Chapter X: Conclusion (2)

_C__1_ is the physico-chemical base (for simplicity I represent the whole complex as one base) of the human time-binding energy. _T__1_ is the thought produced by a physico-chemical process (corresponding, for illustration’s sake only, to electricity produced by a galvanic battery). The thought _T__1_ in turn produces a physico-chemical effect _E__1_ on the base _C__1_ (corresponding for the same reason to electrolysis and electrolyte in electricity). _C__1_ and _E__1_ combined, or _C__2_ produces _T__2_ which again in turn affects the base and produces a physico-chemical effect _E__2_, this new combination produces the energy _T__3_, and so on ... theoretically without limits, as long as there is _any source_ of energy upon which this special energy can draw. This theory which I call the “spiral theory” represents a suggestive working mechanism of the time-binding energy and is in accord with the latest scientific discoveries. It explains the processes of all the mental and so-called spiritual energies which have been such a puzzle to humanity, and it also explains other phenomena which, until now, have had no scientific explanation whatever.

The animals are _not_ time-binding, they have _not_ the capacity of the “spiral”; therefore, they have not autonomous progress. At the same time, it will be obvious that if we teach humans false ideas, we affect their time-binding capacities and energies very seriously, by affecting in a wrong way the physico-chemical base. This energy is so peculiar that it embraces, if I may use the old expression, the highest ideals (when the time-binding energy is unobstructed and is allowed to work normally), and also the most criminal ideas (when the time-binding energy is obstructed by false teachings and in consequence works abnormally). We cannot make animals moral or immoral because they have not this time-binding capacity. Whereas human progress can be very seriously affected by false ideas; in other words, the biolyte of false teachings in the animal dimension must be very different from the biolyte of true ideas in the human dimension. Nature or nature’s laws happily cannot be completely deviated from or violated—the time-binding energy cannot be completely suppressed in the time-binding class of life. The false teachings that we are animals and essentially brutal and selfish can, of course, degrade human nature not only down to the animal level but lower still. Happily now science can explain and prove how fundamentally fiendish in effect are these teachings in the life and progress of human beings. It will be a shock to those who teach, preach and practice animal standards and in the same breath contradict themselves in any talking about “immortality” and “salvation”; a little thought makes it perfectly clear that “animal standards” and “salvation” or “immortality” simply exclude each other. With the natural law of time-binding realized, the way is open to entering scientifically upon the problem of immortality. The time-binding energies as well as “life” follow the same type of exponential function. “The constant synthesis then of specific material from simple compounds of a non-specific character is the chief feature by which living matter differs from non-living matter.... This problem of synthesis leads to the assumption of immortality of the living cell, since there is no _a priori_ reason why this synthesis should ever come to a standstill of its own accord as long as enough food is available and the proper outside physical conditions are guaranteed.... The idea that the body cells are naturally immortal and die only if exposed to extreme injuries such as prolonged lack of oxygen or too high a temperature helps to make one problem more intelligible. The medical student, who for the first time realizes that life depends upon that one organ, the heart, doing its duty incessantly for the seventy years or so allotted to man, is amazed at the precariousness of our existence. It seems indeed uncanny that so delicate a mechanism should function so regularly for so many years. The mysticism connected with this and other phenomena of adaptation would disappear if we would be certain that all cells are really immortal and that the fact which demands an explanation is not the continued activity but the cessation of activity in death. Thus we see that the idea of the immortality of the body cell if it can be generalized may be destined to become one of the main supports for a complete physico-chemical analysis of life phenomena since it makes the durability of organisms intelligible....” (_The Organism as a Whole_, by Jacques Loeb.)

The outlook for those who live and profess selfish, greedy, “space-binding animal standards” is not very promising as disclosed by the “spiral,” but unhappily we cannot help them; only time-binding—only fulfilling the natural laws for humans—can give them the full benefit of their natural capacities by which they will be able to raise themselves above animals and their fate.

The results obtained in scientific biological researches are growing very rapidly and every advance in their knowledge proves this theory to be true. If they differ in a few instances it is not because the principles of this theory are wrong, but because they intermix dimensions and use words not sufficiently defined which always results in confusion and the checking of the progress of science.

Most of the problems touched upon in this appendix from a mathematical point of view are based upon laboratory facts. We have only to collect them and there is little need of imagination to see their general bearing. Since we have discovered the fact that Man is a time-binder (no matter what time is) and have introduced the sense of dimensionality into the study of life phenomena in general, a great many facts which were not clear before become very clear now.

I wrote this book on a farm without any books at hand and I had been out of touch with the progress of science for the five years spent in the war service and war duties. My friend Dr. Grove-Korski, formerly at Berkeley University, drew my attention particularly to the books of Dr. Jacques Loeb. I found there a treasury of laboratory facts which illustrate as nothing better could, the correctness of my theory. I found with deep satisfaction that the new “scientific biology” is scientific because it has used mathematical methods with notable regard to dimensionality—they do not “milk an automobile.”

For the mathematician and the engineer, the “tropism theory of animal conduct,” founded by Dr. J. Loeb, is of the greatest interest, because this is a theory which analyses the functions and reactions of an organism _as a whole_ and therefore there is no chance for confusion of ideas or the intermixing of dimensions.

