Chapter XVI: Systematic Classification Schemes

=235. General.=--Quite a large number of classification schemes have been devised by Continental, American and British librarians, in which books are systematically arranged according to related topics, and marked with a notation which enables any book or subject to be distinguished by its number, for purposes of shelving, charging and cataloguing. All the best known of such schemes are described in Brown’s _Library Classification and Cataloguing_, London, 1912, and Richardson’s _Classification_, 1912. It will be sufficient to name the methods of Harris, Perkins and Smith, of America; Edwards and Sonnenschein, of England; Bonazzi, of Italy; and Hartwig, of Germany, which, with the well-known French scheme of Brunet, make up a very interesting collection of international contributions to the classification of books. None of these schemes has been adopted in more than one or two libraries, so that their influence is not sufficiently widespread to make any further description of their details necessary. It will be much more helpful to librarians if the chief systems of classification are mentioned which fulfil every requirement as regards notation and general adaptability to library work, and have been put to the practical test of application in a number of libraries. The systems in question are the Decimal, Expansive, Library of Congress, and Subject, the last being English and the three others American. They have all been extensively adopted, and each exists as a separate printed work, with an index; a vital part of any method of classification. Unprinted schemes, or those of merely theoretical interest, have little practical value, and though every librarian has his own ideas of classification, and generally manages to graft them on to the scheme of some other person, and even to nibble away at his original, it is the best and wisest course to adopt a complete, printed and accessible scheme with as little modification as possible.

=236. Decimal Classification.=--This, the most popular and widely applied of all library schemes, was invented by Melvil Dewey in 1873-76, and has been under revision constantly since, and is to-day in general a very extensive and detailed scheme. As indicated by its name, the system is divided into groups of ten, and from this results an admirable notation of unlimited expansibility.

Its chief divisions are as follows:

000 GENERAL WORKS.

010 Bibliography.
020 Library Economy.
030 General Cyclopædias.
040 General Collections.
050 General Periodicals.
060 General Societies.
070 Newspapers.
080 Special Libraries.
090 Book Rarities.

100 PHILOSOPHY.

110 Metaphysics
120 Metaphysics: Special Topics.
130 Mind and Body.
140 Philosophical Systems.
150 Mental Faculties, Psychology.
160 Logic.
170 Ethics.
180 Ancient Philosophers.
190 Modern Philosophers.

200 RELIGION.

210 Natural Theology.
220 Bible.
230 Doctrinal Theology.
240 Devotional and Practical.
350 Homiletic, Pastoral, etc.
260 Church Institutions.
270 Religious History.
280 Christian Churches and Sects.
290 Non-Christian Religions.

300 SOCIOLOGY.

310 Statistics.
320 Political Science.
330 Political Economy.
340 Law.
350 Administration.
360 Associations.
370 Education.
380 Commerce, etc.
390 Customs, Costumes, Folklore.

400 PHILOLOGY.

410 Comparative.
420 English.
430 German.
440 French.
450 Italian.
460 Spanish.
470 Latin.
480 Greek.
490 Minor Languages.

500 NATURAL SCIENCE.

510 Mathematics.
520 Astronomy.
530 Physics.
540 Chemistry
550 Geology.
560 Palæontology.
570 Biology.
580 Botany.
590 Zoology.

600 USEFUL ARTS.

610 Medicine.
620 Engineering.
630 Agriculture.
640 Domestic Economy.
650 Communications.
660 Chemical Technology.
670 Manufactures.
680 Mechanic Trades.
690 Building.

700 FINE ARTS.

710 Landscape Gardening.
720 Architecture.
730 Sculpture.
740 Drawing, Decoration.
750 Painting.
760 Engraving.
770 Photography.
780 Music.
790 Amusements.

800 LITERATURE.

810 American.
820 English.
830 German.
840 French.
850 Italian.
860 Spanish.
870 Latin.
880 Greek.
890 Minor Languages.

900 HISTORY.

910 Geography and Description.
920 Biography.
930 Ancient History.
940 Europe. }
950 Asia. }
960 Africa. }
970 N. America. } Modern.
980 S. America. }
990 Oceanica and Polar Regions. }

This scheme is published separately as _Tables and Index of the Decimal Classification and relative Index for arranging and cataloguing Libraries, Clippings, Notes, etc._, by Melvil Dewey, Boston, and has been largely expanded, with an elaborate additional apparatus of form and relation marks, by the Institut International de Bibliographie, Brussels.

