Chapter XVIII: Pembroke Lodge (1)

1847-1878

Looking back--Society at Pembroke Lodge--Home life--The house and
its memories--Charles Dickens's speech at Liverpool--Literary
friendships--Lady Russell's description of her husband--A packet of
letters--His children's recollections--A glimpse of Carlyle--A
witty impromptu--Closing days--Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone--The jubilee
of the Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts--'Punch' on the
'Golden Wedding'--Death--The Queen's letter--Lord Shaftesbury's
estimate of Lord John's career--His great qualities.

PEACE with honour--a phrase which Lord John used long before Lord Beaconsfield made it famous--sums up the settled tranquillity and simple dignity of the life at Pembroke Lodge. No man was more entitled to rest on his laurels than Lord John Russell. He was in the House of Commons, and made his first proposals for Parliamentary redress, in the reign of George III. His great victory on behalf of the rights of conscience was won by the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts in the reign of George IV. He had piloted the first Reform Bill through the storms of prejudice and passion which had assailed that great measure in the reign of William IV. He was Home Secretary when Queen Victoria's reign began, and since then he had served her Majesty and the nation with unwearied devotion for almost the life-time of a generation. He was Secretary for the Colonies during a period when the expansion of England brought delicate constitutional questions to the front, and was Minister of Foreign Affairs when struggling nationalities looked to England, and did not seek her help in vain. Twice Prime Minister in periods of storm and stress, he had left his mark, directly or indirectly, on the statute-book in much progressive legislation, and, in spite of mistakes in policy, had at length quitted office with the reputation of an honest and enlightened statesman.

Peel at the age of fifty-eight had judged himself worthy of retirement; but Russell was almost seventy-four, and only his indomitable spirit had enabled him to hold his own in public life against uncertain health during the whole course of his career. In this respect, at least, Lord John possessed that 'strong patience which outwearies fate.' He was always delicate, and in his closing years he was accustomed to tell, with great glee, those about him an incident in his own experience, which happened when the century was entering its teens and he was just leaving his own. Three physicians were summoned in consultation, for his life appeared to be hanging on a thread. He described how they carefully thumped him, and put him through the usual ordeal. Then they looked extremely grave and retired to an adjoining room. The young invalid could hear them talking quite plainly, and dreaded their return with the sentence of death. Presently the conversation grew animated, and Lord John found, to his surprise, they were talking about anything in the world except himself. On coming back, all the advice they gave was that he ought to travel abroad for a time. It jumped with his mood, and he took it, and to the end of his days travel never failed to restore his energies.

[Sidenote: IN SYLVAN RETREAT]

'For some years after his retirement from Ministerial life,' says Mr. Lecky, 'he gathered round him at Pembroke Lodge a society that could hardly be equalled--certainly not surpassed--in England. In the summer Sunday afternoons there might be seen beneath the shade of those majestic oaks nearly all that was distinguished in English politics and much that was distinguished in English literature, and few eminent foreigners visited England without making a pilgrimage to the old statesman. Unhappily, this did not last to the end. Failing memory and the weakness of extreme old age at last withdrew him completely from the society he was so eminently fitted to adorn, but to those who had known him in his brighter days he has left a memory which can never be effaced.'

Pembroke Lodge, on the fringe of Richmond Park, was, for more than thirty years, Lord John Russell's home. In his busiest years, whenever he could escape from town, the rambling, picturesque old house, which the Queen had given him, was his chosen and greatly loved place of retreat. 'Happy days,' records Lady Russell, 'so full of reality. The hours of work so cheerfully got through, the hours of leisure so delightful.' When in office much of each week was of necessity passed at his house in Chesham Place, but he appreciated the freedom and seclusion of Pembroke Lodge, and took a keen delight in its beautiful garden, with its winding walks, magnificent views, and spreading forest trees--truly a haunt of ancient peace, as well as of modern fellowship. There, in old age, Lord Russell loved to wander with wife or child or friend, and there, through the loop-holes of retreat amid his books and flowers, he watched the great world, and occasionally sallied forth, so long as strength remained, to bear his part in its affairs.

Lord John Russell in his closing years thoroughly distrusted Turkish rule in Europe. He declared that he had formerly tried with Lord Palmerston's aid to improve the Turks, but came to the conclusion that the task was hopeless, and he witnessed with gladness the various movements to throw off their control in South-Eastern Europe. He was one of the first to call attention to the Bulgarian atrocities, and he joined the national protest with the political ardour which moral indignation was still able to kindle in a statesman who cherished his old ideals at the age of eighty-four. Two passages from Lady Russell's journal in the year 1876 speak for themselves:--'August 18. My dearest husband eighty-four. The year has left its mark upon him, a deeper mark than most years ... but he is happy, even merry. Seventy or eighty of our school children came up and sang in front of his window. They had made a gay flag on which were written four lines of a little poem to him. He was much pleased and moved with the pretty sight and pretty sound. I may say the same of Lord Granville, who happened to be here at the time.' Two months later occurs the following entry: 'Interesting visit from the Bulgarian delegates, who called to thank John for the part he has taken. They utterly deny the probability of civil war or bloodshed between different Christian sects, or between Christian and Mussulman, in case of Bulgaria and the other insurgent provinces obtaining self-government. Their simple, heart-felt words of gratitude to John were touching to us all.'

History repeats itself at Pembroke Lodge. On May 16, 1895, a party of Armenian refugees went thither on the ground that 'the name of Lord John Russell is honoured by every Christian under the rule of the Turk.' It recalled to Lady Russell the incident just recorded, and the interview, she states, was 'a heart-breaking one, although gratitude for British sympathy seemed uppermost in what they wished to express. After they were gone I thought, as I have often thought before, how right my husband was in feeling and in saying, as he often did, that Goldsmith was quite wrong in these two lines in "The Traveller":

'How small of all that human hearts endure
That part which laws or kings can cause or cure!

He often recited them with disapproval when any occurrence made him feel how false they were.'

