Chapter IX: Archæological Discoveries at Susa (2)

Want of space forbids our dwelling longer on this subject, and for the same reason we will say nothing about the numerous monuments of the period of the Persian Achæmenids, nor with yet stronger reason, of the time of the Parthians, Arsacids, and Sassanians, which does not enter into the scheme of our present volume. And yet, in bringing this rapid sketch to a conclusion, we will remark that, of all the discoveries made by M. de Morgan, that which is perhaps most admired by the public is the gold jewellery, set with precious stones, which came from the tomb of a woman of the period of the Persian Achæmenids. It is advisable to compare it from a technical point of view with the more ancient jewellery of the Elamite period.

These bracelets, pendants, and gold beads, these multiple rows of the richest necklaces, bear witness to the extraordinary luxury of the courts of Darius and Xerxes, and may well dazzle us. Noticeable among these treasures are pendants formed of minute gold curls, in imitation of the curled and wavy manes of lions. Here I believe we find an artistic innovation of striking originality in a form of art bound by conventions and traditions.

The setting of the gems in gold mounts of marvellous delicacy has not in any civilisation attained a higher level than in Achæmenian Susa. It is necessary to use a magnifying glass to examine this minute and delicate work. Here is the perfection of the goldsmith’s art, and these Persian jewels of the fifth century B.C. now form a preponderant and essential factor in the question round which so much controversy rages, of the origin of cloisonné jewellery.

INDEX.

Absalom, Tomb of, 234.

Abu Habbah, 2, 12, 42.

Abu Shahrein, 2, 3, 10, 18, 73, 76.

Achæmenid dynasty,
Palaces of, 56, 118, 147 ff.
jewellery, 337.

Addume, 294.

“Æginetan smile,” 273.

Afaj, 36.

Agade, 47, 308, 319, 320.

Ahasuerus, 139.

Ahura-mazda, 165, 166, 172, 179.

Ain el-Hayât, 240.

Alabaster,--
thresholds of, 17.
statuette of, 42.
uses of, in Assyrian architecture, 85.
Phœnician mortuary vases of, 259.
vases, 307, 335.
beads, 336.
horns, 336.

Ala-Safat, 230.

Alexander the Great, 312.

Altar of burnt-offerings, the, 221.
bronze, 327.

Amanus, 60.

Amathus,--
vase of, 31, 77.
tombs at, 260.
colossus of, 271, 272.
iconic statues from, 274.
sarcophagus from, 291.
patera from, 291.

Amethyst, 142.

Ampulla, sacred, on cylinder, 47.

Amrith, 239, 248, 253, 264, 277.

Amulets, 17, 21, 44, 51, 259.

Animals,--
figures of, on Chaldæan tiles, 19.
representation of, in Assyrian sculpture, 107, 108, 109.

Annipi, 294.

Antiphellus, 177.

Antonia, Tower of, 210, 211, 212, 218, 232.

Anunit, the goddess, 2.

Anzan, 302.

Anzanite inscription, 304, 307, 319.
on gold sheets, 336.

“Apadâna” of Persian palaces, 154, 157, 168, 301.

Aperlæ, 177.

Apes, in Assyrian sculpture, 109.

Appian, on harbours of Carthage, 250.

Aradus, 247.

Arak et Emir, 232.

Araunah, 205, 208, 215.

Arbela (see Arvil).

Arch, use of, by Assyrians, 55.
of Titus, 226.

Archers, frieze of, at Susa, 169, 170.

Architraves, 77, 152.

Archivolt, at Khorsabad, 116.

Aristophanes, 41.

Aristotle, on Babylon, 79.

Ark, Jewish, 224, 225.

Armenia, 76.

Arrangement of rooms in Chaldæan palaces, 16.

Arrian, on tomb of Cyrus, 177.

Artaxerxes Mnemon, 168, 183.

Artaxerxes Ochus, 152.

Arvil, 51.

Asmonæan kings of Judæa, 218.

Asrinilu, 46.

Assurbanipal, 60, 72, 92, 310.
campaign of, against his brother, 80.
as canephoros, 89.
with his wife, 101, 102.
progress of sculpture in time of, 113.
furniture of, 135.

Assur-nasir-pal, 60, 61, 72, 91, 92, 138, 139.
statue of, 86.
progress of art under, 112.

Astarte, 241, 243, 245, 260, 264, 279.

“Atesh-gahs,” 173, 174.

Athieno, 242, 270, 271.

Attitude of prayer (see GESTURES).

Baal-Hammon, 245, 246, 263, 267, 268, 269.

Baal-Samaim, 245.

Babel, Tower of, 4.

Babil, mound of, 16, 52, 73.

Babylon, 1, 60, 118.
walls of, 5, 79, 80, 81.
modelling in clay at, 39, 123.
buildings at, 52.
temple of Bel at, 73.
extent of, 79.

Bagdad, 15.

Bahr-el-Huleh, 230.

Balaneum (see Banias).

Balawat, 51.
gates of, 126, 127.

Banias, 246.

“Baphomet,” 202.

Baris, Tower of (see ANTONIA).

Basalt stela, 34.

Base of columns, 11, 12, 43, 64, 65.

Basement (see PLATFORM).

Basilica of Herod, 219.

Basin, movable, in Jewish Temple, 229.

Basins before temples, 31, 77.

Basket, mystical, 36, 37, 89.

Bas-reliefs,--
Chaldæan, 23-6, 324.
Assyrian, 54, 91-3, 311.
Persian, 159-66.
Hittite, 187-91, 193-202.
Phœnician, 262-4.
Carthaginian, 266-9.
Cypriote, 274-6.
Elamite, bronze, 327.

Battlements,--
of platform at Khorsabad, 53.
of walls of Assyrian towns, 81, 82, 110.
of platform at Persepolis, 152.

Bavian, 187.

Beads, 336.

Bel, the god--
temple of, at Babylon, 7, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 119, 125.

Bel and the Dragon, Book of, 77.

Belisarius, 227.

Belshazzar, 114.

Belus, the river, 283, 287.

Berosus, 2, 119.

Berytus, 247.

Bes, the god, 259, 264, 271, 272.

Birds, treatment of, in Chaldæan art, 25.
in Assyrian art, 109.
offered to the gods, 331, 332.

Birejik, stela from, 187.

Birket-Israîl, 208.

Birs Nimroud, Mound of, 6, 16, 52, 73.

Bit-kutalli, 70.

Bitumen, use of, as mortar, 5, 6, 8, 17, 20, 314.

Boar on Babylonian tablet, 128.

Boaz, the column so-called, 227.

Boghaz-Keui, 191.

Borsippa, 78.

