Chapter M

Machiavelli, studied by La Fontaine, I. 154. Frederic the Great's work against the principles of, II. 40.

Maillezieux, bishop of, correspondence of Rabelais with the, I. 28. 30. "Letters from Italy" to, 37.

Maine, duchess du, festivities at her château of Sceaux, II. 48.

Maintenon, madame de, I. 87. Her portrait of the duke de la Rochefoucauld, 88. Her friendship for madame de Coulanges, 234. Anecdotes of, 236. 237. 248. 282. 283. 320. 322. 323. Her estate of Maintenon, II. 21.

Mairet, his tragedy of "Sophonisbe," I. 44.

Malesherbes, M. de, Rousseau's correspondence with, II. 136. His benevolent attentions to Rousseau, 151. 152.

Manardi, Medical Epistles of, I. 37.

Mancini, nieces of cardinal Mazarin, I. 159. 172.

Marmontel, M., his visit to Voltaire at Ferney, II. 90-94.

Marot, Clément, admired by La Fontaine, I. 154.

Marsillac, prince de, I. 65. His advice to the duchess de Chevreuse, 66. _See_ Duke de la Rochefoucauld.

Marsillac, prince de, son of the above, assists the duke of Rochefoucauld in the battle of St. Antoine, I. 81. Espouses his cousin, Mlle. de la Roche-Guyon, 83. Attends the duke his father in his last illness, 89.

Mattecoulon, M. de, brother to Montaigne, I. 15.

Maucroix, poet and scholar, I. 154.

Maupertuis, M. de, II. 39. 65. His dissension with Voltaire at Potzdam, 66. "Akakia," a satire by Voltaire on, 66. 67. He challenges Voltaire, who laughs at him, 68.

Maurepas, count de, II. 45. 295. 302.

Mauroy, poetry of, I. 265.

Mazarin, cardinal, succeeds Richelieu, I. 66. Is minister in the regency of Anne of Austria, 66. Imprisons the princes Condé, Conti, and Longueville, 72. Is obliged to fly, 73. Successes of, in the royal cause, 81. Is displaced for a time, for the sake of an accommodation of the civil dissensions, 82. On his return to power he permits de la Rochefoucauld to appear at court, 84.

Mazarin, duchess of, I. 159. 172.

Ménage, instructs Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, I. 216.

Mersenne, le Père, scientific correspondence of, I. 192.

Mirabeau, Gabriel Honoré, marquis of, descended from an Italian family named Arrighetti, II. 195. His grandfather, Jean Antoine, 196. His father, comte Victor de Mirabeau, wrote "L'Ami des Hommes," 197. The comté's marriage, 198. His lady's domestic happiness obstructed by a madame de Pailly, a beautiful woman, who chose to reside with them, 198. The marquis's idea of his own infallibility, 199. He became a persecutor of his son, Gabriel Honoré, the fifth child, 199.; who was born with teeth, and suffered severely from the small-pox, 199. His early talent, 199. Memoirs of Mirabeau, by M. Lucas Montigny, noticed, 200, n. Madame de Pailly cruel to this boy, 201. His early education, 201. Severity of his father, 202. The abbé Choquart, his preceptor, proud of him, 202. Is sent to join the marquis de Lambert's regiment, 202. His subsequent expostulations with his hard-hearted parent, who had imprisoned him in the fortress of the Isle of Rhé, 204. The governor sends him on the expedition to Corsica, 204. His history of that island, and an Itinerary from personal observation, 204. He avows his liking for the military profession, 205. His father praises him on his return, 206. Marries the daughter of the marquis de Marignane, 207. He incurs debts, 207. His father procures a lettre-de-cachet to confine him, 208. He writes an "Essay on Despotism," 208. Becomes jealous of the chevalier de Gassaud, 209. On hearing his explanation, he escapes to forward his projected marriage by pleading for him, 209. Meets a nobleman who had insulted his sister, and gives him a blow, 209. His father hearing of his evasion, shuts him up in a dismal castle, 209. His love adventures, 211. He escapes with Sophie de Ruffey de Monnier, to Holland, 215. Translates for the booksellers of Amsterdam, 215. M. de Monnier proceeds against the fugitives, who are condemned to punishment, 216. He is imprisoned at Vincennes, 217. His letters, 217. Fate of Sophie de Monnier, 222, n. He quits prison on coming to terms with his father, 224. He tries by law to oblige his wife to live with him, 224. Fails in his suit, 224. Is no longer injured by private enemies, 227. Is esteemed, and employed in public services, 228. His impetuous eloquence, 228. He foresees the revolution, 228. Desires to be elected a representative to the states-general, 230. The nobles of Provence exclude him by a vote from their body, 231. The people greet him on his return towards Paris, 232. Allays some outbreaks of the people of Marseilles and of Aix, 233. Is elected deputy from both those places, 234. Takes his seat in the tiers-état, 234. He declares the power of the people to be independent of the crown, 236. His eloquence in the debates, 239. Death of his father, 240. His speeches all-powerful with the assembly, 241. Supports the financial proposition of Necker for a tax on property, 243. His influence preponderates over every other, 245. Accused of being an Orleanist, 246. 247. His negotiations with the court, 248. 249. His speech on the question of the National Convention, 250. His hôtel sumptuously provided, 251. His _treaty_ with the court, in the handwriting of Louis XVIII., 252. He declines in health, 253. His right to stand up as a dictator in the assembly questioned, 254. His policy was to head a moderate party of royalists, and to repress the Jacobins, 248. 250. 254. The king and the people alike anxious for his recovery, 255. His opinion of William Pitt, 256. His death, aged forty-two, in 1791, 256. He was the first buried in the Pantheon, 257. Courageous and warm-hearted, 258. His sayings and bon-mots are on record, 258. His style of oratory, 259. His military talents, 259.

