Chapter XVI: Appendix: Chronological Outline

1840. September 27, Alfred Thayer Mahan born at West Point, New York,
son of Professor Dennis Hart Mahan of the U. S. Military
Academy.

1854–1856. Student at Columbia College in the City of New York.

1856. September 30, entered the third class, U. S. Naval Academy, as
acting midshipman. Appointed from the 10th Congressional
District of New York.

1859. June 9, graduated as midshipman.

1859–1861, Frigate _Congress_, Brazil station.

1861. August 31, promoted to lieutenant. Converted steamer _James
Adger_ for ten days.

1861–1862. Steam corvette _Pocahontas_, in the Potomac flotilla;
capture of Port Royal, November 7, 1861; South Atlantic
Blockading Squadron.

1862–1863. Naval Academy at Newport, Rhode Island. First lieutenant in
the _Macedonian_ during the summer practice cruise to England in
1863.

1863–1864. Steam corvette _Seminole_, West Gulf Blockading Squadron.

1864–1865. _James Adger_; staff of Rear Admiral Dahlgren, South
Atlantic Blockading Squadron; _James Adger_.

1865–1866. Double-ender _Muscoota_.

1865. June 7, promoted to lieutenant commander.

1866. Ordnance duty, Washington Navy Yard.

1867–1869. Steam sloop _Iroquois_, to Asiatic station, via Cape of
Good Hope. Detached in 1869; returned via Rome and Paris.

1869. Commanding gunboat _Aroostook_, Asiatic station.

1870–1871. Navy yard, New York.

1871. _Worcester_, home station.

1872. Promoted to commander. Receiving ship, New York.

1873–1874. Commanding side-wheel steamer _Wasp_ in the Rio de la
Plata.

1875–1876. Navy yard, Boston.

1877–1880. Naval Academy, Annapolis.

1880–1883. Navy yard, New York.

1883–1885. Commanding steam sloop _Wachusett_, South Pacific Squadron.

1885. Assigned to Naval War College, as lecturer on naval history and
strategy.

1886–1889. President of Naval War College.

1889–1892. Special duty, Bureau of Navigation. Member of commission to
choose site for navy yard in Puget Sound.

1892–1893. President of Naval War College.

1893–1895. Commanding cruiser _Chicago_, flagship of Rear Admiral
Erben, European station.

1895–1896. Special duty at the Naval War College.

1896. November 17, retired as captain on his own application after
forty years’ service.

1896–1912. Special duty in connection with Naval War College.

1898. Member of Naval War Board during Spanish War.

1899. Delegate to Hague Peace Conference.

1906. June 29, rear admiral on the retired list.

1914. December 1, died at the Naval Hospital, Washington.

ACADEMIC HONORS

D.C.L., Oxford, 1894; LL.D., Cambridge, 1894; LL.D., Harvard, 1895; LL.D., Yale, 1897; LL.D., Columbia, 1900; LL.D., Magill, 1909; President of the American Historical Association, 1902.

PUBLISHED WORKS

1883. “The Gulf and Inland Waters.”

1890. “The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783.”

1892. “The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and
Empire, 1793–1812.” Two volumes.

“The Life of Admiral Farragut.”

1897. “The Life of Nelson: the Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great
Britain.” Two volumes.

“The Interest of America in Sea Power, Present and Future.”

1899. “Lessons of the War with Spain.”

1900. “The Problem of Asia, and its Effect upon International
Policies.”

“The Story of the War with South Africa, 1899–1900.”

1901. “Types of Naval Officers, Drawn from the History of the British
Navy.”

1902. “Retrospect and Prospect: Studies in International Relations,
Naval and Political.”

1905. “Sea Power in its Relations to the War of 1812.” Two volumes.

1907. “Some Neglected Aspects of War.”

“From Sail to Steam: Recollections of a Naval Life.”

1908. “Naval Administration and Warfare.”

1909. “The Harvest Within: Thoughts on the Life of a Christian.”

1910. “The Interest of America in International Conditions.”

1911. “Naval Strategy, Compared and Contrasted with the Principles and
Practice of Military Operations on Land.”

1912. “Armaments and Arbitration: the Place of Force in International
Relations.”

1913. “The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American
Independence.”

UNCOLLECTED ESSAYS

“Reflections, Historical and Other, Suggested by the Battle of the Sea of Japan,” _U. S. Naval Institute_, June, 1906; Reprinted in _Journal of the Royal United Service Institution_, November, 1906.

“The Battleship of All Big Guns,” _World’s Work_, January, 1911.

“Misrepresenting Mr. Roosevelt,” _Outlook_, June 17, 1911.

“Importance of Command of the Sea,” _Scientific American_, December 9, 1911.

“Was Panama a Chapter of National Dishonor?” _North American Review_, October, 1912.

“Japan among Nations,” _Living Age_, August 2, 1913.

“Twentieth Century Christianity,” _North American Review_, April, 1914.

“Macdonough at Plattsburg,” _North American Review_, August, 1914.

“The Panama Canal and the Distribution of the Fleet,” _North American Review_, September, 1914.

REFERENCES

There is at present no printed source for the life of Mahan except his autobiographical record “From Sail to Steam,” which is confined almost entirely to the period preceding his retirement in 1896. Aside from book reviews, the more important critical essays and tributes are as follows:

“Mahan’s Counsels to the United States,” G. S. Clarke, _Nineteenth Century, Review_, February, 1898.

“Mahan on Sea Power,” S. G. W. Benjamin, _New York Times Book Review_, January 18, 1902.

“La Maîtrise de la Mer,” Auguste Moireau, _Revue des Deux Mondes_, October, 1902.

“Some American Historians,” Professor H. Morse Stephens, _World’s Work_, July, 1902.

“Lee at Appomattox and Other Papers,” Charles Francis Adams, 1903, p. 356 ff.

“The Writings of Mahan,” _New York Nation_, December 10, 1914.

“A Great Public Servant,” Theodore Roosevelt, _Outlook_, January 13, 1915. See also _Outlook_, December 9, 1914.

“Alfred Thayer Mahan—In Memoriam,” _United States Naval Institute_, January–February, 1915.

“The Influence of America’s Greatest Naval Strategist on the War in Europe,” _Current Opinion_, February, 1915. (Taken from Paris _Figaro_.)

“Naval History: Mahan and his Successors,” _Military Historian and Economist_, January, 1918.