“Physiologists have long been in the habit of studying not the
reactions of the whole organism but the reactions of isolated
segments; the so-called reflexes. While it may seem justifiable to
construct the reactions of the organism as a whole from the
individual reflexes, such an attempt is in reality doomed to
failure, since the reactions produced in an isolated element
cannot be counted upon to occur when the same element is part of
the whole, on account of the mutual inhibitions which the
different parts of the organism produce upon each other when in
organic connection; and it is, therefore, impossible to express
the conduct of a whole animal as the algebraic sum of the reflexes
of its isolated segments.... It would, therefore, be a
misconception to speak of tropism as of reflexes, since tropisms
are reactions of the organism as a whole, while reflexes are
reactions of isolated segments. Reflexes and tropisms agree,
however, in one respect, inasmuch as both are obviously of a
purely physico-chemical character.” _Forced Movements—Tropism and
Animal Conduct._ By Jacques Loeb.

I will quote here only a very few passages, but these books are of such importance that every mathematician and engineer should read them. They are, if I may say so, a “mathematical biology”—the survey of a life long study of “tropisms,” which is the name given to express “forced movements” in organisms. They give the quintessence of laboratory experiments as to what are the effects of different energies such as light (heliotropism), electricity (galvanotropism), gravity (geotropism), etc., in their reaction and influence upon the movements and actions of living organisms. These experiments are conclusive and the conclusions arrived at cannot be overlooked or evaded. The tremendous practical results of such scientific methods are based upon two principles, namely: that, (1) the scientists must think mathematically, their studies of the phenomena must be in “systems” as a complex whole, and they must not intermix dimensions; (2) they must see the danger and not be afraid of old words with wrong meanings, but must use clear and rigorous thinking to eliminate the prejudices in science—the poison of metaphysical speculating with words, or verbalism. These books give ample proofs of how misleading and obscuring are the words used and how basically wrong are the conclusions arrived at by such scientists as still persist in using the anthropomorphic or teleological methods of analysis. If a sceptical or doubtful reader is interested to see an ample proof of how deadly is the effect which an incorrect or unmathematical manner of thinking brings into science and life—he also may be referred to these books. The following quotations prove biologically that man is of a totally different dimension—a totally different being than an animal. From Dr. Conklin I quote only from his _Heredity and Environment_ and to save a repetition of the title of the book, I will indicate the quotations by using only his name. (All italics are indicated by A. K.)

“It would be of the greatest importance to show directly that the
_homologous proteins of different species are different_. _This
has been done_ for hemoglobins of the blood by Reichert and Brown,
who have shown by crystallographic measurements that the
hemoglobins of any species are definite substances for that
species.... The following sentences by Reichert and Brown seem to
indicate that this may be true for the crystals of hemoglobin.
‘_The hemoglobins of any species are different substances for that
species._ But upon comparing the corresponding substances
hemoglobins in different species of a genus it is generally found
that they differ the one from the other to a greater or less
degree; the differences being such that when complete
crystallographic data are available the different _species can be
distinguished_ by these _differences in their hemoglobins_’....
The facts thus far reported imply the suggestion that heredity of
the genus is determined by the proteins of a definite constitution
differing from the proteins of other genera. This constitution of
the proteins would therefore be responsible for the genus
heredity. The different species of a genus have all the same genus
proteins, but the proteins of each species of the same genus are
apparently different again in chemical constitution and hence they
may give rise to the specific biological or immunity reactions.”
_The Organism as a Whole_, by Jacques Loeb.

“_All peculiarities which are characteristic of a race, species,
genus, order, class and phylum are of course inherited_, otherwise
there would be no constant characteristics of these groups and no
possibility of classifying organisms. The chief characters of
every living thing are unalterably fixed by heredity. Men do not
gather grapes of thorns nor figs of thistles. Every living thing
produces off-spring after its own kind, Men, horses, cattle;
birds, reptiles, fishes; insects, mollusks, worms; polyps,
sponges, micro-organisms,—all of the million known species of
animals and plants differ from one another because of inherited
peculiarities, _because they have come from different kinds of
germ cells_.” Conklin.

“The entire organism consisting of structures and functions, body
and mind, develops out of the germ, and the organization of the
germ determines all the possibilities of development of the mind
no less than of the body, though the actual realization of any
possibility is dependent also upon environmental stimuli.”...
Conklin.

“The development of the mind _parallels that of the body_;
whatever the ultimate relation of the mind and body may be, there
can be _no_ reasonable _doubt_ that the two develop together from
the germ. It is a curious fact that many people who are seriously
disturbed by scientific teaching as to the evolution or gradual
development of the human race accept with equanimity the universal
observation as to the development of the human individual,—mind as
well as body. The animal ancestry of the race is surely no more
disturbing to philosophical or religious beliefs than the germinal
origin of the individual, and yet the latter is a fact of
universal observation which cannot be relegated to the domain of
hypothesis or theory, and which can not be successfully denied....
Now we know that the child comes from the germ cells which are not
made by the bodies of the parents but have arisen by the division
of the antecedent germ cell. _Every cell comes from a pre-existing
cell_ by a process of division, and _every germ cell comes from a
pre-existing germ cell_. Consequently it is not possible to hold,
that the body generates germ cells, nor that the soul generates
souls. The only possible scientific position is that the _mind_ or
soul as well as the body develops from the _germ_.

“No fact in human experience is more certain than that the mind
develops by gradual and natural processes from a simple condition
which can scarcely be called mind at all; no fact in human
experience is fraught with greater practical and philosophical
significance than this, and yet no fact is more generally
disregarded.” Conklin.

“Doubtless the elements of which _consciousness_ develops are
_present in the germ cells_, in the same sense that the elements
of the other psychic processes or of the organs of the body are
there present; not as a miniature of the adult condition, but
rather in the form of elements or factors, which by long series of
combinations and transformations, due to interactions with one
another and with the environment, give rise to the fully developed
condition.... It is an interesting fact that in man, and in
several other animals which may be assumed to have a sense of
identity, the nerve cells, especially those of the _brain_, _cease
dividing_ at an early age, and these identical cells persist
throughout the remainder of life.”...