[Sidenote: KINGLAKE'S DESCRIPTION]

Lord John's manner of life, like his personal tastes, was simple. He contrived to set the guests who gathered around him at his wife's receptions perfectly at their ease, by his old-fashioned gallantry, happy humour, and bright, vigorous talk. One room in Pembroke Lodge, from the windows of which a glorious view of the wooded valley is obtained, has been rendered famous by Kinglake's description[44] of a certain drowsy summer evening in June 1854, when the Aberdeen Cabinet assembled in it, at the very moment when they were drifting into war. Other rooms in the house are full of memories of Garibaldi and Livingstone, of statesmen, ambassadors, authors, and, indeed, of men distinguished in every walk of life, but chiefly of Lord John himself, in days of intellectual toil, as well as in hours of friendly intercourse and happy relaxation.

Charles Dickens, speaking in 1869 at a banquet in Liverpool, held in his honour, over which Lord Dufferin presided, refused to allow what he regarded as a covert sneer against the House of Lords to pass unchallenged. He repelled the insinuation with unusual warmth, and laid stress on his own regard for individual members of that assembly. Then, on the spur of the moment, came an unexpected personal tribute. He declared that 'there was no man in England whom he respected more in his public capacity, loved more in his private capacity, or from whom he had received more remarkable proofs of his honour and love of literature than Lord John Russell.' The compliment took Lord Russell by surprise; but if space allowed, or necessity claimed, it would be easy to prove that it was not undeserved. From the days of his youth, when he lived under the roof of Dr. Playfair, and attended the classes of Professor Dugald Stewart in Edinburgh, and took his part, as a _protege_ of Lord Holland, in the brilliant society of Holland House, Lord John's leanings towards literature, and friendship with other literary men had been marked. As in the case of other Prime Ministers of the Queen's reign, and notably of Derby, Beaconsfield, and Mr. Gladstone, literature was his pastime, if politics was his pursuit, for his interests were always wider than the question of the hour. He was the friend of Sir James Mackintosh and of Sydney Smith, who playfully termed him 'Lord John Reformer,' of Moore and Rogers, Jeffrey and Macaulay, Dickens and Thackeray, Tyndall and Sir Richard Owen, Motley and Sir Henry Taylor, Browning and Tennyson, to mention only a few representative men.

[Sidenote: LITERARY FRIENDSHIPS]

When the students of Glasgow University wished, in 1846, to do him honour, Lord John gracefully begged them to appoint as Lord Rector a man of creative genius, like Wordsworth, rather than himself. As Prime Minister he honoured science by selecting Sir John Herschel as Master of the Mint, and literature, by the recommendation of Alfred Tennyson as Poet Laureate. When Sir Walter Scott was creeping back in broken health from Naples to die at Abbotsford it was Lord John who cheered the sad hours of illness in the St. James's Hotel, Jermyn Street, by a delicately worded offer of financial help from the public funds. Leigh Hunt, Christopher North, Sheridan Knowles, Father Mathew, the widow of Dr. Chalmers, and the children of Tom Hood are names which suggest the direction in which he used his patronage as First Minister of the Crown. He was in the habit of enlivening his political dinner parties by invoking the aid of literary men of wit and distinction, and nothing delighted him more than to bring, in this pleasant fashion, literature and politics to close quarters. The final pages of his 'Recollections and Suggestions' were written in Lord Tennyson's study at Aldworth, and his relations with Moore at an earlier stage of his life were even more intimate.

Lord John Russell was twice married: first, on April 11, 1835, to Adelaide, daughter of Mr. Thomas Lister, of Armitage Park, Staffordshire, the young widow of Thomas, second Lord Ribblesdale; and second, on July 20, 1841, to Lady Frances Anna Maria Elliot, second daughter of Gilbert, second Earl of Minto. By his first wife he had two daughters, the late Lady Victoria Villiers, and Lady Georgiana Peel; and by his second three sons and one daughter--John, Viscount Amberley, the Hon. George William Gilbert, formerly of the 9th Lancers, the Hon. Francis Albert Rollo, and Lady Mary Agatha. Viscount Amberley married, on November 8, 1864, the fifth daughter of Lord Stanley of Alderley. Lord Amberley died two years before his father, and the peerage descended to the elder of his two sons, the present Earl Russell.

Lady Russell states: 'Our way of life during the session, from the time we first settled in Pembroke Lodge till John ceased to take any active part in politics, was to be there from Wednesday to Thursday and from Saturday to Monday. This made him spend much time on the road; but he always said the good it did him to snatch all he could of the delight of his own quiet country home, to breathe its pure air, and be cheered by the sight of his merry children, far outweighed the time and trouble it cost him. When he was able to leave town tolerably early, he used sometimes to ride down all the way; but he oftener drove to Hammersmith Bridge, where his horse, and such of our children as were old enough to ride met him, and how joyfully I used to catch the first sight of the happy riders--he on his roan "Surrey" and they on their pretty ponies--from the little mount in our grounds! He was very fond of riding, and in far later days, when age and infirmity obliged him to give it up, used often to say in a sad tone, pointing to some of his favourite grassy rides, as we drove together in the park, "Ah! what pleasant gallops we used to have along there!"' Lord John was seen to great advantage in his own home and with his children. Even when the cares of State pressed most heavily on him he always seemed to the children about him to have leisure to enter with gay alacrity into their plans and amusements. When at home, no matter how urgent the business in hand, he always saw them either in the house or the garden every day, and took the liveliest interest in the round of their life, alike in work and play. He had conquered the art of bearing care lightly. He seldom allowed public affairs to distract him in moments of leisure. He was able to throw aside the cares of office, and to enter with vivacity and humour into social diversions. His equable temper and placid disposition served him in good stead amid the turmoil and excitement of political life.

