Chapter XXI: Appendix: A Description of the Rifles Shown at Page 240

THE GERMAN MAUSER can fire forty rounds a minute--more than any other rifle used in the war. The rifle is of the 1898 pattern, weighs 9 lb. 14 oz. with bayonet fixed, and is sighted from 219 to 2187 yards. The magazine holds five cartridges, packed in chargers. As the rifle is not provided with a cut-off, it cannot be used as a single-loader. With its long barrel and long bayonet it gives a stabbing length of 5 ft. 9 in.--8 in. longer than the British.

THE AUSTRIAN RIFLE is the Mannlicher. This rifle is very fast in action as a snap back and forth of the wrist is sufficient to operate it. It is, however, more trying for prolonged work, owing to the throwing of the strain only on the wrist. Without the bayonet the rifle weighs only 8 lb. 5 oz., the lightest of all, yet the bullet--244 grains--is the heaviest used by any of the belligerents. The rifle is sighted from 410 to 2132 yards, and the barrel has a four-groove rifling.

THE BRITISH LEE-ENFIELD--MARK III--is the outcome of the South African War. It is not too long for horseback and is yet quite efficient for infantry. The barrel is 25 in. long and has five grooves in the rifling. It is sighted from 200 to 2800 yards. The rifle is fitted with a magazine which holds ten cartridges packed in chargers, each of which contains five rounds, so that the magazine is filled with ten rounds in two motions. The rifle is also fitted with a cut-off, which enables it to be used as a single-loader. It is altogether a most efficient weapon.

THE FRENCH LEBEL is of the 1886-1893 pattern, and with bayonet fixed is longer than any other rifle. It weighs, without bayonet, 9 lb. 3-1/2 oz. The tube magazine under the barrel contains eight cartridges; it takes, of course, longer to charge than a magazine loaded with a charger. It does not fire as many shots a minute as some of the other rifles in the field. The position of the magazine is indicated by the crosses. The rifle is sighted from 273 to 2187 yards, and the bullet weighs 198 grains.

THE BELGIAN ARMY uses the 1889 pattern Mauser, which weighs just over 8 lb. and is sighted from 547 to 2187 yards. The magazine holds five cartridges carried in clips; not having a cut-off, the rifle cannot be used as a single-loader. It has four grooves in its rifling and measures 4 ft. 2-1/4 in., or, with the bayonet, 4 ft. 11-3/4 in. The bayonet is short and flat.

THE "3 LINE" NAGANT of Russia is 1/4 lb. heavier than the British rifle and is over 7 in. longer. The triangular bayonet is always fixed and never removed from the rifle. The magazine of the rifle is of the box type and holds five cartridges. The rifle is capable of discharging twenty-four bullets to the minute. A useful feature is the interrupter, which prevents jamming of two cartridges.

THE ITALIAN MANNLICHER-CARCANO is of the 1891 pattern. It weighs, without bayonet, just over 8 lb. 6 oz. and measures 50-3/4 in. The barrel, 30-3/4 in. long, has a four-groove rifling. The box magazine, fixed under receiver without cut-off, holds six cartridges. The magazine holds six rounds, and the rifle is capable of discharging fifteen rounds a minute.

