Chapter XXX: Appendix (2)

Dikes, recovery of land by, in the Netherlands, 335;
early usage and immense extent of, 336;
encouraged by the Spaniards, 337;
details of their construction and effect on the land
gained, 340-345;
in Egypt, 413.

Dinornis, or moa, recent extirpation of, in New Zealand, 95.

Dodo, the, extirpation of, 95.

Domestic animals, action of, on vegetation, 79;
origin and transfer of, 82;
injurious to the forest growth, 130.

Don river, proposed diversion of, 531.

Draining a geographical element, 360;
superficial, its necessity in forest lands, 363;
effect on temperature, 364;
underground, _ib._;
extensive use of, in England, 362;
affects the atmosphere, 364;
disturbs the equilibrium of river supply, 365;
by boring, 362;
in France, &c., 362;
Paris, 363.

Drance, Switzerland, glacier lake of, 403.

Dry land and water, relative extent of, 178.

Dwight, Dr., Travels in the United States, characterized, 52.

Earth, fertile, below the rock, 537;
transported to cover rocky surfaces, 537.

Earthquakes, effects of, 542;
causes and possible prevention of, 543;
of Lisbon, 544.

Earthworm, utility of, in agriculture, 100;
multiplication of, in New England, 101.

Egypt, catacombs, 70;
papyrus or water lily, 70;
poisonous snakes of, 112;
supposed increase of rain in, 190;
productiveness of, 230;
necessity and extent of irrigation in, 368, 373;
cultivated soil of, 372, 374;
population of, 374;
amount of water used for irrigation, 380;
saline deposits, 382;
artificial river courses of, 402;
cultivated area of, 412;
sands of, 458;
their prevalence and extent, 459;
source of, 461;
action on the Delta and cultivated land, 462;
effect of the diversion of the Nile on, 529;
refuse heaps near Cairo, 541.

Eland, the, preserved in Prussia, 86.

Elm, the Washington, Cambridge, 146.

Elsineur, artificial formation in harbor of, 539.

England, forest economy of, 221;
large extent of ornamental plantations, 222;
Forests of, described by Caesar, 222;
private enterprise in sylviculture, 292;
sand dunes of, 507.

Enguerrand de Coucy, cruelty of, 281.

Erie Canal, the, influence on the fauna and flora of its region, 116;
lake, depth and level of, 532;
proposed canal from, 532.

Espy's theories of artificial rain, 547.

Etna, volcanic lava and dust, 131.

Euphrates, sand plains in the valley of, 511.

Eye, cultivation of the, 11;
control of the limbs by, 12;
trained by the study of physical geography, 12.

Feudalism, pernicious influence of, 6.

Fir tree, the, its products, 311.

Fire weed, in burnt forests of the United States, 287.

Fish, destruction of, by man, 112, 114, 120, 122;
voracity of, 114;
introduction and breeding of foreign, 116;
naturalization of, 117;
inferiority of the artificially fattened, 121.

Fish, shell, extensive remains of, in United States, 117;
of Indian origin, 128.

Fish ponds of Catholic countries, 426.

Fontainebleau, forest of, 34, 130;
poaching in, 284;
its renovation, 316;
soil of, 513.

Food, ancient arts of preservation of, 18.

Forest, the, influence of, on the humidity of air, 162;
do. of earth, 165;
as organic, 166;
balance of conflicting influences in, 176;
influence on temperature, 178;
on precipitation, 181, 196;
in South America, 184;
the Canary Islands and Asia Minor, 185;
Peru, 188;
Palestine, Southern France, Scotland and Egypt, 189;
influence of, on humidity of soil, 196;
on springs, 197;
in Venezuela, 202;
New Granada, 204;
Switzerland and France, 205, 208;
United States, 207;
in winter, 210;
general consequences of its destruction, 214;
on the earth, springs, rivers, 215;
literature of, in France, 217;
Germany, 218;
Italy, 218;
England, 221;
influence of, on inundations, 223;
in North America, 225;
disputed effects of, in Europe, 228;
principal causes of its destruction, 270;
in British America, 271;
in Europe, 279;
royal forests, 280;
effects of the Revolution on, in France, 284;
utility of, for the preservation of smaller plants, 286, 290;
do. of birds, 291;
economic utility of, and necessity for its restoration, 292;
extent of, in Europe, 296;
proportion in different countries of, 300;
of the United States and Canada, 300;
economy of, 303;
management of, in France, 304;
European forests, all of artificial growth, 305;
artificial and natural, their respective advantages, 307;
American do., their peculiar characteristics, 313;
economic action of cattle on, 325;
duty of preserving, 327;
average revenue from, 327;
regulated by laws in France, 395.
See _Trees_, _Woods_.