Botta, E., 66, 142.

Boulé, M., 246.

Bracelets, Assyrian, 142, 143.
Elamite, 335.
Achæmenian, 337.

“Brazen Sea” in Jewish Temple, 77, 228.

Branchidæ, 28.

Brick column at Susa, 315.

Bricks,--
use of, by Chaldæans, 3-8, 10, 17, 19.
by Assyrians, 53, 65, 74, 116-20.
by Persians, 167-72.
by Hittites, 191.
by Elamites, 314.

Bronze, 12, 18, 35-7, 63, 70, 125-34, 227-9, 288-92.
use of, in Susa, 326.
altar, 327.
cylinders, 327.
bas-relief, 327.
statues, 330.
knuckle-bone, Temple of Didyma, 313.

Bulls,--
winged and human-headed, 92-6, 154, 167, 224.
in Assyrian decorative designs, 114, 115.
in Persian sculpture, 162, 163.
on Elamite cylinders, 305, 307.

Bulls’ horns on tiara, 23, 26.

Burin, 45, 308.

Burj el-Bezzâk, 255.

Byrsa, 246.

Byzantine architecture, 159.

“Caillou Michaux,” 33, 34, 325.

Calah, 91.

Cambyses I., 176.

Cambyses II., 150.

Candlesticks, Jewish, 226, 227.

Canephoros, 36, 37, 89.

Canopy of Persian throne, 165.

Capitals, 12, 43, 63, 64, 155, 156, 227, 242, 248.

Cap of Chaldæan statue, 28, 334.

Caralis, 260.

Carchemish, 185.

Carthage, 247, 248, 249.

Caryatids, 86, 87, 327.

Casat Crendi, 244.

Cedar-wood, use of, in Assyria and Babylon, 60, 61, 78.

Cemetery, Assyrian, 50.

Ceramics,--
Chaldæan, 38-40.
Assyrian, 121-5.
Phœnician, 277-9.
Cypriote, 280-1.
Carthaginian, 282.

Cesnola, P. di, 242, 243.

Chair, Assyrian, 135.

Chalcedony, 44, 142, 182, 335.

Characene, 12.

Chariots, Assyrian, 136, 137.

Chedorlaomer, 300.

Cherubim, 93, 224.

Cidaris, 179.

Cippi, 111, 260, 268.

Cisterns,--
Jewish, 215, 232, 233.
Carthaginian, 249.

Citium, 270.

Clamps, use of, in building, 149, 150, 191.

Clay, in building, 4, 6, 39, 40, 54, 56.
tablets, Elamite, 305.

Clercq, M. de, 45, 46, 47.

Clermont-Ganneau, on Phœnician patera, 290.

Cloisonné, 337.

Coffins, at Mugheir, 20.
Phœnician, 256-9.

Colocynths, 224, 225, 228, 229.

Columns,--
Chaldæan, 9-12.
Assyrian, 61-6.
Persian, 153-6.
Jewish, 217, 227, 231.
Cypriote, 241, 242, 248.
Elamite, 315.

Concrete, 17.

Cone, mystical, 242.

Cones, 18, 21, 36, 38.

Contracts under protection of gods, 326.

Corbelled vault, 14.

Courts,--
of Chaldæan palaces, 16, 17.
of Assyrian palaces, 69, 70.
of Jewish Temple, 218-21.

Crater, 292.

Cross, as Assyrian ornament, 143.

Ctesias, 70, 81, 119.

Cuneiform writing, origin of, 305, 306.

Curium, 243.

Cylinder,--
foundation, 21, 22.
inscribed, 305, 306, 307.
huge bronze, 327.
Elamite, 335.
seals, 335.

Cylindrical seals, 17, 21, 44-9, 142-5, 146, 180-4, 203, 294-8.

Cyrus, 146.
his portrait, 160.

Dakhmas, 174, 175.

Dali, 259.

Daniel, Book of, 114.

Darius, 150, 152, 301, 312.
bas-relief of, 166.
tomb of, 178-80.
cylindrical seal of, 181.

David, 205, 232.

Decoration,--
of Chaldæan vases, 39, 40.
of Chaldæan walls, 9, 12.
of Assyrian vases, 122, 123.
of Hittite cylinder, 203.
of Holy Place in Jewish Temple, 224.
of Phœnician sculpture, 263, 264, 267, 268, 269.

Deir Ghuzaleh, 231.

Demons, 116, 130, 132-4.

Didyma, Temple of, 313.

Dieulafoy, M., 118, 149, 165, 174.

Dimas, 252.

Diodorus Siculus, 76, 80, 119.

Diorite, 17, 26, 316, 323.

Disk, winged, 166, 172, 187, 201, 240, 263, 269, 296.

Disks, metal, used as money (?) 335.

Divan, Assyrian, 135.

Divine Mother, The, 48, 124, 267, 281.

Dolmens, 230, 231.

Domes, 15, 56, 158, 159.

Doors, 17, 152.

“Double Gate” of Jewish Temple, 216, 217.

Dowry, record of, 33.

Drainage, 20, 21, 51, 57-9.

Drapery,--
treatment of, in Chaldæan sculpture, 34, 35.
treatment of, in Assyrian sculpture, 105.
treatment of, in Persian sculpture, 161, 165, 166.
in Cypriote art, 273, 274.

Drill, use of, by Assyrian seal-engravers, 144.

Dungi, 309.

Dur-Sarrukin, 66, 69.

Eagle and Lion Tablet, 24.

E-anna, Temple of, 6, 310, 311.

Ecbatana, 74, 75, 146.

Eflatoun, 200.

Egyptian style,--
in pateræ from Assyria, 128.
in ivories from Assyria, 137, 138.
in Persian architecture, 156.
sarcophagi in Phœnicia, 257, 258.

E-kua, Temple of, 60, 78.

Elam, 299.

Elam-Anzanite period, 304.

Elephant in Assyrian sculpture, 109.

Embroidery,--
Chaldæan, 34, 41.
Assyrian, 105, 106, 138-41.
Persian, 172, 180.
Jewish, 224.

Enamelled bricks, 19, 70, 74, 83, 116-20, 153, 167-72, 336.

Enamelled statuettes in Phœnicia, 278.

Enio, the goddess, 196.

E-parra, Temple of, 6.

Ephod, 230.

Erech, 2, 48, 125, 309.

Eridu, 2.

Eryx, 247.

E-saggil, Temple of, 6, 73, 78.

Esarhaddon, 22, 72, 92.

Eshmun, the god, 245, 246, 268.

Eshmunazar, 257.

Esther, Book of, 140.

E-ulbar, Temple of, 7, 22.

Eunuchs, 100, 324.

