Chapter I: Part 1

[Note: The Table of Contents and the list of illustrations were added
by the transcriber.]

McCLURE'S MAGAZINE

MARCH, 1896.

VOL. VI. NO. 4.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ILLUSTRATIONS.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Ida M. Tarbell.
Lincoln Is Admitted to the Bar.
Lincoln in the Tenth Assembly of Illinois.
The Removal of the Capital to Springfield.
Lincoln's First Reported Speech.
Abraham Lincoln's First Protest Against Slavery.
Social Life in Vandalia in 1836 and 1837.
Lincoln Moves to Springfield.
Lincoln's Position in Springfield.
THE SHIP THAT FOUND HERSELF. By Rudyard Kipling.
A CENTURY OF PAINTING. By Will H. Low.
CY AND I. By Eugene Field.
A YOUNG HERO. By John Hay.
CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
LOST YOUTH. By R.L. Stevenson.
THE DIVIDED HOUSE. By Julia D. Whiting.
SCIENTIFIC KITE-FLYING. By Cleveland Moffett.
How to Make a Scientific Kite.
How to Send Up a Kite.
Runaway Tandems.
The Lifting Power of Kites.
The Meteorological Use of Kites.
The Highest Flight Ever Made by a Kite.
Drawing Down Electricity by a Kite-string.
The Use of Kites in Photography.
Possible Use of Kites in War.
A DRAMATIC POINT. By Robert Barr.
EDITORIAL NOTES.
"Justice, Where Art Thou?"
"A Disgrace to Civilization."
The Real Lincoln.
Lincoln in 1860--J. Henry Brown's Journal.

ILLUSTRATIONS

LINCOLN IN 1860.
LINCOLN IN 1860.
EBENEZER PECK.
MEMBERS OF THE SANGAMON SOCIETY DELEGATION IN THE TENTH ILLINOIS
ASSEMBLY.
ELIJAH PARISH LOVEJOY.
LINCOLN IN 1863 OR 1864.
FRONTISPIECE OF "ALTON TRIALS," A SMALL VOLUME PUBLISHED IN 1838.
STUART AND LINCOLN'S PROFESSIONAL CARD.
OFFICE CHAIR FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.
STUART AND LINCOLN'S LAW OFFICE.
A STAGE-COACH ADVERTISEMENT, 1834.
MARY L. OWENS.
LINCOLN AND HIS SON THOMAS, FAMILIARLY KNOWN AS "TAD."
PAGE FROM STUART AND LINCOLN'S FEE BOOK.
OLD SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
WILLIAM BUTLER.
INVITATION TO A SPRINGFIELD COTILLION PARTY.
MAP OF ILLINOIS.
THE WAVE "WENT OUT IN THREE SURGES, MAKING A CLEAN SWEEP OF A BOAT."
THE "DIMBULA" TAKING CARGO FOR HER FIRST VOYAGE.
"AN UNUSUALLY SEVERE PITCH ... HAD LIFTED THE BIG THROBBING SCREW
NEARLY TO THE SURFACE."
THE GARROTED MAN. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.
DEATH ON THE BATTLE-FIELD. FROM AN ETCHING BY GOYA.
GOYA. FROM A PORTRAIT ETCHED BY HIMSELF.
ST. JUSTINA AND ST. RUFINA. FROM A PAINTING BY GOYA.
THE BLIND FIDDLER. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR DAVID WILKIE.
CHOOSING THE WEDDING GOWN. FROM A PAINTING BY WILLIAM MULREADY.
CONTRARY WINDS. FROM A PAINTING BY THOMAS WEBSTER.
SANCHO PANZA IN THE APARTMENT OF THE DUCHESS.
THE RAFT OF THE "MEDUSA." FROM A PAINTING BY GÉRICAULT.
INGRES. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF.
DELACROIX. FROM A PORTRAIT PAINTED BY HIMSELF IN 1837.
A PORTRAIT OF INGRES, DRAWN IN ROME IN 1816.
APOTHEOSIS OF HOMER. FROM A PAINTING BY INGRES.
THE SEIZURE OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE CRUSADERS.
DANTE AND VIRGIL CROSSING THE LAKE WHICH SURROUNDS THE INFERNAL
CITY OF DITÉ.
HENRY H. MILLER, A MEMBER OF THE ORGINAL COMPANY OF ELLSWORTH
ZOUAVES.
ELLSWORTH IN THE SPRING OF 1861.
ELLSWORTH IN 1860.
FRANK E. BROWNELL, WHO KILLED THE ASSASSIN OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH.
THE DEATH OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH.
THE MARSHALL HOUSE, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA.
COLONEL ELLSWORTH AND A GROUP OF MILITIA OFFICERS.
"THE OLD BRICK ACADEMY," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACUSETTS.
ABBOT ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.
"THE STONE BUILDING," PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.
THE HOUSE IN ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS, CONTAINING THE SCHOOL CALLED
"THE NUNNERY."
HENRY MILLS ALDEN, EDITOR OF "HARPER'S MAGAZINE."
ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON AT THE AGE OF FOURTEEN.
"THE DOCTOR DON'T SEEM TO THINK I SHALL TUCKER IT OUT MUCH LONGER."
THE DIVIDED HOUSE.
"AS ARMIDA SAT ON THE BENCH UNDER THE OLD RUSSET APPLE-TREE, ..."
EVENING IN THE DIVIDED KITCHEN.
"LOOKING BEFORE THEM THEY COULD SEE BOTH HUSBAND AND WIFE MOTIONLESS
IN THE ROAD."
HARGRAVE LIFTED SIXTEEN FEET FROM THE GROUND BY A TANDEM OF HIS
BOX-KITES.
FRANKFORT STREET. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE.
FRANKFORT STREET. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW FROM A KITE. (ANOTHER VIEW.)
THE EDDY TAILLESS KITE.
THE HARGRAVE BOX-KITE.
NEW YORK, EAST RIVER, BROOKLYN, AND NEW YORK BAY, FROM A KITE.
PHOTOGRAPHING FROM A KITE-LINE.
CITY HALL PARK AND BROADWAY FROM A KITE.
MURRAY AND WARREN STREETS, NEW YORK CITY, FROM A KITE.
KITE-DRAWN BUOY.
DIRIGIBLE KITE-DRAWN BUOY.
THE KITE-BUOY IN SERVICE.
"MY GOD!--YOU WERE RIGHT--AFTER ALL."