INDEX

Aden, #$1#, 152

Admiralty, British, organization of, 118–122, 194, 195

Adriatic Sea, 26, 306

Africa, 46.
_See_ SOUTH AFRICA

Alabama, Confederate cruiser, 96

Alaska, 40

Alava, Spanish admiral, 215

Alexander the Great, campaigns of, 4, 14

Alexander I, of Russia, 224–226

Algeciras Conference, 306

Alliances, military weakness of, 60, 61, 315.
_See_ ENTENTE; TRIPLE ALLIANCE

Alsace-Lorraine, 326, 349

American Independence, War of, 23, 85, 343;
unwise policy of England in, 143–144;
influence of sea power in, 164–170.

Amsterdam, 34, 39.

Antilles, Lesser, strategic value of, 102, 105, 107, 108

Antwerp, 30, 306

Arbitration, #$1#, inadequacy of, 293–295, 344–347

Armenia, 345, 347

Armored cruiser, a faulty type, 260

Asia. _See_ CHINA; JAPAN; FAR EAST

Atlantic Coast, of United States, 35, 65–67, 111–112, 274, 285

Australia, 148, 149, 350

Austria, in Thirty Years’ War, 50 ff.;
in Napoleonic Wars, 76, 191, 228;
in Seven Years’ War, 147;
an ally of Germany, 304–306, 317, 322, 323, 327

Balkan States, 306

Baltic Sea, 31, 82, 186, 188, 191, 273, 274, 313

Barbados, 60, 196

Bases, naval, for permanent operations, 28;
in the Caribbean, 29;
exposed to land attack, 71;
useless without a navy, 287.
_See_ PORTS; STRATEGIC POSITIONS

Battleships, design of, 61–62.
_See_ SPEED

Beachy Head, battle of, 81, 155, 157

Belgium, ports of, closed, 30;
a possession of Spain, 38, 50, 57, 60, 67

Berlin Decree, 95, 331

Bermuda, 105

Biscay, Bay of, 192

Bismarck, Prince, #$1#, 326

Blockade, in the Civil War, 41–42, 94;
military, 86;
commercial, 94–99, 330–331;
defense against, 129–132;
of Santiago, 251–255;
of France, in Napoleonic Wars, 300–311

Bombardment, defense against, 129–132

Bombay, #$1#, 153

Boulogne, 191, 192, 194, 197

Bourrienne, Napoleon’s secretary, 13, 14

Boyne, battle of, 37

Brest, 23, 24, 31, 154, 174, 192–194, 196, 222

Brock, General, 233, 234

_Brunswick_, British ship, 180–182

_Bucentaure_, French ship, 215–219

Bulgaria, 345

Byng, British Admiral, 85, 86, 158

Cadiz, 26, 58;
Villeneuve at, 197–202, 208–211, 219–222

Cæsar, campaigns of, 4, 14

Calder, British Admiral, 196

Cámara, Spanish Admiral, 252

Canada, 143, 147, 154;
in War of 1812, 229–240, 307

Cape Verde Islands, 241

Caribbean Sea, strategic importance of, 27–29, 289, 325;
features of, 100–112;
map of, 100;
hurricane in, 244

Cartagena, 26

Central Line, or Position, defined and illustrated, 50–67, 103;
of Germany, 53

Cervera, Spanish Admiral, squadron of, 59, 88, 89;
approach of, 241–249;
blockaded at Santiago, 251–255

Champlain, Lake, battle of, 235, 239

Channel, British, 23, 24, 25, 52, 53, 69, 140;
defenses in, against Napoleon, 191–195;
controlled by England, 312–315

Charles, Archduke, campaigns of, 11 ff

Chauncey, Commodore, 235–236

Chemulpo, 256, 267

Cherbourg, 31, 174

Chesapeake Bay, British forces in, 31;
battle off, 164–170

China, at war with Japan, 296;
and foreign powers, 300, 345;
emigration from, 349, 352.
_See_ OPEN DOOR

Cienfuegos, 59, 88, 89, 103, 241, 246, 247

Civil War, American, Mahan’s service in, #$1#;
blockade in, 41–42, 94–96;
Farragut in, 76;
results of, 292

Clausewitz, Karl von, quoted, 89

Clinton, Sir Henry, 164, 167

Coasts, influence of, on naval development, 28–32, 40–42;
defense of, 89, 129–133;
fortification of, 261.
_See_ FRONTIERS

Codrington, Sir Edward, 178, 183, 201

Colbert, French Minister, 138, 139

Collingwood, British Admiral, at battle of June First, 178;
off Rochefort, 192;
at Trafalgar, 197, 201, 206, 213–217, 220

Colonies, national policies regarding, #$1#, 45–46;
as motives for a navy, 20;
British, 22;
Germany’s desire for, 319, 323

Commerce, easier by sea than by land, 16;
importance of foreign, 17, 148;
as a motive for naval power, 18–19, 355–357;
routes of, 69–70, 76–78

Commerce Warfare, operations of, discussed, 5, 91–99;
a weapon of the weaker sea power, 24;
requires distant bases, 25, 154;
in the Napoleonic Wars, 198, 223–228.
_See_ BLOCKADE; PRIVATE PROPERTY

Communications, facility of, by sea, 16, 77, 286, 331–332;
between England and Ireland, 37, 38;
importance of, in warfare, 52–60, 75–78, 92;
maintained by naval forces, 154;
altered by interoceanic canals, 288–290

Compromise, evils of, 259–262;
in Rozhestvensky’s plans, 281

Concentration, defined and illustrated, 60–67;
disregarded by Russia in war with Japan, 270–275, 277–282

Continental System, Napoleon’s, 198, 223–228

Contraband, 99

Convoys, 17

Copenhagen, Nelson’s campaign of, 184–191

Corbett, Sir Julian, quoted, 85, 89

Corfu, 287

Cornwallis, British Admiral, 192, 194, 196

Cornwallis, General, at Yorktown, 159, 164–170

Corsica, 26

Corunna, 52

Crete, 58, 70, 347

Cronstadt, 273

Cuba, strategic value of, 59, 74, 79, 100–112;
in Spanish War, 243, 245, 345, 348, 349

Culebra Island, 111

Curaçao, 241, 248

_Curieux_, British brig, 196

Curtis, British Captain, 178, 179, 183

Cyprus, 153

D’Aché, French Admiral, 153

Danube, central position on, 50, 53–56, 60, 67

Dearborn, General, 236, 238

De Barras, French Admiral, in the American Revolution, 164–168

Defensive, limited rôle of, in naval warfare, 87–90, 309–311;
in the War of 1812, 228 ff

