Chapter XXX: Appendix: G

THE cautious student will attach considerable importance to the account given by Dumas, and to the account given by the Abbé Gabriel, especially to the former, in his _La Route de Varennes_. Dumas was a novelist. His contribution to history will therefore seem suspect, but it must be remembered that he had the whole story from Choiseul himself. The motives to which he ascribes Choiseul’s departure are substantially those given in the text; but he particularly adds that the number of peasants crowding round the Hussars greatly outnumbered those soldiers; that the local villages were rising, and that a special reason for their anxiety was discoverable in the fact that the recently emancipated copyholders of a local noblewoman were on that particular day in dread of distraint upon their goods at the hands of a military force.

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INDEX

Adelaide, Madame, the eldest of Louis XV.’s daughters, her influence on
Marie Antoinette, 61;
her influence in making Maurepas Chief Minister, 82, 83;
catches small-pox in nursing her father, 83

Aire, the river of Varennes, tactical advantages of, to Nationalists,
279, 282

Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 8

Amand, Jacques, peasant child adopted by Marie Antoinette, 78;
his death as a soldier at Jemappes, 343

America, United States of. _See also_ United States

—— tea tax imposed in Boston coincidently with Louis XV.’s death, 72;
British colonies in, origin of their revolt, 100;
arrival of delegates to France from, 100;
British colonies in, character of population forbids extreme policy
of war in, 102;
rebellion of colonies in, England’s certain policy towards, 106-7;
failure of Burgoyne’s campaign in, 108-12;
rebellion of colonies in, strategical position at time of Burgoyne’s
march, 108-10

Anne, Fort, Burgoyne captures, 111

“Antoinette,” first use of this French form of the Queen’s name, 30

Antwerp, commerce of, dependent on opening of the Scheldt, 145-46

Archbishop’s Palace. _See_ Archeveché

Archeveché, National Assembly installed in, on coming to Paris in Days
of October, 232

Argonne, hills of, their position on the eastern road, 270;
Royal carriage begins ascent of, in flight to Varennes, 276;
Drouet’s ride through forest of, 277-78;
forced by the invaders in 1792, 339

Army, British, its excellence in 1776, 101

Army, French, deplorable condition of, in 1792, 296

Army of the East, most reliable force for Crown in 1789, 216;
pointed out by Mirabeau as support of the Crown, 246

Artois, Comte d’, Louis XVI.’s youngest brother, his admiration of
Marie Antoinette, 65;
his “shocking familiarity” with the Queen in early days of her
marriage, 92;
scandal of Queen’s association with, 123;
receives Queen in his palace at the Temple, 164;
her superstition, 164;
his appearance at the Royal Session, 206;
emigration after fall of Bastille, 213

Assignats, creation of, 238

Auctoritas, “_Sine auctoritate nulla vita_,” Gallic formula, 78

Austria, extreme peril of, on partition of Poland, 61-63

—— foreign policy of, Joseph II. arrives at Versailles to influence
Queen in favour of, 103

Authority, “without it no life,” 78

“Autrichienne,” nickname given Marie Antoinette by Mesdames, 64

Bailly, his role on 20th June 1789, 206;
first Mayor of Paris, 212

Ball, Court, on Marie Antoinette’s marriage, 53;
masked, an especial diversion of Marie Antoinette as Dauphine, 65;
Fersen first meets her at one, 66;
of 21st January 1778, independence of United States recognised at,
114-15;
on Shrove Tuesday, at the Opera, 1779, Queen’s undignified adventure
in connection with, 121;
the last held in Versailles, winter of 1786, 178

Bankruptcy of the Guémenées disastrous to the Queen, 144;
part of Queen’s plan for defeat of States-General, 210

Barentin, Keeper of the Seals
announces fatal decision as to vote by orders at opening of
States-General, 201;
advises shutting of doors against Tiers État, 204;
watches the Oath in the Tennis Court, 205;
gives the seated leave to be seated, 207

Barnave, nominated to bring King back to Paris, 285;
captured by the Queen on return from Varennes, 288-89

Barry, Madame Du. _See_ Du Barry

Bastille, Marie Antoinette talks wildly of sending Turgot to, 98;
Cardinal Rohan at, 176;
captured, news of in Versailles, 211-12

Batz, his plan for helping the Queen to escape, 354

Bavaria, Joseph II. first covets, 105;
diplomatic affair of, 116-18;
Marie Antoinette’s interference in, 116, 117;
death of Elector of, 116;
Prussia supports the heir of, against Austria, 117;
Joseph II.’s policy in, 117;
French money paid to Austria on account of, 118

Bayon and Romeuf, their ride in pursuit of the King to Varennes, 283,
284

Beauharnais, in the Chair of the Assembly when news of the King’s
arrest at Varennes is brought, 285

Beaumarchais, de, title purchased by Caron, 102;
assumes trading alias of Roderigo Hortalez, 102;
his birth and character, 135, 136;
his _Mariage de Figaro_ (_see_ Figaro), reads his play in private in
Princesse de Lamballe’s rooms, 136

Bed of Justice, Louis XVI.’s first recourse to, in registering Turgot’s
decrees, 97, 98;
last, held to coerce the Parlement under influence of the Queen, 189

Bells, of Paris, sound the attack on the palace, 319

Bernis, Cardinal de, negotiates the diplomatic revolution, 22

Berthier, murder of, after fall of Bastille, 213

Bodyguard. _See_ Garde au Corps

Boehmer and Bassange, jewellers and partners, owners of the Diamond
Necklace, 159;
show it to Mme. de La Motte, 162;
appeal to the Queen for payment, 165;
draw up a report, 167

Bondy, first post-house on the Eastern road, Fersen leaves Royal Family
at, 262-63

Boston, British man-of-war arrives in harbour of, to impose tea tax, at
same hour as Louis XV.’s death, 72;
English fleet fails to blockade French fleet in harbour of, 121

Bouillé, in command of Army of the East in ’89, 216;
in command of Army of the East, pointed out by Mirabeau as the
support of the Crown, 246;
his cavalry arrive at Varennes just too late to save the King, 282-83

Bouillon, Duke of, officially announces accession of Louis XVI., 72

Brandweiss, Countess of, first governess of Marie Antoinette and her
sister Caroline, 24

Brandywine, Washington’s defeat on, 110

Breteuil, orders the arrest of Cardinal de Rohan, 159

Brienne. _See_ Loménie

Broglie, in “Ministry of Resistance,” to lead army for coercion of
Paris, 210

Brunier, family doctor of the Queen, admitted to the Temple, 348

Brunswick, breaks camp at end of July 1792 and marches on Paris, 315

Burgoyne’s, his campaign and surrender, 108-12

Burke, his lack of judgment on the Queen, 94, 95

Busne, officer guarding the Queen during her trial, 385

Byron, fails to blockade d’Estaing in Boston harbour, 121

Cagliostro, his influence over Cardinal de Rohan, 156

Calonne, his appointment and character, 149, 150;
his loans 151;
designs the harbour of Cherbourg, 177;
summons the Notables, 178;
failure of his experiment of the assembly of the Notables, 180;
his fall, April 1787, due to Marie Antoinette, 187