INDEX

A

Accumulators or secondary batteries, 65

Aerial craft experiments, 202

Aerobic and Anaerobic bacteria, 234

Afterdamp, 228

Alcohol as a fuel, 49

Alternating current, 35, 193

Altofts, artificial coal mine at, 139

Aluminium, 133

Amalgam, 117

Ammeters, 25

Ammonia in making ice, 72

Ammunition for big guns, 240

Amperes, 22, 24

Analysis and synthesis, 43

Anode, 55

Anschutz, Dr, 96

Antennae, 162, 171

Anthracene oil, 48

Arc, the, in wireless, 165

Argon, the gas, 75

Artesian wells, 45

"Atmosphere," a unit of measure, 72

Atoms, 56

"Avogadro's Constant," 33

B

Bacteria, beneficent, 234

Ball mill, the, 115

Battery, electrical, 23

Benzine, 45, 48

Bessemer, Sir H., 236

Blowpipe, oxyhydrogen, 120

Board of Trade Unit, the, 22

Boiling water, 10, 76

Bore of a gun, 236

Boulders, blasting, 20

Branly, 166

"Brattice cloth," 224

Breech of a big gun, 240

Brennan torpedo, the, 102

Brewing, 50

"Brine" in machine-made cold, 70

"Budding" of yeast, the, 51

C

Calibre of a gun, 236

"Capacity," 153

Capacity and inductance, electrical properties, 161

Carbolic oil, 48

Carbon, 11

Carbonic acid gas, 10

Carburetter, the, 46

Cardiograms, 32

Caselli, 176

Cathode, 55

Cavendish, investigations of, 73

Cellulose, 12, 44

Centrifugal tendency, 115

"Character" of a lighthouse, 86

Charge and current, 32

Cheddite, 13

Chemicals in waterworks, 232

Chemistry, organic and inorganic, 42

Chlorate of potash, 12

Chloride of soda, 58

Chronograph, the, 141

Clark's Cell, 23

Coal and oil, 47

Coal, burnt, 10

Coal-dust an explosive, 10

Coal-dust, explosions from, 139

Coal-pitch, 48

Coal-tar, 48

"Coasting" lights, 80

Coherer, the, 103, 162, 167

Coke in smelting, 125

Colliery explosions, 137

Colliery explosions, rescue apparatus, 226

Colours of the spectrum, 213

Colours of flowers, 213

Compass, a ship's, 91

Compressed air in torpedoes, 100

"Concentrates," 115

Condensers in wireless, 163

Conservation of energy, 132

Contact makers, 145

Coronium, the gas, 74

Corundum, 134

Coulombs, 23

Courrieres colliery disaster, 221

Creosote, 48

Creosote oil, 48

Crooks, Sir W., 33

Crushing mills, 115

Crystal detectors, 171

Curie, M. and Mme., 33

Curtis and Harvey, 9

Cyanide process, the, 118

Cyanogen, 118

Cymogene, 45

D

Detectors, 167

Detonator, the, 14

Dextro-glucose, 51

Diamonds, 135

Diesel engines, 46

Direct-current electric motor, 191

"Dirt-auger," the, 15

Ditches, blasting, 18

Drainage, 233

Du Pont Powder Company, 9

Duddell, W. H., 37

Dufay dioptichrome process, 219

Dynamite, what it is, 9, 12;
in agriculture, 13;
firing a charge, 16;
fruit trees, 16;
marshy ponds, 17;
ditches, 18;
tree stumps, 19;
boulders, 19;
wells, 20

Dynamo, the, 65

E

Eddystone Lighthouse, 80

Edison's accumulator, 66

Einthoven, Prof., 30

Electric arc, the, 123

Electric furnace, 125

Electric fuse, the, 16

"Electrical Inertia," 153

Electrical battery, 23;
pressure, 23;
cells, 23;
measure, 24;
magnetism, 25

Electricity, 22;
the current, 56;
electro-plating, 58;
purification of metals, 61;
secondary batteries, 62