Euphrates, 32.

Euyuk, 192.

Ex votos, 312, 336.

“Exaltation of the Flower,” bas-relief of, 160.

Ezekiel, 119.

E-zida, Temple of, 6, 73, 78.

Façade at Abu Shahrein, 18.
at Warka, 18.
on bas-relief from Assurbanipal’s palace, 62.
of temple of god Haldia, 76, 77.
of Assyrian palaces, 92, 93.
at Persepolis and Susa, 156, 157.

Ferashbad, 158

Figurines in terra-cotta,--
from Chaldæa, 40, 41.
in Assyrian tombs, 51
from Khorsabad, 121, 122
from Babylon, 124, 125.
from Phœnicia and Cyprus, 277-81.

Fire-altars, 173.

Firuzabad, 158, 159.

Flints, worked, 303.

Floral designs--
on Babylonian tiles, 19, 118.

Flowers, treatment of, in Assyrian sculpture, 110.

Fly-flaps, 135, 164, 324.

Fortress,--
Assyrian representation of, 110.

Foundation-cylinder, 21, 22.

Friezes,--
from Susa, 168-71.

Fringes,--
in Chaldæan drapery, 28, 36, 37, 41, 202.
in Assyrian drapery, 105, 106.
in Elamite drapery, 332.

Frœhner, M., on the glass vase of Sargon, 286.

Furniture,--
Chaldæan, 43.
Assyrian, 134-6.
of Jewish temple, 223-7.

Gabr-i-Madar-i-Soleiman, 175.

Gates,--
of Assyrian fortresses, 82-4.
of Balawat, 126, 127.
of Jewish Temple, 215-17.

Gaulois, 243.

Gaumates, 179.

Genesis,--
on bricks at Babel, 4.
on the “Great City,” 81.

Genii,--
on the “Caillou Michaux,” 33.
wear tiara with horns, 36.
on Chaldæan cylindrical seals, 45.
before temple of Haldia, 77.
on façades of Assyrian palaces, 92-96.
identified with cherubim, 93, 224.
in Persia, 161.
animal’s feet and tail, 317.

Genseric, 227.

Gestures,--
in Assyrian bas-reliefs, 102, 103.
Chaldæan attitude of prayer, 331, 332.

Ghiaur-Kalesi, 199.

Giants, 307.

Giganteja, 243.

Glass, 283-8.
vase of Sargon, 285.
transparent, invention of, by Phœnicians, 283.
opaque, origin of, in Egypt, 284.
manufacture of, at Tyre and Sidon, 287.

Glazed statuettes in Phœnicia, 278.
sandstone, 314, head-dress, 334.

Glazed tiles,--
in Chaldæa, 19.
in Assyria, 116-20.
in Persia, 167-72.
in Susa, 314.

Gold--
disks as money, 335.
rings, 335.
studs, 328, 334.
statuette, 331.
filigree, 331.
settings for gems, 337.
pendants, 337.

“Golden Gate” of Jewish Temple, 217.

Golgoi, 242.

Gophna, 235.

Gozo, 243.

Græco-Parthian kings, 12.

“Great City,” The, 81.

Greek--
artists in Persia, 148, 160.
influence in Cypriote art, 272, 273, 276, 281.
influence in Jewish art, 234, 236.

Griffin’s head, 336.

Gudea, 309.
palace of, at Tello, 3, 8-20.
cones bearing name of, 38.
statues of, 26-9.
plan of fortress upon statue of, 81.
inscriptions upon statues of, 112.

Gypsum, 53.

Hadrian, 249.

Hadrumetum, 268.

Hæmatite, 44, 334.

Hagiar Kim, 224.

Hair--
shaved in Chaldæan statuettes, 36.
treatment of, in Assyrian sculpture, 100.
in Persian art, 160, 170.
in Hittite art, 188, 190, 193, 194, 196, 200.
in Phœnician art, 262.
in Cypriote art, 270, 273, 274.
treatment of, in Elamite art, 329.
shaved in Elamite statuettes, 331.

Haldia, the god, 76, 77.

Hamath, 185.

Hammurabi, 44, 309, 323.

Hanbury, Col., Chaldæan sword belonging to, 37.

Haram esh-Sherif, 211.

Harbours of Carthage, 250.
of Tyre and Sidon, 250.
of Thapsus, 252.
of Utica, 252.

Hareem of Chaldæan palace, 16.
of Assyrian palace, 69, 70.
of Solomon’s palace, 232.

Harness, Assyrian, 141.
Phœnician, 277.

Head-dress,--
Chaldæan, 23, 26, 28, 40, 41, 321.
of gods and genii, 36, 200, 317.
Assyrian, 101, 143.
Median, 146.
Persian, 170, 179, 181.
Hittite, 188, 191, 195, 198, 200.
Cypriote, 270, 271, 273.

Hebron, 232, 233, 234.

“Heit-el-Maghreby,” 213.

Helmets, Assyrian, 128.

Heracles, 274.

Herod, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 223.

Herodian masonry, 212, 213, 215, 216, 232, 234.

Herodotus,--
on use of bricks at Babylon, 5.
on temple of Bel at Babylon, 73, 74, 77, 78.
on fortress of Ecbatana, 74, 75.
on the royal city of Babylon, 80.
on figures of “Sesostris” in Ionia, 112, 201.
on absence of temples and statues in Persia, 172.
on treatment of dead by Persians, 175.
on “_persis_,” 179.

Heuzey, M.,--
on sculpture at Tello, 23.
on eagle and lion tablet, 24.
on “_kaunakes_,” 32, 41.
on Assyrian statuettes, 121.
on statuette of the “Divine Mother,” 124.
on archaic school of art in Thessaly, 160.

Hezekiah, 233.

Hieroglyphs, Elamite, 305.

“High places,” 231, 239.

Hinnom, valley of, 205.

Hiram, 206.

Hiram-Abi, 226.

Hit, 5.

Holy of Holies, 222, 224, 225.

Holy Place, 222, 224, 226.

Horn, bronze, discovered at Tello, 37.

Horns,--
as ornaments of head-dress, 23, 26, 36, 200, 317, 321.
of bronze statuette, 35.
bull’s, alabaster, 336.

Horses in Assyrian sculpture, 108, 141.

Houses, Phœnician and Cypriote, 247, 248.

Humann, M., 201.

Humbaba, 308.

Hyrcanus, palace of, 232.

Iasili-Kaïa, 191, 193-8.

Ibn Tûlûn, mosque of, 174.

Ibriz, 200.

Iconic statues, 265, 274.

Idalion, 259.

Ilu, the god, 172 (note).

“Immortals,” the, 165, 170.

