should be dictated in two sections. The first exercise extends to the end of the second paragraph and should be written in 7 minutes. The second exercise completes the letter and should be written in 9 minutes.

Minneapolis, Minnesota,
March 26, 1920.

DEAR FATHER,

You can see from the article which I enclose that we did not disappoint our principal, even though it has been impossible to practice during the past week. Under the circumstances it doesn't seem possible that we could have won, but maybe our success was due to having no practice before the game. Some of the teams seemed rather over-trained.

The coach changed me to right forward, although, as you know, I usually play at guard. I suppose there was a doubt in his mind as to whether I could guard the tall forwards on some of the teams.

Our team never played together better. We didn't have so great a variety of plays as some of the other teams, but relied almost entirely upon our short passing game. What I liked especially was that there wasn't a single poor official. One of the officials was the man who spoke last fall on our community health program.

I suppose the team will reach home Saturday night. I am sure that we ought not to stay here later than Saturday noon. The teams were entertained at the various fraternity houses and the men have been very much crowded to make room for us. We certainly appreciate the good treatment we have received from these men and from everyone.

Affectionately, your son,

HARRY.

LETTER NO. 4

This letter should be dictated in three sections. The first exercise extends to the end of the second paragraph, including the heading and the salutation, and should be written in 9 minutes. The second exercise includes the rest of the letter and should be written in 12 minutes. Not more than one exercise should be given in one day.

Newark, New Jersey,
December 3, 1920.

Mr. Frank A. Hardy, Managing Editor,
National Insurance Journal,
Boston, Massachusetts.

MY DEAR MR. HARDY,

I am glad to make an immediate reply to your inquiry of December 1, regarding Miss Henry's qualifications.

It is now eight years since Miss Henry first took a position with us. She began as mail clerk, working up rapidly through the ranks, until she became private secretary to Mr. Baldwin, President of the Central Insurance Company, in which capacity she has served for four years, becoming an important part of the institution. We have found her always courteous, thoroughly efficient in her work, and absolutely reliable.

She is well equipped for a position on an insurance publication because of her magazine writing, which she has been doing in connection with a course in journalism at the university this year. She has been most successful in this work and hopes to find time to do more of it during the summer term if her schedule will permit. It was only because of her great desire to continue her education that we were willing to accept her resignation, and we knew that this year's work at the university would mean a broader field for her in the future.

I am enclosing a record of Miss Henry's work, on the usual form kept for each employee, showing the approximate progress she made during her eight years with us and her increased value to the company, and I am also sending under separate cover Miss Henry's photograph, as you suggested.

Hoping I may hear from you further if there is any additional information you require, I am

Very sincerely yours,

JOHN SMITH.

SUPPLEMENT WHICH CONTAINS CERTAIN RULES AND DEFINITIONS OFTEN TAUGHT AS A PART OF THE COURSE OF STUDY IN SPELLING

As a part of the course of study in spelling, there is occasionally found a provision for word study and for teaching certain rules and definitions. The following supplement is added as a guide in schools which make such a requirement. Ordinarily such topics as derivation of words, root prefixes, suffixes, homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, and hyphens are taught, either as a part of composition or as a part of dictionary exercises.

The value of teaching spelling rules is still somewhat a matter of controversy, although the weight of experimental evidence seems to indicate that children do not profit from a study of the rules in spelling, as much as they profit from the same amount of time spent in the direct study of the important words covered by these rules. However, since some city and state courses of study require the teaching of the rules, it seems advisable to put the more important rules in this supplement.

An effort has been made to state these rules in the simplest manner possible, within the limits of accuracy. Great care has been taken, also, to tabulate, for each rule, the words frequently used in correspondence, which are exceptions.

The teacher should understand clearly that it is not the intention of the authors to have these rules take the place of the direct teaching of any word. Rather they are to be regarded as supplementary exercises. It is doubtful whether much attention should be given to rules before grade seven.

DERIVATION OF WORDS

Often one word is built up from several words or syllables. The most important part of such a built-up word is called the root, or base. This root or base had an original meaning which is usually clear, especially in purely English words, as in-side, happi-ness, etc. Many built-up or derivative words are from other languages. A few examples may help to illustrate:

1. international--Latin inter (between) plus nation (nation) plus
al (pertaining to)--between nations, pertaining to intercourse
between nations.

The root is "nation."