Electrode, 55

Electrolysis, 55, 170;
in drainage, 234

Electrolyte, 55

Electrometer, the, 32, 34

Electro-plating, 58

Electros, 60

Electroscope, the, 34

Endosperm, the, 50

Engines driven by oil fuel, 46

Enzymes, 50

Ether, 45, 149

Ethyl alcohol, 49

Explosions, 9;
in mines, 137

Explosive link, the, 104

Explosives for guns, 237

F

"Falls" in a coal mine, 223

Fermentation, 50

Fessenden, R. A., 169

Field guns, 241

Filters in waterworks, 232

Fire-damp, 137

Firing-pin of torpedo, 102

Flashing lights, 81

Fog, effects of, 82

Fog signals, 88

"Fractional distillation," 76

"Frequency," 36

Frequency meter, 193

Friction clutch, 195

"Frue" vanner, the, 116

Fruit trees and dynamite, 16

Fuses, firing, 20

G

Galvanometer, the, 27, 170

"Gangue," the, 112

Gauges, 208

Gelignite, 12

Glycerine in explosives, 11

Gold, 110

Guiding lights, 81

Gyroscope, the, 93, 100

H

Half-tone illustrations, 181

"Hard-pan," 14

Harris, Sir W. S., 36

_Hawke_ and _Olympic_, collision between, 198

"Head" of the torpedo, 99

Heat and electricity, 37

Heat of the electric arc, 123

Heat, testing by, 205

Helium, 33, 75

Hertz, 154

Howitzers, 241

Hughes, Prof., 159

Humphrey Gas Pump, 231

Hydraulicing, 112

"Hydro-carbons," 45

Hydrogen, liquid, 73

Hydrometer, the, 65

Hydrostatic valve of torpedo, 101

"Hyper-radial" apparatus, 88

I

Ice, machine-made, 71

Indigo, synthetic, 44

Inductance, 154

Induction coil for wireless, 162

Induction furnaces, 129

Insulating ink, 177

"Interference" of light waves, 159

Ionisation of the atmosphere, 172

Iron, 109

J

Jupiter's moons, 150

K

Kelvin, Lord, 28

Kerosene, 46

Kieselguhr, 12

Kilowatt, the, 25

Kinematograph in coal mine experiments, 146

Korn, Prof., 183

Krypton, the gas, 75

L

Leclanche cell, the, 23

Leyden jar, the, 153

Light, speed of, 151

Light waves, 151

Lighthouse, the, 78

Lighthouse lamp, the, 83

Limit gauges, 209

Liquid air, 73

Lodge, Sir O., 159, 161

Lumiere autochrome process, 216

M

Magnetic detector, the first, 168

Magnetic pole, the, 90

Magnetism, 25

Magnets, 25

"Making" light, the, 79

Maltster, the, 50

Mansfield Rescue Station, the, 224

Marconi, 161

Marshy ponds, to remove by dynamite, 17

Mash tun, the, 50

"Master compass," the, 97

"Master" records, 60

Maxwell, J. C., 152

Measuring by electrolysis, 62

Mendeluff's table, 74

Mercury, 114

Metallographic testing, 205

Metals, testing, 204

Methane gas, 10, 124

Methyl alcohol, 49, 53

Microbes, their use, 43

Mine-laying, 105

Mine-sweeping, 107

Molecules, 56

Morris, William, 233

Mud, gold from, 122

Muirhead, Dr, 167

Murette or pedestal of lighthouse lamp, 85

N

Naphtha, 45

National Physical Laboratory, 199

Natural frequency, 161

Neon, the gas, 75

Nickel chrome gun steel, 239

Nitric acid, 11

Nitro-cotton, 12

Nitro-glycerine, 11

Nitrogen gas, 9

Nobel, inventor of dynamite, 12, 135

Nodes, 157

O

Ohm, the, 22, 24

Ohmmeter, the, 27

Ohm's law, 27

Oil, mineral, 44

Oil-producing countries, 47

Optical apparatus of lighthouse, 86

"Orders" of lighthouse apparatus, 88

Ores, 110

Orthochromatic plates, 212

Oscillations, electrical, 36

Oscillatory circuit, 154

Oscillograph, Duddell's, 39

Oxide of iron, 133

Oxyacetylene flame, the, 131

Oxygen gas, 10

Oxyhydrogen jet, 130

P

Paraffin wax, 45

Patents, 174

"Periodicity," 36

"Personal equation," the, 207