"Misanthrope, Le," of Molière, I. 5.

Molière, Jean Baptiste Poquelin, considered by Boileau as the first writer of his day, I. 97. His parentage respectable, 97. Education of, 98. Taught by Gassendi, 99. Does the duty of valet-de-chambre to Louis XIII. for his father, 100. Studies the law at Orléans, 101. Private theatricals with some young friends, 101. Makes the stage his profession, 101. His company of actors, 102. Ill success of his "Thebaid" prevents his writing tragedy, 103. His early comedies, 103. 105. Performs in the provinces, 102. 105. On the restoration of tranquillity at Paris, his company perform in presence of Louis XIV. and the queen-mother, 106. They are styled "Les Comédiens de Monsieur," 107. His success in dramatic satire, 110. His "Ecole des Maris," 111. 112. Account of "Les Fâcheux," a satirical farce, 112. Louis XIV. commands Molière to introduce a sporting character, 113. Anecdotes of the rebuffs experienced by the dramatist as royal valet-de-chambre, 114. Louis protects him, 114. Scandal relative to Molière refuted, 115, n. 118. His marriage, 116. Not productive of Felicity, 117. 131. Writes the "Critique de l'Ecole des Femmes" in reply to his detractors, 131. His "Impromptu de Versailles," 131. Louis XIV. is godfather to Molière's eldest child, 118. Molière performs "Sganarelle," 119. His "Tartuffe," anecdotes as to, 119. 120. Tumult of soldiers at his theatre, 121. The "Misanthrope," 122. "Amphitryon," scene from the, 124. "George Dandin," scene from, 127. "L'Avare," criticised by Schlegel, 127. Success of "Le Tartuffe" on its representation, 129. Molière a favourite of Parisian society, 130. Anecdotes of his circle of friends, 131. His house at Auteuil, 131. His portraiture of himself, 131, n. His "Monsieur de Pourceaugnac," 132. "Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme" approved by Louis XIV., 133. "Fourberies de Scapin," 134. "Les Femmes Savantes," scene from, 135. His "Malade Imaginaire," 138. His own malady unfeigned, 139. Death of Molière, aged fifty-one, 139. 147. Mode of his burial because a player, 140. 141. His generosity, 143. Talent as an actor, 144. Criticism of his works, 145. 146. Eloge of, 148. Marriage of his widow, 148.; and of his daughter, 149. His prediction as to "le bon homme" La Fontaine, 160. Molière willing to employ Racine as a young dramatic writer of promise, 304. His quarrel with Racine on the ill-success of "Andromaque," 304. His admiration of Racine's "Les Plaideurs," 311. Further allusions to, 262. 372.

Molina, the jesuit, I. 200.

Molinists, their controversy with the Jansenists, I. 201. Louis XIV.'s predilection for their doctrine, II. 6.

Mondorge, comedian, relieved by Molière when in need, I. 143.

Montaigne, Michel de, born Feb. 8. 1533, in Périgord, I. 1. Pierre Eyquem, seigneur de Montaigne, his father, 1. Education of Michel, 2. Taught to speak Latin from his cradle, 3. Tardiness of his mind in infancy, 4. He loses at school the power of speaking good Latin acquired as a child, 5. Fond of Ovid's "Metamorphoses," 5. Reads Virgil, Terence, and Plautus, 5. Memory defective, 6. His cheerful temper, 6, n. Lively imagination, 6, n. Pourtrays the character of Etienne de la Boétie, 7. Poem of the latter on their friendship, 7. Death of Boétie, 9. He marries, and is a good husband and tender father, 9. He loses his father Pierre Eyquem, 9. Is careful of his paternal inheritance, 10. Domestic habits, 10. Writes his Essays, 7. 10. His travels in France, 10. Visits the court and capital, 10. His moderation in politics, 11. He complains of the religious feuds, and of his being pillaged, 12. Takes no measures for defence of his château of Montaigne, 12. Is surprised by an officer and his party, who refrain from injuring him, 14. His calm composure again preserves him from danger when taken prisoner, 14. Afflicted by painful disorders he resorts to Plombières for the waters, and proceeds to Munich, &c., 15. 16. He visits Venice and Rome, 17. Is well received by the pope, 17. Familiar with Roman history, 17. He prints two books of his Essays, 17. Mode of treating the papal censures, 17. His pleasure on being declared a citizen of Rome by a bull for that purpose, 18. He offers a silver sculptured tablet, at the shrine of Loretto, 18. 19. His wife, and daughter Eléanore, 19. Sojourns at Lucca, 19. Is elected mayor of Bordeaux, crosses Mont Cénis and arrives at his château of Montaigne, 19. Is commanded by the king to till the office of mayor, and is re-elected to the same, 19. His decline and bad state of health, 19. His friendship for mademoiselle Marie de Gournay le Jars, and portrait of that lady, 20, n. His resignation when attacked with a fatal quinsy, 20. His devout behavioural. Dies 13th Sept. 1592., 21. His disposition and vivacity, 21. Descendants of, by his daughter Eléanore, 21, n. Edition of his Essays dedicated to Richelieu, 21. Instructive and entertaining character of the Essays, 22. Their originality, 22.

Montaigu, M., ambassador to Venice, his character, II. 128.

Montauzier, duke of, husband of Julie d'Angennes, I. 128. 263, n. 312.

Montespan, madame de, I. 167. 244, n. 279. 282.

Montfleuri, tragedian, cause of his death, I. 308.

Montpellier, the faculty at, I. 27. Duprat, chancélier, deprives the physicians of their privileges, who are defended by Rabelais, 27.