=237. Expansive Classification.=--This system was devised by Charles Amni Cutter, a well-known American librarian, and author of the code of _Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue_, which has been a text-book for many years. The Expansive Classification has not been adopted to any extent in Britain, but is printed in a series of seven classifications of progressive fullness, and completely indexed, and so becomes one of the methods to be studied.

An outline of the scheme follows:

A Generalia

A General works
Ae General encyclopædias
Ap General periodicals
Ar Reference works
As General societies

B-D Spiritual sciences

B Philosophy
Ba-Bf National philosophies and Systems of philosophy
Bg Metaphysics
Bh Logic
Bi Psychology
Bm Moral philosophy
Br Religion, Natural theology
Bt Religions
Bu Folk-lore
Ca Judaism
Cb Bible
Cc Christianity
Cce Patristics
Ce Apologetics, Evidences
Cf Doctrinal theology
Ck Ethical theology
Cp Ritual theology and Church polity
Cx Pastoral theology
Cz Sermons
D Ecclesiastical history
Dk Particular churches and sects

E-G Historical sciences
E Biography and Portraits
F-Fz History
F Universal history
F02 Ancient history
F03 Modern history
F04 Mediæval history
F11-F99 History of single countries (using local list)
Fa-Fw Allied studies, as Chronology, Philosophy of history,
History of civilization, Antiquities, Numismatics,
Chivalry, Heraldry

G Geography, Travels

G11-G99 Single countries (using local list)
Ga Ancient geography
Gf Surveying and Map-making
Gz Maps

H-K Social sciences

Hb Statistics
Hc Economics
He Production
Hf Labour
Hi Slavery
Hj Transportation
Hk Distribution, Commerce
Hm Money
Hn Banking
Hr Private finance
Ht Taxation and Public finance
Hu Tariff
Hw Property, Capital
Hz Consumption

I Demotics, Sociology
Ic Crime
Ig Charity
Ih Providence
Ik Education

J Civics, Government, Political science
Ju Constitutions and Politics
K Legislation and Law
Kd Public Documents

L-Q Natural sciences

L General works, Metrics
_Lb-Lg_ _Number and space_
Lb Mathematics
_Lh-Lr_ _Matter and force_
Lh Physics
Lo Chemistry
Lr Astronomy
_M-Q_ _Matter and life_
M Natural history
Mg Geology, incl. Mineralogy, Crystallography, Physical
geography, Meteorology, Palæontology
My Biology
N Botany
Cryptogams
Phanerogams
O Zoology
Invertebrates
P Vertebrates
Pg Mammals
Pw Anthropology, Ethnology, Ethnography

Q Medicine

R-Z Arts

R General works, Exhibitions, Patents
Rd-Rg Extractive arts
Rd Mining
Re Metallurgy
Rf Agriculture
Rh Horticulture
Ri Silviculture
Rj Animaliculture
Rq Chemic arts
Rt Electric arts
Ry Domestic arts
Rz Food and Cookery

S Constructive arts, Engineering
Sg Building
Sj Sanitary engineering
Sl Hydraulic engineering
St Transportation and Communication

T Fabricative arts, Machinery, Manufacturing and Handicrafts

U Protective arts, _i.e._ Military and Naval Arts, Life-
preserving, Fire-fighting

V Athletic and Recreative arts, Sports and Games
Vs Gymnastics
Vt Theatre
Vv Music

W Fine arts, plastic and graphic
We Landscape gardening
Wf Architecture
Wk Casting, Baking, Firing
Wm Drawing
Wp Painting
Wq Engraving
Wr Photography
Ws Decorative arts, including Costume

X-Yf Communicative arts (by language)
X Philology
X Inscriptions
X Language
Y Literature
Yf English Fiction

Z Book arts (making and use of books)
Za-Zk Production
Za Authorship
Zb Rhetoric
Zd Writing
Zh Printing
Zk Binding
Zl Distribution (Publishing and Bookselling)
Zp Storage and Use (Libraries)
Zu Description (Zu Bibliography; Zx Selection of reading;
Zy Literary history; Zz National bibliography)

This scheme is published separately as _Expansive Classification: the first six Expansions_, by C. A. Cutter, Boston, 1891, etc., and a seventh expansion of the work is being issued under the supervision of W. P. Cutter, nephew of the author, but no parts have been published for several years.