[Sidenote: A PACKET OF OLD LETTERS]

Sorrows, neither few nor light, fell upon the household at Pembroke Lodge in the closing years of Lord Russell's life; but 'trials,' as Lady Russell puts it in her journal, 'had taught Lord John to feel for others, and age had but deepened his religion of love.' In reply to a birthday letter from Mr. Archibald Peel, his son-in-law, and nephew of his great political rival he said: 'Thanks for your good wishes. Happy returns! I always find them, as my children are so affectionate and loving; "many" I cannot expect, but I have played my part.' Two or three extracts from a packet of letters addressed by Lord John to his daughter, Lady Georgiana Peel, will be read with interest. The majority of them are of too intimate and personal a kind for quotation. Yet the whole of them leave the impression that Lord John, who reproaches himself in one instance as a bad correspondent, was at least a singularly good father. They cover a considerable term of years, and though for the most part dealing with private affairs, and often in a spirit of pleasant raillery, here and there allusions to public events occur in passing. In one of them, written from Gotha in the autumn of 1862, when Lord John was in attendance on her Majesty, he says: 'We have been dull here, but the time has never hung heavy on our hands. Four boxes of despatches and then telegrams, all requiring answers, have been our daily food.' He refers touchingly to the Queen's grief, and there is also an allusion to the minor tribulation of a certain little boy in England who had just crossed the threshold of school-life. Probably Lord John was thinking of his own harsh treatment at Westminster, more than sixty years before, when he wrote: 'Poor Willy! He will find a public school a rough place, and the tears will come into his eyes when he thinks of the very soft nest he left at home.'

Ecclesiastical affairs never lost their interest to the author of the Durham Letter, and the following comments show his attitude on Church questions. The first is from a letter written on May 23, 1867: 'The Church has been greatly disturbed. The Bishop of Salisbury has claimed for the English clergy all the power of the Roman priests. The question whether they are to wear white surplices, or blue, green, yellow, or red, becomes a minor question in comparison. Of course the Bishop and those who think with him throw off the authority of our excellent Thirty-nine Articles altogether, and ought to leave the Church to the Protestant clergy and laity.' England just then, in Carlyle's judgment, was 'shooting Niagara,' and Disraeli's reform proposals were making a stir in the opposite camp. In the letter above quoted Lord John says: 'Happily, we are about to get rid of the compound householder. I am told Dizzy expects to be the first President of the British Republic.' Mr. Gladstone, according to Lord Houghton, seemed at the same moment 'quite awed with the diabolical cleverness of Dizzy.' The second bears date Woburn Abbey, September 29, 1868: 'Dr. Temple is a man I greatly admire, and he has become more valuable to his country since the death of our admirable Dean of St. Paul's. If I had any voice in the appointment, Temple is the man I should wish to see succeed to Milman; but I suppose the "Essays and Reviews" will tell heavily against him.' 'We lead a very quiet life here and a very happy one. I sometimes regret not seeing my old political friends a little oftener.' 'In June [1869] I expect Dickens to visit us. We went to see him last night in the murder of Nancy by Sikes, and Mrs. Gamp. He acts like a great actor, and writes like a great author. Irish Church is looming very near in the Commons, and, in June, in the Lords. The Archbishops and Bishops do not wish to oppose the second reading, but Lord Cairns is prepared to hack and hew in committee.'

[Sidenote: LADY GEORGIANA PEEL]

The recollections of Lord John's children reveal, by incidents too trivial in themselves to quote, how completely he entered into their life. Lady Georgiana Peel recalls her childish tears when her father arrived too late from London one evening to see one of the glorious sunsets which he had taught her to admire. 'I can feel now his hand on my forehead in any childish illness, or clasping mine in the garden, as he led me out to forget some trifling sorrow.' She lays stress on his patience and serene temper, on his tender heart, and on the fact that he always found leisure on the busiest day to enter into the daily life of his little girls. Half heartedness, either in work or play, was not to his mind. '_Do_ what you are doing' was the advice he gave to his children.

One of the elder children in far-off days at Pembroke Lodge, Mrs. Warburton, Lord John's step-daughter, recalls wet days in the country, when her father would break the tedium of temporary imprisonment indoors by romping with his children. 'I have never forgotten his expression of horror when in a game of hide-and-seek he banged the door accidentally in my elder sister's face and we heard her fall. Looking back to the home life, its regularity always astonishes me. The daily walks, prayers, and meals regular and punctual as a rule.... He was shy and we were shy, but I think we spoke quite freely with him, and he seldom said more than "Foolish child" when we ventured on any startling views on things. Once I remember rousing his indignation when I gave out, with sententious priggishness, that the Duke of Wellington laboured under great difficulties in Spain caused by the "factious opposition at home;" that was beyond "Foolish child," but my discomforted distress was soon soothed by a pat on the cheek, and an amused twinkle in his kind eyes.' Lord Amberley, four days before his death, declared that he had all his life 'met with nothing but kindness and gentleness' from his father. He added: 'I do earnestly hope that at the end of his long and noble life he may be spared the pain of losing a son.'

Mr. Rollo Russell says: 'My father was very fond of history, and I can remember his often turning back to Hume, Macaulay, Hallam, and other historical works. He read various books on the French Revolution with great interest. He had several classics always near him, such as Homer and Virgil; and he always carried about with him a small edition of Horace. Of Shakespeare he could repeat much, and knew the plays well, entering into and discussing the characters. He admired Milton very greatly and was fond of reading "Paradise Lost." He was very fond of several Italian and Spanish books, by the greatest authors of those countries. Of lighter reading, he admired most, I think, "Don Quixote," Sir Walter Scott's novels, Miss Evans' ("George Eliot") novels, Miss Austen's, and Dickens and Thackeray. Scott especially he loved to read over again. He told me he bought "Waverley" when it first came out, and was so interested in it that he sat up a great part of the night till he had finished it.'

[Sidenote: THE FRIENDSHIP OF BOOKS]

Lady Russell states that Grote's 'History of Greece' was one of the last books her husband read, and she adds: 'Many of his friends must have seen its volumes open before him on the desk of his blue armchair in his sitting-room at Pembroke Lodge in the last year or two of his life. It was often exchanged for Jowett's "Plato," in which he took great delight, and which he persevered in trying to read, when, alas! the worn-out brain refused to take in the meaning.'