Forests of North America, balance of geographical elements in, 27;
agency of quadrupeds and insects in, 32;
injury to, by insects, 33;
meteorological importance of, 139.

Forest laws, mediaeval, character of, 217;
do. Jewish, 217;
severity of, in France and England, 280;
under Louis IX., 281;
of America, created by circumstances, 302.

France, forest literature and economy of, 217;
legislation on forests, 233;

-- Southeastern, former physical state of, 237;
altered condition of, 239;
royal forests of, and forest laws, 280;
extent of, in, 296;
ancient lakes of, 357;
inundations of 1856 in, 393;
remedies against inundations in, 395;
sand dunes of Western, 485;
encroachments of the sea on, 494.

French peasantry, described by La Bruyere, 6;
do. Arthur Young, 7;
of Chambord, 283.

Friesland, sand dunes of, 489.

Fucinus Lake (Lago di Celano), drainage of, by the Romans, 354;
moderns, 355.

Game Laws, effect on the numbers of birds in France, 91;
in England and Italy, 92;
severity of, in France, 283;
unable to stop poaching, 284.

Ganges, valley of the, 548.

Gascony, coast sands of, 453;
dunes of, 496;
extent and advance of, 497;
fixing and reclaiming of, 504;
Landes of, 511;
their reclamation, 512.

Geological influences, 13.

Geographers, new school of, 8.

Geographical influence of changes produced by man, 352.

Geography, modern, improved form of, 57.

German Ocean, sands of, 454, 457.

Germany, extent of forests in, 299.

Glacier lakes in Switzerland, 403.

Goat, the Cashmere or Thibet, 83.

Gold fish, the migration from China, 116.

Goldau, Switzerland, destruction of, 268.

Grape disease, its economic effect in France, Italy, Sicily, 72.

Grasshopper, the rapid increase in America, 291.

Gravedigger beetle, the, 107.

Greece,
proposed maritime canals in, through the Corinthian Isthmus, 526;
Mount Athos, 527;
subterranean waters of, 536.

Gulls, sea, habits of, 98.

Gulf stream, the, 523.

Gunpowder chiefly used for industrial purposes, 335.

Haarlem Lake, origin and extent of, 346, 347;
reasons for draining it, 348;
means employed, 349;
successful results, 350.

Hauran, the productions of, its soil, 74.

Heilbronn, springs at, 207.

Herring fishery, produce of, 120.

Hessian fly, introduction of in the United States, 104.

Honey bee, the wild, New England, legal usage, 302.

Humid air, movement of, 183.

Hunter in New England, exploits of, 82.

Ibex, the Alpine, 86.

India, saline efflorescence of its soil, 382;
natural connection of rivers in, 401.

Insects, injurious to vegetable life, 33;
utility of, 99;
agency in the fertilization of orchids, 102;
mass of their exuviae in South America, 102;
introduction of injurious species, 104, 106;
ravages of, 105;
tenacity of life in, 106;
the carnivorous, useful to man, 107;
destruction of, by fish, 108;
abundance of, in Northern Europe, 108;
destruction of, by birds, 109;
do. quadrupeds, 110;
do. reptiles, 110;
do not multiply in the forest, 291;
confine themselves to dead trees, 322.

Inundations, influence of the forest on, 223;
of the German Ocean, 334;
means for obviating, 384;
of 1856 in France, 393;
remedies against, 395;
legislative regulation of the woodlands in France for
prevention of, 396;
proposed basins of reception, 398;
do. in Peru and Spain, 400;
Rozet's plan for diminishing, 406.

Irrigation, remote date of in ancient nations, 366;
among Mexicans and Peruvians, 366;
its necessity in hot climates, 367;
in Europe, 367;
in Palestine, 368;
in Idumaea, 370;
Egypt, 371, 373;
quantity of water so applied, 376, 377;
extent of lands irrigated, 396;
effects of, 378;
on river supply, 380;
on human health, 381;
saline deposits from, in India and Egypt, 382;
effect of, on vegetable crops, 378;
on the soil, 379;
economic evils of, 379.

Islands, floating, in Holland and South America, 349, 351.

Ijssel river, Holland, 535.

Italy, effects of the denudation of its forests, 220;
political condition adverse to their preservation, 219;
beauty of its winter scenery, 314;
extent of irrigation in, 368;
atmospheric phenomena of Northern, 368.