=238. Library of Congress.=--This is the elaborate and detailed scheme applied to the great Library of Congress, and is the work of its classification department. Its outline (1909) is based upon that of the Expansive scheme of Cutter which is shown above, but is varied to meet what are thought to be the special needs of the American national library. Each of the classes has been published separately in convenient form with an index.

The main classes and divisions of the Library of Congress Classification are as follows:

A General Works. Polygraphy

AC Collections. Series. Collected Works
AE Encyclopædias
AG General reference works (other than encyclopædias)
AI Indexes
AM Museums
AN Newspapers
AP Periodicals
AS Societies. Academies
AY Year-books. Almanacs
AZ General history of knowledge and learning

B Philosophy. Religion

B-J Philosophy
B Collections. History. Systems
BC Logic
BD Metaphysics
Introductions to Philosophy. Treatises
Epistemology. Theory of knowledge
Onotology
Cosmology.
Teleology
Philosophy of religion
BF Psychology
BH Esthetics
BJ Ethics

BL-BV Religion. Theology

BL Religions. Mythology. Cults
BM Theology. Generalities
BN Historical (Church history)
BQ Exegetical (Bible, etc.)
BS Systematic (Dogmatics. Apologetics)
BV Practical (Pastoral. Homiletics. Liturgies)

C History--Auxiliary sciences

CA Philosophy of history
CB History of civilization (general and general special only)
CC Antiquities. General
CD Archives. Diplomatics
CE Chronology
CJ Numismatics
CN Epigraphy. Inscriptions
CE Heraldry
CS Genealogy
CT Biography

D History and Topography (except America)

D General history
DA British history
20-690 England
700-749 Wales
750-890 Scotland
900-995 Ireland
DB Austria-Hungary
DC France
DD Germany
DE Classical antiquity
DF Greece
DG Italy

DH-DJ Netherlands
1-399 Belgium and Holland
901-921 Belgium
901-916 Luxemburg. Holland
DK Russia
100-400 Russia. General.
401-438 Poland
451-470 Finland
751-999 Russia in Asia
DL Scandinavia
1- 81 Scandinavia. General
101-296 Denmark
301-398 Iceland
401-595 Norway
601-996 Sweden
DP Spain and Portugal
1-462 Spain
500-902 Portugal
DQ Switzerland
DR Turkey and the Balkan States
DS Asia
DT Africa
DU Australia and Oceania

E-F America

E America (general) and United States (general)
F United States (local) and America outside of U.S.

G Geography. Anthropology

G Geography. Voyages. Travel (general)
GA Mathematical and astronomical geography
GB Physical geography
GC Oceanology and oceanography
GD Biography
GF Anthropogeography
GN Anthropology. Somatology. Ethnology. Ethnography, (general).
Prehistoric archæology
GR Folk-lore
GT Culture and civilization. Manners and customs
GV Sports and amusements. Games

H Social Sciences. General

HA Statistics
HB Economics, Theory
Economic history.
National production, economic situation (by countries)
HD Economic history. Organization and situation of agriculture
and industries
Land. Agriculture
Corporations
Labour
Industries
HE Transportation and communication
HF Commerce, including tariff
HG Finance
Money
Banking
Insurance
HJ Public finance
HM Sociology. General and theoretical
HN Social history. Social reform
Social groups
Family, marriage, women
Associations, secret societies, clubs, etc.
Communities: Urban, Rural
Classes. Aristocracy, third estate, bourgeoisie,
peasantry, labouring classes, proletariate, serfs
Nations. Races
HV Social pathology. Philanthropy. Charities and corrections
HX Socialism. Communism. Anarchism
J Political science. Documents
1-9 Official gazettes
10-99 United States
100-999 Other countries.
JA General works
JC Theory of state
JF Constitutional history and administration. General
JK United States
JL Other American States
JN Europe
JQ Asia, Africa, Australia, and Pacific Islands
JS Local Government
JV Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration
JX International law
K Law
L Education. General works
LA History of education
LB Theory and practice. Educational psychology. Teaching
LC Special forms, relations, and applications
LD Universities and colleges
LE Other American
LF Europe
LG Asia, Africa, Oceania
LH University, college, and school magazines, etc.
LJ College fraternities and their publications
LT Text-books (general only; special text-books go with their
subjects, B-Z)