“The hen does not produce the egg, but the egg produces the hen
and also other eggs. Individual traits are not transmitted from
the hen to the egg, but they develop out of germinal factors which
are carried along from _cell to cell, and from generation to
generation_....”

“The germ is the undeveloped organism which forms the bond between
successive generations; the person is the developed organism which
arises from the germ under the influence of environmental
conditions, the person develops and dies in each generation; the
germ-plasm is the continuous stream of living substance which
connects all generations. The person nourishes and protects the
germ, and in this sense the person is merely the carrier of the
germ-plasm, the _mortal trustee_ of an immortal substance.”
Conklin.

This is what I call “time-linking.” (Author.)

“Through intelligence and social cooperation he is able to control
environment for particular ends, in a manner quite impossible in
other organisms.... Other animals develop much more rapidly than
man but that development sooner comes to an end. The children of
lower races of man develop more rapidly than those of higher races
but in such cases they also cease to develop at an earlier age.
The prolongation of the period of infancy and of immaturity in the
human race greatly increases the importance of environment and
training as _factors of development_.” Conklin.

Another sidelight given on the “Spiral theory.” (Author.)

“In education also we are strangely blind to proper aims and
methods. Any education is bad which leads to the formation of
habits of idleness, carelessness, failure, instead of habits of
industry, thoroughness and success. Any religious or social
institution is bad which leads to habits of pious make-believe,
insincerity, slavish regard for authority and disregard for
evidence, instead of habits of sincerity, open-mindedness and
independence....”

“All that man now is he has come to be without conscious human
guidance. If evolution has progressed from the am[oe]ba to man
without human interference, if the great progress from ape-like
men to the most highly civilized races has taken place without
conscious human control, the question may well be asked: Is it
possible to improve on the natural method of evolution? It may not
be possible to improve on the method of evolution and yet by
intelligent action it may be possible to facilitate that method.
_Man can not change a single law of nature but he can put himself
into such relations to natural laws that he can profit by them._”
Conklin.

This proves the great importance of KNOWING THE NATURAL LAWS for the human class of life, and making natural time-binding impulses conscious, for then only will the spiral give a logarithmical accumulation of the right kind, otherwise the biolyte will be “animal” in substance as well as in effect. Here it is immaterial how the first “time-binder” was produced; the fact that he is of another dimension is of the greatest importance.

“From sands to stars, from the immensity of the universe to the
minuteness of the electron, in living things no less than in
lifeless ones, science recognizes everywhere the inevitable
sequence of cause and effect, the universality of natural
processes, the reign of natural law. _Man also is a part of
Nature, a part of the great mechanism of the_ universe, and all
that he is and _does is limited and prescribed by laws of nature_.
Every human being comes into existence by a process of
development, every step of which is determined by antecedent
causes.... Our anatomical, physiological, psychological
possibilities were predetermined in the _germ cells_ from which we
came....” Conklin.

This shows the importance of keeping the study of humans in their own dimensionality, and also the importance of finding the IMPERSONAL NATURAL LAWS for the human class of life. Now it can be realized that all the so-called human ideals are none else than the ever growing fulfillment of the NATURAL “TIME-BINDING” LAWS. This understanding will enable man to discover new “time-binding” laws for their conduct, their business relations, their state, which will not be a contradiction of the real, NATURAL LAWS but will be in accord with them; then and only then human progress will have a chance to develop peacefully.

“Adult characteristics are potential and not actual in the germ,
and their actual appearance depends upon many complicated
reactions of the germinal units with one another and with the
environment. In short, our actual personalities are not
predetermined in the germ cells, but our possible personalities
are.... The influence of environment upon the minds and morals of
men is especially great. To a large extent our habits, words,
thoughts; our aspirations, ideals, satisfactions; our
responsibility, morality, religion are the results of the
environment and education of our early years....”

“Owing to this vastly greater power of memory, reflection and
inhibition man is much freer than any other animal. Animals which
learn little from experience have little freedom and the more they
learn the freer they become....” Conklin.

It may be added here that the “spiral theory” explains how our reactions can be accelerated and elaborated by ourselves, and how truly we are the masters of our destinies.

“Because we can find no place in our philosophy and logic for self
determination shall we cease to be scientists and close our eyes
to the evidence? The first duty of science is to appeal to fact
and to settle later with logic and philosophy....” Conklin.

There will be no difficulty in the settlement of facts with the new philosophy of “Human Engineering.”