From an ambrotype taken in Springfield, Illinois, on August 13, 1860, and now owned by Mr. William H. Lambert of Philadelphia, through whose courtesy we are allowed to reproduce it here. This ambrotype was bought by Mr. Lambert from Mr. W.P. Brown of Philadelphia. Mr. Brown writes of the portrait: "This picture, along with another one of the same kind, was presented by President Lincoln to my father, J. Henry Brown, deceased (miniature artist), after he had finished painting Lincoln's picture on ivory, at Springfield, Illinois. The commission was given my father by Judge Read (John M. Read of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania), immediately after Lincoln's nomination for the Presidency. One of the ambrotypes I sold to the Historical Society of Boston, Massachusetts, and it is now in their possession." The miniature referred to is now owned by Mr. Robert T. Lincoln. It was engraved by Samuel Sartain, and circulated widely before the inauguration. After Mr. Lincoln grew a beard, Sartain put a beard on his plate, and the engraving continued to sell extensively. While Mr. Brown was in Springfield painting the miniature he kept a journal, which Mr. Lambert also owns and which he has generously put at our disposal. It will be found on page 400.]

McCLURE'S MAGAZINE.

VOL. VI. MARCH, 1896. No. 4.

ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

BY IDA M. TARBELL.

LINCOLN'S ELECTION TO THE TENTH ASSEMBLY.--ADMISSION TO THE BAR.--REMOVAL TO SPRINGFIELD.