Jupiter, satellites of, visible to the eye, 12.

Jutland, effects of felling the woods in, 150;
destruction of forests in, 279;
encroachments of the sea on, 491.

Kander river, Switzerland, artificial course of, 403.

Karst, the subterranean waters of, 536.

Kjoekkenmoeddinger in Denmark, 16;
their extent, 540.

Kohl, J. G., "the Herodotus of modern Europe," 340;
on dune sand, 475.

Labruguiere, commune of, 208.

Laestadius, account of the Swedish Laplanders, 96.

Lakes, draining of, by steam hydraulic engines, 346;
natural process of filling up by aquatic vegetation, 349;
lowering of, in ancient and modern times, 353;
in Italy, 354;
in Switzerland, 356;
inconvenient consequences of, 356;
mountain, their disappearance, 357.

Landscape beauty, insensibility of the ancients to, 2;
of the oasis and the desert, 445.

Lava currents, diversion of their course, 544;
from Vesuvius, phenomena of, 545;
heat emitted by, 545.

Life, balance of animal and vegetable, 103.

Liimfjord, the, irruption of the sea into, 491;
aquatic vegetation of, 492;
original state of, 519.

Lion, an inhabitant of Europe, 85.

Lisbon, earthquake of, 544.

Locust, the, does not multiply in woods, 296;
tree and insect, 32.

Lombardy, statistics of irrigation in, 376.

Louis IX., of France, clemency of, 282.

Lower Alps, department of, ravages of torrents in, 246.

Lumber trade of Quebec, 271;
of United States, 1850-'60, 301.

Lungern, lake of, lowering of, 356.

Madagascar, gigantic bird of, 96;
the ai-ai of, 110.

Madder, early cultivation of, in Europe, 20.

Madeira, named from its forests, 129.

Maize, early cultivation of, law of its acclimation, 19;
native country of, 73.

Malta, transported soil of, 538;
salt works at, 540.

Man, reaction of, on nature, 8;
insufficiency of data, 9;
geographical influence of, 13;
physical revolutions wrought by, 14;
unpremeditated results of conscious action, 15;
ancient relics of, in old geological formations, 16;
mechanical effects of, on the earth's surface, 25;
destructiveness of, 35;
in animal life and inorganic nature, 36-39;
character of his action compared with that of brutes, 42;
subversive of the balance of nature, 43;
sometimes exercised for good, 44;
present limits to, 45;
transfer of vegetable life by, 59;
remains of, 76;
contemporary with the mammoth, 77;
agency in the extermination of birds, 96;
do. introduction of species, 98;
increase of insect life, 104;
introduction of new forms of do. by, 105;
destruction of fish by, 112, 120, 122;
extirpation of aquatic animals by, 119;
possible control of minute organisms, 125;
his first physical conquest, 135;
his action on land and the waters, 330;
possible geographical changes by, 517;
incidental effects of his action, 539;
illimitable and ever enduring do., 548.

Maremme of Tuscany, ancient and mediaeval state of, 425;
extent of, 427;
inhabitants, 428;
improvement of, 429;
sedimentary deposits of, 425, 430.

Marine isthmuses, cutting of, 517;
its difficulties, 518;
sometimes done by nature, 519.

Marmato in Popayan, 205.

Marshes, climatic effects of draining, 358;
insalubrity of mixture of fresh and salt water in, 417.

Mechanic arts, illustration of their mutual interdependence, 307.

Medanos of the South American desert, 482.

Mediterranean Sea, tides of, 425;
sand dunes of, 467;
poor in organic life, 520.

Mella, the river, Italy, 248.

Meteorology, uncertainty and late rise of, 16, 22;
varying nomenclature of, 23;
precipitation and evaporation, 24.

Michigan, lake, sand dunes of, 467;
originally wooded, 487;
proposed diversion of its waters, 532.

Mining excavations, effects of, 545.

Minute organisms, their offices, 123;
universal diffusion and products of, 124, 127;
possible control of their agency by man, 125;
the coral insect, 125;
the diatomaceae, 126.

Miramichi, great fire of, 28.

Mistral in France, 153.

Mississippi river, "cut offs" and their effect, 415;
precipitation in the valley of, 436;
projected canal to, 533.

Mountain slides, their cause, 265, 268;
their frequency in the Alps, 267.

Mountainous countries, their liability to physical degradation, 50.

Monte Testaccio, Rome, 541.