Montpensier, mademoiselle de, daughter of Gaston d'Orléans, I. 81. Her spirit in the contest before the walls of Paris, 82. Her intercourse with madame de Sévigné, 217.

N.

Nantes, revocation of the edict of, I. 257. 323. II. 79.

Necker, M., minister to Louis XVI. _See_ Staël.

Nemours, duke of, joined by the great Condé, I. 78. Is wounded in the battle of St. Antoine, 81. Killed in a duel by his brother-in-law the duke of Beaufort, 82.

Nevers, duke of, I. 313.

Newcastle, duke of, his "Sir Martin Marplot" an imitation of "L'Etourdi" of Molière, I. 103.

Newton, sir Isaac, II. 18. 24. 25.

Nicole, M., theologian, I. 198. 267. 307. 315.

Ninon de l'Enclos, a trust confided to, I. 120, n. Molière reads his "Tartuffe" to, 120. The marquis de Sévigné her admirer, 217. 230. The marquis de Grignan, 230, n. Ladies of the court friendly to her, 235.

Noailles, de, archbishop of Paris and cardinal, I. 339.

Noyer, madame du, II. 7. 8.

Noyer, mademoiselle du, admiration of Voltaire for, II. 8. She marries the baron de Winterfeld, 9.

O.

"Œdipe," tragedy by Corneille, I. 54.

"Œdipe," Voltaire's, II. 15.

Olivet, l'abbé, observations on La Fontaine by, I. 151. 155.

Orléans, Gaston duke of, I. 66. 81. _See_ Henrietta, duchess of.

Orléans, duke of, regent, I. 363. II. 10. Voltaire suspected of writing the "Philippiques," a satire on the regent, 15.

Ormesson, M. d', I, 223.

P.

"Pantagruel," by Rabelais, I. 31. 32. 34. Editions of, 38. Pantagruelian caricatures, wood-cuts, 38. "Pantagrueline Prognostication, the," I. 37.

Panurge, portraiture by Rabelais, I. 32. 35. 38.

Paris, day of the barricades, I. 68. Blockade of, 70. 217. The troops of the capital despised, 71. Riot and licentiousness, 71. The prince of Condé defeated by Turenne under the walls of, 81. Paris not favourable to stage representations during the civil war, 102. Parisian society ridiculed by Molière in his plays, 107. Parisian society in the time of Voltaire, II. 6. _et seq._ Reception of Voltaire at Paris in 1788, 102. Paris during the Revolution, see vol. II., lives of Mirabeau, &c.

Pascal, Blaise, exalted character of, I. 183. His family noble, 184. His parents, 184. Education as proposed by his father Etienne, 185. His companions, men of science, 136. His untutored exertions in mathematics, 187. His father's delight on discovering his studies, 187. Reads Euclid by himself, 188. Writes on conic sections, 188. His sisters, 188. Jacqueline Pascal assists in obtaining their father's recal by Richelieu, 189. He studies languages and metaphysics, 190. Chronical ill-health the result of excessive application, 190. His arithmetical computator, 190. His investigation of the properties of atmospheric air, 191. "On the Equilibrium of Liquids," 194. "On the Weight of the Atmosphere." 194. His early piety, 195. His loss of health, 195. And of his father, 196. An accident in a coach influences his mind, 196. His seclusion from worldly intercourse, 197. His visits to Port Royal, 198. "Lettres Provinciales" by, 199. Success of Pascal, 201. Reputation of his work among the learned for style and eloquence, 202. His adherence to rules of privation, &c. causes chronical maladies, 204. His solution of the problem of the cycloid, and other questions in geometry, 204. His challenge to furnish a solution of these problems accepted by Wallis and Huygens, &c., 205. Pascal's triumph therein, 205. His self-denial and consequent debility, 205. 206. His "Lettres Provinciales" condemned by the parliament of Provence, 207. His communications on his death-bed, 208. His death at thirty-nine years of age, 210. Consideration of his virtues and piety, 210. His "Pensées," 211. His argument against atheism, 211. His genius, 339. Fénélon's opinion of, 362. His "Pensées" arranged and attacked by Condorcet, II. 177.

Pascal, Etienne, indebted to his children's talent for his recal from exile, I. 190. Made intendant at Rouen, 190. His decease, 196.

Pascal, Jacqueline, I. 189. 195. 196. Particulars relative to her death when sub-prioress of the convent of Port Royal, 207.

Paul III., pope, I. 28. Rabelais requests his holiness to excommunicate him, 29.

Pelisson, the abbé, epigram on, I. 175.

Pelletier, poetry of, I. 265.

Père la Chaise, cemetery of, Molière's cenotaph, I. 148.

Perefixe, bishop of Rhodes, I. 120. 147.

Perier, madame (Gilberte Pascal), I. 190. 197. Alleged miraculous cure of her daughter, a nun, at Port Royal, 202. Her life of her brother, Blaise Pascal, 202, n. She blames him for the moroseness of his seclusion and rules of life, 203.

Perrault, Charles, his "Siècle de Louis XIV.," I. 287. Boileau directs his satire against him, 287. his "Mother Goose's Tales," 287, n.

Perrin, translator of the "Æneid," I. 265.

Pintrel, translator of Seneca's Epistles, I. 152.

Piron, ridiculed by Voltaire, II. 45. 50.

Plato, studied by La Fontaine, I. 155. "Plutarch's Lives," I. 155.

Poggius, the "Facetiæ" of, I. 35.

Poison, when innocent, 29. 30. "Polyeucte," tragedy, I. 50.

Pompadour, madame de, II. 55. 57.

Pomponius Lætus, I. 37.