“The analysis of instinct from a purely physiological point of
view ultimately furnishes the data for a scientific ethics. Human
happiness is based upon the possibility of a natural and
harmonious satisfaction of the instincts.... It is rather
remarkable that we should still be under the influence of an
ethics which considers the human instincts in themselves low and
their gratification vicious. That such an ethics must have had a
comforting effect upon the orientals, whose instincts were
inhibited or warped through the combined effects of an enervating
climate, despotism and miserable economic conditions is
intelligible, and it is perhaps due to a continuation of the
unsatisfactory economic conditions that this ethics still prevails
to some extent.... Lawyers, criminologists and philosophers
frequently imagine that only want makes man work. This is an
erroneous view. We are instinctively forced to be active in the
same way as ants or bees. The instinct of workmanship would be the
greatest source of happiness if it were not for the fact that our
present social and economic organization allows only a few to
satisfy this instinct. Robert Mayer has pointed out that any
successful display or setting free of energy is a source of
pleasure to us. This is the reason why the satisfaction of the
instinct of workmanship is of such importance in the economy of
life, for the play and learning of the child, as well as for the
scientists or commercial work of the man.... We can vary at will
the instincts of animals. A number of marine animals ... go away
from the light, can be forced to go to light in two ways, first by
lowering the temperature and second by increasing the
concentration of the sea water, whereby the cells of the animals
lose water. This instinct can be again reversed by raising the
temperature or by lowering the concentration of the sea water. I
have found repeatedly that by the same conditions by which
phenomena of growth and organization can be controlled the
instincts are controlled also. This indicates that there is a
common basis for both classes of life phenomena. This common base
is the physical and chemical character of the mixture of
substances which we call protoplasm.... _The greatest happiness in
life_ can be obtained only if _all instincts_, that of workmanship
included, can be maintained at a certain _optimal intensity_. But
while it is certain that the individual can ruin or diminish the
value of its life by a onesided development of its instincts,
e.g., dissipation, it is at the same time true that the _economic
and social conditions can ruin or diminish the value of life for a
great number of individuals_. It is no doubt true that in our
present social and economic conditions more than ninety per cent
of human beings lead an existence whose value is far below what it
should be. They are compelled by want to sacrifice a number of
instincts especially the most valuable among them, that of
workmanship, in order to save the lowest and most imperative, that
of eating. If those who amass immense fortunes could possibly
intensify their lives with their abundance, it might perhaps be
rational to let many suffer in order to have a few cases of true
happiness. But for an increase of happiness only that amount of
money is of service which can be used for the harmonious
development and satisfaction of inherited instincts. For this,
comparatively little is necessary. The rest is of no more use to a
man than the surplus of oxygen in the atmosphere. As a matter of
fact, the only true satisfaction a multimillionaire can possibly
get from increasing his fortunes, is the satisfaction of the
instinct of workmanship or the pleasure that is connected with a
successful display of energy. The scientist gets this satisfaction
without diminishing the value of life of his fellow being, and the
same should be true for the business man.... Although we recognize
no metaphysical free-will, we do not deny personal responsibility.
We can fill the memory of the young generation with such
associations as will prevent wrong doing or dissipation....
Cruelty in the penal code and the tendency to exaggerate
punishment are sure signs of a low civilization and of an
imperfect educational system.... It seems to me that we can no
more expect to unravel the mechanism of associative memory by
histological or morphological methods than we can expect to
unravel the dynamics of electrical phenomena by microscopic study
of cross-sections through a telegraph wire or by counting and
locating the telephone connections in a big city. If we are
anxious to develop a dynamic of the various life-phenomena, we
must remember that the colloidal substances are the machines which
produce the life phenomena, but the physics of these substances is
still a science of the future.... Physiology gives us no answer to
the latter question. The idea of specific energy has always been
regarded as the terminus for the investigation of the sense
organs. Mach expressed the opinion that chemical conditions lie at
the foundation of sensation in general....” _Comparative
Physiology of the Brain_, by Jacques Loeb.

Here it may be added that the “Instinct of Workmanship” in the animal class, becomes in the time-binding class of life the instinct of _creation_, and is nothing else than the expression of the natural impulse of the “Time-binding” energy. In the present social and economic system very few have a possibility to satisfy this instinct; scientific management is or may be satisfying the animal instinct of workmanship, but it is not satisfactory to the instinct of creation. “Time-binding” in its last analysis is creation and only such a social and economic system as will satisfy this want—this natural impulse—will satisfy Humans—the “Time-binders”—and will bring about their fullest growth in work and happiness.

“LAWS OF GROWTH” (from _Unified Mathematics_, by Louis C. Karpinski, Ph.D.). “_Compound interest function_.—The function _S_ = _P_(1 + _i_)_n_ is of fundamental importance in other fields than in finance. Thus the growth of timber of a large forest tract may be expressed as a function of this kind, the assumption being that in a large tract the rate of growth may be taken as uniform from year to year. In the case of bacteria growing under ideal conditions in a culture, _i.e._ with unlimited food supplied, the increase in the number of bacteria per second is proportional to the number of bacteria present at the beginning of that second. Any function in which the rate of change or rate of growth at any instant _t_ is directly proportional to the value of the function at the instant _t_ obeys what has been termed the ‘law of organic growth,’ and may be expressed by the equation,

_y = ce__kt_,

wherein _c_ and _k_ are constants determined by the physical facts involved, and _e_ is a constant of nature analogous to π. The constant _k_ is the proportionality constant and is negative when the quantity in question decreases; _c_ is commonly positive;

_e_ = 2.178....

“The values of the function of _x, ce__kx__, increase according to the terms of a geometrical progression as the variable x increases in arithmetical progression_....

“The most immediate application of a function in which the growth is proportional to the function itself is to the air. The decrease in the pressure of the air at the distance _h_ above the earth’s surface is proportional to _h_.

“The expression _P = 760 e__-h/7990_ gives the numerical value of the pressure in millimeters of mercury for _h_ measured in meters. The negative exponent indicates that the pressure decreases as _h_ increases. In inches as units of length of the mercury column, _h_ in feet,

_P = 29.92e__-h/26200_

This is known as Halley’s law.

“The growth of bean plants within limited intervals and the growth of children, again between quite restricted limits, follow approximately the law of organic growth. Radium in decomposing follows the same law; the rate of decrease at any instant being proportional to the quantity. In the case of vibrating bodies, like a pendulum, the rate of decrease of the amplitude follows this law; similarly in the case of a noise dying down and in certain electrical phenomena, the rate of decrease is proportional at any instant to the value of the function at the instant....