Moose deer, the American, rapid multiplication of, 130.

Mushrooms, poisonous, how to render harmless, 286.

Natural forces, accumulation of, 46;
resistance to, 542.

Nature, man's reaction on, 8;
observation of, 10;
stability of, 27, 34;
restoration of disturbed harmonies of, 35;
nothing small in, 548.

Naturalists, enthusiasm of, 99.

Netherlands, ancient inundations of, 334;
recovery of land by diking, 334;
the practice derived from the Romans, 335;
extent of land gained from the sea, 336;
do. lost by incursions of do., 337;
character of lands gained, 338;
natural process of recovery, 339;
grandeur of the dike system of, 340;
method of their construction in, 341;
modes of protection, 343;
various uses of, 343;
effect on the level of the land, 344;
drainage of do., 345;
primitive condition of, 351;
effects on the social, moral, and economic interests of the
people of, 351;
sand dunes of, 486;
encroachments of the sea on, 494;
artificial dunes in, 499;
protection of dunes in, 500;
removal of do., 509.

Nile, the river, valley of, 374;
its ancient state, 375;
inundations of, 385;
water delivery of, 387;
artificial mouths of, 402;
consequences of diking, 410, 413;
richness of its deposits, 411;
extent of do., 412;
mud banks caused by its deposits, 433;
sand dunes at its mouths, 468;
conduits for irrigation, 521;
proposed diversion of, 528;
not impossible, 529;
effects of, 530;
ceramic banks of, 541.

Northmen in New England, 60.

Nubians, Nile boats of the, 17.

Numbers, the frequent error in too definite statements of, 260;
oriental and Italian usage of, 261.

Oak, the English, early uses in the arts, 223;
"openings" of North America, 136.

Ohio, mounds of, 18;
remains of a primitive people in, 135, 138;
apple trees of, 22.

Old World, former populousness of, 4;
physical decay of, 3;
present desolation of, 5;
its causes, 5;
ancient climate of, 19;
physical restoration of, 47.

Olive tree, the wild, 74;
importance of, 312.

Orange tree known to the ancients, 64;
the wild, 74.

Orchids, fertilization of, by insects, 102.

Organic life embraced in modern geography, 57;
its geological agency, 75;
geographical importance of, 7;
bones and relics of, human and animal, 76.

Ostrich, the, diminution of its numbers, 97.

Ottaquechee river, Vermont, transporting power of, 253.

Otter, the American, voracity of, 120.

Oxen, agricultural uses of, in United States, 80.

Oyster, the, transplantation of, 118.

Palestine, ancient terrace culture and irrigation of, 369;
disastrous effects of its neglect, 370.

Palissy, Bernard, character of, 218;
plan for artificial springs, 447.

Paragrandini of Lombardy, 141.

Paramelle, the Abbe, on fountains, 437.

Peat beds, accidental burning of, 546;
-- mosses of Denmark, 32.

Pecora, river of the Maremma, its deposits, 425.

Peru, ancient progress in the arts, 366;
basins of reception in, 400.

Petra, in Idumaea, ancient irrigation at, 370.

Phosphorescence of the sea unknown to the ancients, 114.

Physical decay of the earth's surface, 3;
its causes, 5;
arrest of, in new countries, 48;
forms and formations predisposing to, 49.

Physical geography, study of recommended, 12;
restoration of the earth, 8;
importance and possibility of, 26;
of disturbed harmonies, 35;
of the Old World, 47.

Pine, the American, former ordinary dimensions of, 275;
how affected by the accidents of its growth, 306;
the maritime, on dune sands in France, 506;
the pitch, hardihood of, 273;
umbrella, the, most elegant of trees, 309, 313;
the white, rapidity of its growth, 274.

Pinus cembra of Switzerland, 309.

Pisciculture, its valuable results, 118.

Plants, cultivated, uncertain identity of ancient and modern, 19;
do. of wild and domestic species, 73;
changes of habit by domestication, 19;
geographical influence of, 58;
foreign, grown in United States, 61;
American, grown in Europe, 63;
modes of introduction, 64;
accidental do., 66;
power of accommodation of, 65;
how affected by transfer, 68;
tenacity of life in wild species, 69;
extirpation of, 70;
domestic origin of, 72;
species employed for protection of sand dunes, 500.

Pliny, the elder, theory of springs, 198, 216.

Po, river, ancient state of its basin, 255;
modern changes, 256;
its floods, tributaries, and deposits, 256-261, 405;
embankments of, 385, 404;
sediment of, 410;
age and consequences of its embankments, 411;
mean delivery of, 412;
_salti_ of, 415.