Cambrai, garrison of, cut to pieces, 371

Campaign of American Rebellion, Burgoyne’s failure, 108-12;
surrender of Cornwallis, 127-28

Carnot, joins the Committee of Public Safety, 368;
appears before Maubeuge with the army, 374;
his plan in Avesnes before the battle of Wattignies, 375;
prepares for the attack, 382;
his first reconnaissance before the battle of Wattignies, Oct. 14,
383;
orders the charge upon Dourlers, 386;
brings troops over from left of French position to the right, before
Wattignies, 392, 394;
leads the charge at Wattignies, 400

Caroline, daughter of Maria Theresa, later Queen of Naples, educated
with Marie Antoinette, 24

Caron. _See_ Beaumarchais

Catholicism, decay of, in France before Revolution, 250

Cats, Louis XVI.’s aversion to, 76

Cease fire, order to, signed by Louis XVI., 328

Cell, Queen’s first, in the Conciergerie, 365, 366

Chaintry, posting station of, Royal Family recognised at, in flight to
Varennes, 268

Chalons, King recognised at, in flight to Varennes, 269;
historical character of neighbourhood of, 270

Champ de Mars, massacre of, 301

Champlain, Lake, strategical value of, in Burgoyne’s campaign, 109

Chancel, hesitates to make a sortie from Maubeuge, 383

Chartres, Duc de, later Duke of Orleans, first meeting with Marie
Antoinette, 40;
dances with Marie Antoinette at her first ball, 53;
his theatrical absence from the Court on visit of Maximilian, 91

Chaumont, his house and park in Passy, the refuge of American
delegates, 100

Chauveau-Lagarde, named to defend the Queen, 374

Chauvelin, his death at Louis XV.’s card-table, 67

Cherbourg, harbour of, visited by Louis XVI., 177, 178

Child, early craving of Marie Antoinette for a, 77;
she adopts a peasant, 77, 78;
last of Marie Antoinette, a girl, birth of, 178;
death at age of eleven months, 188

Childbed, first, of Marie Antoinette, 119-20;
second birth of an heir, 129;
third, 163;
fourth, 178

Choiseul, principal Minister of Louis XV., Maria Theresa’s reliance
upon him before her daughter’s marriage, 26;
his fall, 55-58;
meets Marie Antoinette on her journey to her marriage, 38;
recalled at beginning of Louis XVI.’s reign through influence of
Marie Antoinette, but dismissed again, 82

Choiseul, Junior (nephew of former), at the post of Somme-Vesle,
271-272;
abandons post of Somme-Vesle, 273, 274

Chorez, Mayor of Chalons, 270

Church, Catholic, in France, attitude of Revolution towards revenues
of, 237;
constitution of, 238

Churching, first, of Marie Antoinette, 120, 121;
second, 135;
third, her unpopularity evident in the street, 164

Civil Constitution of the Clergy, disastrous character of, 249-50;
Mirabeau’s attitude towards, 251

Civilisation, European (_see_ Europe),
threatened by Reformation, 3

Claye, Queen’s waiting-women join Royal Family in flight at, 265

Clergy, summoned to grant taxes before Revolution, refuse, 192;
civil constitution of (_see_ Civil Constitution),
confiscation of goods of, 237, 238;
unpopularity of, 257

Cléry, Louis XVI.’s valet in the Temple, 336;
is taken from the Temple, 348

Coburg, determines to besiege Maubeuge, 367

Commons. _See_ Tiers État

Compiègne, place of meeting of Louis XV. with Marie Antoinette, 38-40

Conciergerie, Queen removed to, from Temple, 364

Condé, emigration of, after fall of Bastille, 213;
town of, surrender of, 363

Conflans, country-seat of Mercy, 124

Cornwallis enters Yorktown, 126;
his campaign and surrender, 127, 128

Coronation, of Louis XVI., 93-95;
Queen’s presence at, 94

Council, Marie Antoinette’s first interference with, 83;
King’s assiduity in attending, 93;
Queen virtually the head of, after January 1787, 179, 187-88;
during “Days of October,” Marie Antoinette present at, 225, 226

Crown, quarrel between, and States-General opens, 204;
advises Union of Orders, 209

Cubieres brings news of Paris marching on Versailles to Louis XVI., 221

D’Aiguillon, Duc de, chief Minister at end of Louis XV.’s reign after
Choiseul’s fall, made by the Du Barry, 55, 58, 59;
befriends the Du Barry at the end, 70;
his fall, 70;
dismissed from Foreign Affairs by Louis XVI., 83;
receives grant of public money on dismissal in the modern English
fashion, 83;
fall of, largely due to Marie Antoinette, 84

D’Angoulême, Duchess of (_see also_ Madame Royale), birth of, 120

Danjou during massacres of September, 338

Dauphin, son of Louis XV., his death in 1765, 26

Dauphin, first, Louis XVI.’s eldest son, birth of, 129;
effect of his birth on politics, 130;
illness of, 160;
dying, watches opening of States-General, 200

Dauphin, second (Duke of Normandy), his birth, 163;
during invasion of Tuileries by mob, on 20th June, 306;
taken from the Queen, 355-359;
evidence extracted from him against the Queen by Hébert, 373

Dead, Day of, November 2, coincidence of Marie Antoinette’s birth with,
21;
situation of Marie Antoinette upon, in 1775, 95, 96;
in 1789, coincidence of, 235

Deane, delegate of the revolted British colonists in America, received
by Louis XVI., 114

D’Epresmenil affirms the revolutionary principles of national
government in the Parlement, 191

D’Estaing sails from Toulon to attack the English fleet in 1778, 115;
escapes from Byron’s blockade in Boston harbour, 121;
appears at Queen’s Trial, 387

D’Hervilly refuses to cease fire, 328

Diamond Necklace, La Motte first introduced to Cardinal Rohan, 127;
the Cardinal de Rohan begins his advances to the Queen (early 1782),
she avoids him, 138;
Mme. de La Motte present at Court in 1782, 138, 139;
Cardinal de Rohan, bribing a porter, is present at a fête at Trianon,
141, 142;
Mme. de La Motte presents petition to the Queen, 147;
he sees Mme. de La Motte in his country house in Alsace in 1783, 149;
in his palace in Paris in March 1784 she tells him she is now an
intimate friend of the Queen’s, 151-52;

he receives from La Motte letters which he believes to be written by
the Queen, 155;
is further encouraged by Cagliostro, and writes letters to the Queen
which he gives to La Motte, 156;
Mme. de La Motte’s husband hires the girl d’Oliva to act the part of
the Queen, 157;
supposed meeting of Cardinal de Rohan and the Queen in the park of
Versailles July 24, 1784, 159;
Necklace possibly offered to Queen in 1779, 159;
Bassange, the jeweller, shows it to Mme. de La Motte, 162;
purchased by Cardinal de Rohan on supposed authority of the Queen,
163;
is taken by the male La Motte to London, 163;
Boehmer, Bassange’s partner, begs Queen for payment, 165;
suspicions of the Cardinal aroused, 166;
Mme. de La Motte confesses her forgery, the Queen discovers the plot,
168;
Rohan is arrested, 169;
tried, 170-75;
and acquitted, 176