M Music
ML Musical literature
MT Theory

N Fine Arts. General
NA Architecture
NB Sculpture and related arts
NC Graphic arts in general. Drawing and design
ND Painting
NE Engraving
NF Photography (in art). _See_ TR
NK Art applied to industry. Decoration and ornament

P Language and Literature
Philology and Linguistics
PA Classical philology
1-199 General
201-891 Greek languages
1001-1151 Mediæval and modern
2001-2899 Latin language
PB Modern European languages. General works
Celtic language
Romance languages
Teutonic languages
General
Gothic
Scandinavian
PE English
PF Frisian
Dutch
German
PG Slavic languages
Lithuanian
Lettish
PH Finnish
Hungarian
Albanian
Basque
PJ Oriental languages. General works
Hamitic
Semitic
PK Indo-Iranian
Armenian
Caucasian
PL Languages of Eastern Asia, Oceania, Africa
PM Hyperborean languages
American languages

PN-PV Literary History. Literature
PZ Fiction

Q Science. General

QA Mathematics
801-999 Analytic mechanics
QB Astronomy
281-349 Geodesy
QC Physics
81-119 Weights and measures
801-999 Terrestrial magnetism and meteorology
QD Chemistry
901-999 Crystallography
QE Geology
_cf._ BG, GC
351-499 Mineralogy and petrology
701-999 Palæontology
QH Natural history
201-299 Microscopy
301-999 General biology
QK Botany
QL Zoology
801-999 General anatomy and embryology
QM Human anatomy
QP Physiology
QR Bacteriology

R Medicine. General
RA State medicine. Documents Public health
Medical climatology.
Hospitals
Jurisprudence
RB Pathology
RC Practice of medicine
RD Surgery
RE Ophthalmology
RF Otology. Phrenology. Laryngology
RG Gynecology and obstetrics
RJ Pediatrics
RK Dentistry
RL Dermatology
RM Therapeutics
RS Pharmacy and materia medica
RT Nursing
RV Botanic, Thomsonian and Eclectic medicine
RZ Miscellaneous schools and arts

S Agriculture. Plant and Animal Industry
General agriculture, soils, fertilizers, farm implements, etc.
SB General plant culture, including field crops. Horticulture.
Landscape gardening and parks. Pests and diseases
SD Forestry
SF Animal husbandry. Veterinary medicine
Fish culture and fisheries. Angling
SK Hunting. Game protection

T Technology. General
TA-TH _Building and Engineering Group_
TA Engineering. General. Civil engineering
TC Hydraulic engineering (harbours, rivers, canals)
TD Sanitary and municipal engineering
TE Roads and pavements
TF Railroads
TG Bridges and roofs
TH Building construction
9111-9600 Fire prevention, fire extinction
TJ-TL _Mechanical Group_
TJ Mechanical engineering
TK Electric engineering and industries
TL Motor vehicles. Cycles. Aeronautics
TN-TR _Chemical Group_
TN Mineral industries
TP Chemical technology
TR Photography
TS-TX _Composite Group_
TS Manufactures
TT Trades
TX Domestic science

U Military Science. General
UA Armies. Organization and distribution
UB Administration
UC Maintenance and transportation
UD Infantry
UE Cavalry
UF Artillery
UG Military engineering
UH Minor services

V Naval Science. General
VA Navies. Organization and distribution
VB Administration
VC Maintenance
VD Seamen
VE Marines
VF Ordnance
VG Minor services
VK Navigation
VM Shipbuilding and marine engineering

Z Bibliography and Library Science

=239. Subject Classification.=--This, the most recent British scheme, is the work of the author of this manual, James Duff Brown; is a complete, homogeneous, detailed and well-indexed scheme, and is selected for notice as being generally applicable to British libraries of all kinds, although it is not likely to oust the Decimal scheme from its priority of place. It is based on the principle of placing all topics in a logical sequence; of keeping applications of theory as close as possible to the foundation theory; and of providing one place only for each important topic. The complications and intersections of human knowledge prevent anything more than an approximation to this ideal, but it has been found in actual practice to be a classification scheme which works easily and harmoniously.