Poland, sand plains of, 514.

Poplar, the Lombardy, 68;
characterized, 313.

Potato, native country of, 73.

Prairies, conjectural origin of, 134.

Provence, physical structure of, 237;
ancient state of, 238;
destructive action of torrents on, 236;
Alps of, 245.

Prussia, sand dunes of, 485;
drifting of, 498;
measures for reclaiming of, 505.

Quadrupeds, number in United States, 79;
extirpation of, 84.

Quebec, high tides of, 271;
lumber trade of, 272.

Railways, scientific uses of, 53.

Rain water, its absorption and infiltration, 438, 439;
economizing its precipitation, 449.

Ravenna, cathedral of, 60;
pine woods of, 150.

Red Sea, richness of, in organic life, 320;
diversion of the Nile to, its effects, 530.

Reindeer, the, 83.

Reservoirs, geographic and climatic effects of, 258.

Reventlov's organization of dune economy in Denmark, 504;
a benefactor to his race, 515.

Rhine, river, proposed diversion of, 533.

Rice, cultivation of, 381.

Rivers, transporting power of, 252;
in Vermont, 253;
their origin, 262;
injury to their banks by lumbermen, 277;
conditions of their rise and fall, 278;
mutual action of rivers and valleys, 408;
effect of obstructions in, 409;
subterranean course of, 409;
confluences of, effect on the current below, 424;
sediment of, its extent, 547.

River beds, natural change of, 401;
artificial do. in Egypt, 402;
Italy and Switzerland, 403.

River deposits, 408;
of the Nile, 410;
the Po, 411;
the Tuscan rivers, 414.

River embankments, 384;
their use, 404;
disadvantages, 405;
transverse do., superiority of, 406;
effects of, 409.

River mouths, obstructions of, 430;
by sand banks, 431;
accelerated by man's influence, 432;
effect of tidal movements, 432.

Robin, the American, voracity of, 88.

Rock generally permeable by water, 265.

Roman empire, natural advantages of its territory, 1;
increased by intelligent labor, 2;
physical decay of, 3;
present desolation, 4;
caused by its despotism and oppression, 5.

Rozet's plan for diminishing inundations, 406.

Rude tribes, continuity of arts among, 17;
commerce of, 18;
relations to organic life, 39;
and to nature, 41.

Russia, diminution of forests in, 298;
effects of, on rivers and lakes, 299;
sand drifts of the steppes of, 514;
attempts to reclaim them, 515.

Sacramento City, California, effect of river dike at, 405.

Sand, its composition and origin, 452;
action of rivers, 453;
ancient deposits of, 454, 456;
amount of, carried to the Mediterranean, 455;
of Egypt, 458, 461;
movement of, by the wind, 459;
drifts of, from the sea, 461;
dangers of accumulation of, 463;
two forms of deposit, 463;
drifting of dune, 495.

Sand banks, aquatic, 468;
movement of, 469;
connect themselves with the coast, 490.

Sand dunes, how formed, 464;
utilization of, 465;
inland, of the South American desert, 482;
their peculiarities, 483;
age, character, and permanence of, 484;
naturally wooded, 486;
not noticed by ancient writers, 487;
management of, 488;
coast, sources of supply, 465;
law of their formation, 466, 471, 483;
of the Mediterranean, 467;
of Lake Michigan, 467;
of the Nile mouths, 468;
of America, 469;
of Western Europe, 470;
literature of, 471;
height of, 472;
humidity of, 473;
of Cape Cod, 487;
character of their sand, 474, 481;
concretion within, 476;
interior structure of, 477;
general form of, 478;
geological importance of, 479;
composition of sandstone, 481;
as barriers against the sea, 489;
in Western Europe, 490;
extent of, 507;
of Gascony, 496;
of Denmark, 497;
of Prussia, 497;
artificial formation of, in Holland, 499;
protection of, 500;
by vegetation, 501;
trees adapted to, 505;
removal of, 509.

Sand-dune vineyard of Cap Breton, 508.

Sand plains, mode of deposit, 464;
constituent parts, 464;
inland, of Europe, 509;
landes of Gascony, 511;
Belgium, 513;
Eastern Europe, 513;
advantages of reclaiming, 515;
private and public enterprise, 516.

Sand springs, 511.

Sandal wood extirpated in Juan Fernandez, 130.

Saros, projected canal of, 527.

Sawmills, action of their machinery more rapid by night, 278.