Inscriptions on figures on bas-reliefs, 112.

Ionia, 112.

Ionic capital, 12, 43, 64.

Iron, 43, 125.

Istar, the goddess, 49, 124, 125, 188, 202.

Ivory, 137, 138, 335.

Izdubar,--
on Chaldæan cylindrical seals, 46, 47.
on Assyrian bas-reliefs, 93.
statuettes of, 121, 122.
in Persian art, 162.
compared with colossus of Amathus, 271.

Jachin, columns so called, 227.

James, Saint, tomb of, 234.

Jasper, 335.

Jebel-Musa, 230.

Jehoshaphat, tomb of, 234.

Jerablus, 185.

Jerusalem,--
extent of, 205.
glass vase found at, 288.

Jetty of Thapsus, 252.

Jewellery, Achæmenian, 336.

Jews in Assyrian sculpture, 103.

Jifneh, 235.

Joints, treatment of, in Chaldæan seal-engraving, 45.

Jonah, Book of, on size of Nineveh, 81.

Joshua, tomb of, 235.

Jotham, 232.

Jur, 173, 174.

Justinian, 227.

Kadesh, 185.

Kalaba, 199.

Kalah Shergat, 5, 31, 111.

Karamles, 51.

Karibu-sa-Susinak, 308.

Kasr, mound of the, 52.

“Kaunakes,” 32, 41, 42.

Kebûr-el-Melûk, 234.

Kedron, valley of, 205, 212, 221, 232.

Kerbela, 50.

Khan,--
of palace at Tello, 17.
of palace at Khorsabad, 69.

Khorsabad, 51, 52, 54, 55, 63, 66-72, 73, 74,
75, 79, 83, 86, 93, 106, 111, 114, 131, 142, 149, 324.

“Kirubi” identified with cherubim, 93.
combination of various elements in, 95.
modification of, in Persian art, 183.

Kis, 317, 326.

“Klaft,” 271.

Kouyunjik, 51, 52, 56, 72, 73, 111.

Kubbet es-Sakhra, 208.

Kudur, 308.

Kudurmapuk, 36.

Kudur-Nakhunta, 309, 310.

Kudurru, 309, 311, 325.

Kurigalzu, 21, 309.

Lachish, 103, 136.

Lagas, 3 (note).

Lapis-lazuli, 142.

Larnaca, 270.

Larsa, 2, 21.

Layard, Sir A. H., 62, 68, 72, 123, 300.

Leather, working in, among Assyrians, 141.

Lebanon, 60, 78.

Limestone, 23, 52, 153.

Lion, 304, 307.
head in gold filigree, 331.

Lioness in Assyrian bas-relief, 107.

Lions, winged, 92, 94.
in Hittite art, 186, 187, 189.
in Assyrian art, 107, 108.

Loftus, Mr., 3, 10, 18, 21, 40, 114.

Lotus,--
in bas-reliefs, 110.
on ivory plaque from Assyria, 137.
columns imitating stalks of, 11.
on sculptured threshold, 110.

Louvre, 26, 303, 313.

Lozenge ornament in Chaldæa, 19, 45.

Lulubi, people of, 319.

Lycian tombs, compared with Persian, 177.

Lydian method of building, 149.

“Maabed,” 239-41.

Maccabees, tomb of the, 234.
Temple, in time of the, 210.

Machicolations, 82.

Machpelah, 233.

Malta, 244.

Malthaiyah, 187.

Manasseh, 209, 232.

Mandane, tomb of, 175.

Manistu-Irba, 316.

Marash,--
lion at, 186.
basalt stela at, 190.

Marble, 44.

Marduk-nadin-akhi, 33, 34, 41.

Marginal drafting,--
in Persian masonry, 149.
in Jewish masonry, 213, 232, 234.

Matting used in brickwork, 5.
to cover the roofs, 15, 242.

M. de Morgan, 301, _et seq._
on Naram-Sin, 320, 321.

Mecca, mosque of, 241.

Medaïn Salih, 235.

Median art, 146.

Mehdia, 260.

Melisihu, 325.

Memnon, 300.

Menant,--
on cylindrical seal of Sargon I., 47.
on seals from Uruk, 48.
on representation of human sacrifices, 49.

Meshed-Murgab, 147.

Mesopotamia,--
want of stone and timber in, 3, 4.
quality of clay in, 4, 39.
quantity of rain in, 6.

Metals in Assyria, 125-34.

Metellus Scipio, 141.

Michaux, the Caillou Michaux, 33, 34, 325.

“Mighzal,” 254.

Miletus, 28.

Minyeh, 231.

Moab, 230, 231.

Models of houses from Cyprus, 248.

Money, probable use of metal disks, 336.

Monolith of Siloam, 235.

Moriah, Mount, 205, 206, 207, 208.

Mortar used in Assyria, 54.
used in Elam, 314.

Moulds, Hittite, 202.

Mugheir, 2, 3, 6, 8, 14, 20, 21, 38, 51, 73, 75.

Müntz, M., on Babylonian embroidery, 140.

Musasir, 76.

Muscles, treatment of, in Assyrian art, 100.

Myra, 177.

Mythological figures in Chaldæan art, 33.

Nabonidus,--
restoration of buildings by, 7, 22.
foundation-cylinder of, 21, 22.
architecture of time of, 52.

Nabopolassar, 80.

Nabu-ablu-iddin,--
stela of, 12, 42.

“Naharaim,” 32.

Nahum, on brick-making, 4.

Nakhsh-i-Rustam, 147, 173, 176, 179.

Name, stamped upon bricks, 5, 316.

Nana, the goddess, 7, 309, 310, 333.

Napir-Asu, Queen, 330.

Naram-Sin, 308, 318.
stela, 319 _et seq._

Nazi-Maruttas, 325.

Nebi Yunus, 51.

Nebo, the god, 7, 86.

Nebuchadnezzar, 41, 79, 119, 209, 226.
bricks bearing name of, 5.
architecture of time of, 52.
brings cedars from Lebanon, 60, 78.
builds Tower of the Seven Lights, 73.
restores E-saggil, 78.
restores E-zida, 78.
builds walls of Babylon, 80.

Nebuzar-adan, 209.

Necropolis,--
at Mugheir, 14, 20, 21, 38.
at Warka, 38.
at Marath, 253-5.
at Sidon, 255, 256.
at Dali, 259.
at Amathus, 260.
at Mehdia, 260.
at Thina, 261.
at Tyre, 254.
at Adlun, 254.
at Gebal, 256.
at Caralis, 260.
at Tharras, 260.
at Jebel Kawi, 261.

Negritic type, 322.

Nehemiah, 232.

Nejef, 50.