Pont, madame du, poems addressed by Corneille to, I. 43.

Pontanus, ridiculed by F. Rabelais in his romance, I. 37.

Pontverre, M. de, II. 116.

Pope, Alexander, quotation from his works, I. 179.

Port Royal, abbey of, I. 199. Angelica Arnaud, abbess, 198. Learned men who lived in retirement near this cloister, 199. Controversy of the abbé Arnaud with the Sorbonne, 200. Alleged miracle at, regarding the cure of a niece of Pascal, 201. Dispersion of the nuns, 207.

Pradon, satirized by Boileau, I. 266. His "Phèdre," brought out in opposition to Racine's tragedy, 312.

Puy Morin, M. de, a brother of Boileau Despréaux, II. 21. "Précieuses Ridicules, les," satirical comedy of Molière, I. 85. A satire of French manners, affected language, and of the clique of l'Hôtel Rambouillet, 107. 110. "Pucelle d'Orléans" of Chapelain, I. 262, 263, n. "Pucelle d'Orléans," of Voltaire, II. 25. 28. 33.

Puy de Dôme, Pascal's experiment on atmospheric pressure, on the, I. 193, 194.

O.

Quakers, Voltaire describes the, II. 24.

Quesnel, le Père, I. 362.

Quietism, account of, I. 350. II. 87. "Quinquina, le," poem by la Fontaine on bark or, I. 163. 178.

R.

Rabelais, Francis, designated a great jester by lord Bacon, I. 23. Born about 1483 at Chinon, in Touraine, 23. Parentage of, and reputed propensity to wine, 23. Educated in a monastery, 24. Takes the habit of the order of St. Francis, 24. Envy at his preaching, 24. Malice of the Franciscans at, 24. Budæus laments it, 24. Alleged reasons for confining him on short commons, 25. Personates St. Francis and laughs at devotees, 25. For which he is whipt, 25. Relieved by gaiety and learning, 25. Joins the order of St. Benedict, 25. He next studies medicine at Montpellier, 26. Lectures on Hippocrates and Galen, 26. Defends the privileges of the faculty of Montpellier, 27. His scarlet gown, 27. How diminished, 27. 28. He practises at Lyons, 27. 28. Accompanies cardinal du Bellay to Rome, 27. 28. In what character, 27. 28. His epistolary correspondence, 27. 28. Interview with Paul III., 29. His notion as to excommunication, 29. _Bruits_ as to the method of his return to Lyons and journey to Paris, 29. Takes his own supposititious poison, 30. Is librarian, &c. to Du Bellay, 30. His "Lives of the Giants Gargantua and of Pantagruel," 31. Privilege of publication by king Francis, 31. Aristotelian controversy ensuing thereon, 31. His work condemned by the Sorbonne, 31. He attacked the popes and clergy of Rome, and the monastic orders, 31. Account of his book, 32. And of his religious principles, 33. De Thou's account of, 33. La Bruyère, La Fontaine, favourable opinions of, 34. Bayle and Voltaire contemn him, 34. Exposition of his views, 34. Imitators of, 36. Various writings of specified, 37. "Letters from Italy," 37. Poetry of, 37. Parallel of Swift and Rabelais, 36. 37. Editions of his "Giants Gargantua and Pantagruel," 38. The "Rabelæsiana," 38. His acquisitions as an universal linguist, 38. Also in science, 38. His noble carriage and expressive physiognomy, 38. His fulfilment of duties as curé de Meudon, 39. Death aged seventy, 39. His death-bed, 39. Epitaphs for, 39. Further allusions to, 154. 170.

Rabutin, family of, I. 214.

Rabutin, Bussy, count de, cousin of madame de Sévigné, I. 217. _See_ Bussy-Rabutin.

Racine, Jean, a rival of the great Corneille, I. 57. His comedy of "Les Plaideurs," 58. Pathos of his tragedy of "Bérénice," 58. His "Britannicus," 118. His daughter describes the demeanour of La Fontaine, 181. Is received at the court of Louis XIV., 279. Historiographer together with Boileau, 279. 316. They accompany the king to the siege of Gaud, 280. Racine makes several campaigns, 281. 289. 317. They read their history to the king, 282. Affair of his and Boileau's pensions, 289. His parents respectable; left Racine and his sister, orphans, 297. His education at Beauvais, 297. His predilection for the Greek tragedy, 299. His studies at Port Royal, 299. Removes to the university of Paris, 300. His ode entitled "Nymphes de la Seine," 301. Colbert rewards his early genius. 301. His ambition excited, 301. Visits his uncle, le Père Sconin, at Uzès in Provence, 302. His letters at that time, 302. His dislike of the patois of Provence, 303. His study of Virgil and St. Thomas Aquinas, 303. His "Bath of Venus," a poem, 304. Begins a play of "Theagines and Charicles," 304. He returns to Paris, occupied with poetry and the drama, 304. He writes for Molière, 304. His "Alexandre," 305. It occasions a quarrel betwixt Molière and the aspirant for fame, 306. Racine teaches la Champmélé to recite, 307. Critics attack him keenly, 307. His reply to M. Nicole of Port Royal, 307. 308. Writes his great tragedies, "Britannicus," "Bajazet," "Iphigénie," "Mithridates," "Phèdre," &c., 308-312. Writes "Bérénice" in rivalry with Corneille's tragedy of, 308. His comedy of "Les Plaideurs" the result of a lawsuit in which he had been tired out and foiled, 310. Humour of this comedy, 311. Takes his seat in the French Academy, 312. His "Phèdre" brings him into disputes, which produce desire to lay down his pen, 312. 313. His religious principles, 313. His marriage, 314. Madame Racine's ignorance of poetry, 314. His daughters take the veil, 314. His new mode of life induces him to seek reconciliation with the abbé Arnaud, 315. Succeeds therein, 315. Writes "Athalie," 320. His "Esther," 251. 320. His conversations with Louis XIV. and madame de Maintenon, 320. 323. 325. Dies of an abscess, 326. Displayed the force of friendship in his last parting with Boileau, 326. Critique, 327. "Phèdre" and "Athalie," his best tragedies; "Bérénice" and "Britannicus" the most pleasing, 328.