Schelk, the extirpation of, 85.

Schleswig-Holstein, encroachments of the sea on, 493.

Scientific observation, practical lessons of, 54-56.

Sea, the, exclusion of, by dikes, in Lincolnshire, 333;
encroachments of, 490;
coast, 491;
the Liimfjord, 491;
Schleswig-Holstein, 493;
Holland, 494;
France, 494.

Sea cow, Steller's, extirpation of, 119.

Seal, the, in Lake Champlain, 117;
voracity of, 120.

Seeds, vitality of, as preserved by the forest, 287, 289.

Seine river, ancient level of, 214;
affluents of, 435.

Ship building of the middle ages, Venice and Genoa, 218.

Siberia, ice ravine in, 158.

Sicily, stone weapons found in, 18;
sulphur mines of, 72;
olive oil crop of, 312.

Silkworm, introduction in South America, 105.

Sinai, Mt., rain torrent at, 441;
production of sand in peninsula of, 454;
garden of monastery at, 537.

Snakes, destructive to insects, 110;
tenacity of species, 111;
number of, in Palestine and Egypt, 111.

Snow, action of the woods on, 211;
experiments on, 212.

Soils, amount of thermoscopic action on various, 144;
mechanical effects of shaking in the Netherlands, 344;
effect of frost on, in United States, 344.

Solar heat, economic employment of, 47.

Solitary, the, extirpation of, 95.

Sound, transmission of, in still air, 165.

Springs, artificial, proposed by Palissy, 447;
by Babinet, 448.

Spain, neglect of forest culture in, 279.

Squirrel, the, destructiveness of, in forests, 34;
of Boston, 121.

St. Helena, flora of, 65;
destruction of its forests, 130.

Staffordshire, phenomena of vegetation in, 288.

Starlings, habits of, in Piedmont, 111.

Stork, the, geographical range of, 93;
anecdote of a, 99.

Subterranean waters, their origin, 434;
sources of supply, 435;
reservoirs and currents of, 438;
diffusion of, in the soil, 439;
importance, 440;
of the Karst, 535;
of Greece, 536.

Suez canal, the, danger from sand drifts, 461;
effect on the Mediterranean and Red Sea basins, 520.

Sugar cane, culture of, 62.

Sugar-maple tree, produce of, 169.

Summer dikes of Holland, 342.

Sunflowers, effect of plantations of, 154.

Swallow, the, popular superstitions respecting, 418.

Switzerland, ancient lacustrine habitations of, 16, 70, 83.

Sylt Island, sand dunes of, 474;
encroachments of the sea on, 493.

Sylviculture, best manuals of practice of, 304;
when and how profitable, 305;
its methods, 315;
the _taillis_ treatment, 315;
the _futaie_ do., 317;
beneficial effects of irrigation, 319;
exclusion of animals, 321;
removal of leaves, &c., 322;
topping and trimming, 324.

Taguataga Lake, Chili, 355.

Tea plant, the, cultivated in America, 62.

Temperature, general law of, 52.

Teredo, the general diffusion of, 107.

Termite, or white ant, ravages of, 107.

Teverone, cascade of, Tivoli, 402.

Timber, general superiority of cultivated, 305;
slow decay of, in forest, 322.

Tobacco an American plant, 68;
introduction in Hungary, 67.

Tocat, Asia Minor, oak woods of, 186.

Tomato, the, introduction to New England, 19.

Torricelli, successful plan for draining the Val di Chiana, 421.

Torrents, destructive action of, 231;
means of prevention, 233;
ravages of, in Southeastern France, 237;
Provence, 239;
Upper Alps, 240;
Lower Alps, 246;
action of, in elevating the beds of mainland streams, 249;
in excavating ravines, 250;
transporting power of, 251;
signs of, extinguished, 263;
crushing force of, 392.

Trees, as organisms, specific temperature of, 156;
moisture given out by, 158;
total influence on temperature, 159;
absorption of water by, 166;
flow of sap, 169;
absorption of moisture by foliage of, 172;
exhalation of do., 174;
consequent refrigeration, 175;
amount of ligneous products of, 173;
protection against avalanches afforded by, 269;
power of resisting the action of fire, 273;
American forest trees, 274;
their dimensions, 275;
change in relative proportions of height and diameter, 276;
comparative longevity of, 277;
European and American compared, 308;
species more numerous in America, 309;
Spenser's catalogue of, 308;
interchange of European and American species, 310;
species of Southern Europe and their extent, 312;
natural order of succession in, 323.
See _Forest_, _Woods_.