Lord John was a delightful travelling companion, and he liked to journey with his children about him. His cheerfulness and merriment on these occasions is a happy memory. Dr. Anderson, of Richmond, who has been for many years on intimate terms at Pembroke Lodge, and was much abroad with Lord John in the capacity of physician and friend, states that all who came in contact personally with him became deeply attached to him. This arose not only from the charm of his manner and conversation, but from the fact that he felt they trusted him implicitly. 'I never saw anyone laugh so heartily. He seemed almost convulsed with merriment, and he once told me that after a supper with Tom Moore, the recollection of some of the witty things said during the course of the evening so tickled him, that he had to stop and hold by the railings while laughing on his way home. I once asked which of all the merry pictures in "Punch" referring to himself amused him the most, and he at once replied: "The little boy who has written 'No Popery' on a wall and is running away because he sees a policeman coming. I think that was very funny!"' Dr. Anderson says that Lord John was generous to a fault and easily moved to tears, and adds: 'I never knew any one more tender in illness or more anxious to help.' He states that Lord John told him that he had encountered Carlyle one day in Regent Street. He stopped, and asked him if he had seen a paragraph in that morning's 'Times' about the Pope. 'What!' exclaimed Carlyle, 'the Pope, the Pope! The back of ma han' for that auld chimera!'

Lady Russell says: 'As far as I recollect he never but once worked after dinner. He always came up to the drawing-room with us, was able to cast off public cares, and chat and laugh, and read and be read to, or join in little games, such as capping verses, of which he was very fond.' Lord John used often to write prologues and epilogues for the drawing-room plays which they were accustomed to perform. Space forbids the quotation of these sparkling and often humorous verses, but the following instance of his ready wit occurred in the drawing-room at Minto, and is given on the authority of Mr. George Elliot. At a game where everyone was required to write some verses, answering the question written on a paper to be handed to him, and bringing in a word written on the same, the paper that fell to the lot of Lord John contained this question: 'Do you admire Sir Robert Peel?' and 'soldier' the word to be brought in. His answer was:

'I ne'er was a soldier of Peel,
Or ever yet stood at his back;
For while he wriggled on like an eel,
I swam straight ahead like a _Jack_.'

Mr. Gladstone states that perhaps the finest retort he ever heard in the House of Commons was that of Lord John in reply to Sir Francis Burdett. The latter had abandoned his Radicalism in old age, and was foolish enough to sneer at the 'cant of patriotism.' 'I quite agree, said Lord John, 'with the honourable baronet that the cant of patriotism is a bad thing. But I can tell him a worse--the _re_cant of patriotism--which I will gladly go along with him in reprobating whenever he shows me an example of it.'

[Sidenote: LORD DUFFERIN'S RECOLLECTIONS]

Lord John Russell once declared that he had no need to go far in search of happiness, as he had it at his own doors, and this was the impression left on every visitor to Pembroke Lodge. Lord Dufferin states that all his recollections gather around Lord John's domestic life. He never possessed a kinder friend or one who was more pleasant in the retirement of his home. Lord Dufferin adds: 'One of his most charming characteristics was that he was so simple, so untheatrical, so genuine, that his existence, at least when I knew him, flowed at a very high level of thought and feeling, but was unmarked by anything very dramatic. His conversation was too delightful, full of anecdote; but then his anecdotes were not like those told by the ordinary _raconteur_, and were simple reminiscences of his own personal experience and intercourse with other distinguished men. Again, his stories were told in such an unpretending way that, though you were delighted with what you had heard, you were still more delighted with the speaker himself.'

The closing years of Lord Russell's career were marked by settled peace, the consciousness of great tasks worthily accomplished, the unfaltering devotion of household love, the friendship of the Queen, the confidence of a younger race of statesmen, and the respect of the nation. Deputations of working men found their way to Pembroke Lodge to greet the old leader of the party of progress, and school children gathered about him in summer on the lawn, and were gladdened by his kindly smile and passing word. In good report and in evil report, in days of power and in days of weakness, the Countess Russell cheered, helped, and solaced him, and brought not only rare womanly devotion, but unusual intellectual gifts to his aid at the critical moments of his life, when bearing the strain of public responsibility, and in the simple round of common duty. The nation may recognise the services of its great men, but can never gauge to the full extent the influences which sustained them. The uplifting associations of a singularly happy domestic life must be taken into account in any estimate of the forces which shaped Lord John Russell's career. It is enough to say--indeed, more cannot with propriety be added--that through the political stress and strain of nearly forty years Lady Russell proved herself to be a loyal and noble-hearted wife.

There is another subject, which cannot be paraded on the printed page, and yet, since religion was the central principle of Lord John Russell's life, some allusion to his position on the highest of all subjects becomes imperative. His religion was thorough; it ran right through his nature. It was practical, and revealed itself in deeds which spoke louder than words. 'I rest in the faith of Jeremy Taylor,' were his words, 'Barrow, Tillotson, Hoadly, Samuel Clarke, Middleton, Warburton, and Arnold, without attempting to reconcile points of difference between these great men. I prefer the simple words of Christ to any dogmatic interpretation of them.' Dean Stanley, whom he used to call his Pope--always playfully adding, 'but not an infallible one'--declared shortly before Lord Russell's death that 'he was a man who was firmly convinced that in Christianity, whether as held by the National Church or Nonconformist, there was something greater and vaster than each of the particular communions professed and advocated, something which made it worth while to develop those universal principles of religion that are common to all who accept in any real sense the fundamental truths of Christianity.'

[Sidenote: MR. SPURGEON'S BLESSING]

Mr. Spurgeon, in conversation with the writer of these pages, related an incident concerning Lord John which deserves at least passing record, as an illustration of his swift appreciation of ability and the reality of his recognition of religious equality. Lord John was upwards of sixty at the time, and the famous Baptist preacher, though the rage of the town, was scarcely more than twenty. The Metropolitan Tabernacle had as yet not been built. Mr. Spurgeon was at the Surrey Music Hall, and there the great congregation had gathered around this youthful master of assemblies. One Sunday night, at the close of the service, Lord John Russell came into the vestry to speak a kindly word of encouragement to the young preacher. One of the children of the ex-Prime Minister was with him, and before the interview ended Lord John asked the Nonconformist minister to give his blessing to the child. Mr. Spurgeon never forgot the incident, or the bearing of the man who came to him, amid a crowd of others, on that Sunday night.

In opening the new buildings of Cheshunt College in 1871, Lord John alluded to the foundress of that seat of theological learning, Lady Huntingdon, as a woman who was far in advance of her times, since, a century before the abolition of University tests, she made it possible to divinity students to obtain academical training without binding themselves at the outset to any religious community.