2. extraordinary--Latin extra (on the outside, out of) plus
ordinarius (ordinary)--out of the ordinary, unusual.

The root is "ordinar."

3. provide--Latin pro (before) plus vid (to look or see)--to look
before or ahead, to look out for in advance.

The root is "vid."

4. convention--Latin con (together) plus ven (to come) plus tion
(act of)--act of coming together--meeting.

The root is "ven."

Many roots or bases are taken directly from the English:

1. out-come--act of coming out--that which comes out of something
else--result.

2. in-side--inner side or surface.

3. cheer-ful--full of cheer.

4. happi-ness--state of being happy.

In studying these words, you may have noticed that something besides the root or base is needed to make the meaning clear. The other two parts which help to make up words are called prefixes and suffixes. These will be taken up separately.

PREFIXES

A prefix is a word or syllable placed before another word, and so completely joined to it that it changes the meaning of the basic word.

NOTE TO TEACHER:--Have the pupils select in the lessons of your
grade, words which have similar prefixes.

As you can see in the list below, the final consonant of a prefix has often been changed to make the pronunciation easier, but does not disappear when added to the stem. Thus, ad-cord became ac-cord, ad-fect became af-fect, etc.

SUFFIXES

A suffix is a syllable or word which is added to the end of another word to change the meaning of the basic word.

NOTE TO TEACHER:--As the suffix is often closely connected with
the root of the word, not much stress will be laid on learning
suffixes by themselves. A few of the more common ones will be
noted.

HOMONYMS

A homonym is a word pronounced exactly like another, but differing from it in meaning. A few homonyms are spelled in the same way, as "weed," a garment, and "weed," a plant. Only a small group of the more common type will be given here.

NOTE TO TEACHER:--It has been deemed advisable to omit giving an
extensive list of homonyms here. You may refer the pupils to the
lists of homonyms which occur in the regular spelling lessons of
the first five grades. For example, the following lists are among
those which contain homonyms:--16 in grade I; 18, 19, 20, in
grade II; 12 words in 28 of grade III; 32 in grade IV; etc.

SYNONYMS

Synonyms are words that have almost the same meaning. If you were to look up the simple words "cut" and "ask" you would find the following synonyms:

For "cut"--carve, lance, bite, dissect, snip, saw, slice, slit, slash, etc.

For "ask"--beg, crave, entreat, beseech, implore, move, plead, solicit, etc. No two of these synonyms mean exactly the same thing, but they express different shades of the same meaning.

Practice Exercises: Find as many synonyms as you can for the following words:

best
decide
effort
deceive
imagine
dark
time
form
pleasure
public

Any lesson in the book may be used for an exercise in discovering synonyms.

ANTONYMS

Words of opposite meaning are called antonyms. For example, black--white; big--little; and open--closed, are so named.

Practice Exercises: Try to think of antonyms for the following words:

cold
come
dull
inside
fat
front
good
high
in
large
up
long
new
poor
slow
spring
sweet
tall
wet
winter

THE HYPHEN

Authorities differ in regard to the use of the hyphen. However, there are two rules which always hold good: (1). The hyphen is used to separate compound adjectives; (2). The hyphen is used to show, at the end of a line, that a word has been divided. (Such a word must be divided between syllables.) In other cases, when you cannot decide whether or not to use a hyphen, consult the dictionary used in your school. It is much less frequently used than formerly.

RULES FOR SPELLING

=I. Formation of Possessives=

1. The following list is made up of words in the singular number. To form the possessive, add an apostrophe and "s."

horse's head
man's coat
girl's dress
boy's shoes
soldier's uniform
child's laugh
sheep's wool
sister's hat

2. The following list is made up of plural nouns that do not end in "s." To form the possessive, add an apostrophe and "s."

children's clothes
men's shirts
women's praise
gentlemen's plans

3. The following list is made up of plural nouns ending in "s."

To form the possessive, add only an apostrophe.

miles' walk
girls' clothing
years' word
pupils' attention

=II. Treatment of the final consonant before a suffix=

1. The following list contains words of one syllable. Notice that each word ends in a consonant, and that in every word there is a single short vowel preceding it. In all such words, the final consonant is doubled before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel.

big--bigg (er) (est)
drop--dropp(ed) (ing)
stop--stopp(ed) (ing)
plan--plann(ed) (ing)
begin--beginn(er) (ing)

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Lippincott's Horn-Ashbaugh Speller For Grades One to EightChapter II: Part 2

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