Nero, 141, 211.

Nicanor, Gate of, 220.

Nimroud, 51, 52, 61, 62, 72, 111.

Nineveh,--
walls of, 6.
vaulting at, 13.
extent of, 81.

Nin Girsu, 10.

Ninus, 119.

Numeration, Elamite, 306.

Nymphio, 201.

Oannes, 2.

Onyx, 44.

Ophel, hill of, 205, 210, 231, 232.

Oppert, 46, 79, 81.

Orientation of Chaldæa buildings, 8.
of Assyrian buildings, 67.

Ornaments, 142, 143.

Ourdeys, 82.

Ovoid gems, 45.

Painted bricks,--
Chaldæan, 19.
Assyrian, 74, 116-20.
Persian, 167-72.

Painting,--
on façades of Chaldæan palace, 18, 19.
on stucco in Assyrian palaces, 56, 114, 115.
on Assyrian bas-reliefs, 115, 116.
on Assyrian vases, 122.
on walls of Persian buildings, 159, 172.
in Cypriote pottery, 280.

Palace,--
of Gudea at Tello, 8-22.
of Sargon at Khorsabad, 67-72.
of Cyrus at Madar-i-Soleiman, 148-50.
of Darius at Nakhsh-i-Rustam, 150.
of Xerxes, 150-8.
of Artaxerxes, 157.
of Solomon, 231.

Palestrina, 290, 293.

Palm-wood, use of, in roofing houses, 15, 60, 158.
pillars of, 63.

Paphos, 241, 242.

Parthians, 12, 56.

Partitions of rooms, 13, 54, 55.

Pasargadæ, 147, 148, 150, 151, 160.

Passages, vaulted, at Tello, 14.

Patæci, 264.

Pateræ, 127, 128, 289, 290.

Patesi, 8, 46, 81, 308.

Pausanias, on size of Babylon, 79.

Pediments, 76, 77, 175, 235, 256, 267.

Pendants, 336, 337.

Pendentives, 159 (note).

Perrot,--
on Assyrian voussoirs, 58, 59.
on gates of Balawat, 126, 127.
on Hittite sphinx, 193.
on Hittite bas-reliefs, 199.
on Cypriote terra-cottas, 280.

Persepolis, 8, 147, 150, 162.

Persepolitan capital, 153-6.

Persis, 179.

Perspective, ignorance of laws of, among Assyrians, 98, 110.

Philostratus, 140.

Phœnician bronzes in Assyria, 129.
ivories in Assyria, 138.
artists employed in Jewish Temple, 224.

Pilasters, 9, 61, 77.

Pillars, 10, 11, 63.
(see COLUMNS).

Pine-cone in Assyrian art, 111, 139.

Pipes for drainage, 20.

Pivot of door, 17, 18.

Place, M. V., 54, 55, 61, 66, 117.

Plan of Chaldæan fortress, 29, 81.

Plaque,--
of bronze, 131-4.
of ivory, 137, 138.

Plaster, use of, in Chaldæa, 11, 18.
in Assyria, 56, 114, 115.
in Persia, 172.

Platforms of buildings,--
in Chaldæa, 8.
in Assyria, 52, 53, 67, 68.
in Persia, 149-52.
in Judæa, 207, 208.
in Susa, 314.

Pliny,--
on Babylonian embroidery, 140.
on Telephanes, 148.
on invention of glass, 283.

Porphyry, 44, 153.

Position-marks on masonry, 149.
on bricks, 117, 118.

Pottery, inferiority of, in Chaldæa, 38, 39.
prehistoric, Elam, 304.

Præneste, patera from, 289-93.

Prehistoric remains, Susa, 303.

Progress of art in Assyria, 111-13.
in Cyprus, 270-3.

Pshent, 263-71.

Pteria, 191.

Pudil, 38.

Pygmæus, the god, 259, 276, 279.

Rammanu, the god, 22, 144.

Rammanu-nirari, 38, 92.

Ras el-Ain, 249.

Rassam, Mr. H., 72.

Rawlinson, Sir H., 72, 300.

Renan, M. E., 263, 265.

Reseph, the god, 294.

Rings, 335.

Robinson’s Arch, 214.

Rule, graduated, 29.

Sacrifice, human, 49.

Sadambaal, the god, 243.

Sagasaltias, 22.

Sakhra, 208.

Sakkanak, 308.

Samas, the god, 2, 22, 323, 324.
shrine of, 12, 42, 43, 64.

Samas-sum-ukin, 80.

Samsi-Rammanu III., 88, 92.

Sandals, 322.

Sandstone, 304, 317.

Sarcophagi, Phœnician, 256-9.

Sargani (see SARGON I.).

Sargani-sar ali, 308.

Sargon I., 47, 48.

Sargon II., 53, 57, 90, 61, 66,
76, 92, 93, 96, 106, 113, 116, 117, 270, 285.

Sarvistan, 158, 159.

Sarzec, M. de, 2, 10.

Sassanian buildings, 56, 63, 158, 159.

Saulcy, F. de, 235.

Scheil, Père V., 301.
on inscriptions, 305, 306, 319.

Schrader, E., 81.

Scipio Africanus, 266.

Seals,--
Chaldæan, 44-9.
Assyrian, 143-5.
Median, 146.
Persian, 180-3.
Hittite, 203.
Jewish, 230.
Phœnician, 294-8.
Elamite, 304, 335.

Selamlik, 16.

Seleucids, 210, 234.

Semiramis, 76, 80, 119.

Senkereh, 2, 21.

Sennacherib, 60, 66, 67, 72, 92, 93, 103, 113, 139 (note).

Sepharvaim, 2, 42.

Sepulchral architecture in Assyria, 50.
towers in Persia, 14

Seraglio, 16, 69.

Sesostris, 112, 201.

Set, the god, 294.

Sewage, disposal of, 20.

Shalmaneser III., 72, 89, 126.

“Sharur,” 6.

Shat el-Hai, 3.

“Shenti,” 264.

Shew-bread, 226.

Shilkhak in Shushinak, 309.

Shushinak, Temple of, 314, 330, 331, 336.

Shutruk-Nakhunta, 309, 314, 315, 319, 323, 336.

Sidon, 247, 250, 255, 289.

Sidur canal, 308.

Siloam, 232, 235.

Silver, use of,--
in Chaldæa and Assyria, 21.
in Elam, statuette, 332.
mask, repoussé, 333.
studs, 334.
rings, 335.
disks, 336.

Sin, the god, 16.

Sinjerli, 188.

Sippara, 2, 323.

Sirens, bronze, 129-30.

Sirpurla, 3.

Sivan, 4.

Smith, G., 72.