Dillon, Madame de, Queen’s violent and ephemeral friendship for, 94

Dissipation, early cause of Marie Antoinette’s, 77;
origins of coincident with accession, 90, 91;
Joseph I.’s plan of reform for, 103;
of Queen continued after birth of second child, 135

D’Oliva. _See_ Oliva

Dourlers, French objective on first day of battle of Wattignies, 385,
383;
French carry, 389;
and retire from, 390

Dreux Brézé, Master of Ceremonies at opening of States-General,
200-201;
his famous order to the Commons, 208

Dreyfus Case, parallel between, and affair of Diamond Necklace,
174-175, 177

Drouet, sees the Royal Family in flight to Varennes, 275-76;
his gallop to intercept them, 277-79;
sees Queen in Temple, 341;
sees Queen in prison for last time, 362;
rides into Maubeuge, 371;
carries news from Maubeuge and is captured, 372

Du Barry, her name first mentioned to Maria Theresa, 32;
disastrous influence upon Louis XV.’s reign, 40-44;
her character and appearance, 45-46;
first meets Marie Antoinette at La Muette, 48-49;
Marie Antoinette’s antipathy to her, 54-56;
Maria Theresa attempts to break down that antipathy, 58-62;
Marie Antoinette’s single speech to, 61;
her devotion to Louis XV. at the end of his life, 69;
she leaves the Court, 70;
exiled to Burgundy on accession of Louis XVI., 83

Dufort, French Ambassador at Vienna at time of Marie Antoinette’s
marriage, 30

Dumouriez, chief man in the War Ministry of ’92, 300;
Queen obtains his plans and betrays them to the enemy, 300;
at battle of Jemappes, 342;
defeated at Neerwinden, 352;
betrays the country, 352

Dunquerque, Duke of York’s march upon, 368

Earthquake of Lisbon. _See_ Lisbon

Ecclesiastical rights of Rohan, 171

Education of Marie Antoinette, 24-27, 33-36

Edward, Fort, Burgoyne’s tardy advance upon, 111

Elector of Bavaria, his death precipitates the Bavarian diplomatic
quarrel, 116

Elizabeth, Madame, Marie Antoinette’s relations with, 122;
brought to Paris by mob in Days of October, 230, 231

Emigration, first, 213

Émigrés, disturbing element in the Allies’ camp, 296;
their charge at Wattignies, 400

Enghien, emigration after fall of Bastille, 213

England, fiscal position of, during pre-revolutionary and revolutionary
period, 86, 87;
contrast between fiscal position in eighteenth century and to-day,
88;
dominates foreign policy of France on accession of Louis XVI., 100-2;
constant colonial policy of, 107;
foreign policy of, bound up with closing of the Scheldt, 146

Episcopacy, French, corrupt condition of, before Revolution, 181-82

Etiquette, rigidity of French Courts, 37;
strictness and publicity of, on accession of Louis XVI., 80

Europe, civilisation of, peculiar in all history, 1, 2

Extravagance of Marie Antoinette, character of rather than amount
remarkable, 89, 90;
Marie Antoinette’s first considerable purchase of jewellery, 97

Falkenstein, Count, incognito of Joseph II., in Paris, 103

Fersen, Axel de, first meets Marie Antoinette, 66;
revisits Versailles, 118;
Marie Antoinette obviously in love with him, 118, 119;
leaves her for American War, 119;
marches south with Washington to join the French at Yorktown, 126;
negotiates surrender of Yorktown, 128;
comes again to Versailles in 1784 with King of Sweden, 155;
revisits Versailles in 1787, 183;
his return to Versailles just before Revolution, 193-95;
story of his presence in Queen’s room during days of October, 227
_n._;
Bouillé’s son received by, 253;
organises the flight of the Royal Family, 260, 261;
drives the Royal Family out of Paris in the flight to Varennes, 261,
262;
his farewell to the Queen in flight to Varennes, 263;
story of ring given him by the Queen, and of his death, 263, 265;
the Queen’s letters to him after the failure of the flight to
Varennes, 292-93;
the Queen’s letter to, in September 1791, 303;
his last journey to Paris to help the Royal Family, 303-4;
in regular communication with Royal Family to arrange invasion, 310,
311;
his communications with the Queen in prison, 349-50

Feuillants, disused monastery, Royal Family lodged in, 330-32

_Figaro, Mariage de_, play by Beaumarchais, its political character,
135-36;
popularity among smart set of the time, 140;
King refuses permission to act, 145, 147;
it is played before the Court, 148;
Paris insists on a public performance of, 151;
King yields, and public performance takes place on 27th April 1784,
152;
its effect upon the régime, 153

Finance. _See_ Fiscal Problem

Finances, French, Calonne appointed to the head of, 149, 150;
his loans, 151

Financiers, modern, their vulgar expenditure compared with that of the
Court of Versailles, 78, 79

Fiscal Problem of the French preceding the Revolution, 86;
contrasted with contemporary fiscal position of England, 86, 87;
effect of tradition upon, 88

Flanders, Regiment of, marches into Versailles, 215;
its character, 216;
banquet given to, 217-20;
before the palace on advance of mob, 222

Fleury, exact coincidence of his life with the transition between the
anti-Austrian policy of France and diplomatic revolution, 6;
at the Exchequer during bankruptcy of the Guémenées, 144

Flight of Royal Family, Mirabeau’s plan for, 252;
Bouillé is asked to advise on, 253;
how affected by death of Mirabeau, 255, 256;
precipitated by the riot of April 17, 1791, 260;
Fersen’s rôle in, 260-65;
description of, 263-91

Florida Blanca, Spanish Minister, his terror of Great Britain at moment
of Burgoyne’s surrender, 112, 113

Fontainebleau, Court gambling at, on accession of Queen, 99;
French Court there at moment of Burgoyne’s surrender, 112

Foreign Policy, French, D’Aiguillon ceases to control, on Louis XVI.’s
accession, 83, 84;
Vergennes controls, on accession of Louis XVI., 84;
dominated by the fear of England on accession of Louis XVI., 100-2,
106-8;
eagerly seeks Spanish alliance against England, 107;
Spanish dread of England forbids this, 112-13;
final determination to accept the English challenge, 113;
this determination confirmed by Burgoyne’s surrender at Saratoga,
113-14;
refuses to support Austria in Bavarian claim, but under pressure from
Marie Antoinette pays compensation to Vienna, 116-18;
Marie Antoinette’s increasing power over, after Maurepas’ death, 134;
attitude of, towards opening of Scheldt, 148, 149;
payment of Dutch indemnity to Austria under pressure from the Queen,
161, 165-66, 174

Foulon, murder of, after fall of Bastille, 213

Fouquier Tinville, his speech for the prosecution of the Queen, 380

France, hesitation of, upon the Reformation, 3-5;
generally thought in decline during early eighteenth century, 16

France and Austria, causes of original antagonism between, and their
final reconciliation in the eighteenth century, 2-9.