Racine, Louis, son of the tragic poet, I. 291. 307.

Rambonet, Prussian councillor of state, II. 39.

Rambouillet, Hôtel de, literary society of the, I. 84. Celebrated authors who frequented it, 85. 220. Molière's "Précieuses Ridicules" designed as a satire on, 85. 107.

Rameau, musical composer, II. 128. 136.

Ramus, Peter, engaged in the controversy on Aristotle, I. 31.

Rennes, in Britany, political affairs at, I. 243. Severe example made, 243.

Retz, cardinal de, ambition of, I. 68. His projects and partisans, 69. Temporary success of the Fronde, 73. His affray with Rochefoucauld in the palace of justice, 75. In danger of violence from the mob of Paris, 76. His intrigues and artifices, 80. 82. A relation of the marquis de Sévigné, 217. His disgrace and imprisonment, 221. He escapes from the citadel of Nantes, 221. He repairs to Spain, 222. Esteem of madame de Sévigné for, 241. His death, 247. His "Memoirs" quoted, I. 77.

Richelieu, cardinal de, Montaigne's Essays dedicated to, I. 21. Policy of, 41. His dramas, 41. 43. 101. The "Comédie des Tuileries," 43. His theatre, 43. He invites the French Academy to criticise the "Cid" of Corneille, 47. He represses the powerful nobles of France, 64. His great authority, 64. His death, 65. His expedition into Rousillon when his death was approaching, with Louis XIII. in the same condition, 100. Execution of Cinq-Mars, and of de Thou, 100. He revived the arts in France, 101.

Richelieu, duke of, II. 53. 107.

Rochefoucauld, de la, François, duke, his experience at court, I. 63. His Maxims declare self-love the chief motive principle, 63. Dignity and ancient power of his family, 63. Obliged to quit the court, 64. Was at first called Prince de Marsillac, 65. His return on the death of Richelieu, 65. Meets the duchess de Chevreuse on her way to Paris, 66. Is wounded at the siege of Mardike, 67. Is governor of Poitou, 67. His attachment for the duchess de Longueville, 69. His gallantry and wounds, 71. Is desirous of the restoration of peace, 71. Succeeds his father as duke de la Rochefoucauld, 73. Raises troops in Guienne, and endeavours to defend Bordeaux, 73. Seizes de Retz in the palace of justice, but refrains from slaying him, 75. Is wounded by an arquebuse in the action of St. Antoine at Paris, 81. He retires to Danvilliers to recover from his wounds, 83. He quits the party of Condé, 84. His active life concludes with the pacification, 84. He gives Gourville an honourable employment in his family, 84. Is an ornament of the literary coterie of the Hôtel Rambouillet, 84. 85. His friendship for the countess de la Fayette, a celebrated novelist, 85. De Retz's character of the duke, 86, n. Rochefoucauld's couplet for the picture of the duchess of Longueville, 83. His portrait of cardinal de Retz, 86, n. Personal and moral qualities of Rochefoucauld, 87. Character of, by his contemporaries, 87. 88. His sons, 88. Madame de Sévigné's account of his last illness, 89. His death, 90. His "Maxims" reviewed, 91-95. His "Memoirs of the Regency of Anne of Austria," 96. Some quotations from his Memoirs, 65. 68. 70, &c.

Roche-Guyon, Mlle. de la, her marriage with the prince de Marsillac, I. 83.

Rochelle, siege of La, I. 214. English descent on the Isle of Rhé for relief of the town, 215.

"Rodogune," tragedy of Corneille, I. 52. Gilbert's tragedy of, 53.

Rohan, chevalier de, his ill usage of Voltaire, II. 17. Does not choose to fight the poet, 18.

Roland, madame (Manon Phlipon), her opinion of the marquis of Condorcet, II. 187. 193. Her literary reputation, 260. Her Memoirs, 260. Condition of her parents, 261. Receives a careful education, 261. Her early habits, 262. Her admiration of Pascal and the Port-Royal, 263. Vain of her intellectual powers and acquired talents, 264. Her suitors, 265. Impressions on reading the "Nouvelle Héloise," 266. Her habit of writing her remarks, 267. She lives in a convent on a scanty income, 267. M. Roland de la Platière, 268. His high character, 268. Sues for her hand, and is referred to her father, who rejects him, 269. Conduct on this event, 270. Their union takes place, 270. They travel through Switzerland and England, 271. Wish to go to America, 271. Her letters, 271. She gladly hails the revolution, 272. Her fears as to its nature, 272. Monsieur Roland deputed on financial affairs from Lyons to the National Assembly, 273. She returns to Paris, and is greatly admired, 273. Her husband consorts with the Girondists and Brissot, 273. Her political sentiments on the crisis, 275. Her republican love of liberty, 275. Roland appointed minister of the interior, 277. His costume at court, 277. Is dismissed, 278. Recalled by Louis XVI., 279. Her dread of Robespierre, Marat, and Danton, 280. Description of madame Roland by Le Montey, 281. Dumont's testimony of her modesty of demeanour, 282. Energy of M. Roland against the Septembriseurs, 282. He is the chief hope of the Girondist party, 283. He endeavours to repress the Mountain party, 285. Execution of Louis XVI., whereupon M. Roland resigns his office, 285. Madame Roland in danger of arrest, 285. Prepares to leave Paris, 285. Prevented by sickness, 286. On the order to arrest her husband she determines to appear before the Convention to expostulate, 286. Escape of her husband and fortitude with regard her own peril, 286. She was said to ad. mire the handsome Barbaroux, deputy for Marseilles, 286. Her calmness on being arrested, 287. Arranges a systematic mode of life in the Abbaie, 287. Commits her observations on the leaders of the revolution to writing, 288. Deceptive assurance of her being at liberty, 288. But carried to Ste. Pélagie, 288. She names Marceau to be her advocate, 291. Her defence written by her over-night, 291. Her sentence, 291. Is guillotined, 292. Her dying address to the statue of Liberty, 293. M. Roland, in safety at Rouen, stabs himself, not to outlive his wife, 293. Her courage and sweetness of character recorded, 293.