The first twenty-six years of Abraham Lincoln's life have been traced in the preceding chapters. We have seen him struggling to escape from the lot of a common farm laborer, to which he seemed to be born; becoming a flatboatman, a grocery clerk, a store-keeper, a postmaster, and finally a surveyor. We have traced his efforts to rise above the intellectual apathy and the indifference to culture which characterized the people among whom he was reared, by studying with eagerness every subject on which he could find books,--biography, state history, mathematics, grammar, surveying, and finally law. We have followed his growth in ambition and in popularity from the day when, on a keg in an Indiana grocery, he debated the contents of the Louisville "Journal" with a company of admiring elders, to the time when, purely because he was liked, he was elected to the State Assembly of Illinois by the people of Sangamon County. His joys and sorrows have been reviewed from his childhood in Kentucky to the day of the death of the woman he loved and had hoped to make his wife. These twenty-six years form the first period of Lincoln's life. It was a period of makeshifts and experiments, ending in a tragic sorrow; but at its close he had definite aims, and preparation and experience enough to convince him that he dared follow them. Law and politics were the fields he had chosen, and in the first year of the second period of his life, 1836, he entered them definitely.

The Ninth General Assembly of Illinois, in which Lincoln had done his preparatory work as a legislator, was dissolved, and in June, 1836, he announced himself as a candidate for the Tenth Assembly. A few days later the "Sangamon Journal" published his simple platform:

NEW SALEM, _June 13, 1836_.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE 'JOURNAL':

"In your paper of last Saturday I see a communication over the
signature of 'Many Voters,' in which the candidates who are
announced in the 'Journal' are called upon to 'show their
hands.' Agreed. Here's mine:

I go for all sharing the privileges of the government
who assist in bearing its burdens. Consequently, I go for
admitting all whites to the right of suffrage who pay taxes or
bear arms (by no means excluding females).

If elected, I shall consider the whole people of Sangamon my
constituents, as well those that oppose as those that support
me.

While acting as their representative, I shall be governed
by their will on all subjects upon which I have the means of
knowing what their will is; and upon all others, I shall
do what my own judgment teaches me will best advance their
interests. Whether elected or not, I go for distributing the
proceeds of the sales of public lands to the several States,
to enable our State, in common with others, to dig canals and
construct railroads without borrowing money and paying the
interest on it.

"If alive on the first Monday in November, I shall vote for
Hugh L. White for President.

"Very respectfully,
"A. LINCOLN."

The campaign which Lincoln began with this letter was in every way more exciting for him than those of 1832 and 1834. Since the last election a census had been taken in Illinois which showed so large an increase in the population that the legislative districts had been reapportioned and the General Assembly increased by fifty members. In this reapportionment Sangamon County's delegation had been enlarged to seven representatives and two senators. This gave large new opportunity to political ambition, and doubled the enthusiasm of political meetings.

But the increase of the representation was not all that made the campaign exciting. Party lines had never before been so clearly drawn, nor personal abuse quite so intense. One of Lincoln's first acts was to answer a personal attack. He did it in a letter marked by candor, good-humor, and shrewdness.

"NEW SALEM, _June 21, 1836_.
"DEAR COLONEL:

"I am told that during my absence last week you passed through
the place and stated publicly that you were in possession of
a fact or facts which, if known to the public, would entirely
destroy the prospects of N.W. Edwards and myself at the
ensuing election; but that through favor to us you would
forbear to divulge them. No one has needed favors more than I,
and generally few have been less unwilling to accept them; but
in this case favor to me would be injustice to the public, and
therefore I must beg your pardon for declining it. That I
once had the confidence of the people of Sangamon County is
sufficiently evident; and if I have done anything, either by
design or misadventure, which if known would subject me to a
forfeiture of that confidence, he that knows of that thing and
conceals it is a traitor to his country's interest.

"I find myself wholly unable to form any conjecture of what
fact or facts, real or supposed, you spoke; but my opinion of
your veracity will not permit me for a moment to doubt that
you at least believed what you said. I am flattered with the
personal regard you manifested for me; but I do hope that
on mature reflection you will view the public interest as a
paramount consideration and therefore let the worst come.

"I assure you that the candid statement of facts on your part,
however low it may sink me, shall never break the ties of
personal friendship between us.

"I wish an answer to this, and you are at liberty to publish
both if you choose.

"Very respectfully,
"A. LINCOLN."

"COLONEL ROBERT ALLEN."