De Grasse, French Admiral, at Saints’ Passage, 160;
off the Chesapeake, 164–170

Du Guichen, French Admiral, engaged with Rodney, 159–163

Denmark, trade of, 25;
waters of, 51;
Nelson’s campaign against, 184–190

De Ruyter, Dutch Admiral, 207

Detroit, 233, 238, 239

Dewey, Admiral, #$1#

Dominica, 160

Dumanoir, French Admiral, at Trafalgar, 218–220

Egypt, Napoleon in, 58, 127, 192;
British rule in, 152, 191, 343

England. _See_ GREAT BRITAIN

Entente, Triple, 53, 304–306, 317–318

Erie, Lake, operations on, 232, 233, 235–236, 238, 240

Far East, political conditions in, 289–291, 296–297.
_See_ CHINA; JAPAN; OPEN DOOR

Farragut, Admiral, his place as a naval leader, #$1#;
at Mobile, 64, 251;
on the Mississippi, 76;
quoted, 340

Ferrol, 192, 196, 197

Fighting Instructions, of the British Navy, 157–158

Fleet in Being, theory of, 81;
illustrated by Cervera’s fleet, 242–248;
in Russo-Japanese War, 258–269

Florida, exposed position of, 36, 65, 66;
Straits of, 69, 147

Flying Squadron, in Spanish War, #$1#, 59, 88, 89, 241, 246

Fortress Fleet, 258–269

Française, Cape, 165, 166

France, a rival of Great Britain, #$1#;
geographical conditions affecting, 22–25;
ports of, 31, 32;
in Napoleonic Wars, 43–44, 171–174;
colonial policy of, 46;
in Thirty Years’ War, 50–57;
exhausted under Louis XIV, 137–140;
in American Revolution, 143–144;
in Seven Years’ War, 147, 153–154;
opposed to Germany, 305, 317–318, 320;
arrested growth of, in population, 307, 322;
Channel coast of, 312–313.
_See_ NAVY, FRENCH

Franklin, Benjamin, quoted, 350

Frederick the Great, 14, 147

French Revolution, 152;
effect on French navy, 171–174, 178

Frontiers, advantage of seaboard, 30;
of United States, regarded as a line, 65–67, 112;
warfare on, in 1812, 229–234.
_See_ COASTS

Genoa, 67

Germany, recent naval policy of, #$1#–xv, 51;
trade of, 25;
rivers of, 33, 69;
central position of, 53;
possible acquisitions in West Indies, 288;
political character and aims of, 292, 302–308, 317–327;
and Far East, 299;
her sea routes threatened by Great Britain, 312–316, 333, 336.
_See_ NAVY, GERMAN

Gibraltar, an important base, 20, 22, 58, 69, 74, 152, 154;
acquired by Great Britain, 26, 147, 157;
siege of, 85, 86, 107, 178;
Nelson at, 196, 199, 209

Good Hope, Cape of, 20, 26, 33, 51, 152, 290, 314

Graves, British Admiral, off the Chesapeake, 160, 164–170

Gravina, Spanish Admiral, at Trafalgar, 210–211, 214, 219–220

Great Britain, growth of, in naval power, #$1#, 32–34, 43–44;
colonial policy of, 45, 46, 343;
naval policy of, 47–48, 141–146;
community of interests with United States, 111, 291–295, 318–332;
in American Revolution, 143–144;
gains of, in Seven Years’ War, 147–154;
navy her first line of defense, 191–195;
in commerce warfare with Napoleon, 223–228, 310–311;
and problem of imperial federation, 293;
threatened by Germany, 302–308;
policy of, relating to seizure of private property at sea, 333–338.
_See_ NAVY, BRITISH

Guadeloupe, 25, 143

Guantanamo, 58, 103–107, 111

Hague, The, 155–157, 165, 166.
_See_ PEACE CONFERENCES

Haiti, 105, 108

Halifax, 105

Hamilton, Lady Emma, 200

Hampton Roads, #$1#, 59, 66, 89, 241, 246

Hannibal, campaigns of, 4, 14

Havana, 39, 59, 88, 89, 105, 106, 110, 143, 166, 241, 246, 247

Havre, 174

Hawaiian Islands, value of, to the United States, 285–287, 356, 357;
Japanese in, 301

Hawke, British Admiral, 155

Heligoland, #$1#

Holland, dependent on commerce, 161;
as a sea power, 22, 23;
trade of, 25;
closes Belgian ports, 30;
raids Chatham, 30;
naval rivalry with England, 32–34, 312, 313;
at war with Spain, 37–38, 342;
colonial policy of, 45–46;
rivers of, 69;
in wars of Louis XIV, 137–140;
in Napoleonic Wars, 193;
possible union with Germany, 320

Hood, British Admiral, 167, 168

Hotham, British Admiral, 81

Howe, British Admiral, policy of, 5;
in the battle of June First, 175–183

Hudson River, 31, 166

India, British in, 147, 151, 317, 343;
route to, 152, 153

Interior Lines, value of, in warfare, 51–67;
illustrated, 103, 314

International Law, regard for, in Napoleonic Wars, 227–228;
inadequate to check national aggressions, 300

Ireland, 37, 313

Italy, position of, 26;
exposed by sea, 36–37;
in wars of France and Austria, 50, 56, 60;
unification of, 292;
interests of, opposed to those of Germany and Austria, 305–306, 317

Jamaica, lost by Spain, 39;
threatening position of, 58;
strategic value of, 100–112

James II, of England, 38, 277;
fighting instructions issued by, 157–158

Japan, influenced by Mahan’s writings, #$1#;
in war with Russia, 56, 57, 60;
influence in Asia, 76–78, 82–84;
coerced by the European powers, 291–292;
growth of, 296–297, 326;
and the Open Door Policy, 299–301;
compared with Germany, 303, 324;
and Great Britain, 306–307, 318, 320;
emigration from, 349–352.
_See_ RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

Jervis. _See_ ST. VINCENT

Jomini, on strategy, 11, 12, 49, 321;
on strategic lines, 64, 65, 238;
on Napoleon, 80;
on British sea power, 141