The following extracts from its valuable introduction will give the best view of the principles on which the system is based:

“THE ORDER OF THE MAIN CLASSES.--The reasons which determined the adoption of a certain sequence of classes in this system may be briefly set forth here, instead of any argument or attempt to justify the order. The battle which has raged, and is still raging, among scientists, as to the best and most desirable order in which to arrange the great branches of human knowledge in order to produce a ‘hierarchy,’ must deter a non-scientific classifier from arguing on such a complicated and difficult topic. It will, therefore, suffice if I briefly describe the main classes in their order and give reasons why they were assigned to the places they occupy.

“A GENERALIA.--The divisions of this main class comprise most of the rules, methods and factors which are of general application, and which qualify or pervade every branch of science, industry or human study. They are universal and pervasive, and cannot be logically assigned to any other single main class as peculiar or germane to it.

“B, C, D PHYSICAL SCIENCES.--Matter, force, motion and their applications are assumed to precede life and mind, and for that reason the material side of science, with its applications, has been selected as a foundation main class on which to construct the system.

“E, F BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE.--Life and its forms, arising out of matter, occupy the second place among the main classes, and here are put general biological theories and facts, followed by plant and animal life, each in an ascending order from low to high forms of organization.

“G, H ETHNOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL SCIENCE.--Human life, its varieties, physical history, disorders and recreations, follows naturally as a higher development of plant and animal life, and completes the biological chain.

“I ECONOMIC BIOLOGY AND DOMESTIC ARTS.--The applications of plant and animal life to human needs, placed midway between the physical and mental attributes of man as indicating the primitive exercise of mind, and to assemble in one sequence the chief biological subjects. As a matter of practical convenience, rather than logical necessity, it was thought better to keep composite subjects like Agriculture, Clothing, Foods, etc.--involving questions of origin, use and manufacture--all in one place, close to the main classes from which they are derived, rather than to distribute them more closely at Botany or Zoology.

“J, K PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION.--Mental attributes, order and beliefs of human life, following naturally from its physical basis, and primitive manifestation in the instinct of procuring food and clothing.

“L SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE.--Social order and laws of human life. Placed here because, although society or family and other tribal organizations may have preceded religion, mind as embodied in philosophy must have preceded both.

“M LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.--Communication and recording in human life. The spoken, written and printed word, which grew as a necessity out of the primitive operations of mind.

“N LITERARY FORMS.--The products of communication and recording in human life in their more imaginative forms; placed here on the ground that fable probably preceded more formal history.

“O-X HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY, BIOGRAPHY.--The actions, records and descriptions of human life and its dwelling-place. Arranged in this order and at this place because of their intimate connexion. Geography, although logically related to Physiography and Biography to Ethnology, are, nevertheless, as a matter of practical utility, and because of the literature actually existing, more naturally grouped here than separated.

“The order of the classes may, therefore, be briefly described as expressing:

1. Matter.
2. Life.
3. Mind.
4. Record.”[8]

[8] From _Subject Classification_, by James Duff Brown, 1906, pp.
11-13; second edition, 1914.

The only serious objection which has been urged against this scheme is the inclusion of Education, Logic, Mathematics, and the Graphic and Plastic Arts in Generalia. This course is, however, fully justified by the somewhat amusing circumstance, that the critics are unable to agree among themselves as to the exact logical place of any of the series. While one insists that Logic should be placed in Philosophy, he is bound to admit that it ought not to be separated from Mathematics, while on the other hand he cannot allow arithmetic, book-keeping and geometry to invade the sacred temple of the philosophers. Education is even a greater stumbling-block. It is variously assigned to Psychology, Sociology, Philology and Ethnology by different critics, and Fine Arts is equally perplexing. In actual practice in a library, there is really no inconvenience felt in connexion with the distribution of any of these classes, and as they do not originate naturally from any of the other main divisions, but qualify and pervade the whole of them like an encyclopædia, or other general work, it will be found best to retain them where they are. The other important features of this system are described below.