Petrol, 45, 52

Petroleum, 44

Phonograph, the, 60

Plans of a ship, 199

Plates of the secondary battery, 64

Platinum, 184

Plumbago in plating, 59

Poulsen arc, the, 173

Poulsen, Valdemar, 165

Pressure gauges, 143

Priestly, investigations of, 73

Primary colours, 213

Prisms, reflection of, 85

Process blocks, 186

Projectiles, velocity of, 237

Propellers of the torpedo, 99

Propellers, testing aerial, 203

Prout's anonymous essay, 74

Prussiate of potash, 177

Purification of metals, 62

Q

Quadrant electrometer, the, 35

Quartz, 113;
fibre, 31, 131

R

Radium, 33

Ramsey, Sir W., 75

Range-finding, 240, 242

Rayleigh, Lord, 74

Receiving instruments for wireless, 162

"Record" vanner, the, 116

"Rectifier," the, 37, 171

Red rays of light, 82

Reflection by prisms, 84

Reflectors, lighthouse, 84

Reiss electrical thermometer, 36

Repeated-impact testing machine, 204

Rescue teams for colliery accidents, 221, 222

Resistance welding, 126

"Resonance," an experiment, 160

Reviving apparatus for coal mines, 229

Rheostat, the, 188, 191

Rhigolene, 45

Rifling of a gun, 239

Rubber, synthetic, 44

Rubies, artificial, 131

Rudders of a torpedo, 100

Rutherford, Prof., 33, 168

S

Saccharine, 48

Saltpetre, 12

Schwartzkopff torpedo, the, 99

Scilly Island lighthouse, 80

Sea, gold in the, 120

Secondary battery, the, 62

"Sectors," 81

Selenium, 184

"Self-rescue" apparatus, a, 228

Shale, oil from, 45

Shells for guns, 239

Ships, testing by models, 200

Short circuit, 179

"Shunt," the, 165

Sighting a big gun, 241

Silica, 133

Skating rinks, ice in, 71

"Sludge" and "effluent" of drainage, 233

Spark detectors, 166

Spark-gap, 162

Spectrum, the, 213

Spinthariscopes, 33

Spirits, 52

Springs, testing, 203

Stamps for crushing quartz, 113

Starch grains in colour photography, 217

"Step-down" and "step-up" transformers, 127

"String galvanometer," the, 30

Submarine mines, 104

Submarine telephone, 88

Sulphuric acid, 11, 43

Sunlight, composition of, 213

Synchronism, difficulties of, 182, 191

Synthetic substances, 44

T

"Tamping," 15

Tank for testing at Teddington, 201;
New York harbour, 201

Telautograph, the, 180

Telectograph, the, 180, 185

Telegraph key for wireless, 162

Telewriter, the, 187

Temperature, measuring, 38

Tesla, Nicola, 164

Testing by heat, 205

Testing machines, 206

Thermit, 135

Thermo-couple, the, 38

Thermo-galvanometer, the, 37

Thomson Mirror Galvanometer, the, 28

Thomson, Prof., S., 159

Torpedo, the, 98

Training station at Porth, 225

Transformer, the, 127

Transmitting instruments, 163

Travers, Prof., 75

Tree stumps, blasting, 19

Tuning-fork a standard of speed, 193

Turret of a battleship, 240

U

Ultra-microscope, the, 209

Ultra-violet rays, 172

V

Varley and the Atlantic cable, 28

Vaseline, 46

Veins or lodes, 113

Vickers, 202

Voltmeter, the, 26

Volts, 22, 24

W

Water a source of heat, 124

Water, soft and hard, 232

Watt, the, 24

Waves caused by ships, recording, 200

Wax models of ships, 199

Welding by electricity, 125

Wells, blasting, 20

Welsbach mantle, the, 124

Whitehead, 99

Wire guns, 238

Wireless telegraphy, 161, 173

Wireless torpedo, the, 102

Wood-meal in explosives, 12

Wood spirit, 49

"Working fluid," the, 68

Y

Yeast, 51

Z

Zero, 68

Zinc in gold recovery, 119

* * * * *

THE RIVERSIDE PRESS LIMITED, EDINBURGH

1917