During the early months of 1878 Lord John's strength failed rapidly, and it became more and more apparent that the plough was nearing the end of the furrow. His old courage and calmness remained to the end. Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone called at Pembroke Lodge on April 20, and he sent down word that he wished to see them. 'I took them to him for a few minutes,' relates Lady Russell. 'Happily, he was clear in his mind, and said to Mr. Gladstone, "I am sorry you are not in the Ministry," and kissed her affectionately, and was so cordial to both that they were greatly touched.' He told Lady Russell that he had enjoyed his life. 'I have made mistakes, but in all I did my object was the public good!' Then after a pause: 'I have sometimes seemed cold to my friends, but it was not in my heart.' A change for the worse set in on May 1, and the last sands of life were slipping quietly through the glass when the Nonconformist deputation came on the 9th of that month to present Lord Russell with an address of congratulation on the occasion of the jubilee of the Repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts.[45] Lady Russell and her children received the Deputation. In the course of her reply to the address Lady Russell said that of all the 'victories won by that great party to which in his later as in his earlier years Lord John had been inseparably attached,' there was none dearer to his memory at that moment than that which they had called to remembrance. 'It was a proud and a sad day,' is the entry in Lady Russell's journal. 'We had hoped some time ago that he might perhaps see the Deputation for a moment in his room, but he was too ill for that to be possible.'

A few days later, there appeared in the columns of 'Punch' some commemorative verses entitled 'A Golden Wedding.' They expressed the feeling that was uppermost in the heart of the nation, and two or three verses may here be recorded:--

The Golden Wedding of Lord John and Liberty his love--
'Twixt the Russells' House and Liberty, 'twas ever hand and glove--
His love in those dark ages, he has lived through with his bride,
To look back on them from the sunset of his quiet eventide.

His love when he that loved her and sought her for his own
Must do more than suit and service, must do battle, trumpet blown,
Must slay the fiery dragons that guarded every gate
On the roads by which men travelled for work of Church and State.

Now time brings its revenges, and all are loud to own
How beautiful a bride she was, how fond, how faithful shown;
But she knows the man who loved her when lovers were but few,
And she hails this golden wedding--fifty years of tried and true.

Look and listen, my Lord Russell: 'tis your golden wedding-day;
We may not press your brave old hand, but you hear what we've to say.
A blessing on the bridal that has known its fifty years,
But never known its fallings-out, delusions, doubt, or fears.

[Sidenote: VICTORIOUS PEACE]

The end came softly. 'I fall back on the faith of my childhood,' were the words he uttered to Dr. Anderson. The closing scene is thus recorded in Mr. Rollo Russell's journal: 'May 28 [1878].--He was better this morning, though still in a very weak state. He spoke more distinctly, called me by my name, and said something which I could not understand. He did not seem to be suffering ... and has, all through his long illness, been cheerful to a degree that surprises everybody about him, not complaining of anything, but seeming to feel that he was being well cared for. About midday he became worse ... but bore it all calmly. My mother was with him continually.... Towards ten he was much worse, and in a few minutes, while my mother was holding his hand, he breathed out gently the remainder of life.' Westminster Abbey was offered as a place of burial, but, in accordance with his own expressed wish, Lord John Russell was gathered to his fathers at Chenies. The Queen's sympathy and her sense of loss were expressed in the following letter:--

'Balmoral: May 30, 1878.

'DEAR LADY RUSSELL,--It was only yesterday afternoon that I heard through the papers that your dear husband had left this world of sorrows and trials peacefully and full of years the night before, or I would have telegraphed and written sooner. You will believe that I truly regret an old friend of forty years' standing, and whose personal kindness in trying and anxious times I shall _ever_ remember. "Lord John," as I knew him best, was one of my _first_ and _most distinguished_ Ministers, and his departure recalls many eventful times.

'To you, dear Lady Russell, who were ever one of the most devoted of wives, this must be a terrible blow, though you must have for some time been prepared for it. But one is _never_ prepared for the blow when it comes, and you have had such trials and sorrows of late years that I most truly sympathise with you. Your dear and devoted daughter will, I know, be the greatest possible comfort to you, and I trust that your grandsons will grow up to be all you could wish.

'Believe me always, yours affectionately,
'VICTORIA R. AND I.'

[Sidenote: HIS GREAT QUALITIES]

Lord Shaftesbury wrote in his journal some words about Lord Russell which speak for themselves. After recording that he had reached the ripe age of eighty-six, and that he had been a conspicuous man for more than half a century, he added that to have 'begun with disapprobation, to have fought through many difficulties, to have announced, and acted on, principles new to the day in which he lived, to have filled many important offices, to have made many speeches, and written many books, and in his whole course to have done much with credit, and nothing with dishonour, and so to have sustained and advanced his reputation to the very end, is a mighty commendation.'

When some one told Sir Stafford Northcote that Lord John was dead, the tidings were accompanied by the trite but sympathetic comment, 'Poor Lord Russell!' 'Why do you call him poor?' was the quick retort. 'Lord Russell had the chance of doing a great work and--he did it.'

Lord John was not faultless, and most assuredly he was not infallible. He made mistakes, and sometimes was inclined to pay too little heed to the claims of others, and not to weigh with sufficient care the force of his own impetuous words. The taunt of 'finality' has seldom been less deserved. In most directions he kept an open mind, and seems, like Coleridge, to have believed that an error is sometimes the shadow of a great truth yet behind the horizon. Mr. Gladstone asserts that his old chief was always ready to stand in the post of difficulty, and possessed an inexhaustible sympathy with human suffering.

It is at least certain that Lord John Russell served England--the country whose freedom, he once declared, he 'worshipped'--with unwearied devotion, with a high sense of honour, with a courage which never faltered, with an integrity which has never been impeached. He followed duty to the utmost verge of life, and--full himself of moral susceptibility--he reverenced the conscience of every man.

FOOTNOTES:

[44] _History of the War in the Crimea_, by A. W, Kinglake, vol. ii. sixth edition, pp. 249-50.