Francis of Lorraine, husband of Maria Theresa, his happy marriage, 15;
his superstition at Marie Antoinette’s birth, 21;
his death, 25

Frankfort, the crowning of the Emperor, the Queen’s nephew there in
1792, 309, 312

Franklin, lands in France, 100;
received by Louis XVI., 114

Frederick the Great, his power first apparent at Mollwitz, 6;
his betrayal of the Hapsburgs, 8;
emotion of Kaunitz on hearing of his death, 14;
betrays Louis XV., 21;
his initiative in partition of Poland, 62

French Guards. _See_ Gardes Françaises

French Ministerial Tradition. _See_ Ministerial Tradition

Fontainebleau, Dr. Johnson sees the Queen at, 95

Frontier, north-eastern, strategical nature of, 360

Gardes du Corps, their banquet to the Regiment of Flanders, 217-25

Gardes Françaises, almost only French troops in Paris at opening of
Revolution, 209

Gates, commanding American forces, receives Burgoyne’s surrender, 112

Geoffrin, Madame, visits Vienna before Marie Antoinette’s marriage, 28

George, Lake, strategical value of, in Burgoyne’s campaign, 109

Girondins, their appearance in the Revolution, 301, 302

Goethe, his judgment on the household of Maria Theresa, 15

Goguelat, second in command of Choiseul’s Hussars, 272;
shot at Varennes, 282

Goltz, Prussian Minister at Versailles, his letter on the date of
Burgoyne’s surrender, 112

Government, nature of all, 195-96

Guémenée, Madame de, governess to the children of France, Marie
Antoinette’s friendship with, 92;
bankruptcy of, 142-44

Guillaume, companion of Drouet in his famous ride, 277

Guines, French Ambassador in London, protected by Marie Antoinette, 98

Haga, Comte de, incognito of King of Sweden, 155

Handwriting of Marie Antoinette, quite unformed, 50

Harvest, failure of, in 1775, a cause of Turgot’s unpopularity, 97;
difficulty of bringing to Paris in 1789, 216

Hébert visits the Temple, 339;
again, 340;
again, 353;
obtains the Dauphin’s evidence, 373;
produces it in Court against the Queen, 381;
is passed over in the summing up against the Queen, 394

Henry of Prussia, Prince, visits Versailles in 1784, 160

Herman, chief judge of the Queen at her trial, 374;
cross-examines Queen on the affair of the Necklace, 387-88;
sums up against the Queen, 393;
pronounces sentence of death, 394

Howe sails with 20,000 men to attack Philadelphia, 110

Hudson, Valley of, strategical value of, in Burgoyne’s campaign, 109

Hue, friendly guard of the Royal Family in the Temple, 336

Huguenots, exceptionally tolerated in France, 5-7;
contrast of their toleration with persecution of English Catholics,
5-7

Hungary, Joseph II.’s blundering attempt to suppress language of, 131

Invasion, two principal avenues of, into France, 359

Jacobin Society, nature of, 251, 252;
Mirabeau subservient to, 251

Jarjayes, his plot to rescue the Queen, 351, 352

Jemappes, battle of, 342

Jewellery. _See_ Extravagance, _also_ Diamond Necklace

Johnson, Doctor, sees Marie Antoinette at Fontainebleau, 95

Joseph II., son of Maria Theresa, first associated with her in the
empire, 23;
hastens the conclusion of Marie Antoinette’s marriage, 30, 31;
accompanies Marie Antoinette for the first day on her journey to
Versailles before her marriage, 36;

his visit to Versailles and France, 99, 103-6;
his insufficient character, 103;
his ignorance of La Marck and Lavoisier, 105;
his ludicrous misjudgment of French military power, 105;
revisits Versailles July 1781, 126;
his bungling in religion, 131;
summons French to abandon Revolution, 238;
dies, 238

Jourdan, description of, 375;
in command at Wattignies, overruled by Carnot, 391

June the Twentieth, rising of, in 1792, 305

Jury to try the Queen, 377-78

Kaunitz, origin of his career, 9;
makes Marie Antoinette the pledge of diplomatic revolution, 9;
his character and appearance, 9-11;
his early diplomatic work for Maria Theresa, 12;
takes up the Austrian Embassy in Paris, 12;
his French tastes, 12-13

Korff, Baroness de, alias of Duchesse de Tourzel in flight to Varennes,
261

La Fayette volunteers for the American War, 103;
leaves Richmond, 126;
Marie Antoinette visits wife of, as a compliment after surrender of
Yorktown, 135;
marching from Paris to help the Court in Days of October, 226;
his lack of judgment in defending the palace, 227;
advises the Royal Family after victory of the mob, 229;
fails to restrain mob on 18th April 1791, 259;
his action in massacre of Champ de Mars, 301

Lagny, post-master of Chaintry, 268

La Marck, founder of the evolutionary theory, Joseph II.’s ignorance
of, 105;
friend of Mirabeau, introduces him to the Crown, 242, 243;
visits Mirabeau’s deathbed, 255

Lamballe, Princesse de, first meeting with Marie Antoinette, 40;
post of Superintendente created for her, with salary, 94;
Queen’s friendship for, 92;
companion of the Queen in her escapade upon the sledge, 96, 97;
accompanies Marie Antoinette in her first retirement to the
Tuileries, 122;
removed from Royal Family in Temple, 335, 336;
her murder, 338

La Motte, Madame de (_see_ Diamond Necklace), escapes from prison and
flies to London, 179;
her supposed innocence and martyrdom, 180

La Muette, palace or royal hunting-box of, scene of Marie Antoinette’s
first meeting with Madame du Barry before marriage, 47;
scene of Marie Antoinette’s condescension and patronage on accession,
81;
Maximilian’s arrival at, 91;
Marie Antoinette visits, after her first churching, 121;
Queen foolishly present at, during Parisian excitement upon
bankruptcy of the Guémenées, 144

Latour du Pin bears witness for the Queen at her trial, 387

Lavoisier, Joseph II.’s ignorance of, 105

L’Echelle, Rue de, rendezvous of Royal Family and Fersen for flight to
Varennes, 261

Lee, delegate of the revolted British colonists in America, received by
Louis XVI., 114

Legislative Assembly, receives the Royal Family on retirement from
Tuileries, 326;
permits the imprisonment of the Royal Family in the Temple, 332

Leonard, the Queen’s hairdresser, contributes to disaster of Varennes,
272 _n._;
takes note from Choiseul to commanders of various posts, 274