“_The Curve of Healing of a Wound._—Closely allied to the formulas expressing the law of organic growth, _y = e__kt_, and the law of ‘organic decay,’ _y = e__-kt_, is a recently discovered law which connects algebraically by an equation and graphically by a curve, the surface-area of a wound, with time expressed in days, measured from the time when the wound is aseptic or sterile. When this aseptic condition is reached, by washing and flushing continually with antiseptic solutions, two observations at an interval commonly of four days give the ‘index of the individual,’ and this index, and the two measurements of area of the wound-surface, enable the physician-scientist to determine the normal progress of the wound-surface, the expected decrease in area, for this wound-surface of this individual. The area of the wound is traced carefully on transparent paper, and then computed by using a mathematical machine, called a planimeter, which measures areas.

“The areas of the wound are plotted as ordinates with the respective times of observation measured in days as abscissas. After each observation and computation of area the point so obtained is plotted to the same axes as the graph which gives the ideal or prophetic curve of healing.

“When the observed area is found markedly greater than that determined by the ideal curve, the indication is that there is still infection in the wound.... A rather surprising and unexplained situation occurs frequently when the wound-surface heals more rapidly than the ideal curve would indicate; in this event secondary ulcers develop which bring the curve back to normal....

“This application of mathematics to medicine is largely due to Dr. Alexis Carrel of the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research. He noted that the larger the wound-surface, the more rapidly it healed, and that the rate of healing seemed to be proportional to the area. This proportionality constant is not the same for all values of the surface or we would have an equation of the form,

_S = S__1__e__-kt_

in which _S_, is the area at the time that the wound is rendered sterile and observations to be plotted really begin....

“The data given are taken from the Journal of Experimental Medicine, reprints kindly furnished by Major George A. Stewart of the Rockefeller Institute. The diagrams are reproduced from the issue of Feb. 1, 1918, pp. 171 and 172, article by Dr. T. Tuffier and R. Desmarres, Auxiliary Hospital 75, Paris....

[ A graph, showing the progress of healing of a surface wound of the right leg of a 31-year-old patient. It shows that as time passes, the wounded area decreases. ]

Progress of healing of a surface wound of the right leg, patient’s age 31 years.

“WAVE MOTION. General.—In nature there are two types of recurrent motion, somewhat closely connected mathematically, in which repetition of motion occurs at regular intervals.

“One type of this motion, in cycles as we may say, repeats the motion in one place, and is in a sense stationary. The tuning fork in motion moves through the same space again and again; a similar movement is the motion of a vibrating string. Of this stationary type may be mentioned the heartbeats, the pulse, the respiration, the tides, and the rotation of a wheel about its axis.

“The second type of recurrent motion transmits or carries the vibratory impulse over an extent of space as well as time. The waves of the sea are of this character. Sound waves, electrical vibrations or waves, and radiant energy vibrations are transmitted by a process similar to that by which the waves of the sea are carried.

“Both of these types of motion are representable mathematically by equations involving a sequence of trigonometric functions. To the fundamental and basic function involved, _y_ = sin _x_, we will direct our attention in the next section and to simple applications in other sections of this chapter....

“Sound Waves.—If a tuning fork for note lower C is set to vibrating, the free bar makes 129 complete, back-and-forth, vibrations in one second. By attaching a fine point to the end of the bar and moving under this bar at a uniform rate, as it vibrates, a smoke-blackened paper, a sinusoidal curve is traced on the paper. Our curve is traced by a bar vibrating 50 times in 1 second.

[ A graph, showing a wavy line. “Tuning fork vibrations recorded on smoked paper.” ]

Tuning fork vibrations recorded on smoked paper.

“Corresponding to each movement of the vibrating rod there is a movement of the air. As the bar moves to the right it compresses the layer of air to its right and that _compression_ is immediately communicated to the layer of air to the right; as the bar moves back and to the left, the pressure on the adjacent air is released and a _rarefaction_ takes place. In 1/50 of 1 second you have the air adjacent to the rod _compressed_, back to normal, and _rarefied_; during this time the neighboring air is affected and the compression is communicated a distance which is the _wave length_ of this given sound wave. In 1 second this disturbance is transmitted 1100 feet at 44° Fahrenheit. The wave length for this sound wave then is 1100/50 = 22 feet.

“The wave length is commonly designated by λ. If _V_ is the velocity, and _t_ the time of one vibration, λ = _Vt_.”

[ A graph, showing five wavy lines, labeled “a”, “ou”, “r”, “E”, and “a”. “Vibration records produced by the voice: ‘a’ as in ‘ate’; ‘ou’ as in ‘about’; ‘r’ in ‘relay’; ‘e’ in ‘be’; and ‘a’ in ‘father’. The tuning fork record, frequency 50 per second, gives the vibration frequencies.” ]

“Vibration records produced by the voice: ‘a’ as in ‘ate’; ‘ou’ as in ‘about’; ‘r’ in ‘relay’; ‘e’ in ‘be’; and ‘a’ in ‘father’. The tuning fork record, frequency 50 per second, gives the vibration frequencies.”

This last drawing may help to visualize the fact in what manner wrong expressions and untrue teachings hamper the true progress of humanity. Every word has its energy and produces some physico-chemical effects in the time-binding apparatus in accord with the idea which we associate with the sound of the word. If we teach ideas which are untrue, then the physico-chemical effects produced are not proper—in other words the human mind does NOT WORK PROPERLY, that is, it does not work _naturally_ or _normally_ or true to the human dimension. There is every reason why the standards in our civilization are so low, because we have “poisoned,” in a literal sense of the word, our minds with the physico-chemical effects of wrong ideas. This correct NATURAL APPROACH to the “Time-binding” energies will make it obvious how unmeasured is the importance of the manner in which we handle this subtle mechanism, as the poisoning with wrong ideas or with careless or incorrect words does not in any way differ in consequences from poisoning with any other stupor-producing or wrongly stimulating poison.