Trieste, proposed supply of water to, 536.

Trout, the American, 115, 117, 121.

Tuscany, rivers of, their deposits, 414;
physical restoration in, 416;
improvements in Val di Chiana, 417;
do. in the Maremma, 424.

Tyrolese rivers, elevation of their beds, 249.

Ubate, lakes of, New Granada, 204.

Undulation of water, 456.

United States, foreign plants grown in, 61;
weight of annual harvest in, 62;
number of quadrupeds in, 79;
of birds, 86;
effect of felling woods on its climate, 180;
forests of, 300;
instability of life in, 328.

Upper Alps, department of, ravages of torrents in, 240.

Urus, or auerochs, domesticated by man, 83;
extirpation of, 85.

Val de Lys, evidence of glacier action in, 252.

Vegetable life, transfer by man's action, 59.

Velino, cascade of, Tivoli, 402.

Vesuvius, vegetation on, 131;
eruption of February, 1851, 544.

Volcanic action, resistance to, 544;
matter, vegetation in, 131.

Volga river, proposed diversion of, 531.

Walcheren, formation of the island, 340.

Wallenstadt, lake of, 534.

Walnut tree, consumption of, for gun stocks, 296;
oil yielded by, 310.

Ward's cases for plants, 175.

Waste products, utilization of, 37.

Weeds common to Old and New World, 66;
extirpated in China, &c., 71.

Whale, the, food of, 113;
destruction of, 114.

Whale fishery, date of its commencement unknown, 112;
in the middle ages, 112;
American, 113.

Wheat, its asserted origin, 73;
introduction to America, 74.

Wild animals, number of, 84.

Wild organisms, vegetable and animal, tenacity of life in, 69.

Willow, the weeping, introduction in Europe, 64.

Wolf, increase of the, 84;
prevalence in forests of France, 296.

Wolf Spring, Soubey, 206.

Wood, increased demand for, 293;
ship building, railroads, &c., 294;
market price of, 294;
replaced by iron in the arts, 295;
means of increasing its durability, 295;
how affected by rapid growth, 306;
facilities for working, 307.

Woods, habitable earth originally covered by, 128;
conditions of their propagation, 131;
destructive agency of man and domestic animals, 132;
do not furnish food for man, 133;
first removal of, 134;
burning of, 136;
in Sweden and France, 137;
effect on the soil, 138;
destruction of, its effect, 139;
electrical influence of, 140;
chemical influence of, 142;
influence on temperature, 143;
absorbing and emitting surface of, 144;
in summer and winter, 147;
dead products of, 148;
as a shelter, 149;
in France, 149, 151;
New England, 149;
Italy and Jutland, 150;
as a protection against malaria, 154;
tend to mitigate extremes of temperature, 155.
See _Forest_, _Trees_.

Wood mosses and fungi, absorbent of moisture, 168.

Woodpecker, the, destroyer of insects, 109.

Yak, or Tartary ox, the, 83.

Yew tree, geographical range of, 70.

Zeeland, province, formation of, 339.

Zostera marina, 492.

Zuiderzee, proposed drainage of, 534;
means of, and geographical results, 535.

THE END.

* * * * *

FORSYTH'S "CICERO."

A New Life of Cicero.

BY WILLIAM FORSYTH, M. A., Q. C.

With Twenty Illustrations. 2 vols. crown octavo. Printed on tinted and laid paper. Price, $5.00.

The object of this work is to exhibit Cicero not merely as a Statesman and an Orator, but as he was at home in the relations of private life, as a Husband, a Father, a Brother, and a Friend. His letters are full of interesting details, which enable us to form a vivid idea of how the old Romans lived 2,000 years ago; and the Biography embraces not only a History of Events, as momentous as any in the annals of the world, but a large amount of Anecdote and Gossip, which amused the generation that witnessed the downfall of the Republic.

The _London Athenaeuem_ says: "Mr. Forsyth has rightly aimed to set before us a portrait of Cicero in the modern style of biography, carefully gleaning from his extensive correspondence all those little traits of character and habit which marked his private and domestic life. These volumes form a very acceptable addition to the classic library. The style is that of a scholar and a man of taste."

From the _Saturday Review_:--"Mr. Forsyth has discreetly told his story, evenly and pleasantly supplied it with apt illustrations from modern law, eloquence, and history, and brought Cicero as near to the present time as the differences of age and manners warrant. * * * These volumes we heartily recommend as both a useful and agreeable guide to the writings and character of one who was next in intellectual and political rank to the foremost man of all the world, at a period when there were many to dispute with him the triple crown of forensic, philosophic, and political composition."