Sockets for pivot of door, 17, 18, 308.

Solomon, 205, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 215, 219, 221, 224, 232, 235.
palace of, 231-2.
porch of, 209, 211.

Solus, 258.

Sophia, church of Saint, 56, 159 (note).

Sphinxes,--
Persian, 183.
Hittite, 192, 193.
Phœnician, 263.

Stables, 17, 69, 70, 136.

Staged towers, 15, 16, 72-6, 174, 314.

Staircases, 8, 67, 151, 152.

Standard, Assyrian, 133, 134.

State saloon in Chaldæan palace, 17.

Statues,--
from Tello, 26-30.
of Assur-nasir-pal, 86.
caryatid, 86, 87.
iconic, in Cyprus, 265.
captured by Scipio at Carthage, 266.
colossal, in Cyprus, 270-272.
of priest with dove, 273.
bronze from Elam, 330.

Statuettes,--
bronze, from Chaldæa, 35-8.
of canephoros, 36, 37.
kneeling, with cone, 36.
of figure standing upon lion, 37, 38.
terra-cotta, from Warka, 40.
alabaster, from Chaldæa, 42.
terra-cotta from Khorsabad, 121, 122.
of Izdubar, 122.
of Istar, 123-25.
terra-cotta, from Phœnicia and Cyprus, 277-82.
of Divine Mother, 124, 281.
from Elam, bronze, 330.
gold, 332.
silver, 332.
ivory, 335.

Steatite, 43, 123.

Stela,--
the “Vulture Stela,” 24-6, 321.
of Samsi-Rammanu, 88.
of Assurbanipal, as canephoros, 89.
Hittite, from Birejik, 187.
votive, from Carthage, 266.
Chaldæan from Elam, 317.
of Manishtu Irba, 316.
of Naram-Sin, 319 _et seq._

Stone,--
want of, in Mesopotamia, 4.
staircase of, at Abu Shahrein, 8.
scanty use of, in Assyria, 50, 65.
facing of, at Khorsabad, 52, 53.
use of, in Persia, 149.
want of, in Persia, 326.

Stool, 135.

Strabo,--
on use of vault in Babylonia, 15, 56.
on use of palmwood pillars at Babylon, 63.
on height of temple of Bel, 73.
on tomb of Cyrus, 177.
on rites of Cappadocian Astarte, 197.

Stucco, 18, 114, 172.

Stuffs manufactured in Chaldæa, 41.
in Assyria, 105, 138, 139.

Stylus, 308, 324.

Sukkal-mah, 309.

Sulci, 282.

Sumerian language, 316.

Susa, 147, 168.
Mission in, 299 _et seq._

Susiana, 158.

Sword, Chaldæan, 27.

Tablet, Eagle and Lion, 24.

Tablets,--
votive, 21.
clay, Elam, 305.

Tabnit, 257.

Tacitus, on temple of Paphos, 242.

Takht-i-Jemshid, 152, 179.

Takht-i-madar-i-Soleiman, 149.

Talisman, 17, 230.

Tanit, the goddess, 246, 263, 267, 268, 269.

Tapestry, 138-40.

Tarkudimme, 203.

Taylor, J. E., 3, 8, 9, 18, 76.

Telephanes of Phocæa, 148.

Tell Amran, 52.

Tello, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 14, 18, 20, 23, 32, 73, 81, 85, 315, 317, 318.

Tells, 2, 10, 300.

Telmessus, 177.

Temple of the Great Light, 6.
of E-anna, 310.

Temple of Didyma, 313.
of Shushinak, 314, 330, 331, 336.

Tent, 136.

Terrace (see PLATFORM).

Terra-cotta, 38, 39-41, 51, 121-5, 248, 277.

Thapsus, 252.

Tharras, 260.

Thenæ (see THINA).

Thessaly, archaic school of art in, 160.

Thina, 261.

Thresholds, 110, 111.

Throne,--
of Sennacherib, 136.
of Darius, 165.

Thyatira, 202.

Tiara,--
on Tello bas-relief, 23.
on Vulture Stela, 26.
on Marduk-nadin-akhi, 41.
of Sargon, 106.
on Median cylinder, 146.
of Persian human-headed bulls, 167.
of Darius, 181.
on stela from Birejik, 188.
of Hittite deity, 195.
on Elamite statuette, 332.

Tiglath-Pileser, 92.

Tigris, the, 32.

Timber, use of, in Assyria, 60, 61.

“Timmennu,” 21, 22.

Titus, arch of, 226.

Tomb,--
of Mandane, 175.
of Cambyses I., 176, 177.
of Cyrus, 177.
of Darius, 179.

Tombs,--
at Mugheir, 20, 21.
at Warka, 38.
in Assyria, 50.
of Achæmenids, 175-80.
at Marath, 253-55.
at Sidon, 255, 256.
at Dali, 259.
at Amathus, 260.
at Mehdia, 260.
at Thina, 261.
at Tyre, 254.
at Adlun, 254.
at Gebal, 256.
at Caralis, 260.
at Tharras, 260.
at Jebel Kawi, 261.

Totems, with Babylonian deities, 325.

Tower,--
of Seven Lights, 73.
staged (see ZIKKURAT).
of Jur, 173, 174.

Trees, Treatment of, in Assyrian art, 110.

Trinity, Phœnician, 268.

Triple gate of Jewish Temple, 217.

Tulip in Assyrian decorative design, 110.

Tunnel of Siloam, 232, 233.

Turanians, 302.

Types of human figure in Assyrian art, 100-2.
in Chaldæan art, 321, 322.
in Elamite art, 329, 333.

Tyre, 249, 287.

Tyropœon, valley of, 205, 212, 214, 219.

Umalnaru, 46.

Umbrella,--
Assyrian, 135.
Persian, 164.

Umm el-Awamid, 263.

Ur, 2, 48, 75.

Uræus,--
on ivory plaque from Assyria, 137.
in head-dress of Cyrus, 161.
in Phœnician sculpture, 240, 263.
on stela of Hadrumetum, 369.

Ur-Bau, 38.

Urim and Thummim, 230.

Ur-iti-Adad, 308.

Ur-Nina, 24.

Uruk, 2, 48, 309.

Utica, 252.

Vandals, seizure of treasures of Jewish temple by, 227.

Vases,--
Assyrian, 122, 123.
Chaldæan, 39.
Elamite, 304, 307, 335.

Vault,--
at Tello, 14.
at Mugheir, 14.
at Babylon in time of Strabo, 15.
at Khorsabad, 55, 57, 58, 59.
in drain at Nimroud, 57.
in Persia, 158, 159.

Veil in Jewish Temple, 224.