Lady Russell states that Lord John used to smile at Kinglake's rhetorical exaggeration of the scene. Her impression is that only two of the Cabinet, and not, as the historian puts it, 'all but a small minority,' fell asleep. The Duke of Argyll or Mr. Gladstone can alone settle the point at issue.

[45] Amongst those who assembled in the drawing-room of Pembroke Lodge on that historic occasion were Mr. Henry Richard, M.P., Mr. Samuel Morley, M.P., Mr. Edward Baines, Sir Charles Reed, Mr. Carvell Williams, M.P., who came on behalf of the Protestant Dissenting Deputies. The Congregationalists were represented by such men as the Rev. Baldwin Brown and the Rev. Guinness Rogers; the Baptists by Dr. Underhill; the Presbyterians by Dr. McEwan; and the Unitarians by Mr. Middleton Aspland.

INDEX

ABERCROMBY, Mr., 103

Aberdeen, Lord, Foreign Secretary in Peel's Cabinet, 125;
and the repeal of the Corn Laws, 132;
forms the Coalition Government, 203, 206;
early political life and characteristics, 209;
and the Secret Memorandum, 216, 225;
friendly relations with the Emperor Nicholas, 217, 233;
belief in the peaceful intentions of Russia, 225, 231;
vacillation on the eve of the Crimean War, 229, 234;
public prejudice against him, 233;
home policy, 240;
fall of his Government, 257;
relations with Lord John Russell, 346, 347

Adelaide, Queen, 82, 83

'Adullamites,' 329

Afghanistan, invasion of, 121, 170

'Alabama' Case, the, 312-319

Albert, Prince, and Lord Palmerston, 177;
letter on the defeat of the Turks at Sinope, 232;
and Count Buol's scheme, 261;
letter on the position of affairs in the Crimea, 263;
death, and characteristics, 308, 309;
last official act, 310

Alexander II., 259, 321

Alien Acts, the, 27

All the Talents, Ministry of, 63, 64

Alma, the battle of, 246

Althorp, Lord, 48, 56, 67, 79;
and his part in carrying the Reform Bill, 81, 82, 87;
characteristics, 81, 82, 88, 92;
introduces the Poor Law Amendment Act (Ireland), 93, 96;
and the Coercion Act, 96;
succeeds to the Peerage as Earl Spencer, 100.
_See also_ Spencer, Lord

Amberley, Viscount, 356

America, war between England and, 21, 22;
Napoleon's opinion of the war, 31;
and the 'Trent' affair, 310-312;
Civil War, 310, 313;
and the Alabama Case, 312-319

Anti-Corn-Law League, its founding 121, 126, 131

Argyll, Duke of, 295, 327

Armenia, massacres in, 269, 353

Arms Bill, 146, 147;
of 1847, 154

Auckland, Lord, 96

Austria, revolt in Vienna of 1848, 171;
and the retention of Lombardy and Venice, 172, 300;
and the Vienna Note, 227;
and the Crimean War, 243;
proposed alliance with England and France to defend the integrity of
Turkey, 261;
her power in Italy, 300;
campaign against France and Italy, and battles of Magenta and
Solferino, 302, 303;
and the peace of Villafranca, 303

BAGEHOT, Walter, 86, 323

Ballot, the: Grote's attempts to introduce a bill, 90, 111

Bathurst, Lord, 50

Bedford, fourth Duke of, his 'Correspondence' edited by Lord John
Russell, 278

-- Francis, fifth Duke of, 3

-- sixth Duke of, father of Lord John Russell, 3;
opinion of English Universities, 11, 16;
encouragement given to Lord John in political training, 14, 36;
characteristics, 16;
and Lord John's leadership of the Opposition, 103;
and Joseph Lancaster, 115

-- seventh Duke of, 202

-- first Earl of, 2

Belgium: the question of its independence, 172, 340, 341

Bentinck, Lord George, 138, 140, 141, 150, 160, 201

Bessborough, Lord, 146, 151

Birmingham, unrepresented in the House of Commons, 23, 38, 51, 60, 71;
great meeting on the Reform question at, 79, 296

Bismarck, Count, 321-323

Blandford, Lord, 59

Blessington, Lady, 42

Blomfield, Bishop, 115

Bradlaugh, Mr., 332

Bribery and corruption before the era of Reform, 23, 61;
Lord John Russell's resolutions for the discovery and punishment
of, 43

Bridgeman, Mr. George (afterwards Earl of Bradford), 16, 18, 20

Bright, John, on the influences at work in the repeal of the Corn
Laws, 130, 131;
on disaffection in Ireland, and the Arms Bill, 155, 156, 202, 206,
208, 287;
relations with Lord John Russell, 294, 329;
and the 'Adullamites,' 329

Brougham, Lord, 56, 67;
and the Reform Bill cry, 74;
speech on the second Reform Bill, 78, 83;
opinion of Lord John Russell, 110

Buccleuch, Duke of, 134, 136

Bulgaria, massacres in, 269, 352

Bulwer, Sir H., 174

Buol, Count, 261, 263

Burdett, Sir Francis, 25, 26;
his motion for universal suffrage, 35; 70

Buxton, Thomas Fowell, 89

Byng, Hon. Georgiana, 3

CAMELFORD, 40

Campbell, Lord, 157

Canada: the rebellion, 110;
Earl of Durham appointed Governor-General, 110

Canning, Mr., 43;
his Ministry, 50;
death, 51

Capital crimes, 107

Cardwell, Mr., 290

Carlisle, Earl of, 96

Carlyle, Thomas, and the Chartists, 166, 167, 358, 362

Caroline, Queen, proceedings against, 41

Cartwright, Dr., 5

Cartwright, Major, 5, 25, 26, 38, 39

Cassiobury, 36, 112

Castlereagh, Lord, 21, 40, 63

Catholics: political restrictions against them, 48;
agitation for Emancipation, 58, 59;
passing of the Emancipation Bill, 59;
and the decree of Pius IX., 182-184;
and the Durham Letter, 184-188