June First, battle of, 175–183

Kamimura, Japanese Admiral, 66

Kamranh Bay, 83

Keith, British Admiral, 194

Key West, 29, 36, 111, 241, 269

Kiel Canal, #$1#, 51

Kingston, in Canada, 231–240;
in Jamaica, 107

Korea, 256, 300, 346

Kuropatkin, Russian General, 256, 257

Lafayette, General, 164, 169

La Hogue, battle of, 155–157, 165, 166

Levant, trade of, 33

Line of Battle, of fleets, 62, 156, 158, 162, 163.
_See_ STRATEGIC LINES

Logistics, defined, 49

London, 30

Louis XIV, of France, 37, 155;
wars of, 137–141

Louis XVI, of France, 172

Louisburg, 20, 154

Macdonough, Commodore, 142

Madagascar, #$1#, 82

Madrid, 81, 209

Magellan, Straits of, 51, 67, 290

Malta, 20, 26, 58, 70, 107, 152, 287

Manchuria, 56, 57, 267, 300

Manila, 39, 143

Mantua, 76, 80

Marengo, battle of, 13, 14, 76, 257

Marlborough, Duke of, 142

Martinique, 25, 74, 104, 143, 154, 160, 161, 196, 241

Masampo Bay, 66

Mauritius, 20, 152

Mediterranean Sea, position of France on, 22, 59, 140;
importance of, as a trade route, 27, 31, 39, 289–290;
Villeneuve ordered to, 198–199;
bases in, 287, 314

Metz, 71

Mexico, Gulf of, 29, 31, 35, 36, 65, 66;
strategic features of, 100–112, 325

Milan, 50, 53

Minorca, 39, 107, 147, 154, 158

Mississippi River, importance of, 29, 31, 35, 69, 100, 101;
in the Civil War, 42, 76, 143

Mobile Bay, battle of, 64, 251

Mona Passage, 102

Monroe Doctrine, 102, 111, 149, 288–291, 318, 320–322, 325, 356

Montreal, 231, 233, 234, 238, 240

Moore, Sir John, 81

Morocco, 306, 318, 320

Mukden, battle of, 56, 256

Naples, 38, 39

Napoleon, as a strategian, 11;
anecdote of, 12–14;
quoted, 4, 14, 55, 58, 70, 78, 110, 155, 173, 241, 271, 287, 296,
335;
at Marengo and Mantua, 76, 257;
a believer in the offensive, 80, 81, 152, 153;
in commerce warfare with Great Britain, 92, 93, 95, 223–228, 331;
armies of, 172;
and the northern neutrals, 184, 187;
his plan for the invasion of England, 191–198;
and the Trafalgar campaign, 221–223, 248;
downfall of, 237;
at Waterloo, 239

Napoleonic Wars, 12, 31, 80, 81, 142, 307, 310, 343

Naval Administration, civil _vs._ military, 113–115;
in peace and war, 115–118;
British, 118–122;
United States, 122–124.
_See_ ADMIRALTY

Naval Training, 8–15

Naval War College, Mahan at, #$1#;
aims of, 10–15

Navarino, battle of, 178

Navies, motives for, 18, 355–357;
a protection for commerce, 19;
fighting order of, 61;
an offensive weapon, 71–73

Navigation Acts, British, 337

Navy, _British_;
training of officers in, 8–9;
compared with French, 43;
maneuvers of, 72;
tactics of, in the 18th century, 156–158;
protection afforded by, 306–308;
_French_:
training of officers in, 8–9;
compared with British, 43;
weakness of, in Revolutionary Wars, 146, 171–174, 178;
faulty policy of, 155–158;
_German_: growth and purpose of, 111, 299, 307, 317–320;
_United States_:
interested chiefly in material, 8;
in Civil War, 41;
insufficient, 44;
in Spanish War, 59–60, 245, 250–253;
concentration of fleet of, 60, 274–275;
administration of, 122–124;
requirements of, 128–134

Nebogatoff, Russian Admiral, 83

Nelson, British Admiral, his place as a naval leader, #$1#;
in the Trafalgar campaign, 5, 62, 63, 196–223;
his pursuit of Napoleon in the Mediterranean, 58;
on concentration, 61;
quoted, 80, 82, 85, 175, 253;
and the rule of obedience, 126–127;
in the Copenhagen campaign, 184–190;
in command of channel forces, 191–192, 195

Netherlands. _See_ BELGIUM; HOLLAND

Neutrality, League of Armed, 184–190

Newport, Rhode Island, #$1#, 164, 166

New York, 31, 69, 73, 164–167

Niagara frontier, warfare on, 231–232, 235–236

Nile, battle of, 153

North Sea, 23, 25, 51, 313–316

Nossi-Bé, 82, 83

Offensive, advantage of, in war, 128–133, 229, 309–311;
operations of, discussed, 79–86;
navy chiefly useful for, 70–73

Ontario, Lake, campaign on, in War of 1812, 229–240

Open Door Policy, 299–301, 325, 356, 357

_Oregon_, United States ship, 59, 60

Oswego, 232

Pacific Coast, of United States, 35, 40, 67, 111, 112, 285, 289;
immigration to, 350, 356

Pacific Ocean, interest of the United States in, 289, 299–301

Panama Canal, its effect on naval policy, 18, 27–29, 325;
an interior line, 51, 301;
central position of, 67, 70, 77;
strategic importance of, 100–112, 149, 150, 356–357;
need of controlling approaches to, 285–287;
and the Monroe Doctrine, 288–291, 318

Paris, Treaty of, 147–148;
Declaration of, 99, 337;
city of, 198

Parker, British Admiral, 184–190

Peace Conferences, at The Hague, #$1#, 132, 331, 342, 346

Peninsular War, 81, 82

Pensacola, 29

Philippine Islands, 252, 349

Pitt, Sir William, British Prime Minister, 143, 151

Plevna, 56, 57

Plymouth, England, 24, 31

Pondicherry, 78, 154

Population, affecting sea power, 43–44;
of Pacific Coast, 301

Port Arthur, threatening Japanese communications, 56, 57;
attacked by siege, 71, 82;
squadron based on, 256–271, 275

Port Mahon, 289

Porto Rico, 241, 349

Ports, in Gulf and Caribbean, 128, 29;
flanking communications, 56–58

Portsmouth, England, 31

Preparation, for war, 128–134, 229–230, 237–238, 357

Private property at sea, immunity of, 78, 93, 98, 99, 328–341;
Rule of 1756 regarding, 227–228

Prussia, 147, 153, 189, 191, 228

Puget Sound, 67

Pyrenees, 52, 65

Ratisbon, 50

Red Sea, 152

Resources, affecting strategic value of positions, 68, 69, 74

Revel, 188–190

Rhine River, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 60, 197.