Romance, Spanish, I. 45.

Rome, visit of Rabelais to, I. 28. Facetiousness of Rabelais elicited, 29. He attacks the vices of the high clergy and ignorance of the monks, 31.

Rotrou, poetry of, I. 43.

Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, banished on his dispute with M. Saurin, II. 6. His quarrel with Voltaire, 17. 31.

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, ridiculed by Voltaire, II. 88. Born at Geneva in 1712, 111. His studies in that town, 112. Early life of, 113. His "Confessions," 113. _et passim._ His rambles, 115. Visits the curé Pontverre, 116. Visits madame de Warens at Annecy, 117. Is sent as a proselyte to an hospital at Turin, 117. Errors and consequent remorse, 119. Leads a vagabond life, 120. Returns to madame de Warens, 121. His want of moral courage, 121. She departs for Paris, 122. Becomes a music-master at Neufchâtel, 122. And at Chambery, 124. His projects, 125. Resides with madame de Warens at Les Charmettes, near Chambery, 125. His new method of noting music, 127. Arrives in Paris, 128. Accompanies M. Montaigu as secretary to Venice, 128. Returns to Paris, and is kindly received by his former friends, 129. His mistress, Thérèse le Vasseur, 130. 144. 162. He sends their children to the Foundling Hospital, 131. His account of this act in his "Confessions," 130. Remissness of his moral sentiments, 132. His friendship for Diderot, 133. 144. Laments his friend's imprisonment, 144. The academy of Dijon having proposed a question as to the influence of the progress of arts and sciences on the happiness and virtue of man, Jean Jacques, in an essay, asserts, it to be of evil tendency, and so eloquently as to bear off the palm 134. This success acquires him consideration, 135. He refuses the offer of a place with a farmer-general, although a road to fortune, 129. 135. Earns a livelihood by copying music, 135. His "Devin du Village," 136. It becomes the fashion with the great to encourage and soothe him, 136. Revisits Geneva, 137. Abjures the Romish faith, 137. He inhabits the Hermitage, near the wood of Montmorenci, 138. His writings, 139. His meditations and day dreams, 139. His "System of Education," 139. Writes the "Nouvelle Héloise," 140. 150. His declarations to madame d'Houdetot, 142. His mental sufferings nurtured by this hopeless passion, 145. Accusation against Grimm's loyalty in his conduct to Rousseau, 145. Diderot's letter to Rousseau respecting madame d'Epinay, 146. Indecision of Jean Jacques, 146. Removes to Montmorenci, 147. Diderot having offended him, seeks a reconciliation, and is repulsed, 148. The nobility court him with compassionate regard, 150. His religious principles unsettled, 152. "The Confession of the Vicar of Savoy," 152. Consequences of the publication of "Emile," 153. The "Emile" of Rousseau condemned to the flames at Geneva, 153. Rousseau proceeds to Iverdun, in the territory of Bern, 154. Exiled by the states of Bern and Geneva, he settles at Motiers, near Neufchâtel, 154. Engages in a controversy of the Genevans, 157. His "Lettres écrites de la Montagne," 157. Resides in the island of St. Pierre, lake of Bienne, 158. Accompanies David Hume to England, 159. Writes the first portion of his "Confessions" at Wotton, 160. George III. grants him a pension of 100_l._ per annum, 161. Being half deranged, he flies to France, 161. Is protected by the prince of Conti, 162. He quits the Armenian dress he had worn for ten years, 163. Is welcomed in Paris, 163. Reads his "Confessions" to a circle of acquaintance, 164. His mode of life, and diligence in earning a subsistence, 165. The prince de Ligne takes an interest in his welfare, 165. His objection to receive presents, 167. Respect shown for him by a Parisian audience at a theatre, 168. His death, 169. Inquiry into his state of mind, 169. _et passim._ Inscription on his tomb, 170. His character, 171. His reveries, 172. Critique on the "Emile," 173. On the "Nouvelle Héloise," 174.

S.

Sablière, madame de la, I. 165. Her society of poets, philosophers, &c., 166. 171. Her husband, the marquis de la Sablière, 166. 171. His fate, 163. 171.

Sacy, M. de, friend of Pascal, I. 198. And of Racine, 298.

Saint Cyr, scene of madame Guyon's impassioned mysteries, I. 342.

Sainte Helène, M. de, I. 223.

Saint Lambert, M. de, II. 141. 143.

Scaramouche, Italian actor, instructs Molière, I. 102.

Scarron, abbé, imitator of Rabelais in facetiousness, I. 36. Allusions to, 283.

Schomberg, count de, I. 215. Created marshal, 215. II. 145.

"Sciomachie, La," by Rabelais, I. 37.

Scott, sir Walter, his Essay on Molière, I. 108. 128. 130, n. Allusion to his works, 147.