Monographs on Experimental Biology and Physiology

LOEB, J.: “Comparative Physiology of the Brain and Comparative Psychology.” New York, 1900.

LOEB, J.: “Studies in General Physiology.” Chicago, 1905.

LOEB, J.: “The Dynamics of Living Matter.” New York, 1906.

LOEB, J.: “The Mechanistic Conception of Life.” Chicago, 1912.

Selection from contents: I. The Mechanistic Conception of Life. II. The Significance of Tropisms for Psychology. III. Some Fundamental Facts and Conceptions concerning the Comparative Physiology of the Central Nervous System. IV. Pattern Adaptation of Fishes and the Mechanism of Vision. V. On Some Facts and Principles of Physiological Morphology. VI. On the Nature of the Process of Fertilization. VII. On the Nature of Formative Stipulation (Artificial Parthenogenesis). VIII. The Prevention of the Death of the Egg through the Act of Fertilization. IX. The Rôle of Salts in the Preservation of Life. X. Experimental Study of the Influence of Environment on Animals.

LOEB, J.: The Organism as a Whole. G. P. Putnam’s Sons. New York, 1916.

Selection from contents: I. Introductory Remarks. II. The Specific Difference between Living and Dead Matter and the Question of the Origin of Life. III. The Chemical Basis of Genus and Species: 1. The Incompatibility of Species not Closely Related. 2. The Chemical basis of Genus and Species and of Species Specificity. IV. Specificity in Fertilization. V. Artificial Parthenogenesis. VI. Determinism in the Formation of an Organism from an Egg. VII. Regeneration. VIII. Determination of Sex, Secondary Sexual Characters and Sexual Instincts: 1. The Cytological Basis of Sex Determination. 2. The Physiological Basis of Sex Determination. IX. Mendelian Heredity and its Mechanism. X. Animal Instincts and Tropisms. XI. The Influence of Environment. XII. Adaptation to Environment. XIII. Evolution. XIV. Death and Dissolution of the Organism.

LOEB, J.: “Forced Movements, Tropisms, and Animal Conduct.” J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1918.

Selection from contents: I. Introduction. II. The Symmetry Relations of the Animal Body as the Starting Point for the Theory of Animal Conduct. III. Forced Movements. IV. Galvanotropism. V. Heliotropism. The Influence of One Source of Light. 1. General Facts. 2. Direct Proof of the Muscle Tension Theory of Heliotropism in Motile Animals. 3. Heliotropism of Unicellular Organisms. 4. Heliotropism of Sessile Animals. VI. An Artificial Heliotropic Machine. VII. Asymmetrical Animals. VIII. Two Sources of Light of Different Intensity. IX. The Validity of the Bunsen-Roscoe Law for the Heliotropic Reactions of Animals and Plants. X. The Effect of Rapid Changes in Intensity of Light. XI. The Relative Heliotropic Efficiency of Light of Different Wave Lengths. XII. Change in the Sense of Heliotropism. XIII. Geotropism. XIV. Forced Movements Caused by Moving Retina Images: Rheotropism: Anemotropism. XV. Stereotropism. XVI. Chemotropism. XVII. Thermotropism. XVIII. Instincts. XIX. Memory Images and Tropisms.

A list of _554 books on this subject_, in which any reader interested will find a vast storehouse of exact knowledge in this line. Author.

CONKLIN, EDWIN GRANT: “Heredity and Environment in the Development of Men.” Princeton University Press, 1915.

Selection from contents: I. Facts and Factors of Development. Introduction. A. Phenomena of Development. B. Factors of Development. II. Cellular Basis of Heredity and Development. A. Introductory. B. The Germ Cells. C. The Mechanism of Heredity. D. The Mechanism of Development. III. Phenomena of Inheritance. A. Observations on Inheritance. B. Statistical Study of Inheritance. C. Experimental Study of Inheritance. IV. Influence of Environment. A. Relative Importance of Heredity and Environment. B. Experimental Modifications of Development. C. Functional Activity as a Factor of Development. D. Inheritance or Non-inheritance of Acquired Characters. E. Applications to Human Development: Euthenics. V. Control of Heredity: Eugenics. A. Domesticated Animals and Cultivated Plants. B. Control of Human Heredity. VI. Genetics and Ethics.

Glossary of books on this subject; for those who desire to be more
fully acquainted with the subjects of heredity and development.
Author.

MORGAN, T. H., “Physical Basis of Heredity.”

EAST, E. M., and JONES, D. F., “Inbreeding and Outbreeding,” etc.

PARKER, G. H., “The Elementary Nervous System.”

HARVEY, E. N., “The Nature of Animal Light.”

Appendix III. Engineering And Time-Binding

The Arts of Engineering, by their very nature, are derived from the work of dead men and destined to serve not only the present but the future. They are freer than any other human activity from the errors of intermixing dimensions and from the fallacy of belief in individualistic accomplishment and pride. The simple steel structure of a bridge, familiar to us in every day life, is a clear reminder to us all of the arts of Hephæstus and the bound-up knowledge of countless generations of smiths and mechanics, metallurgists and chemists, mathematicians and builders, teachers and engineers who toiled for many thousands of years to make possible the riveted steel beams which are the elements of modern structure. These structures do not collapse unless the natural laws for their construction are transgressed; which seldom happens—for no one is entrusted with the work unless he has bound up in his knowledge the accumulated experience of the past; yet the transgressors of these natural laws are punished with all the severity of the common law. When a bridge is opened and tested, the written laws in some countries and the unwritten in others, and the pride and the sense of responsibility of the designer and builder of the bridge demand that he, the creator of the bridge, be the first to enter it and the last to leave it; and should the bridge collapse, he has to take the immediate consequences of his neglect of the time-binding laws.