Richelieu, Cardinal, 31, 60

Rions, Commodore de, 174

Robespierre, 178

Rochambeau, 164, 166, 170

Rochefort, 174, 192

Rodney, Admiral, in battle with De Guichen, 155, 159–164

Roman Empire, 301

Rooke, British Admiral, 156, 157

Rosily, French Admiral, 199, 208, 221

Rotterdam, 336

_Royal Sovereign_, British ship, 123–217

Rozhestvensky, Russian Admiral, 66, 70, 82–84, 257, 265, 270, 274,
276–282

Russia, trade of, 25;
alliance of, 53;
in Asia, 76–78, 153, 300;
in Seven Years’ War, 147;
in Napoleonic Wars, 184–190, 192, 224–226;
a member of the Entente, 305, 317–318;
decreased strength of, 322;
her need of a navy, 327, 355–356.
_See_ RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

Russo-Japanese War, 56–57, 64, 66, 82–84, 88, 256–282, 355

Sackett’s Harbor, 232, 239

St. George’s Channel, 37

St. Helena, 20, 152

St. Lawrence, Gulf of, 20;
river, true frontier in 1812, 230 ff.

St. Thomas, 103

St. Vincent, Lord, policy of, 5, 193

Saint-André, French Commissioner, 173, 179

Saints’ Passage, battle of, 160, 169

Samana Bay, 103

Sampson, Admiral, #$1#, 241, 249, 250–255

Santa Lucia, 74, 103, 105, 108

Santiago de Cuba, 71, 103, 104, 107, 241, 243, 246, 247;
blockade and battle of, 250–255

_Santisima Trinidad_, Spanish ship, 214, 215, 217, 218, 220

Sardinia, 37

Scheldt River, 30, 248

Schleswig Holstein, 349

Schley, Admiral, 241, 246

Sea Power, dependence on, a British policy, #$1#;
scope of history of, 3;
elements of, 16–47;
conditions affecting, 21;
growth of British, 141–146, 151–152;
controls communications, 77–78;
decisive in warfare, 98, 99;
an important element in national growth, 154, 286–287;
in Napoleonic Wars, 191–197, 221–224;
a protection against aggressions by land powers, 306–308;
interest in, 326–327

Secession, War of. _See_ CIVIL WAR

Semenoff, Russian Captain, quoted, 280

Seven Years’ War, 85–86, 142–144, 147–154, 307

Shafter, General, 269

Sherman, General, quoted, 335

Ship design, unity of purpose in, 61–62

Sicily, 37, 38, 39, 42

Situation, determines strategic value of a point, 69–70, 110

Smith, Sir Sidney, 126

Socotra, 152

Sound, between North and Baltic Seas, 51, 185, 186, 190

South Africa, 290;
war in, 293–295, 347

South America, unstable political conditions in, 148–149;
application of Monroe Doctrine to, 290

Spain, position of, 26;
dependence on sea power, 38, 39;
colonial policy of, 45;
in 18th century, 141–142, 143–144, 151–152;
in Napoleonic Wars, 81, 221, 226;
colonial empire of, lost, 291, 342.
_See_ SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

Spanish-American War, strategy of, #$1#, 59–60, 88–90;
Cervera’s fleet in, 241–249;
Santiago blockade, 250–255;
strengthened Anglo-American unity, 291–295;
could not have been avoided by arbitration, 342, 348–349

Speed, of battleships, 61, 246–248

Strasburg, 71, 137

Strategic Lines and Positions, in the Caribbean, 65–78, 100–112;
in the War of 1812, 238–240

Strategy, defined, 4, 12, 49;
value of study of, 5;
in War of 1812, 229–240;
must take into account political conditions, 250–253, 320–327;
illustrated by mistakes, 257;
must be exercised in time of peace, 274;
chief aim of, 311

Submarines, 70, 99

Suez Canal, 26, 28, 51, 70, 77, 152, 252, 261, 289, 290

Suffren, French Admiral, 86, 153

Sully, French Minister, 38

Suvarof, General, 262

Sweden, trade of, 25;
in Thirty Years’ War, 53;
in 1800, 184–190

Tactics, defined, 4, 49;
illustrated in history, 5–7;
in naval combats, 62–64;
formalism in, 155–158;
changes in, at close of 18th century, 159 ff., 168;
chief aim of, 311

Territory, extent of, affecting sea power, 39–42

Texel, 193

Tobago, 160

Togo, Japanese Admiral, 60, 66, 82–84, 90, 270, 276–280

Torbay, 24

Toronto, 231, 236

Torpedo craft, 130–134

Torrington, British Admiral, 242, 248

Toulon, 57, 58, 154, 174, 192, 193, 196, 248

Tourville, French Admiral, 80, 81, 155, 159, 207

Trade. _See_ COMMERCE

Trafalgar, battle of, 5, 62, 192, 194, 196–223, 248

Trieste, 306

Trincomalee, 86

Triple Alliance, 53, 304–306, 317–318

Triple Entente. _See_ ENTENTE

Tsushima, battle of, 64, 70, 82–84, 88, 265, 276–282

Turkey, 33, 148, 150

Ulm, 50, 71, 76, 191

United States, merchant marine of, 18, 35;
geographical position of, 22;
and Panama Canal, 27–29;
seacoasts of, inadequately protected, 34–36;
exposed only by sea, 39;
deficient in seafaring population, 44;
colonial policy of, 46;
seacoasts of, regarded as a line, 65–67;
naval requirements of, 133–134;
community of interests with Great Britain, 291–295, 306–308, 318–327;
expansion of, 297–298;
and the Open Door Policy, 299;
political ideals of, 302;
policy of, regarding commerce warfare, 331–333.
_See_ NAVY, UNITED STATES

Utrecht, peace of, 141–142

Vengeur, French ship, 180–182

Venice, 306

_Victory_, Nelson’s flagship, 213–214

Vigo Bay, 157

Villaret-Joyeuse, French Admiral, 178

Villeneuve, French Admiral, quoted, 173;
in Trafalgar campaign, 196, 199, 202, 210–223

Vistula River, 12, 78

Vladivostok, 66, 73, 82, 83, 88;
squadron based on, 256–261, 265, 266, 270, 274;
objective of Rozhestvensky, 276–282

Von der Goltz, General, quoted, 321

War, principles of, 6;
causes of, 148;
preparedness for, 128–134;
beneficial results of, 292–295, 342–354

War of 1812, commerce warfare in, 91–99, 226–228;
strategy of, 229–240

Washington, General, 164;
quoted, 169, 170

Washington, city of, 31

Waterloo, battle of, 82, 239

Weapons, changes in, 6

Wellington, Duke of, 82, 234, 239

West Indies, a source of wealth for Spain, 37;
Nelson in, 196–197, 202.
_See_ CARIBBEAN SEA

William II, of England, 81, 277, 281

Wilkinson, General, 238

Windward Passage, 102

Wireless, in war, 84, 85

Yalu River, 268

Yang-tse River, 276

Yeo, British Commodore, 235

Yucatan Passage, 102, 104

Zuyder Zee, 34

-----

Footnote 1:

“From Sail to Steam,” p. xiv.