Leopold, Emperor, brother of the Queen, accession of, 238;
receives at Padua false news of the success of the flight to
Varennes, 292-93;
Queen’s decisive letter to, in 1791, 297;
his death, 299

Le Quay, real name of the woman Oliva, _q.v._

Lequesnoy surrenders, 371

Lisbon, character of town of, in eighteenth century, 19;
earthquake of, coincident with Marie Antoinette’s birth, 20-21

_Logotachygraphe_, Revolutionary journal, Royal Family lodged in the
reporters’ box of, 329, 330

Loménie de Brienne, proposed by the Queen as successor to Calonne,
April 1787, 181;
his character, 182-83;
acting with the Queen, attempts to adjourn the States-General, 189;
fall of, 195

Lorraine (Francis of, _see_ Francis), princesses of, umbrage given by
their precedence at the Court ballon Marie Antoinette’s marriage,
52-53

Louis XV. at opening of diplomatic revolution, 16;
his reticence and hesitation in the matter of his grandson’s
marriage, 27-31;
his appearance on Marie Antoinette’s first meeting with him, 38-40;
feels the approach of death, 67;
effect of Court sermon on, before death, 67;
falls ill of small-pox, 68;
his strong Christian faith, 69;
dismisses Madame du Barry, 70;
receives the Last Sacrament, 70-72;
his death, 72

Louis XVI. left heir on his father’s death, 26;
his appearance at that moment, 26;
his mother, after the death of the Dauphin her husband, opposes the
Austrian marriage, 28;
her death, 29;
ceremony of his marriage as Dauphin to Marie Antoinette, 50, 51;
his accession, 73;
supposed impotence, 74-77;
publicly ridiculed by his wife in early days of his marriage, 93;
coronation of, 93-95;
Joseph II. visits Versailles to effect cure of, 104, 105;
date of operation upon, 105 (_see also_ Appendix A);
consents to receive delegates of United States, 114;
influence of Maurepas upon, 133;
grants _Moratorium_ on Marie Antoinette’s express prayer in the
Guémenée bankruptcy, ill effect of this, 144;
visits Cherbourg, 177, 178;
one of very small minority that practised religion before Revolution,
182;
his appearance at opening of States-General, 201;
fails to receive deputation of Tiers État, 202;
quarrel with States-General opens, 204;
at Royal Session of, 23rd June 1789, 206-7;
his final decision on Votes by Order, 207;
flight debated during capture of Bastille, 212;
his Veto discussed, 214;
his flight again urged by the Queen, in October 1789, 217;
shooting at Chatillon when Paris was marching on Versailles, 220-22;
hesitates to fly in Days of October, 226;
brought to Paris by mob in Days of October, 230, 231;
Marie Antoinette ridicules him in a letter to her relatives after
Days of October, 233;
his rôle in flight to Varennes, 261;
first recognised during flight at Viels-Maisons, 267;
and again at Chaintry, 268;
and once more at Chalons, 269;
recognised in Ste. Menehould, 276;
vetoes prosecution of non-juring clergy and formation of volunteer
camp, 304;
his note of credentials to Mallet du Pan, 311;
ridiculed at his last review, 321;
retires from Tuileries, 325;
signs order to cease fire, 328;
his sword removed in the Temple, 336;
separated from his family in the Temple, 340;
condemned to death, 344;
last interview with his family, 345;
his execution, 346, 347

Madame. _See_ Adelaide

Madame Elizabeth, her passage of arms with Pétion, 287-88;
watches sun rise with the Queen before attack upon the palace, 320.
_See also_ Elizabeth

Madame Royale, the Queen’s daughter, her first Communion, 232, 234-35.
_See also_ D’Angoulême

Maillard leads march of Paris on Versailles, 223

Mallet du Pan negotiates with the enemy for the King, 310, 311, 312

Mandat, head of the Paris Militia, his organisation of defence of the
palace in August 1792, 320, 321;
murder of, 322

Manège, the Riding-school of the Tuileries, National Assembly installed
in, 232

Mangin, his ride to carry news to Paris of the arrest of the King,
284-85

Manifesto of Brunswick, the Queen the author of its threat against
Paris, 310-12;
(Clause VIII.) known in Paris, 312;
announced to the Assembly, 316

Manuel bears evidence against the Queen, 384

Mareuil, Commissioners meet Royal Family at, returning to Paris from
Varennes, 285-86

Maria of Saxony, widow of the first Dauphin, and mother of Louis XVI.,
her opposition to Austrian marriage, 28;
her death, 29

Maria Theresa, devotion of Kaunitz to, 11;
character of, 13, 14;
married life of, 15;
her negotiation for French alliance, 18;
health at birth of Marie Antoinette, 21;
her negotiations for Marie Antoinette’s marriage, 27, 28;
associates her son Joseph with her government, 30;
hears of the Du Barry, 32;
letter to Marie Antoinette on her leaving Vienna, 36;
her judgment of a happy marriage, 37;
early letters of Marie Antoinette to her, 54;
her repeated letters to Marie Antoinette as Dauphine, urging
reconciliation with Du Barry, 59, 61, 63;
her anxiety as to Louis XVI.’s condition, 65, 76, 77, 105, also
Appendix A;
her letters advising Marie Antoinette’s policy, 82;
she hears news of Marie Antoinette’s first pregnancy, 115;
her last illness and death, 125

Marie Theresa Charlotte. _See_ Madame Royale

Marly, Court gambling at, 99

Marriage, slowness of negotiations for Marie Antoinette’s, 27-31;
Maria Theresa’s judgment upon a happy, 37;
ceremony of Marie Antoinette’s, at Versailles, 49-51;
great storm coincident with, 51;
public disaster in Paris on occasion of, 53-54;
doubts upon, 74-77

Marseillaise, first sung in Marseilles, 309;
at Wattignies, 399

Marseilles, Battalion of, organised, 309;
marched into Paris, 313;
brawl with Paris troops, 316;
their artillery against the palace, 327;
their capture of prisoners from the Guard, 329;
parley with Swiss before attacking Tuileries, 327

Martin, d’Auch, refuses oath in Tennis Court, 205

Maubeuge, its position on the first line of invasion, 359;
last stronghold against invasion on north-eastern frontier, 361, 362;
threatened by Coburg, 367;
Drouet arrives in, 371, 372;
lack of provisions in, 373;
cavalry patrol cut their way out of, 374;
hears the guns of the French advance, 383;
attempt to force passage to, on 15th of October fails, 385-90;
extreme peril of, in consequence of this, 391;
relieved by French victory at Wattignies, 401

Maubourg nominated to bring the King back to Paris, 285

Maurepas, chosen to be Minister on accession of Louis XVI., 82;
his death, 132;
character of, 133