Rarely are the affairs of engineering done with the entirely selfish motive of merely acquiring immediate selfish gain, for even when this could be traced—this unworthy thought disappears in the halo of the glory of the accomplishment. Mr. Eiffel did not erect his tower to haunt Paris with the sight of a steel skeleton towering over the city of daring thoughts. His tower stands to-day as a mechanical proof of mathematical formulas proving the possibility of erecting tall, self-supporting structures and thereby serving future humanity. The Time-binding capacity of humans creates and formulates new values for the service of mankind. Again, no student of the Arts of Engineering could ever forget himself to the point of claiming his accomplishments, no matter how marvelous, all to himself. No wondrous discovery of modern electricity, not even the talking from one hemisphere to another, is rightly the accomplishment of any one man, for the origin of the discovery can be traced at least as far back as the days of that barefooted shepherd boy Magnus, who first observed the phenomena of magnetism.

In an attempt to trace and evaluate the time-binding faculties manifested in the Arts of Engineering, one is at once astonished, and bewildered, at the confusion and contradictions unrealized in the mass of evidence, and how pathetic and deplorable is the sight of hundreds of thousands of workers in the field of engineering toil and creation who unconsciously submit to the degradation, in silent consent, of seeing their marvelous collective achievements chained to space-binding aims.

Upon the completion of this book I was astonished that there are such a small number of engineers who have the intuitive feeling of the greatness of the assets at their command and of the gravity of their liabilities concerning affairs of humanity. I was eager to have my book read and analysed by a few leading engineers. The late H. L. Gantt being no more with us, I then turned to Walter N. Polakov, Doctor of Engineering; Industrial Counselor; Chairman of Committee on Service and Information, Fuels Section, A.S.M.E., and Robert B. Wolf, Vice-President of A.S.M.E. In them I found, to the full, a very sympathetic understanding and my esteem grew as I became more intimately acquainted with the character of their work and their accomplishments. Both have done a most remarkable work in their respective lines. It will not be an exaggeration to say that their work, together with the work of the late H. L. Gantt and Charles P. Steinmetz, may be considered as the first—to my knowledge—corner-stones of the science and art of Human Engineering, and form the first few volumes and writings for the New Library of the Manhood of Humanity. These books and pamphlets are based on facts analysed scientifically, marking the parting of the way of engineering thought from the past subjection to speculative fetishes.

Of all the pure and applied sciences, engineering alone has the distinction of being the first to have the _correct_ insight into the human problem. The task of engineers was to convert knowledge—brain work—“bound-up time”—into daily bread by means of conserving time and effort. This concept is naught else but the working out of the imperfect formulation of the time-binding principle. It was inevitable, therefore, that some engineers had already beaten the path in the right direction. How straight and how far this sense of dimensionality has led some of them in their practical work may be seen from the work of Walter N. Polakov, in his _Mastering Power Production_, Engineering Magazine, N. Y., 1921.

“It was not my intention to compile a text book on power
engineering; it was rather my care to avoid the treatment of any
technical subject which could be found elsewhere in engineering
literature; but I could not avoid trespassing in the adjoining
fields of psychology and economics, for without familiarity with
these sciences the mastery of power production is a futile
attempt.

“I do not hold that the principles upon which the method is laid
out are subject to choice or opinions, for they are based on
facts. Yet work of this character cannot be complete, or examples
may be illy chosen, for it deals with living and constantly
reshaping relations and applies to things in process of
development.

“If this work and its underlying idea will facilitate the solving
of some of the problems now in the course of rapid evolution in
our industrial relations, I shall feel that my own and my readers’
time have not been altogether lost.”

Indeed the readers’ time will not be lost. This book gives an engineering, scientific—in the meantime practical—analysis of all human problems. It is a deep and practical treatise on all great questions concerning modern industrialism and so-called economic problems and is a foundation for a new scientific industrial philosophy. Another very clear outline of the _Principles of Industrial Philosophy_ was given by Mr. Polakov in his paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, December 7-10, 1920. Anyone who has anything to do with industrial or economic problems cannot afford to overlook the important and fundamental work in this book.

It is obvious that a scientific knowledge of facts, is of the greatest importance for anyone who cares to approach any problem in a serious way. Statistics which are up-to-date are therefore of primary importance. I had the privilege of reading the manuscript of _Quo Vadis America_, the forthcoming book of Mr. Polakov, where a most valuable statistical picture of facts in modern America is given and the astonishing conclusions which are to be drawn therefrom. I can only regret that in Europe we have not such a knowledge written down concerning European conditions. If more such books had been written and _read_ by the public, many crises and catastrophes would have been avoided.

The outstanding contribution of Mr. Robert B. Wolf to engineering was made in his study of physiology, biology, psychology and philosophy as applied to engineering.

“If anyone wishes to inquire into the forces which have led up to
the individual development of mankind, he will find himself at
once plunged into the realm of psychology and mental philosophy. I
can heartily recommend such a course as immensely profitable and
of practical value.

“The five important facts, however, that have to do with the
subject in hand are:

“_1st._ That the human body is such a wonderful organization
because it is the product of the forces of creation, acting
through millions of years of evolution.