Cato Street Conspiracy, 40

'Cave of Adullam,' 329

Cavour, Count, 300, 301, 302

Chadwick, Sir Edwin, 162

Chartist movement, 163;
and Feargus O'Connor, 165-168;
and its literature, 166

Chatham, Lord, on borough representation, 24, 25, 26

Chelsea Hospital, 62

Cheshunt College, 365

China, opium war against, 121

Church of England, the, and its adoption of Romish practices, 185, 186

Clare, Lord, 6, 7

Clarendon, Lord, 119, 141;
his Vice-royalty of Ireland, 153, 182, 196;
at the Foreign Office, 221, 224, 231;
on Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, 260;
Count Buol's proposals, 262, 263, 327

Clive, Mr. Robert, 16, 20

Clubs for the advancement of Reform, 26

Cobbett, William, 26, 64

Cobden, Richard, and the repeal of the Corn Laws, 131, 132, 134;
and Wellington, 136, 202, 206, 208, 287;
relations with Lord John Russell, 294;
negotiates the Commercial Treaty with France, 295, 296;
death, 325

Coercion Act: Lord Grey proposes its renewal, 96;
Lord John Russell's speech, 97, 98;
and O'Connell, 98, 99;
Peel's proposal for its renewal, 140

Conspiracy Bill, the, 289, 290

Conyngham, Marquis of, 96

Corn Laws, 121;
John Bright on the influences working for their repeal, 130, 131;
of 1670 reproduced in 1815, 131 _n._;
Sir Robert Peel proposes their gradual repeal, 138;
bill for repeal passes both Houses, 139;
total repeal carried by Russell, 145

Cranworth, Lord, 327

Crime, excessive penalties for, 24

Crimean War: causes, 213-235;
outbreak, 243, 246;
Alma, 246;
Balaclava and Inkerman, 247;
siege of Sebastopol, 246, 247;
privation and pestilence amongst the Allies, 248, 252;
Roebuck's motion in the House of Commons to inquire into the
condition of the army before Sebastopol, and Lord John Russell's
speech on the question, 254-257;
failure of Vienna Conference and renewal of the campaign, 267;
fall of Sebastopol, 268;
losses of Russia, and of the Allies, 268;
treaty of Paris, 268

Croker, J. W., 80, 139

DALLING, Lord, 180

Denmark and the Schleswig-Holstein Question, 322, 323

Derby, Lord, Administration of, 199, 200, 202, 206;
fails to form a Ministry on the resignation of Lord Aberdeen, 258;
succeeds to the Premiership on the resignation of Lord Palmerston,
290;
resignation, 293

Devonshire, Duke of, 49

Dickens, Charles, his tribute to Lord Russell, 354

Disraeli, Benjamin, and the 'poisoned chalice,' 135;
attacks Peel on the proposal to repeal the Corn Laws, 138;
and the Coercion Bill, 140, 141, 160;
and 'Sybil,' 166;
and the dismissal of Lord Palmerston, 180, 181;
on Lord John Russell's position after the issue of the Durham
Letter, 188;
his Budget of 1852, 199, 210;
leadership of the Conservative party, 201;
resolution condemning the Palmerston Ministry, 264;
on the exclusion of Lord John from Lord Grey's Cabinet, 273, 290;
his Reform Bill, 291, 292;
on the Prince Consort, 309;
his 'diabolical cleverness,' 333 _n._

Dissenters. _See_ Nonconformists

'Don Carlos,' by Lord John Russell, 279

'Don Pacifico' affair, the, 175

Dufferin, Lord, 327, 363

Duffy, Sir Gavan, on Irish landowners, 149

Duhamel, General, his scheme for the acquisition of India by Russia,
218

Duncannon, Lord, 67, 91, 92;
appointed Home Secretary, 99. _See also_ Bessborough, Lord

Dunkellin, Lord, 329, 331

Durazzo, Madame, 37

Durham, Lord, his advanced opinions and popularity with the Radicals,
66, 164;
and the preparation of the Reform Bill, 67, 68;
and the scene in the House of Commons during the introduction of the
bill, 69, 89;
resigns office, 92;
appointed Governor-General of Canada, 110;
defended by Lord John Russell, 111;
popularity, 164

Durham Letter, the, 184-189, 191

EAST INDIA COMPANY, 89, 288, 289

East Retford, 51

Ebrington, Lord, 75;
moves a vote of confidence in Lord Grey's Government, 79;
moves a second vote of confidence, 83, 91, 92

Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, 191-193

'Edinburgh Letter,' the, 133

Edinburgh Speculative Society, 13

-- University, Lord John Russell at, 11-14;
and the influence of Professors Dugald Stewart and John Playfair,
12;
and the Speculative Society, 13

Education at the beginning of the century, 24;
Roebuck's scheme, 89;
Bill of 1839, 114, 115;
measure for providing competent teachers for elementary schools,
159;
Lord John Russell's scheme of National Education, 284;
Mr. Forster's measure, 285

Egypt, war between Turkey and, 119

Elcho, Lord, 329

Eldon, Lord, 40, 50;
and the proposed repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 57, 58, 63

Elections, Parliamentary, cost of, 23

Elliot, Hon. George, 195, 279, 347, 362

Encumbered Estates Act, 157

Erskine, Lord, 25

'Essay on the History of the English Government and Constitution,' by
Lord John Russell, 274, 275

FACTORY ACT, 159

Famine, Irish, 130, 146, 148, 149

Farnborough, Lord, 107

Fielden, Mr., 159

Fitzpatrick, General, 20

Flood, Mr., and Reform, 77, and _note_

Fonblanque, Albany, 47, 84, 196, 197

Forster, W. E., and the Irish famine, 149;
tribute to Lord John Russell for his work in the cause of education,
285, 327

Fortescue, Mr. Chichester, Lord John Russell's 'Letters on the State
of Ireland' to, 280, 342

Fox, Charles James, his influence on Lord John Russell, 8;
on Parliamentary Representation, 25;
and the Test and Corporation Acts, 54, 55;
Russell's Biography of him, 98, 272, 277

France: Napoleon's intention to create a new aristocracy, 31;
and England's alliance, 120;
overthrow and flight of Louis Philippe, 163, 171;
and the Spanish marriages, 171;
Revolution of 1848, 171;
and the 'Don Pacifico' affair, 175;
and the Crimean War, 225, 229;
the Orsini Conspiracy, 289, 290;
Commercial Treaty with England, 295, 296;
campaign with Italy, against Austria, 302, 303;
annexation of Savoy, 305