Usually during the campaign Lincoln was obliged to meet personal attacks, not by letter, but on the platform. Joshua Speed, who later became the most intimate friend that Lincoln probably ever had, tells of one occasion when he was obliged to meet such an attack on the very spur of the moment. A great mass-meeting was in progress at Springfield, and Lincoln had made a speech which had produced a deep impression. "I was then fresh from Kentucky," says Mr. Speed, "and had heard many of her great orators. It seemed to me then, as it seems to me now, that I never heard a more effective speaker. He carried the crowd with him, and swayed them as he pleased. So deep an impression did he make that George Forquer, a man of much celebrity as a sarcastic speaker and with a great reputation throughout the State as an orator, rose and asked the people to hear _him_. He began his speech by saying that this young man would have to be taken down, and he was sorry that the task devolved upon him. He made what was called one of his 'slasher-gaff' speeches, dealing much in ridicule and sarcasm. Lincoln stood near him, with his arms folded, never interrupting him. When Forquer was done, Lincoln walked to the stand, and replied so fully and completely that his friends bore him from the court-house on their shoulders.

"So deep an impression did this first speech make upon me that I remember its conclusion now, after a lapse of thirty-eight years. Said he:

"'The gentleman commenced his speech by saying that this young man would have to be taken down, and he was sorry the task devolved upon him. I am not so young in years as I am in the tricks and trade of a politician; but live long or die young, I would rather die now than, like the gentleman, change my politics and simultaneous with the change receive an office worth three thousand dollars a year, and then have to erect a lightning-rod over my house to protect a guilty conscience from an offended God.'

"To understand the point of this it must be explained that Forquer had been a Whig, but had changed his politics, and had been appointed Register of the Land Office; and over his house was the only lightning-rod in the town or country. Lincoln had seen the lightning-rod for the first time on the day before."

From a carbon enlargement, made by Sherman and McHugh of New York City, of an ambrotype owned by Mr. A. Montgomery of Columbus, Ohio, to whose generosity we owe the right of reproduction. This portrait of Lincoln was made in June, 1860, by Butler, a Springfield (Illinois) photographer. On July 4th of that year, Mr. Lincoln delivered an address at Atlanta, Illinois, where he was the guest of Mr. Vester Strong. Before leaving town he handed Mr. Strong the ambrotype which we copy here. Mr. Strong valued the picture highly, but as he had no children to whom to leave it, and as he wished it to be in the care of one who would appreciate its value, he gave it a few years ago to Mr. Montgomery.]

This speech has never been forgotten in Springfield, and on my visits there I have repeatedly had the site of the house on which this particular lightning-rod was placed pointed out, and one or another of the many versions which the story has been given, related to me.

It was the practice at that date in Illinois for two rival candidates to travel over the district together. The custom led to much good-natured raillery between them; and in such contests Lincoln was rarely, if ever, worsted. He could even turn the generosity of his rival to account by his whimsical treatment, as the following shows: He had driven out from Springfield in company with a political opponent to engage in joint debate. The carriage, it seems, belonged to his opponent. In addressing the gathering of farmers that met them, Lincoln was lavish in praise of the generosity of his friend. "I am too poor to own a carriage," he said, "but my friend has generously invited me to ride with him. I want you to vote for me if you will; but if not, then vote for my opponent, for he is a fine man." His extravagant and persistent praise of his opponent appealed to the sense of humor in his farmer audience, to whom Lincoln's inability to own a carriage was by no means a disqualification.[1]

The election came off in August, and resulted in the choice of a delegation from Sangamon County famous in the annals of Illinois. The nine successful candidates were Abraham Lincoln, John Dawson, Daniel Stone, Ninian W. Edwards, William F. Elkins, R.L. Wilson, Andrew McCormick, Job Fletcher, and Arthur Herndon. Each one of these men was over six feet in height, their combined stature being, it is said, fifty-five feet. The "Long Nine" was the name Sangamon County gave them.