Maury, example of French hierarchy before Revolution, 182

Maximilian, Marie Antoinette’s youngest brother, visits Paris in 1775,
91

Mayence, siege of, prevents invasion, 355

Mayor of Paris, Bailly the first, 212

Measles, Queen suffers from, in spring of 1779, 121

Meaux, first passage of Royal Family through, in flight to Varennes,
266;
Marie Antoinette and Barnave at, during return journey, 288, 289

Mercenaries, most troops in Paris in 1789 foreign, 209

Mercy, d’Argenteau, becomes Ambassador at Versailles for Maria Theresa
in 1766, 27;
notes Artois’ “shocking familiarity” with the Queen, 92;
desires the Queen to be crowned with the King, 93;
tries to dissuade Queen from opposing Turgot, 98;
intrigues for Marie Antoinette to support Austria’s Bavarian policy,
105, 106;
influences Marie Antoinette in favour of Austrian policy on the
Bavarian succession, 117-18;
a description of him and his household, 124-25;
clumsily pressed by Joseph II. to influence Queen in affair of
Scheldt, 137;
meets Mirabeau in La Marck’s house, 243;
Queen betrays to him the plans of the French defence in 1792, 300;
in regular communication with Royal Family to arrange invasion, 311

Mesdames, Louis XV.’s daughters, Marie Antoinette first meets at
Compiègne, 39;
support Marie Antoinette as Dauphine against the Du Barry, 60;
gradually lose their influence over the Dauphine, 63;
give the name of “Autrichienne” to Marie Antoinette, 64

Michonis, the Municipal, sympathetic jailer of the Queen, 350;
helps the Batz plot, 354;
his plot to help the Queen out of the Conciergerie, 369-370

Militia, new popular, of Paris, after July ’89, La Fayette at head of,
212;
of Versailles, their part in the Days of October, 218-19;
new of Paris, their failure to restrain the mob on 18th April 1791,
259

Ministerial tradition, French, its transformation in early years of
Louis XVI. produces the Revolution, 81, 82

Ministry, French, permanent character of, 148

Ministry of Resistance, Queen’s plan to destroy States-General, 210-13;
fails, 213

Mirabeau, noted by populace at opening of States-General, 200;
reluctantly accepts oath in Tennis Court, 205;
his doubtful reply to Dreux Brézé, 208;
during Days of October, 223;
his influence on the Court, 239-56;
his position in 1790, 241, 242;
La Marck, friend of, introduces to the Crown, 242;
his debts and subsidy, 243, 244;
his interview with the Queen, 245;
his written advice to the Crown, 246, 247;
his attitude towards Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 250, 251;
his plan for the flight of the Royal Family and Civil War, 251-53;
his death, 255

Mireur, from Montpellier, sings the Marseillaise in Marseilles, 309

Mohawk Valley, British force in, marching to join Burgoyne, repulsed,
111

Monarchy, French, its national nature, 41;
publicity of, 41-42;
mystical quality of, 78-80;
publicity of, 80;
fate of, had Mirabeau survived, 240

Monsieur. _See_ Provence

Montmédy decided on as refuge for the Royal Family, 260

_Moratorium_, or stay of legal proceedings, granted by King to the
Guémenées on their bankruptcy, 144

Mounier, in chair of Assembly during Days of October, 223

Mollwitz, first great Prussian victory, 6

Mozart meets little Marie Antoinette, 28

Nancy, mutiny at, 247, 248

Napoleon, his verdict upon the affair of the Diamond Necklace, 177;
his judgment of power to defend the Tuileries, 325;
upon Wattignies, 401

Narbonne, Archbishop of, example of French hierarchy before the
Revolution, 182

National Assembly (before p. 218, _see_ States-General) passes last
clauses of new Constitution coincidently with Banquet of the Body
Guard, October 1789, 218;
votes thanks for suppression of mutiny at Nancy, 248;
installed in Manège after Days of October, 232

Navy, British, terror inspired by, in 1776, 100;
French, Sartines, Minister of, on accession of Louis XVI., 85;
sails from Toulon to attack English forces in America, 1778, 115

Necker, his character and religion, 98, 99;
his daughter, offered in marriage to Fersen and to Pitt, finally
marries M. de Staël, 98;
fails to administrate finances, and is dismissed for the first time
in 1781, 127;
Queen responsible for his return to the Finances after fall of
Loménie, 195;
character of, 197;
ostensibly fixes number of Tiers État, 197;
re-summons Notables in late 1788, 198;
abandons question of “Vote by Orders,” 198;
his appearance and long speech at opening of States-General, 201-2;
calculated absence from Royal Session, 206;
dismissal of, July 11, 1789, 210;
recalled by Louis XVI., 213;
flight of, 248

Neerwinden, Dumouriez’ defeat at, 352

New Order, the Queen’s plan for efficient despotic government before
Revolution, 190-92;
its breakdown, 192

Noailles, Madame de, Mistress of the Ceremonies to Marie Antoinette as
Dauphine, 37, 48

Nobles, minority of, joins Commons led by Orleans, 209

Nord, Comte du, incognito of the Grand-Duke Paul, 139

Notables, Assembly of, summoned by Calonne, 178;
failure of the experiment of, 180;
stupidly re-summoned by Necker, 198

Oath of Tennis Court. _See_ Tennis Court

October, Days of, 215-32

Œil de Bœuf during Days of October, 228

Oliva or “d’Oliva,” employed by Mme. de La Motte to represent the
Queen, 157;
plays the part of the Queen in the meeting with Rohan, 158-59;
arrested in Brussels, winter of 1785, 175;
acquitted, 176

Orleans, Duke of. _See also_ Chartres

—— Duke of (formerly Duc de Chartres), his opposition to the Queen’s
government before the Revolution, 190;
cheered by mob at opening of States-General, 200;
ambition for throne, supports Paris against Crown in first movement
of Revolution, 209

Pannizardi, destruction of the original telegram in Dreyfus Case
compared to Vergennes’ action in Diamond Necklace case, 168

Paris, Marie Antoinette’s entry to, as Dauphine, 65;
supported by Duke of Orleans in 1789, 209;
Queen’s plan for coercion of, in July 1789, 210;
names of regiments coercing, 210;
rises and captures Bastille, 210-12;
new municipality of, Bailly elected Mayor, 212;
marches on Versailles in October 1789, 220-22, 225;
Royal Family brought to, by the mob in the Days of October, 230, 231;
re-entry of Royal fugitives from Varennes into, 289-291;
Queen’s attitude towards, after return from Varennes, 298;
threat to destroy, in Brunswick’s Manifesto, drawn up by the Queen,
310-13

Parlement of Paris exiled by Louis XV., 59;
nature of, 97; its opposition to Turgot’s reforms, 97, 98;
demand the States-General, 183-84;
refuses to accept Loménie’s reforms, 189;
makes a final appeal for the States-General, 191

Passy, Chaumont’s house in, the refuge of the American delegates, 100

Paul, Grand-Duke, heir to Catherine of Russia, visits Versailles,
139-42;
hears Beaumarchais read _Figaro_, 140