Footnote 2:

“From Sail to Steam,” p. 55.

Footnote 3:

See pp. 328–341.

Footnote 4:

Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske, _U. S. Naval Institute_,
January–February, 1915, p. 2.

Footnote 5:

“La Maîtrise de la Mer,” Auguste Moireau, _Revue des Deux Mondes_,
October, 1902.

Footnote 6:

“Of Kingdoms and Estates.”

Footnote 7:

“The Revival of Naval History,” _Contemporary Review_. November, 1917.
While the term “political pamphlet” suggests the influence of the book
abroad, it is obviously inappropriate in describing its purpose and
method of treatment.

Footnote 8:

“The Kaiser’s Dreams of Sea Power,” Archibald Hurd, _Fortnightly
Review_, August, 1906.

Footnote 9:

“From Sail to Steam,” p. 303.

Footnote 10:

“Captain Romeo Bernotti,” letter to the editor, April 25, 1918.

Footnote 11:

“A Great Public Servant,” _The Outlook_, January 13, 1915.

Footnote 12:

“From Sail to Steam,” p. 288.

Footnote 13:

“The Influence of Sea Power upon History,” pp. 1–2, 8–10.

Footnote 14:

“Naval Administration and Warfare,” Objects of the Naval War College
(1888), pp. 193–194, 233–240.

Footnote 15:

In a preceding passage the author shows that American naval thought
has been preoccupied with problems of material.—EDITOR.

Footnote 16:

“The Influence of Sea Power upon History,” pp. 25–59. Mr. S. G. W.
Benjamin has pointed out (N. Y. _Times_ Book Review, Feb. 2, 1902)
that it was in the preface and opening chapter of this book,
“comprising only eighty-nine pages, that Captain Mahan brought forward
his famous presentation of the theory about the influence of sea power
on empire.” The present selection includes the major part of the first
chapter.—EDITOR.

Footnote 17:

For the author’s later opinion on the need of a navy, see pp.
355–357.—EDITOR.

Footnote 18:

Written before 1890.—EDITOR.

Footnote 19:

By a base of permanent operations “is understood a country whence come
all the resources, where are united the great lines of communication
by land and water, where are the arsenals and armed posts.”

Footnote 20:

“Naval Administration and Warfare,” pp. 199, 206. For the distinction
drawn, see also pp. 4, 12.—EDITOR.

Footnote 21:

“Naval Strategy,” pp. 31–53.

Footnote 22:

An interesting instance of the method and forethought which cause
German naval development of all kinds to progress abreast, on parallel
lines, is found in the fact that by the time the three Dreadnoughts
laid down in 1911 are completed, and with them two complete
Dreadnought squadrons of eight each, which probably will be in 1914,
the Kiel Canal will have been enlarged to permit their passage. There
will then be a fleet of thirty-eight battleships; including these
sixteen, which will be stationed, eight in the North Sea, eight in the
Baltic, linked for mutual support by the central canal. The programme
contemplates a continuous prearranged replacing of the present
pre-Dreadnoughts by Dreadnoughts.

Footnote 23:

See map on page 278.

Footnote 24:

“Naval Strategy,” pp. 130–163.

Footnote 25:

“Naval Strategy,” pp. 166–167. For illustration and further discussion
of strategic lines, see “General Strategy of the War of 1812,” in this
volume, pp. 229–240.—EDITOR.

Footnote 26:

“The Problem of Asia” (1900), pp. 124–127.

Footnote 27:

“Naval Strategy,” pp. 266–272.

Footnote 28:

“Naval Strategy,” pp. 277–280.

Footnote 29:

“Sea Power in its Relations to the War of 1812,” Vol. I, pp. 284–290.

Footnote 30:

“History of the United States,” Vol. VIII, chap. VIII.

Footnote 31:

“The Influence of Sea Power upon History,” p. 138.

Footnote 32:

This immunity of enemy property in neutral ships, guaranteed by the
Declaration of Paris in 1856, has been to a large extent nullified in
recent practice by extension of the lists of contraband, to say
nothing of the violations of all law in submarine warfare.—EDITOR.

Footnote 33:

“Naval Strategy,” pp. 303–304, 356–367, 381–382.

Footnote 34:

“Naval Administration and Warfare” (1903), pp. 5–11.

Footnote 35:

“Naval Administration and Warfare” (1903). pp. 26–31.

Footnote 36:

“Naval Administration and Warfare” (1903), pp. 46–48.

Footnote 37:

These bureaus are seven in number: Yards and Docks, Navigation,
Ordnance, Construction and Repairs, Steam Engineering, Supplies and
Accounts, and Medicine and Surgery. The Chief of Naval Operations,
whose office was created in 1915, stands second to the Secretary and
acts as his expert professional adviser, with the specific task of
co-ordinating the work of the navy, preparing plans, and directing
operations in war. He is, _ex officio_, a member of the General Board
of the Navy, created in 1900, which serves as an expert advisory
body.—EDITOR.

Footnote 38:

“Retrospect and Prospect,” pp. 258–259, 270–272.

Footnote 39:

“The Interest of America in Sea Power” (1896), pp. 192–200.

Footnote 40:

Bombardment of _undefended_ ports, towns, etc., is forbidden by
Convention IX of the Hague conference of 1907, with the broad
concession, however, that depots, store houses, and all constructions
that serve military purposes may be destroyed.—EDITOR.

Footnote 41:

“The Influence of Sea Power upon History” (1660–1783), pp. 197–200.
Admiral Mahan’s major historical works treat consecutively the history
of naval warfare from 1660 to 1815; and his essays and shorter studies
cover subsequent wars. The selections in Part II are arranged in
chronological order.—EDITOR.