Vermilion, use of, in Assyrian art, 116, 119.

Vogüé, M. de, 205.
on platform of Jewish Temple, 208.
on Herod’s restoration, 211.
on Golden Gate, 217 (note).
on altar of burnt offerings, 221.
on chambers attached to Temple, 222.
on appearance of Temple, 222, 223.
on cherubim, 225.
on columns before Temple, 227.

Voussoirs, 55, 58, 59.

“Vulture Stela,” 24-6, 321.

Walls,--
of Chaldæan palace, 12, 13.
of Assyrian palace, 54-6.
of Babylon, 79, 80.
of Nineveh, 81.
of Khorsabad, 79.
of Jewish Temple, 212-14.
of Jerusalem, 232.
of Banias, 246.
of Carthage, 247.
of Eryx, 247.
of Elam, 314.

Warka, 2, 9, 18, 40, 63, 114.

Weapons,--
Chaldæan, 37, 38.
Assyrian, 129, 137.

Windows of Persian palaces, 152.

Women, treatment of, in Assyrian art, 101.

Wood,--
want of, in Chaldæa, 4.
use of, in Assyria, 60, 134-7.

Woodwork, carved, 134-7.

Wuswas, 9, 10, 114.

Xanthus, 177.

Xerxes, 148, 150, 152, 154, 164.

Zacharias, tomb of, 234.

Zaghouan, 249.

Zarpanit, the goddess, 78.

Zerubbabel, 210, 214.

Zikkurat,--
in Chaldæa, 15, 16.
in Assyria, 72-6.
in Persia, 174.
in Elam, 314.

* * * * *

_Printed and bound by Hazell, Watson & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury, England._

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The authority of a syllabary and a bilingual text enables us to correct the pronunciation of this name to Lagas. See Pinches in _Babylonian and Oriental Record_, vol. iii., p. 24. [Translator’s note.]

[2] Genesis xi. 3.

[3] Nahum iii. 14.

[4] Herodotus i. 179.

[5] _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_, vol. xv., p. 406.

[6] _Travels and Researches in Chaldæa and Susiana_, p. 175.

[7] _Découvertes en Chaldée_, p. 62.

[8] See Heuzey, _Un palais chaldéen_, pp. 37-58.

[9] E. de Sarzec, _Découvertes en Chaldée_, pp. 34, 35.

[10] See, however, Garstang, _The Third Egyptian Dynasty_, Constable, 1904, pp. 28-29, plates, v., xiv.

[11] Strabo xvi. I, 5.

[12] E. de Sarzec, _op. cit._, p. 37.

[13] E. de Sarzec, _op. cit._, p. 59.

[14] Loftus, _Travels and Researches_, pp. 187-189.

[15] E. de Sarzec, _op. cit._, p. 60.

[16] M. Babelon’s statement that the cylinder of Sagasaltias was found by modern explorers with that of Nabonidus is unfortunately inaccurate. Only the records of Nabonidus were discovered. See Taylor, _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_, vol. xv.

[17] Heuzey, _Gazette Arch._, 1884, p. 195.

[18] E. de Sarzec, _Découvertes_, p. 61.

[19] L. Heuzey, _Un palais chaldéen_, pp. 59-117.

[20] See the translation which I have given of it in Lenormant and Babelon, _Histoire ancienne de l’Orient_, vol. v., p. 84.

[21] Perrot and Chipiez, _op. cit._, vol. ii., p. 192 f. [Eng. ed.]

[22] Perrot and Chipiez, _op. cit._, vol. ii., p. 195, fig. 106.

[23] E. de Sarzec, _Découvertes_, p. 61.

[24] _Revue archéologique_, 1883 (3e série, t. ii.) pl. xx.

[25] _Les figurines antiques du Musée du Louvre_, p. 1 ff.

[26] _Revue archéol., mai-juin, 1887._

[27] See especially J. Menant, _La Glyptique orientale_, t. i., and L. de Clercq, _Catalogue de sa collection_, fasc. 1-3.

[28] Heuzey, _Un palais chaldéen_, p. 91.

[29] _History of Art in Assyria and Chaldæa_, vol. i., p. 228 f. [Eng Ed.]

[30] Lenormant and Babelon, _Hist. Anc. de l’Orient_, vol. iv., p. 411.

[31] xvi., 1, 5.

[32] Lenormant and Babelon, _Hist. anc. de l’Orient_, v. iv., p. 412.

[33] What Aristotle really says is: “It is not a wall that makes a city, for the Peloponnese might be enclosed within a wall. Babylon, perhaps, is a city of such sort, and so is any other, the walls of which enclose a nation rather than a city. They say that when Babylon had been taken for three days part of the inhabitants were unaware of the fact.”--Pol. i. 3.

[34] _Exp. en Mésopotamie_, t. i., p. 194 ff.

[35] _Cun. Inscr. and the O.T._, vol. i., p. 79.

[36] Heuzey, _Un Palais Chaldéen_, p. 81.

[37] Menant, _Remarques sur les portraits des rois assyro-chaldéens_, 1882.

[38] Layard, _Monuments of Nineveh_, vol. i., pl. 26, and _passim_.

[39] Perrot and Chipiez, _History of Art in Chaldæa and Assyria_, vol. i., p. 257.

[40] Herod. ii. 106

[41] Perrot and Chipiez, _History of Art in Chaldæa and Assyria_, vol. ii., p. 294 ff.

[42] Cf. Ezekiel xxiii. 14.

[43] L. Heuzey, _Les Figurines de terre cuite du Musée du Louvre_, p. 1.

[44] _Nineveh and Babylon_, p. 358.

[45] Heuzey, _op. cit._, p. 2.

[46] _History of Art in Chaldæa and Assyria_, vol. ii., p. 217.

[47] Perrot and Chipiez, _History of Art_, vol. ii., p. 143.

[48] Perrot and Chipiez, _op. cit._, vol. ii., p. 319 ff.

[49] Wrongly called Sennacherib by M. Babelon.

[50] E. Müntz, _La Tapisserie_, p. 22.

[51] See especially J. Menant, _La Glyptique Orientale_, t. ii.

[52] For the recent discoveries at Susa and discussion of Elamite remains, see Chapter IX. of this volume.

[53] Heuzey, in the _Revue politique et littéraire_, 1886, p. 661.

[54] _L’art antique de la Perse_, t. i., p. 8.

[55] _L’art antique de la Perse_, t. ii., p. 37.

[56] Dieulafoy, _op. cit._, t. ii., p. 80.

[57] Pendentives are generally held to have been introduced into architecture several centuries after our era, and to have first appeared in a perfect form in the Church of St. Sophia at Constantinople, the dome of which, as Procopius says (_De Ædificiis_, Bk. I., c. i.) seems to hang by a golden chain from the sky.