Persuasion the only instrument of Government, 40, 41

Pétion nominated to bring King back to Paris, 285;
his adventure with Madame Elizabeth, 287-88;
as Mayor of Paris in 1792 receives the Marseillese, 313

Philadelphia attacked successfully by Howe, contemporaneously with
Burgoyne’s advance, 110

Picard recognises the King during flight at Viels-Maisons, 267

Pillnitz, Declaration of, its exact significance, 302

Pinks, affair of the, plot to get the Queen out of the Conciergerie,
369, 370

Planta, a gentleman follower of Cardinal de Rohan’s, present at the supposititious interview with the Queen, 159

Poland, its partition, character of, 61-63

Polignac, Comtesse de, friendship of Marie Antoinette with, 92;
Queen quarrels with, 179;
her clique, scandal of public subsidies to, 123;
emigration after fall of Bastille, 213

Pompadour, Madame de, Mistress of Louis XV., her rôle in diplomatic
revolution, 18;
her character and dignity, 43, 44

Portugal, King and Queen of, chosen as god-parents of Marie Antoinette,
18-19

Pot, first holder of post of Master of Ceremonies, 208 _n._

Premonition of Marie Antoinette relative to Temple, 164

Protestant States of Europe, French diplomatic support of, after
Reformation, 5-6

Provence, Comtesse de, unintentional insult to, at birth of the
Dauphine, 129;
possibly protects Mme. de La Motte, 139

Provence, Monsieur, Comte de, present at the first playing of _Figaro_,
152;
brought to Paris by the mob in Days of October, 230, 231

Prussia, revelation of power of, at Mollwitz, 6;
growing menace of Poland to, in modern times, 62

Racing introduced into France on accession of Louis XVI., 92

Red Book, publication of, 239

Reformation, origin of the cycle which closes with the Diplomatic
Revolution, 2;
its probable effect if universal, 3;
French hesitation upon, 3, 4

Religious Orders, Joseph II.’s suppression of, 131

Representation never so full as in States-General of 1789, 198

Representative System, its character and origin in Europe, 184-87

Resistance, Ministry of. _See_ Ministry

Rheims, Louis XVI.’s coronation at, 93-95;
flight by way of, rejected by King, 260

Rhodes, title of Pot, 208 _n._

Riding-school. _See_ Manège

Ring, the Queen’s, story of, 263-65

Robespierre at Oath in Tennis Court, 205;
during Days of October, 223;
demands the Queen’s trial on the breakdown of French armies in
Holland, 352

Roderigo Hortalez. _See_ Beaumarchais

Roederer advises King to retire from Tuileries, 325

Rohan, Bishop, coadjutor of, later Cardinal de, Marie Antoinette’s
first meeting with, 38
(_see_ Diamond Necklace; after acquittal King strips him of his
functions and exiles him);
his later career and death, 177

Rohan, Cardinal de, example of French hierarchy before the Revolution,
182

Romeuf. _See_ Bayon

Rosalie, name of the girl who served the Queen in the Conciergerie, 365

Rothschild, difficulty of trying one to-day compared with difficulty of
trying a Rohan in eighteenth century, 171

Royal Session. _See_ Session

Royale, Madame. _See_ Madame Royale

Sacrament, Last, received by Louis XV., 71;
parallel between it and the French Monarchy, 78

St. Antoine, Gate of, Marseillese march in by, 313;
workmen’s quarter of, join St. Marcel in insurrection of Aug. 10,
316, 317

St. Cloud, Palace of, bought for first Dauphin in his illness, 160;
scene of Mirabeau’s interview with the Queen, 244, 245;
Louis’ abortive attempt to reach, on 18th April 1791, 259

St. Germain l’Auxerrois, Church of, Madame Royale’s communion in, 234

St. Landry, schismatic priest of, appointed to accompany Queen at her
execution, 395

St. Lawrence, Valley of, strategical value during rebellion of American
colonies, 108, 109

St. Marcel. _See_ St. Antoine

Ste. Menehould, its position, 270;
Royal Family at, in flight to Varennes, 275-76

Saratoga, Burgoyne blockaded near, and surrenders, 112;
news of Burgoyne’s capitulation at, reaches Versailles, after
Vergennes had determined to recognise United States, 113

Sauce, official at Varennes, his action in detaining the King, 279-81

Scheldt, opening of the, first mentioned, 134;
Marie Antoinette supports her brother in, 137;
character of quarrel over, explained, 145, 146;
Joseph II.’s increasing irritation over, 148;
Vergennes refuses to support Austria in, 149;
the Dutch fire on one of Joseph II.’s ships in, 4th October 1784,
160;
French Cabinet again, under pressure from Queen, pay the Dutch
indemnity to Austria for this incident, 161;
money actually paid over, 164-65;
and is received in cash by Austria when affair of Diamond Necklace is
at its height; consequent unpopularity of Queen, 174

September, Massacres of, 337, 338

Sergent serves out ammunition to the rebels, 317

Session, Royal, summoned for 22nd of June 1789, 204;
held, June 23rd, 206-7

Siéyès at Oath in Tennis Court, 205

Silesia, forcible occupation of, by Prussia, moral revolution involved
by this, 8

Simon, reputed tenderness of, in the Temple, 341

Sledge, Queen’s escapade upon, 96, 97

Soissons, Marie Antoinette’s arrival at, on her journey to her
marriage, 38

Solstice, summer, date unlucky for the Bourbons, 261-63, 305

Somme-Vesle, posting station of, place arranged for the first cavalry
guard during flight to Varennes, 271;
Choiseul’s hussars at, 272;
abandoned by Choiseul, 273, 274

Souberbielle visits Queen in Conciergerie, 369;
on jury that tries her, 377

Spain, greatness of, in sixteenth century, difficulty of understanding
to-day, 4;
French maintain their independence against, 5

Stahrenberg, Austrian Ambassador in Paris after Kaunitz, 18;
his last letter to Maria Theresa announces certitude of Marie
Antoinette’s marriage, 27

Stars and Stripes first seen in Europe, 100

States-General, Crown of mediæval representative system in Europe, 185;
Parlement insists on their being summoned, 184-89;
Loménie and the Queen propose calling them within five years with the
object of adjourning and nullifying the summons, 189;
summoned by administrative order, accepted by the Queen, on 8th
August 1788, 192 (after October 1789 and p. 222, _see_ National
Assembly);
number of Tiers État in, ostensibly fixed by Necker, 197;
only fully representative assembly in Europe, 198;
opening of, 198-202;
declared “National Assembly,” 204;
Royal session of, June 23, 1789, 206-7;
under military threat declare themselves “inviolable,” 209;
permanent sitting of, during capture of Bastille, 211-12

Stormont, Lord, English Ambassador at Versailles, present at the ball
where news of the Independence of the United States was received,
leaves Versailles, 115

Strasburg, Marie Antoinette’s arrival at, on her journey to her
marriage, 37;
Bishop of, _see_ Rohan