Ebenezer Peck, who was chiefly instrumental in introducing the convention system into Illinois politics, was born in Portland, Maine, May 22, 1805. He lived for some time in Peacham, Vermont, where he was educated. While yet a boy, removed with his parents to Canada. He studied law at Montreal, and practised there; became King's Counsel for Canada East, and was finally elected to the provincial parliament on the Reform ticket. In the summer of 1835 he removed to Chicago, and there, as a lawyer and a politician, he at once made his mark. He was a delegate to the first Democratic State convention in Illinois, held at Vandalia, December 7, 1835, and was the chief advocate of the general adoption of the convention system--a system which was at first opposed and ridiculed by the Whigs, but which very soon they were forced to adopt. In 1837 Mr. Peck was made one of the Internal Improvement Commissioners. In 1838 he was elected to the State Senate, and in 1840 to the House. He was clerk of the Supreme Court from 1841 to 1848, and reporter of that court from 1849 to 1863. His anti-slavery sentiments led him to abandon the Democratic party in 1853, and in 1856 he helped establish the Republican party in the State. He was again elected to the legislature in 1858. In 1863 President Lincoln appointed him a judge of the Court of Claims, and he held this position until 1875. He died May 25, 1881.--_J. McCan Davis._]

LINCOLN IS ADMITTED TO THE BAR.

As soon as the election was over Lincoln occupied himself in settling another matter, of much greater moment, in his own judgment. He went to Springfield to seek admission to the bar. The "roll of attorneys and counsellors at law," on file in the office of the clerk of the Supreme Court at Springfield, Illinois, shows that his license was dated September 9, 1836, and that the date of the enrollment of his name upon the official list was March 1, 1837. The first case in which he was concerned, as far as we know, was that of Hawthorn against Woolridge. He made his first appearance in court in October, 1836.

Although he had given much time during this year to politics and the law, he had by no means abandoned surveying. Indeed he never had more calls. Surveying was particularly brisk at the moment, and he frequently was obliged to be away for three and four weeks at a time, laying out towns or locating roads. "When he got a job," says the Hon. J.M. Ruggles, a friend and political supporter of Mr. Lincoln, "there was a picnic and jolly time in the neighborhood. Men and boys would gather around, ready to carry chain, drive stakes, and blaze trees, but mainly to hear Lincoln's odd stories and jokes. The fun was interspersed with foot races and wrestling matches. To this day the old settlers around Bath repeat the incidents of Lincoln's sojourns in their neighborhood while surveying that town."

MEMBERS OF THE SANGAMON COUNTY DELEGATION IN THE TENTH ILLINOIS ASSEMBLY--THE DELEGATION KNOWN AS THE "LONG NINE."

NINIAN W. EDWARDS was born in Kentucky in 1809, a son of Ninian Edwards, who in the same year was appointed Governor of the new Territory of Illinois. Mr. Edwards was appointed Attorney-General of Illinois in 1834; in 1836 was elected to the legislature; was reëlected in 1838; served in the State Senate from 1844 to 1848, and again in the House from 1848 to 1852. He was a member of the constitutional convention of 1847. He died at Springfield, September 2, 1889.

JOB FLETCHER, SR., was born in Virginia in 1793; removed to Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1819. In 1826 he was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives, and in 1834 to the State Senate, where he served six years. He died in Sangamon County in 1872.

WILLIAM F. ELKINS was born in Kentucky in 1792. He went to Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1825. In 1828, 1836, and 1838 he was elected to the legislature. In 1831 he raised a company for the Black Hawk War, and was its captain. In 1861 President Lincoln appointed him Register of the United States Land Office at Springfield, an office which he held until 1872, when he resigned. He died at Decatur, Illinois, 1880.

ROBERT LANG WILSON was born in Pennsylvania in 1805. In 1831 he went to Kentucky; in 1833 removed to Sangamon County, Illinois; in 1836 was elected to the Illinois House. He removed to Sterling, Illinois, in 1840, and died there in 1880. For some years he was paymaster in the United States Army.

JOHN DAWSON was born in Virginia in 1791; he removed to Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1827. He was elected to the lower house of the legislature in 1830, 1834, 1836, 1838, and 1846. He was a member of the constitutional convention of 1847. He died November 12, 1850.

The other members of the "Long Nine" were Abraham Lincoln, Daniel Stone, Andrew McCormick, and Arthur Herndon.]