Schlegel, his criticisms on Molière, I. 146.

Schlegel, William, not permitted by Buonaparte to reside at madame de Staël's at Coppet, II. 336.

Scudéri, M. de, I. 45. His attack upon Corneille, 47.

Scudéri, mademoiselle, her novels, I. 107. Their extravagant style in language and argument, 107. Allusions to, I. 223, n. 293.

Séguier, chancellor of France, I. 222. 223.

Segur, count de, descended in the female line from Montaigne, I. 21, n.

Seneca, tragedies of, I. 44.

Sévigné, madame de, compares the genius of Corneille with Racine, and prefers the former, I. 57. Her delightful style, 85..87. Her character of the duke of Rochefoucauld, 88. Her life narrated, 214-258. Her maiden name Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, 214. Her father, the baron de Chantal, slain at La Rochelle in an engagement with the English, 215. His laconic epistle to marshal Schomberg, 215. His family the elder branch of the Rabutins, 214. 215. His wife was Marie de Coulanges, 214. 215. Their daughter, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, born in 1626, 214. Is left an orphan, 215. Taught Italian and Latin by Ménage and Chapelle, 216. Is married to Henri, marquis de Sévigné, 216. Her children, 216. The marquise a zealous Frondeuse, 217. Her friendship with mademoiselle de Montpensier and the duchess de Châtillon, 217. Loss of her husband, 218. Educates her children, 218. Her widowhood exemplary, 218. Her grief on the loss of the abbé de Coulanges, her uncle, 223. She frequents the Hôtel Rambouillet, 220. Quarrel of Bussy-Rabutin with his fair cousin, 221. Reconciliation, 225. He reproaches her with avarice, 225. Her sorrow for the imprisonment and exile of de Retz, 221. Her sympathy with the misfortunes of Fouquet, 222. 223, n. She retires from Paris, 225. Returns and presents her daughter at court, 225. Her journeys to her estate of Les Rochers in Brittany, 237. 239. 249.; and to see her daughter in Provence, 228. 241. Her separation from her daughter, 228. Her son accompanies an expedition to Candia, 226. His attachment for Ninon de l'Enclos, 230. He marries and retires to his estates in Brittany, 231. 240. 247. 249. Madame de la Fayette and other friends of madame de Sévigné, 231. Her life in Brittany described, 240. 241. Seized with rheumatism, 244. She is out of favour at court, as being a Jansenist, 248. 249. 257. She spends her latter years with her daughter in Provence, 253. Final visit to Paris, 254. She dies at Grignan, aged 70. 254. Opinions on her character and literary merit, 255-258. Her family now extinct, 258. Remark of madame de Sévigné, II. 207. Her correspondence:--Letters to her daughter, madame de Grignan, I, 220. 224. 237. 238. 239. 241. 244. 246. 247. 248. 251. Her letters to her cousin the count de Bussy-Rabutin, 217. 226. 227. 247. 249. 251. Her letters to various friends, 223. Letters from count de Bussy to madame de Sévigné, 219.

Sévigné, Henri Marquis de, I. 216. His marriage with Marie de Rabutin-Chantal at first happy, 216. Their son and daughter, 216. His relationship to the cardinal de Retz, 217. The marquis and his celebrated lady join the Fronde, 217. His affection for Ninon de l'Enclos, 217. Killed by the chevalier d'Albret in a duel, 218.

Shakspeare, William, I. 40. Voltaire's remarks on, II. 101.

Sirven family, case of the, II. 83.

"Songes Drolatiques," to whom ascribed, I. 38.

Sophocles, I. 40. II. 15. His "Œdipus Tyrannus," 16.

Sorbonne, the, condemns Rabelais' "Pantagruel," I. 31. The "Philosophical Cream," a burlesque on the schoolmen of, 38. Condemns the book on St. Augustin, by Antony Arnaud, 200.

Soyecourt, M. de, Grand-Veneur, I. 113.

Spain, the modern drama takes its rise in, I. 41. Guillen de Castro, 45. Lope de Vega, 51. War of with France during the minority of Louis XIV., 67.