Free Trade: the question coming to the front, 121;
and Tory opposition, 132;
conversion of Peel, 137, 138;
and the Commercial Treaty with France, 296

French Revolution, its influence on the English people, 24, 36

Friends of the People, Society of the, 25, 63

Froude, Mr., on the improvements effected by the Reform Bill, 86, 87

'GAGGING ACTS,' the, 39, 40

Garibaldi, General, 300;
entry into Naples, 306;
visit to Pembroke Lodge, 307

Gascoigne, General, 73

Gatton, 23

Gavazzi, Father, 186

George III., his madness and blindness, 27;
and Catholic Emancipation, 59

George IV. and Queen Caroline, 41;
and Catholic Emancipation, 59;
death, 60, 64

Gibson, Milner, 141, 208, 287, 295

Gladstone, Mr., on the Colonial policy of the Melbourne Government,
117;
Colonial Secretary, 136;
and Sir Robert Peel, 176;
his attack on Disraeli's Budget, 199;
and Disraeli's claim to lead the Conservative party, 201 and _note_;
and Lord John Russell's claim to the Premiership on the fall of the
Derby Government, 202;
takes office under Lord Aberdeen, 207;
first Budget, 210;
and the income tax, 240;
resigns office, 258, 290;
Chancellor of the Exchequer (1859), 295;
tribute to Russell on his accession to the Peerage, 297, 298;
unseated at Oxford, 325;
Chancellor of the Exchequer under Lord Russell, 327;
introduces a Reform Bill, 328;
tribute to Lord Russell, 330;
ovation at Carlton House Terrace, 332;
and the Irish Question, 342, 363, 366

Glenelg, Lord, 112

Goderich, Lord, 52, 93

Gordon, Lady Georgiana, 3

Gore, Hon. Charles, 348

Gorham Case, the, 182

Gortschakoff, Prince, 261, 267

Goschen, Mr., 327

Graham, Sir James, 67;
withdraws from Lord Grey's Ministry, 95;
accuses Lord John Russell of encouraging sedition, 119;
Home Secretary under Peel, 125;
declines the Governor-Generalship of India, 141, 202, 207, 232, 254,
258, 290

Grampound, 27, 40, 41;
disfranchised, 43

Granville, Lord, appointed Foreign Secretary, 182;
on Lord John Russell's speech in defence of his late colleagues,
266;
fails to form a Ministry on the defeat of Lord Derby, 293;
becomes President of the Council, 295

Great Exhibition of 1851, 193, 200, 234, 308

Greece and the 'Don Pacifico' affair, 175

Greenock, Lord John Russell's speech on the prospects of war, at, 227

Greville, Charles, comments of, 61, 69, 72, 73, 102, 130, 180, 207,
257, 286

Grey, (Charles, second) Lord, 15, 25;
and Lord John Russell's efforts on behalf of liberty, 58, 61;
forms an Administration, 62, 65;
early labours in the cause of Reform, 63, 64;
characteristics, 65;
announcement in the House of Lords with regard to the introduction
of the first Reform Bill, 68;
speech on the second Reform Bill, 76-78;
resigns office, but resumes power on the inability of the Duke of
Wellington to form a Ministry, 83, 92;
changes in his Cabinet, 96;
proposes the renewal of the Coercion Act, 96;
resigns the Premiership, 99

Grey (Henry, third), Lord, 134;
Secretary to the Colonies under Lord John Russell, 141

Grey, Sir George, Home Secretary under Lord John Russell, 141;
and Irish crime, 153;
appointed Colonial Secretary, 245, 295;
Home Secretary, 327

Grillion's Club, 27, 28

Grosvenor, Earl, 329, 330

Grote, George, 90, 110, 111, 320

HABEAS CORPUS ACT, suspension of, 33, 34

Hampden, Dr., and the see of Hereford, 161

Hampden Clubs, 26

Harcourt, Archbishop, on religious tests, 57

Harding, Sir John, and the 'Alabama' Case, 315-317

Hardinge, Sir Henry (afterwards Viscount), 82, 249

Hartington, Lord, 292, 327

Henley, Mr., 291

Herbert of Lea, Lord, 232

Herbert, Sidney, 207, 244, 254, 258

Herschel, Sir John, 355

Hobhouse, Sir J. C., 70, 141

Holland, Lord, visit of Lord John Russell to the Peninsula with, 9-11,
30, 53, 57, 119;
and the Life of Charles James Fox, 276

Holland House, 8, 15, 143

Holy Places in Palestine, dispute concerning, 213, 218

Horsman, Mr., 329

Houghton, Lord, 294

House of Commons, abuses and defects in representation before the era
of Reform, 22, 23;
presentation of the petition of the Friends of the People, 25, 26;
suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, 33, 34;
Sir Francis Burdett's motion for universal suffrage, and Lord John
Russell's speech, 35;
and the 'Gagging Acts,' 39, 40;
Lord John's first resolutions in favour of Reform, 40;
Lord John proposes an addition of 100 members, 43;
introduction and second reading of the first Reform Bill, 69-73;
dissolution, 74;
first Reform Bill, 69-73;
second Reform Bill, 75, 76;
third Reform Bill, 81;
the first Reformed Parliament, 88;
number of Protectionists in 1847, 160

House of Lords, and the proposed enfranchisement of Manchester, 52;
and the Test and Corporation Acts, 56, 57;
effect of the Duke of Wellington's declaration against Reform, 61;
its rejection of Reform, 78;
urged by William IV. to withdraw opposition to the Reform Bill, 84;
passing of the Reform Bill, 84;
and the Jewish Disabilities Bill, 198, 291

Howick, Lord, 134

Hume, Joseph, 72, 80, 90, 121

Hunt, Mr. Ward, 330

-- 'Orator,' 26

Huskisson, Mr., 56

Hyde Park, Reform demonstration in, 332

INDEMNITY BILL for Dissenters, 51

India, Napoleon's prophecy as to the acquisition by Russia of, 31;
Duhamel's scheme for its acquisition by Russia, 218;
Mutiny in, 288

India Bills, 210, 290

Inkerman, battle of, 247