"A scholar without pedantry, and a Christian without cant, Mr. Forsyth seems to have seized with praiseworthy tact the precise attitude which it behoves a biographer to take when narrating the life, the personal life, of Cicero. Mr. Forsyth produces what we venture to say will become one of _the classics of English biographical literature_, and will be welcomed by readers of all ages and both sexes, of all professions and of no profession at all."--_London Quarterly._

"This book is a valuable contribution to our Standard Literature. It is a work which will aid our progress towards the truth; it lifts a corner of the veil which has hung over the scenes and actors of times so full of ferment, and allows us to catch a glimpse of the stage upon which the great drama was played."--_North American Review._

_Copies sent by mail, post paid, on receipt of price._

LORD DERBY'S "HOMER."

The Iliad of Homer.

RENDERED INTO ENGLISH BLANK VERSE BY EDWARD, EARL OF DERBY.

From the fifth London Edition.

Two volumes, royal octavo, on tinted paper. Price $7.50 per vol.

Extracts from Notices and Reviews from the English Quarterlies, &c.

"The merits of Lord Derby's translation may be summed up in one word: "it is eminently attractive; it is instinct with life; it may be read with fervent interest; it is immeasurably nearer than Pope to the text of the original. * * * We think that Lord Derby's translation will not only be read, but read over and over again. * * * Lord Derby has given to England a version far more closely allied to the original, and superior to any that has yet been attempted in the blank verse of our language."--_Edinburgh Review, January 1865._

"As often as we return from even the best of them (other translations) to the translation before us, we find ourselves in a purer atmosphere of taste. We find more spirit, more tact in avoiding either trivial or conceited phrases, and altogether a presence of merits, and an absence of defects which continues, as we read, to lengthen more and more the distance between Lord Derby and the foremost of his competitors."--_London Quarterly Review, January, 1865._

"While the versification of Lord Derby is such as Pope himself would have admired, his Iliad is in all other essentials superior to that of his great rival. For the rest, if Pope is dethroned what remains? * * * It is the Iliad we would place in the hands of English readers as the truest counterpart of the original, the nearest existing approach to a reproduction of that original's matchless feature."--_Saturday Review._

"Among those curiosities of literature which are also its treasures, Lord Derby's translation of Homer must occupy a very conspicuous place. * * * Lord Derby's work is, on the whole, more remarkable for the constancy of its excellence and the high level which it maintains throughout, than for its special bursts of eloquence. It is uniformly worthy of itself and its author."--_The Reader._

"Whatever may be the ultimate fate of this poem--whether it take sufficient hold of the public mind to satisfy that demand for a translation of Homer which we have alluded to, and thus become a permanent classic of the language, or whether it give place to the still more perfect production of some yet unknown poet--it must equally be considered a splendid performance; and for the present we have no hesitation in saying that it is by far the best representation of Homer's Iliad in the English language."

AMERICAN NOTICES.

The _Publishers Circular_ says:--At the advanced age of sixty-five, the Earl of Derby, leader of the Tory party in England, has published a translation of Homer, in blank verse. Nearly all the London critics unite in declaring, with _The Times_, "that it is by far the best representation of Homer's 'Iliad' in the English language." His purpose was to produce a translation, and not a paraphrase--fairly and honestly giving the sense of every passage and of every line. Without doubt the greatest of all living British orators, he has now shown high poetic power as well as great scholarship.

From the _New York World_:--"The reader of English, who seeks to know what Homer really was, and in what fashion he thought and felt and wrote, will owe to Lord Derby his first honest opportunity of doing so. The Earl's translation is devoid alike of pretension and of prettiness. It is animated in movement, simple and representative to phraseology, breezy in atmosphere, if we may so speak, and pervaded by a refinement of taste which is as far removed from daintiness or effeminacy as can well be imagined."

_Copies sent by mail, post paid, on receipt of price._

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:

1. Passages in italics are surrounded by _underscores_.

2. The original text includes Greek characters. For this text version these letters have been replaced with transliterations.

3. Certain words use "oe" ligature in the original, indicated by [oe] and [OE].

4. The letters with macron are represented within square braces with an equals sign preceding it. For example, letter a with macron is indicated by [=a].

5. In this text version, some of the references to appendix notes within footnotes were incorrect which have been corrected. Also, errors found in page references within Appendix have been corrected.