“_2nd._ That its capacity for progress depends upon the
maintenance of the unity resulting from this creative evolution
and upon a conscious recognition of this unity.

“_3d._ That this unity would not have been possible without the
development of the nervous system.

“_4th._ That the conscious intelligent progress made by mankind
could not have reached its present level until in the process of
evolution a mechanism had been built up in the nervous system
itself capable of recording the various impressions which the
senses are constantly receiving.

“_5th._ That the recording of past events, with the power of
consciously recalling them for the solution of problems
immediately confronting it, is absolutely essential to its
development.

“Now, what I want to point out is that inasmuch as man’s progress
depends upon the perfect co-ordination of his forces to produce
unity of action, we have no right to expect an industrial
organization to make progress which it must do as a unit without
the establishment of a conscious co-ordinating mechanism similar
to the nervous system in the human body.” _Individuality in
Industry._ By Robert B. Wolf.

Doctor Charles P. Steinmetz has given in his _America and the New Epoch_ a most correct engineering picture of the political situation in the world, with a fine characterization of the psychological peculiarities of the different races. Although this book was written in 1916, that is, before the end of the World War, it will be of permanent value; because of its deep psychological analysis of the peoples and their institutions which ultimately shape the development of any nation and which do not change with victory or defeat.

“My tribute to the memory of Gantt will be, not only the homage of
a friend and admirer, but the proof that his philosophy is
scientifically true. A rigorous proof is necessary, because the
word ‘service’ belongs to that category of words, the meaning of
which can be completely reversed by the verb, be it ‘give’ or
‘take.’ Gantt took ‘rendering service’ as an axiom; my
observation, shared with many others, is that our civilization had
quite another axiom, ‘we preach give, we practice take.’ The
problem which interested me, was how to find a way out of this
contradiction that would be irrefutable. If one of them is true
and natural law for humans, then the other is not; if our words
are true, then our deeds are not true, or if our deeds are true
then the words are camouflage. I found the solution, by applying
mathematically rigorous thinking. Mathematics, with its exact
concept of dimensions, gave me the method. The method we use in
studying phenomena is analysis, or speaking mathematically,
differentiation. I soon found, that the methods of differentiation
are mostly correct, but our synthesis, or process of integration
made by the use of metaphysics was faulty. The differentiation
correctly lowered the dimensions, but our faulty integration did
not restore the original dimensions. The investigation had to be
made from the beginning, by defining the phenomena of life, in a
specific way, which would not permit of any blunders in
dimensions.

“I defined the classes of life by emphasizing their incontestable,
dimensional characteristics: plants are ‘Chemistry-binding,’
animals are ‘Space-binding,’ Humans are ‘Time-binding’ classes of
life.

“These definitions have the peculiarity that they make it obvious,
that: 1. The classes of life have different dimensions, and that
the intermixing of dimensions, as in mathematics it makes a
correct solution impossible, so in life, the results of such
elementary mistakes, produce tragic consequences.

“2. The old formula on which our civilization is built, HUMAN
equal ANIMAL plus or multiplied by SPARK OF DIVINITY is basically
and elementarily wrong, and is mathematical nonsense, which is
identical to such an absurdity as _x_ square inches equal _y_
linear inches plus or multiplied by _z_ cubic inches.

“3. A basically wrong formula on which our civilization rests, is
the cause of all the periodical collapses, wars and revolutions.

“4. The old system was built on animal ‘space-binding’ standards,
and human ‘time-binding’ impulses were, all the time, in
rebellion.

“5. As the theory of gravitation and the calculus made engineers
and mathematicians masters of inanimate nature, so these tangible
and incontestable definitions give them a positive base which will
enable them to approach and solve human living problems, by
establishing the mathematical fact that man is man, not an animal.

“6. All of those who are blinded by traditions and refuse to
investigate, or to know these mathematical truths, are a danger to
humanity in directly helping to obscure issues, and in helping to
maintain the faulty structure which, as in the past, is bound to
collapse again and again in the future.

“7. The duty of mathematically thinking people is to throw such
light on this problem as will stop the stupid, or willfully
destructive, and show whether they are working for, or against,
mankind.

“8. For the ‘time-binding’ class of life, it is obvious then that
in this dimension, ‘time-binding’ is the natural law, and, if
understood and analysed, it is the highest human aim.

“9. Such ‘natural laws’ as ‘survival of the fittest’ for animals,
which is the ‘survival of the fittest in space,’ result in fight,
or the survival of the strongest; whereas such a law to be a
NATURAL LAW FOR HUMANS, must be in the human dimension which
obviously would be the ‘Survival of the fittest in TIME,’
resulting in the survival of the best.

“10. All known facts must be brought to the light, to be summed
up, and correlated by mathematicians and engineers with the
strictest attention to dimensionality.

“11. All of our ideas have to be revised; the animal
‘space-binding’ standards must be rejected as dangerous and
destructive, must be replaced by ‘time-binding’ standards, which
will correspond to the natural impulses and NATURAL LAWS for
humans.

“12. The minds of mathematicians and engineers are by education
the first to see the far reaching importance of the facts
disclosed by these definitions, and just this realization will
bring about the readjustment of values in life to a human
dimension, wherein pending revolutions and wars could be turned
into evolution, destruction into construction, discord into accord
of a common aim.

“We are the masters of our own destinies, the responsibility is
ours to correct the mistakes of our ancestors and to establish a
scientific philosophy, scientifically true laws, scientifically
true ethics, and a scientific sociology, which will form one
unified science of man and his function in the universe, a science
which I propose to call ‘Human Engineering.’ Gantt’s methods would
be the first practical application toward this end.