[58] _Revue politique et littéraire_, 1886, p. 661.

[59] _Op. cit._, t. iii., p. 186.

[60] Lenormant and Babelon, _Hist. anc. de l’Orient_, t. vi., p. 18, f.

[61] The existence of a supreme god, Ilu, among the Assyrian deities is not proved, though assumed by M. Babelon, who supposes that the winged figure on the Assyrian bas-reliefs is Ilu.

[62] Coste and Flandin, _La Perse ancienne_, pl. 164.

[63] Dieulafoy, _L’art antique de la Perse_, t. iv., p. 79.

[64] Compare Flandin and Coste, _Perse ancienne_, pl. 152.

[65] See especially W. Wright, _The Empire of the Hittites_, 8vo, 2nd ed., London, 1886; Perrot and Chipiez, _Hist. de l’art dans l’antiquité_, t. iv., pp. 483 to 812; O. Hirschfeld, _Die Felsen-reliefs in Kleinasien und das Volk der Hittiter_ (_Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie_, 1886).

[66] Perrot and Chipiez, _op. cit._, t. iv., p. 547.

[67] Perrot and Chipiez, _op. cit._, t. iv., p. 549.

[68] There is some doubt whether this figure is Hittite at all. It may be of Babylonian origin. (See Perrot and Chipiez, _Hist._, t. iv., 550 f.) The boots are so slightly turned up at the points that they are more like those worn by Babylonian kings than the characteristic boots of the Hittites. The stela was brought from the castle of Birejik, not from the site of Carchemish, as M. Babelon states.

[69] Perrot and Chipiez, _op. cit._, t. iv., p. 534.

[70] Perrot and Chipiez, _op. cit._, t. iv., p. 559.

[71] Perrot and Guillaume, _Exploration archéol. de la Galatie_, etc., pl. lxv.

[72] _Hist. de l’art dans l’antiquité,_ t. iv. p. 667.

[73] Perrot and Chipiez, _op. cit._, t. iv., p. 697.

[74] Perrot and Chipiez, _op cit._, t. iv., p. 713.

[75] Perrot and Chipiez, _op. cit._, t. iv., p. 750.

[76] S. Reinach, _Rev. Archéol._, 1885 (3 se. t. v.), p. 54, ff.

[77] _Gazette archéol._, 1887 (t. xiii. p. 60).

[78] From Wilson and Warren, _The Recovery of Jerusalem_, p. 298 (1871).

[79] M. de Vogüé, _Le Temple de Jérusalem_, p. 3.

[80] M. de Vogüé, _Le Temple de Jérusalem_, pp. 21 and 22.

[81] This name is at present given to a building which has nothing in common with this door of the Temple.--M. de Vogüé, _Le Temple de Jérusalem_, p. 12, note.

[82] A, Ophel.--B, Bridge.--C, Tyropœon.--D, Causeway.--E, Tower of Baris or Antonia.--F, Portico.--G, Court of the Gentiles.--H, Court of the women.--K, Court of Israel.--L, Altar of burnt-offerings.--M, Court of the priests.--N, Solomon’s porch. O, Moat called _Birket Israîl_. PP, Double gate and triple gate.--Q, Golden gate.--R, Kedron valley.

[83] M. de Vogüé, _Le Temple_, p. 56.

[84] M. de Vogüé, _Le Temple_, p. 37.

[85] M. de Vogüé, _Le Temple_, p. 58.

[86] 1 Kings vii. 49-50.

[87] Procopius, _De Bello Vandalico_, ii., chap. 9; Theophanes, _Chronographia_, p. 168, and Georg. Cedrenus, _Hist. Comp._, p. 606 (Ed. Bonn, 1833)

[88] M. de Vogüé, _Le Temple_, p. 34; Perrot and Chipiez, _op. cit._, t. iv. p. 315 ff.

[89] Perrot and Chipiez, _op. cit._, t. iv., p. 463.

[90] Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_ pl. 10

[91] See Perrot and Chipiez, _History of Art in Phœnicia and its Dependencies_, vol. i., p. 193 [Eng. Ed.].

[92] Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 411.

[93] Perrot and Chipiez, _History of Art in Phœnicia_, vol. ii., p. 12.

[94] See Perrot and Chipiez, _History of Art in Phœnicia, etc._, vol. ii., p. 123

[95] Perrot and Chipiez, _History of Art in Phœnicia, etc._, vol. ii., p. 148 f.

[96] Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, xxxvi. 67.

[97] W. Frœhner, _La Verrerie Antique, Coll. Charvet_, p. 10.

[98] _Amores_, ch. xxvi.

[99] _L’imagerie phénicienne et la mythologie iconologique chez les Grecs_, part i., 1880.

[100] See Perrot and Chipiez, _History of Art in Phœnicia, etc._ vol. ii. p. 404 f.

[101] Menant, _La Glyptique orientale_, t. ii.

[102] The figure representing the god Set has not a hawk’s head, as M. Babelon states, following M. Menant. Here, as always, Set has the head of a nondescript animal, somewhat resembling an ass!

[103] _Revue archéol._ t. xxvii. 1868, p. 432 ff.

[104] In proportion to the amount of the discoveries, the results are published, and the monuments reproduced and commented on, in the vast publication entitled _Délégation en Perse, Mémories publiès sous la direction de M. J. de Morgan, délégué-général_ (quarto, Leroux, editeur, Paris). Eight volumes have already appeared, the ninth is in the press (November 1905).

[105] See pp. 168, 169, 171 (figs. 135, 136, 137).

[106] _Mémoires de la Mission_, vol. i., pl. ix.

[107] _Mémoires de la Mission_, vol. vii., pl. i., fig. A.

[108] _Mémoires de la Mission_, vol. i., pl. xi.

[109] _Mémoires de la Mission_, vol. ii., pl. xxiv.

[110] _Mémoires de la Mission_, vol. ii., pl. xviii., xix.

[111] _Mémoires_, vol. i. (1900), pp. 163-164.

[112] _Mémoires de la Mission_, vol. vii., pl. x.

[113] _Mémoires de la Mission_, vol. xix, p. 90 and pl. iii.

Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:

burn them throughly=> burn them thoroughly {pg 4}

represents this king dresse=> represents this king dressed {pg 84}

if it were not for the relief=> if were not for the relief {pg 169}

with unheard-of spendour=> with unheard-of splendour {pg 223}

Memories publiès sous=> Mémories publiès sous {pg 303}

End of Project Gutenberg's Manual of Oriental Antiquities, by Ernest Babelon