Footnote 42:

“The Influence of Sea Power upon History,” pp. 63–67.

Footnote 43:

An interesting proof of the weight attributed to the naval power of
Great Britain by a great military authority will be found in the
opening chapter of Jomini’s “History of the Wars of the French
Revolution.” He lays down, as a fundamental principle of European
policy, that an unlimited expansion of naval force should not be
permitted to any nation which cannot be approached by land,—a
description which can apply only to Great Britain.

Footnote 44:

“The Influence of Sea Power upon History,” pp. 323–329. By the Treaty
of Paris, 1763, England secured Canada, all French possessions east of
the Mississippi, and Florida; she also retained Gibraltar and Minorca,
and gained ascendancy in India.—EDITOR.

Footnote 45:

See Annual Register, 1762, p. 63.

Footnote 46:

Campbell, “Lives of the Admirals.”

Footnote 47:

These remarks, always true, are doubly so now since the introduction
of steam. The renewal of coal is a want more frequent, more urgent,
more peremptory, than any known to the sailing-ship. It is vain to
look for energetic naval operations distant from coal stations. It is
equally vain to acquire distant coaling stations without maintaining a
powerful navy; they will but fall into the hands of the enemy. But the
vainest of all delusions is the expectation of bringing down an enemy
by commerce-destroying alone, with no coaling stations outside the
national boundaries.

Footnote 48:

“Types of Naval Officers,” pp. 14–17.

Footnote 49:

A celebrated French admiral, in command at the battles of Beachy Head
(1690) and La Hogue (1692).—EDITOR.

Footnote 50:

The most famous of these were issued in 1665 by the Duke of York,
afterward James II, who was then Lord High Admiral. They were revised
but not greatly altered in 1740 and again in 1756.—EDITOR.

Footnote 51:

Byng’s offense, for which he was sentenced to be shot, occurred in an
action with a French squadron off Minorca in 1756.—EDITOR.

Footnote 52:

“The Influence of Sea Power upon History,” pp. 377–380.

Footnote 53:

De Grasse, whose victory over Graves off the Chesapeake forced the
surrender of Cornwallis, was afterward defeated by Rodney in the
famous battle of the Saints’ Passage, April 12, 1782. Three days
earlier, De Grasse had neglected an opportunity to attack in superior
force.

While the battle of the Saints’ Passage is more celebrated, the action
here described better illustrates Rodney’s merits as a tactician. In
his later years Rodney wrote that he “thought little of his victory of
the 12th of April,” and looked upon this earlier action as “one by
which, but for the disobedience of his captains, he might have gained
immortal renown.”—Mahan, “Types of Naval Officers,” p. 203.—EDITOR.

Footnote 54:

The black ships, in position A, represent the English ships bearing
down upon the French center and rear. The line v r is the line of
battle from van to rear before bearing down. The positions v´, r´ are
those of the van and rear ships after hauling up on the port tack,
when the French wore.—EDITOR.

Footnote 55:

In a severe reprimand addressed to Captain Carkett, commanding the
leading ship of the English line, by Rodney, he says: “Your leading in
the manner you did, induced others to follow so bad an example; and
thereby, forgetting that the signal for the line was at only two
cables’ length distance from each other, the van division was led by
you to _more than two leagues distance_ from the center division,
which was thereby exposed to the greatest strength of the enemy, and
not properly supported” (Life, Vol. I, p. 351). By all rules of
tactical common-sense it would seem that the other ships should have
taken their distance from their next astern, that is, should have
closed toward the center. In conversation with Sir Gilbert Blane, who
was not in this action, Rodney stated that the French line extended
Your leagues in length, “as if De Guichen thought we meant to run away
from him” (_Naval Chronicle_, Vol. XXV, p. 402).

Footnote 56:

“The Influence of Sea Power upon History,” pp. 387–391, 397.

Footnote 57:

Now Cape Haitien, Haiti.—EDITOR.

Footnote 58:

Bancroft, “History of the United States.”

Footnote 59:

With the reinforcement brought by De Grasse, Lafayette’s army numbered
about 8,000; the troops brought by Washington and Rochambeau consisted
of 2,000 Americans and 4,000 French.—EDITOR.

Footnote 60:

The action itself is more fully described in Mahan’s “Major Operations
of the Navies in the War of American Independence,” from which the
diagram on page 167 is taken. In the diagram, a a indicates the
positions of the two fleets when De Grasse came out of the bay; b b,
the positions when the order to engage was given; f, Graves’s
flagship, and h, Hood. Having approached the enemy with his twelve
leading ships, Graves gave the order to bear down and engage, though
he still kept the signal for “line ahead” flying. Whether through
inability or misinterpretation of orders, the rear under Hood failed
to get in range.

Hood afterward criticised his superior severely on the grounds, (1)
that the fleet was not brought into proper position to engage, and (2)
that, upon engaging, the “line ahead” signal should have been hauled
down. He interpreted this signal as meaning that no ship could close
beyond a line through the flagship and parallel to the enemy line.

Graves next day issued a memorandum to the effect that the line ahead
was a means to an end, not an end in itself, and “that the signal for
battle should not be rendered ineffective by strict adherence to the
former.” The confusion was such as frequently arose in this period of
transition from one system of tactics to another.—EDITOR.

Footnote 61:

“Types of Naval Officers,” pp. 35–37, 41.

Footnote 62:

Chevalier, “Mar. Fran, sous la République,” p. 49.

Footnote 63:

Nap. to Decrès, Aug. 29, 1805.

Footnote 64:

Troude, “Batailles Nav.,” Vol. III, p. 370.

Footnote 65:

Commodore de Rions, a member of the nobility, who was imprisoned at
Toulon and afterward fled from the country.—EDITOR.

Footnote 66:

“Types of Naval Officers,” pp. 308–317. The “Glorious First of June”
is one of the most important naval actions in the wars of the French
Revolution, and illustrates the work of an officer who stood in his
own day conspicuously at the head of his profession. The selection is
interesting also as showing that, when it suited his purpose, Admiral
Mahan could write with notable ease and pictorial vigor.—EDITOR.

Footnote 67:

“The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire,”
Vol. II, pp. 42–47. The campaign is treated more fully in “The Life of
Nelson,” Vol. II, p. 70 _ff._—EDITOR.

Footnote 68:

Nelson’s Letters and Dispatches, Vol. IV, p. 295.