Sweden, Gustavus, King of, visits Versailles in 1784;
his Quixotic character, 155;
his death, 300

Swiss Guard before palace of Versailles in Days of October, 1789, 222;
their mutiny at Nancy, 247;
their character and position before the fall of the palace, 314;
turned through long gallery and forced out of the Tuileries by the
mob, 328

Talleyrand, example of French Hierarchy before the Revolution, 182;
proposes confiscation of the goods of the Clergy, 237;
visits Mirabeau’s deathbed, 255

Tea Tax. _See_ Boston and America

Temple, Artois receives Marie Antoinette at, her premonitions with
regard to, 164;
Royal Family first lodged in, 333-35

Tennis Court, Oath of, 205

Theatre, Marie Antoinette’s, at Trianon inaugurated, 123;
Mercy’s disapproval of, 124

Ticonderoga abandoned by American forces, before Burgoyne, 110

Tiers État, number of, ostensibly fixed by Necker, 197;
Louis XVI. fails to receive deputation of, 202;
affirms in May ’89 principle of voting in One Assembly, 202;
summons Clergy and Nobles, 203;
committed to first revolutionary act by declaring themselves the
National Assembly, 204;
remain in Hall after order to disperse, 23rd June 1789, 207

Tison, jailor and spy upon the Royal Family in the Temple, 336;
wife of, goes mad, 354

Toulouse, Archbishop of, Confessor of Marie Antoinette, 244

Tourzel, Madame de, made governess of children of France after Mme. de
Polignac’s emigration, 214

—— Duchess of, her rôle during flight to Varennes, 261;
Duchesse de, removed from Royal Family in Temple, 335

Trial of the Queen, preliminary interrogation, 373-74;
main trial, 377-400

Trianon, public exaggeration of its real cost, theatre started in, 123;
theatre at, thrown open to large audience, 135;
Queen retires to, after death of her last child, 188;
theatre at, re-opened with a new play of Beaumarchais’ in the midst
of the Diamond Necklace affair, 172;
Marie Antoinette at, during Days of October, 224

Tronçon Ducourdray named to defend the Queen, 374

Tuileries, arrival of Royal Family at, in Days of October, 231;
invaded by mob on 20th June 1792, 305, 306;
fall of, 307-29;
extent of armed force in defence of, 313, 315;
condition and garrison of, just before the attack upon, 318-320;
last review before defence of, 321;
beginning of attack upon, 322, 323;
Napoleon’s judgment of power to defend, 325

Turgot, enters Ministry after accession of Louis XVI., 84;
Marie Antoinette not connected with nomination of, 84;
policy and character of, 85;
fiscal problem presented to him, 86-88;
his way of dealing with it, 89;
is lavish with funds to the Queen, 85, 89-90;
his reforms cause popular suffering, 90;
their unwise side, 97;
opposed by the Parlement of Paris, 97;
his fall largely due to the Queen, 98;
servant of the Queen in the Temple and authority for history of
period, 349

United States of America recognised by Vergennes before the news of
Saratoga, 113;
delegates of, received by Louis XVI., 114;
formally recognised by France, 21st of January 1778, 115;
France goes to war to support, 115

Valenciennes, surrender of, 363

Vallet, son-in-law of post-master at Chaintry, recognises King, 268

Valmy, battle of, 339, 340;
mill of, passed by fugitives in flight to Varennes, 275

Varennes, flight to, described, 263-291;
town of, Drouet enters, 278;
Royal Family detained in, 279-81;
departure of Royal Family from, 282, 283

Vergennes, becomes director of foreign policy on accession of Louis
XVI., his great abilities, 84;
his acute panic just before Burgoyne’s surrender, 110;
caution and fear of England at moment of Burgoyne’s surrender, 113;
determines to recognise United States before hearing news of
Saratoga, 113;
refuses to support Austria in Bavarian claim, but under pressure from
Queen pays compensation to Vienna, 116-18;
practically first Minister after Maurepas’ death, 133;
his patriotic refusal to support Joseph II. in the affair of the
Scheldt, 149;
but consents to pay indemnity, 161;
his policy of silence in the case of the Diamond Necklace compared to
the French modern Foreign Office destroying the Pannizardi
telegram, 168;
death of, 179

Vermond (physician), brother of Abbé, attends Queen’s first childbirth,
120

Vermond (Abbé), Marie Antoinette’s tutor, librarian of Mazarin
collection and protégé of Loménie de Brienne, 33;
attempts to educate Marie Antoinette, 33-36;
emigration after fall of Bastille, 213

Versailles, palace of, eruption of mob into, in Days of October,
227-229

Veto of Crown over legislation, discussion on, 214

—— of Louis XVI. against prosecution of non-juring Clergy and formation
of volunteer camp, 304

Viels-Maisons, posting station, Louis XVI. first recognised at, in
flight to Varennes, 267

Viet, post-master at Chalons, 269

Vilette, Rétaux de, an old soldier, forges the so-called Queen’s
letters for the La Motte, 155, 156;
writes a letter, purporting to be from Queen, asking Rohan for money,
162;
takes Diamond Necklace from Rohan acting as supposed Queen’s
messenger, 163;
arrested at Geneva in the spring of 1786, 175;
condemned to transportation, 176

Vote by Order, prime question before States-General, 198;
decision as to, announced by Barentin, 201;
decision as to, in Royal Session, 207;
Crown advises Union of Orders, 209

Walpole, Horace, his admiration for Marie Antoinette, 95

War, first declaration of, between Europe and Revolution,
responsibility for, 293-95;
advance towards, originates in Queen’s letter to her brother, 297;
declared on 20th April 1792, 300

Washington, his defeat on the Brandywine, 110;
marches south to join the French before Yorktown, 126

Weissembourg, lines of, their strategical importance, 355

Wattignies, battle of, described, 385-401;
village of, scene of final charge against Austrians before Maubeuge,
396

Weber, family of, Marie Antoinette put out to nurse with, 23

Wine, Marie Antoinette’s curious aversion to, 77, 92;
Mercy, an excellent judge of, 124

York, Duke of, marches on Dunquerque, 368

Yorktown, Cornwallis surrenders at, 128;
coincident with Joseph II.’s “Edict of Toleration” and birth of Marie
Antoinette’s heir, 131, 132

------------------------------------------------------------------------

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● Transcriber’s Notes:
○ Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected.
○ Typographical errors were silently corrected.
○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only
when a predominant form was found in this book.
○ Text that:
was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_);
was in bold by is enclosed by “equal” signs (=bold=)
had extra character spacing by “plus” signs (+stretched+).
○ The use of a caret (^) before a letter, or letters, shows that the
following letter or letters was intended to be a superscript, as
in S^t Bartholomew or 10^{th} Century.
○ Superscripts are used to indicate numbers raised to a power. In
this plain text document, they are represented by characters like
this: “P^3” or “10^{18}”, i.e. P cubed or 10 to the 18th power.