THE CATEGORICAL TABLES form an important feature, whereby a separate series of forms, phases and other qualifying factors are provided, which can be applied to every subject, and so relieve the main tables from congestion. They are applicable to the very largest libraries, and give ample means of subdividing any topic, however large it may be. They can also be used with other systems of classification, as they are independent of the main tables and form a series of parallel numbers by which the classification numbers can be themselves classified. For example, a library may have 1000 books on a subject like Architecture in general, to all of which the simple number B300 would be applied. By adding the qualifying numbers from the Categorical Tables, which appear after a point, and are invariably the same when applied to any subject, the following sub-classification would result, which has the effect of assembling all related forms of books together:

B300 Architecture, General
B300·1 -- Bibliography
B300·2 -- Dictionaries
B300·3 -- Text-books, Systematic
B300·4 -- -- Popular
B300·6 -- Societies
B300·7 -- Periodicals
B300·10 -- History

and so on.

If, in addition to those general works, the library possessed several hundreds of books on Building Construction, B305, these would be subdivided in exactly the same manner, as would also any subdivision of the same topic, such as Foundations, Walls, Roofs, etc.:

B305·1 Building Construction, Bibliography
B305·3 -- -- Text-books, Systematic
B305·10 -- -- History
B329·1 Roofs, Bibliography

These categorical tables are therefore of universal application, and as they contain nearly one thousand qualifying forms, phases, etc., it will be seen that their use will greatly simplify the practical work of classification.

As will be seen by the above examples, the symbols of the Notation are perfectly simple combinations of letters and numbers. By treating the numbers decimally, it is possible to intercalate as many new ones as desired between any of the existing numbers, thus providing an infinity of places.

The Index is very extensive in the number of subject-words it contains, and comprises practically every topic likely to be encountered in ordinary practice. The Classification Tables themselves provide places somewhere for every remote subject, and the Introduction describes how such out-of-the-way matters are to be treated.

It is impossible to set forth all the features of this system of classification--its elaborate series of _biographical numbers_ for arranging Fiction, Poetry and other alphabetical classes; its new system of short _date-marks_; its rules for the _arrangement of special subjects_, authors, etc.; and its notes on the simplification of the whole subject of book classification. Reference can only be made to the Summary Table of Main Classes for an idea of the size and style of the book.

SUMMARY TABLE OF MAIN CLASSES, WITH ABRIDGED NOTATION

_Main Classes_

A--Generalia
B-D--Physical Science
E-F--Biological Science
G-H--Ethnology, Medicine
I--Economic Biology, Domestic Arts
J-K--Philosophy and Religion
L--Social and Political Science
M--Language and Literature
N--Literary Forms, Fiction, Poetry
O-W--History and Geography
X--Biography

A Generalia
A0 Generalia
A1 Education
A3 Logic
A4 Mathematics
A5 Geometry
A6 Graphic and Plastic Arts
A9 General Science

B, C, D Physical Science

B0 Physics, Dynamics
B1 Mechanical engineering
B2 Civil engineering
B3 Architecture
B5 Railways, Vehicles
B6 Transport, Shipbuilding
B8 Naval and Military science

C0 Electricity
C1 Optics
C2 Heat
C3 Acoustics
C4 Music
C8 Astronomy

D0 Physiography
D1 Hydrography, Hydrostatics
D2 Meteorology, Pneumatics
D3 Geology, Petrology
D4 Crystallography, Mineralogy
D6 Metallurgy, Mining, Metal trades
D7 Chemistry
D9 Chemical technology

E, F Biological Science

E0 Biology
E1 Botany
E2 Cryptogams
E3 Phanerogams
F0 Zoology
F1 Metazoa
F2 Mollusca
F3 Insecta
F4 Pisces (Fishes)
F5 Reptilia
F6 Aves (Birds)
F7 Mammalia

G, H Ethnology and Medicine

G0 Ethnology
G2 Human Anatomy and Physiology
G3 Pathology
G4 Materia medica
G5 Therapeutics
G6 Functions, Organs, Osteology
G7 Nervous system
G8 Sensory system
G9 Respiratory system
H0 Blood and Circulation
H1 Digestive system
H2 Urinary system
H3 Reproductive system
H4 Skin and Hair
H5 Parasitical and Infectious diseases
H6 Ambulance, Hospitals, Hygiene
H7 Physical Training and Exercises
H8 Field sports
H9 Recreative arts