Staël Holstein, baronne de, her father, M. Necker, placed in the banking-house of Thelusson, II. 295. His essay on corn-laws, 295. Marries mademoiselle Churchod, 296. Their only daughter, 296. Early instructions and habits of madame de Staël, 297. Attention paid her in society by men of letters, 297. Her attention to their discourse, 298. Her taste for society thus acquired, 298. Fears with regard to her health, 299. She attributes her frankness, to her father's quick perception of her faults, 300. His high repute in France, 301. His "Compte Rendu," 301. 304. Retires to Coppet on the Lake of Geneva, 302. His work on finance, its enormous sale, 303. Mlle. Necker begins to write at an early age, 303. Her Plays and Tales printed, 303. Her suitors, 304. Mr. Gibbon a visitor at Necker's, 305. She espouses the baron de Staël Holstein, 305. Her letters on the writings of Rousseau, 305. Portrait or character of her at this period, 306. Her father restored to the ministry by Louis XVI., 307. His moderation, 307. Is again exiled, and ordered to depart silently, 308. Necker and his wife repair to Brussels. 309. Madame de Staël's remarks on joining him there, 309. His generosity in financial matters toward the nation, 309. The Bastille being destroyed, Louis again sends for him, and he returns to Paris, 310. The baroness describes their journey, 311. She witnesses many events of the revolution, 312. Interview with Marie Antoinette, 313. Necker resigns on account of the issue of assignats, which he disapproved, 313. Madame de Staël shares in Lafayette's plan for effecting the escape of the king, 314. Her carriage stopped by the republicans, 314. Her courage, 314. Sets out from Paris, 315. Carried before the section of St. Germain, 316. She pleads before Robespierre's tribunal her being the ambassadress from Sweden, 316. Is saved by the interposition of Manuel, 316. Is allowed to leave Paris with her maid only, 317. Her joy on traversing Mount Jura and arriving at her father's at Coppet, 317. Visits England, 317. Her father's pamphlet in favour of Louis XVI., and her appeal for the queen, 318. Death of madame Necker, 318. M. de Staël repairs to Paris as Swedish ambassador, accompanied by the baroness, 319. Although denounced in the reign of terror, her influence was still great, 320. Her feelings and character depicted, 320. Her first meeting with Buonaparte unpropitious, 321. Invasion of Switzerland, 322. She repairs to Coppet to M. Necker, 322. Witnesses the revolution which established Buonaparte, 323. Her conversation with Joseph Buonaparte, 324. Benjamin Constant her friend, 324. Enmity of Napoleon on account of Constant's opposition, 325. Her loss of her husband in 1799, 327. Her novel of "Delphine," 327. Its charm, 327. Her love of her father, 328. On the expiration of the peace of Amiens she is exiled from Paris, 329. She is accompanied by Benjamin Constant to Weimar and Berlin, 330. Her "Années d'Exil" one of her best writings, 330. 339. Death of her father, 331. Her affection for her children, 331. Her society, 331. Publishes the writings of M. Necker, 331. Visits Rome and writes "Corinne," 331. Opinion of that work in Italy, 332. Publishes "Corinne" at Rouen, 332. Her perception of ennui, 333. Her sentiments, 333. Intends publishing her "Germany" at Blois, 331. The impression is seized, and she is ordered to quit France, 331. Persecution of her unabated, 335. She accompanies M. de Montmorency in a tour through Switzerland, 336. Madame Recamier banished for having spent a few hours with her, 336. M. Rocca, a young Spanish officer in the French army, wounded, visits Geneva, 337. Falls in love, 337. Madame de Staël marries him, 338. She escapes from Coppet, 338. Journey through Austria, Poland, Russia, and Sweden, to England, 338. 339. Admired by the English, 339. Louis XVIII. repays to her two millions which her father had generously advanced to Louis XVI., 339. Lord Byron thought likely to marry Albertine de Staël, her daughter, 339. Byron living at Diodati visits at Coppet, 310. Her daughter marries the duke de Broglie, 310. Madame de Staël's piety, 341. Her remark upon life, 341. Her resignation in sickness, 341. Her death in Paris, aged nearly fifty-two, 341. M. Rocca survived his wife but a few months, 341. She had many enemies, the result sometimes of envy of merit, 342. Her love of France, 342. Chateaubriand's opinion of her, 343. Interest of her works, 343.

Stanislas, king of Poland, II. 49. 51.

Sterne, Laurence, his "Tristram Shandy" resembles "Rabelais," I. 37.

St. Evremond, M. de, I. 57.

St. Pierre, M. Bernardin de, II. 128. His account of J. J. Rousseau, 167.

St.Pierre, abbé de St., II. 139.

Sully, duke of, I. 41. His administration, 64.

Sully, duke of, a warm friend of Voltaire, II. 17.

Swift, dean, his "Gulliver," and "Tale of a Tub," I. 36.

T.

"Tartuffe, Le," of Molière, I. 119. Application of the character to the bishop of Autun, 147.

Tellier, Le, secretary of state, I. 222. 224.

Tellier, archbishop of Rheims, I. 339, n.

Tencin, cardinal, II. 71. 74.

Terence, comedies of, I. 153. 155.

Theatre, French, mysteries and moralities preceded the regular drama, I. 41. Indebted to Spanish dramatists, 41. "Mélite," by Corneille, 42. Dramas of Hardy, 41. 42. Of cardinal de Richelieu, 41. 43. Theatre in the cardinal's palace, 43. "Sophonisba" of Mairet, 44. Plays of Corneille critically examined, 45-59. His "Essais sur le Théâtre," 54. Voltaire's rules for French diction in tragedy, 61. Corneille's style, 62. Molière's first comedy of "L'Etourdi," 103. His "Le Dépit Amoureux," 103. Farcical interludes of merit by Molière, 105. These form the groundwork of his best comedies, 105. Theatres of Paris in the time of Molière, 106. 304. Racine's comedy of "Les Plaideurs," 310. Voltaire's "Œdipe" and numerous dramas, II. 15. _et seq._

Thianges, madame de, I. 278.

Thiers, M., his "History of the French Revolution," II. 273.

Thiriot, M., early companion of Voltaire, II. 9. 16. 32. 107.

Thomas, M., French writer and poet, II. 171.

Thou, De; president, his opinion of Rabelais, I. 33.

Tiraqueau, André, French magistrate, letter of Rabelais to, I. 25. 26.

Torricelli, mathematician, I. 192.

Tory, Geoffry, the "Champ Fleury" of, I. 31.

Toulouse, judgments by the parliament of, II. 79. 83.

Tragedy, French, Pierre Corneille, the father of. I. 40-62. Thomas Corneille's plays, 56. Racine's tragedies, 58. Voltaire's Commentary on Corneille, 45, n. 61. Voltaire's tragedies, II. 15. 19. 22. 25. 45, &c.

Tronchin, Dr., of Geneva, II. 72. 81. 106. 299.

Turenne, marshal de, serves in conjunction with Condé at Rocroi, I. 67. Gives battle to the prince of Condé, 83.; and defeats him, 81. His death, 241.

Turgot, M., finance minister, II. 100. 101. 178.

Turlupin, French comedian in Molière's time, I. 101.

U.

Unity of time in dramatic works, critique on the, I. 45. 49. 52.