Footnote 69:

Nelson’s Dispatches, Vol. IV., p. 355.

Footnote 70:

Nelson’s Dispatches, April 9, 1801, Vol. IV, pp. 339, 341.

Footnote 71:

“The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire,”
Vol. II, pp. 117–120.

Footnote 72:

_Ibid._, p. 106.

Footnote 73:

See “Naval Chronicle,” Vol. X, pp. 508, 510; Vol. XI, p. 81; Nelson’s
Dispatches, Vol. V, p. 438.

Footnote 74:

Pellew’s “Life of Lord Sidmouth,” Vol. II, p. 237.

Footnote 75:

Nelson’s Dispatches, Vol. IV, p. 452.

Footnote 76:

“The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire,”
Vol. II, pp. 184–197, 199–202, 356–357.

Footnote 77:

“The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire”,
Vol. II, p. 181.

Footnote 78:

Napoleon to St. Cyr, Sept. 2, 1805.

Footnote 79:

Napoleon to Decrès, Sept. 15.

Footnote 80:

_Ibid._, Sept. 4.

Footnote 81:

Nelson’s Dispatches, Vol. VII, p. 80.

Footnote 82:

The following account of Nelson’s arrival and his plan of battle is
taken from the fuller narrative in “The Life of Nelson,” Vol. II, pp.
339–351.—EDITOR.

Footnote 83:

Inserted by author.

Footnote 84:

Here the narrative is resumed from “The Influence of Sea Power upon
the French Revolution and Empire.”—EDITOR.

Footnote 85:

Fyffe’s “History of Modern Europe,” Vol. I, p. 281.

Footnote 86:

To the King of Wurtemburg, April 2, 1811; “Corr.,” Vol. XXII, p. 19.

Footnote 87:

“Sea Power in its Relations with the War of 1812,” Vol. I, pp.
295–308; Vol. II, pp. 121–125.

Footnote 88:

Kingsford’s “History of Canada,” Vol. VIII, p. 111.

Footnote 89:

Drummond to Prevost, Oct. 20, 1814. Report on Canadian Archives, 1896,
Upper Canada, p. 9.

Footnote 90:

_Ibid._, Oct. 15.

Footnote 91:

Prevost to Bathurst, Aug. 14, 1814. Report on Canadian Archives, 1896,
Lower Canada, p. 36.

Footnote 92:

“Travels,” J. M. Duncan, Vol. II, p. 27.

Footnote 93:

“Life of Brock,” p. 193.

Footnote 94:

Smyth, “Précis of the Wars in Canada,” p. 167.

Footnote 95:

The United States Secretary of War.—EDITOR.

Footnote 96:

December 17, 1813. Captain’s Letters, Navy Department.

Footnote 97:

“Lessons of the War with Spain” (1899), pp. 75–85.

Footnote 98:

_Ibid._, p. 157.

Footnote 99:

In this number is included the _Emperador Carlos V_, which, however,
did not accompany the other four under Cervera.

Footnote 100:

“Lessons of the War with Spain” (1899), pp. 184–191.

Footnote 101:

“Naval Strategy,” pp. 383–401.

Footnote 102:

The Kobe _Chronicle_, February 25, 1904; an English newspaper
published in Japan.

Footnote 103:

“Naval Administration and Warfare,” Retrospect upon the War between
Russia and Japan (March, 1906) pp. 167–173.

Footnote 104:

“Naval Strategy,” pp. 416–420.

Footnote 105:

“The rise or fall of the Empire depends upon to-day’s battle. Let
every man do his utmost.”—EDITOR.

Footnote 106:

“The Interest of America in Sea Power,” Hawaii and Our Future Sea
Power (1893), pp. 51–54.

Footnote 107:

“The Problem of Asia” (1900), pp. 133–144.

Footnote 108:

“The writer has been assured, by an authority in which he entirely
trusts, that to a proposition made to Great Britain (at the time of
the Spanish-American War) to enter into a combination to constrain the
Use of our power,—as Japan was five years ago constrained by the joint
action of Russia, France, and Germany,—the reply was not only a
passive refusal to enter into such combination, but an assurance of
active resistance to it, if attempted.”—Mahan, “The Problem of Asia”
(1900), p. 187.—EDITOR.

Footnote 109:

“Retrospect and Prospect” (1902), pp. 15–17.

Footnote 110:

“The Interest of America in International Conditions,” The Open Door
(1910), pp. 198–202.

Footnote 111:

“The Interest of America in International Conditions” (1910), pp.
38–46.

Footnote 112:

_The Mail_, April 20, 1910.

Footnote 113:

“The Interest of America in International Conditions” (1910), pp.
161–164.

Footnote 114:

“Retrospect and Prospect,” Considerations Governing the Disposition of
Navies (1902), pp. 151–170.

Footnote 115:

“Naval Strategy” (1911), pp. 104–112.

Footnote 116:

Since this was written, a new Treaty of Alliance between Great Britain
and Japan, operative for ten years, has been signed—July 13, 1911. By
its terms either Power will be released from its military obligation
to the other, as against a third with which it may have a treaty of
general arbitration, such as that framed between Great Britain and the
United States.

Footnote 117:

Since these words were written such formal announcement has been made
by a member of the British Cabinet, Sir Edward Grey, the Secretary for
Foreign Affairs, on May 23, 1911. _The Mail_, May 24, 1911.

Footnote 118:

“Some Neglected Aspects of War” (1907), pp. 171–191.

Footnote 119:

The Napoleonic Wars, the War of 1812, and the American Civil War. For
the effect of commerce warfare in these struggles, see pp.
91–99.—EDITOR.

Footnote 120:

Vol. I, pp. 146–148.

Footnote 121:

The “Times” of October 14, 1905.

Footnote 122:

Indirect, I presume.

Footnote 123:

“Some Neglected Aspects of War,” The Peace Conference and the Moral
Aspect of War (1899), pp. 45–52.

Footnote 124:

Lest this be misunderstood to be an allusion to the recent measures of
Japan in Korea, I renew here the caution that in this article all
references to the Peace Conference are to that of 1899.

Footnote 125:

“Some Neglected Aspects of War,” The Hague Conference and the
Practical Aspect of War (1907), pp. 75–80, 90–93.

Footnote 126:

“Naval Strategy,” pp. 445–447.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in spelling. 2. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed. 3. Re-indexed footnotes using numbers and collected together at the end of the last chapter. 4. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.