LINCOLN IN THE TENTH ASSEMBLY OF ILLINOIS

In December Lincoln put away his surveying instruments to go to Vandalia for the opening session of the Tenth Assembly. Larger by fifty members than its predecessor, this body was as much superior in intellect as in numbers. It included among its members a future President of the United States, a future candidate for the same high office, six future United States Senators, eight future members of the National House of Representatives, a future Secretary of the Interior, and three future Judges of the State Supreme Court. Here sat side by side Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas; Edward Dickinson Baker, who represented at different times the States of Illinois and Oregon in the national councils; O.H. Browning, a prospective senator and future cabinet officer, and William L.D. Ewing, who had just served in the senate; John Logan, father of the late General John A. Logan; Robert M. Cullom, father of Senator Shelby M. Cullom; John A. McClernand, afterward member of Congress for many years, and a distinguished general in the late Civil War; and many others of national repute.[2]

From a silhouette loaned by Mr. Owen Lovejoy of Princeton, Illinois. Elijah Lovejoy was born in Maine in 1802. When twenty-five years old he emigrated to St. Louis, where he at first did journalistic work on a Whig newspaper. In 1833 he entered the ministry, and was soon after made editor of a religious newspaper, the "St. Louis Observer." Mr. Lovejoy began, in 1835, to turn his paper against slavery, but the opposition he found in Missouri was so strong that in the summer of 1836 he decided to move his paper to Alton, Illinois. Before he could get his plant out of St. Louis a mob destroyed the greater part. The remainder he succeeded in getting to Alton, but a mob met it there and threw it into the river. The citizens of Alton, ashamed of this act, gave Mr. Lovejoy money to buy a new press. At first the tone of the paper was moderate, but gradually it grew more emphatic in its utterances against slavery. The pro-slavery element of the town protested, indignation meetings were held, and in August, 1837, his press was thrown into the river. Another was immediately bought, which, in September, followed its predecessor to the bottom of the Mississippi. When it was known in Alton that Mr. Lovejoy had ordered a fourth press, and had resolved to fight the opposition to the end, a public meeting was called, at which many speeches were made on both sides, and he was urged to leave Alton. This he refused to do, and his fourth press was landed on November 6, 1837. The next night a mob attacked the warehouse where it was placed, and in the riot one of the assailants, Lyman Bishop, and Elijah Lovejoy himself were killed.]

The members came to Vandalia full of hope and exultation. In their judgment it needed only a few months of legislation to put their State by the side of New York; and from the opening of the session they were overflowing with excitement and schemes. In the general ebullition of spirits which characterized the Assembly, Lincoln had little share. Only a week after the opening of the session he wrote to a friend, Mary Owens, at New Salem, that he had been ill, though he believed himself to be about well then; and he added: "But that, with other things I cannot account for, have conspired, and have gotten my spirits so low that I feel I would rather be any place in the world than here. I really cannot endure the thought of staying here ten weeks."

Though depressed, he was far from being inactive. The Sangamon delegation, in fact, had their hands full, and to no one of the nine had more been entrusted than to Lincoln. In common with almost every delegation, they had been instructed by their constituents to adopt a scheme of internal improvements complete enough to give every budding town in Illinois easy communication with the world. This for the State in general; for Sangamon County in particular, they had been directed to secure the capital. The change in the State's centre of population made it advisable to move the seat of government northward from Vandalia, and Springfield was anxious to secure it. To Lincoln was entrusted the work of putting through the bill to remove the capital. In the same letter quoted from above he tells Miss Owens, "Our chance to take the seat of government to Springfield is better than I expected." Regarding the internal improvements scheme he feels less confident: "Some of the legislature are for it, and some against; which has the majority, I cannot tell."

From a photograph by Brady, and kindly loaned by Mr. Noah Brooks for this reproduction.]

It was not long, however, before all uncertainty about internal improvements was over. The people were determined to have them, and the Assembly responded to their demands by passing an act which provided, at State expense, for railroads, canals, or river improvements in almost every county in Illinois. To compensate those counties to which they could not give anything else, they voted them a sum of money for roads and bridges. No finer bit of imaginative work was ever done, in fact, by a legislative body, than the map of internal improvements made by the Tenth Assembly of Illinois.