I Economic Biology, Domestic Arts

I0 Agriculture, Dairy farming
I1 Veterinary medicine
I2 Milling, Gardening, Forestry
I3 Wood-working
I4 Textile manufactures
I5 Clothing trades
I6 Costume. Jewellery
I7 Vegetable and Animal products
I8 Foods and Beverages
I9 Gastronomy. Domestic economy

J, K Philosophy and Religion

J0 Metaphysics
J1 Æsthetics, Psychology
J2 Ethics
J3 Philosophy
J4 Theology, Religion, general
J5 Mythology, Folk-lore
J6 Church doctrines
J7 Fasts and Festivals
J8 Church Government
K0 Non-Christian churches
K1 Bible
K3 Christology
K4 Early and Eastern Christian churches
K5 Monachism
K6 Roman Catholicism
K7 Protestantism. Episcopacy
K8 Nonconformist churches
K9 Presbyterian and other churches

L Social and Political Science

L0 Social science
L1 Political economy
L2 Government
L3 Central and Local administration
L4 Law
L5 Trials. Actions
L6 Criminology. Penology
L7 Contracts. Property
L8 Commerce and Trade
L9 Finance

M Language and Literature

M0 Language, general
M1 Literature, general
M2 African Languages and Literature
M2-3 Asiatic Languages and Literature
M3 Malayan-Polynesian Literature
M4 European (Latin, etc.) Literature
M5 European (Teutonic)
M6 American
M7 Palæography. Bibliography
M8 Printing, Bookbinding
M9 Library economy

N Literary Forms

N0 Fiction
N1 Poetry
N2 Drama
N3 Essays and Miscellanea

O-W History and Geography

O0 Universal history
O1 Archæology
O2 Universal geography
O3 Africa, North
O4 Egypt
O5 East Africa
O6 Central Africa
O7 South Africa
O8 West Africa
O9 African Islands

P Oceania and Asia

P0 Australia
P1 Polynesia, Micronesia, etc.
P2 Malaysia
P29 Asia
P3 Japan
P4 China
P5 Farther India. Malay States
P6 India
P88 Afghanistan
P9 Persia

Q, R Europe (South, Latin, etc.)

Q0 Europe, general
Q1 Turkey in Europe
Q12 Turkey in Asia
Q2 Palestine, Arabia
Q3 Greece
Q4 Balkan States
Q5 Italy
R0 France
R6 Spain
R8 Portugal

S, T Europe (North, Teutonic, Slavonic)

S0 Russia in Europe
S15 Poland
S2 Finland
S25 Russia in Asia
S3 Austria
S34 Bohemia
S4 Hungary
S5 Switzerland
S6 Germany
T0 Netherlands
T1 Holland
T2 Belgium
T5 Denmark
T6 Norway
T8 Sweden

U, V British Islands

U0 Ireland
U2 Wales
U3 England
V0 Scotland
V5 United Kingdom
V6 British Empire

W America

W0 America, general
W02 Canada
W1 United States
W5 Mexico
W6 Central America
W63 West Indies
W7 South America
W72 Brazil
W76 Peru
W78 Paraguay
W8 Argentina
W83 Chili
W9 Polar Regions

X Biography

X0 Collective and Class
X08 Heraldry
X2 Portraits
X3 Individual Biography

=240. Adjustable Classification.=--The Subject Classification is the second scheme invented by Brown which has achieved success. The earlier scheme was the _Adjustable Classification for Libraries, with Index_, London, 1898, and is interesting as the forerunner of the much larger subject scheme. Only the main classes are given here:

A Science
B Useful Arts
C Fine and Recreative Arts
D Social Science
E Philosophy and Religion
F History and Geography
G Biography
H Language and Literature
J Poetry and Drama
K Prose Fiction
L Miscellaneous

This initial alphabetic notation is divided by a progressive numerical notation, of which the following is a sample:

D Social Science

2-8 General
10-92 Manners, Customs, etc.
94-150 Political Economy
152-272 Government and Politics
274-354 Law
356-358 Commerce, Finance
400-424 Communications
426-484 Education