There was no time to estimate exactly the cost of these fine plans. Nor did they feel any need of estimates; that was a mere matter of detail. They would vote a fund, and when that was exhausted they would vote more; and so they appropriated sum after sum: one hundred thousand dollars to improve the Rock River; one million eight hundred thousand dollars to build a road from Quincy to Danville; four million dollars to complete the Illinois and Michigan Canal; two hundred and fifty thousand for the Western Mail Route--in all, some twelve million dollars. To carry out the elaborate scheme, they provided a commission, one of the first duties of which was to sell the bonds of the State to raise the money for the enterprise. The majority of the Assembly seem not to have entertained for a moment an idea that there would be any difficulty in selling at a premium the bonds of Illinois. "On the contrary," as General Linder says in his "Reminiscences," "the enthusiastic friends of the measure maintained that, instead of there being any difficulty in obtaining a loan of the fifteen or twenty millions authorized to be borrowed, our bonds would go like hot cakes, and be sought for by the Rothschilds, and Baring Brothers, and others of that stamp; and that the premiums which we would obtain upon them would range from fifty to one hundred per cent., and that the premium itself would be sufficient to construct most of the important works, leaving the principal sum to go into our treasury, and leave the people free from taxation for years to come."

The professional card of Stuart and Lincoln shows that the copartnership began April 12, 1837. The card appeared in the next issue of the "Sangamo Journal," and was continued until Lincoln became the partner of Judge Logan, in 1841.]

THE REMOVAL OF THE CAPITAL TO SPRINGFIELD.

Although Lincoln favored and aided in every way the plan for internal improvements, his real work was in securing the removal of the capital to Springfield. The task was by no means an easy one to direct; for outside of the "Long Nine" there was, of course, nobody particularly interested in Springfield, and there were delegations from a dozen other counties hot to secure the capital for their own constituencies. It took patient and clever manipulation to put the bill through. Certain votes Lincoln, no doubt, gained for his cause by force of his personal qualities. Thus Jesse K. Dubois says that he and his colleagues voted for the bill because they liked Lincoln, and wanted to oblige him. But probably the majority were won by skilful log-rolling. Not that Lincoln ever sanctioned "trading" to the sacrifice of his own convictions. General T.H. Henderson, of Illinois, says in some interesting reminiscences of Lincoln, prepared for this Life and hitherto unpublished: "Before I had ever seen Abraham Lincoln I heard my father, who served with him in the legislature of 1838-39 and of 1840-41, relate an incident in Mr. Lincoln's life which illustrates his character for integrity and his firmness in maintaining what he regarded as right in his public acts, in a marked manner.

"I do not remember whether this incident occurred during the session of the legislature in 1836-37 or 1838-39. But I think it was in that of 1836-37, when it was said that there was a great deal of log-rolling going on among the members. But, however that may be, according to the story related by my father, an effort was made to unite the friends of capital removal with the friends of some measure which Mr. Lincoln, for some reason, did not approve. What that measure was to which he objected, I am not now able to recall. But those who desired the removal of the capital to Springfield were very anxious to effect the proposed combination, and a meeting was held to see if it could be accomplished. The meeting continued in session nearly all night, when it adjourned without accomplishing anything, Mr. Lincoln refusing to yield his objections and to support the obnoxious measure."

The chair is now in the Oldroyd Collection in Washington, D.C.]

"Another meeting was called, and at this second meeting a number of citizens, not members of the legislature, from the central and northern parts of the State, among them my father, were present by invitation. The meeting was long protracted, and earnest in its deliberations. Every argument that could be thought of was used to induce Mr. Lincoln to yield his objections and unite with his friends, and thus secure the removal of the capital to his own city; but without effect. Finally, after midnight, when everybody seemed exhausted with the discussion, and when the candles were burning low in the room, Mr. Lincoln rose amid the silence and solemnity which prevailed, and, my father said, made one of the most eloquent and powerful speeches to which he had ever listened. And he concluded his remarks by saying, 'You may burn my body to ashes, and scatter them to the winds of heaven; you may drag my soul down to the regions of darkness and despair to be tormented forever; but you will never get me to support a measure which I believe to be wrong, although by doing so I may accomplish that which I believe to be right.' And the meeting adjourned."

From a photograph loaned by Jesse W. Weik. The law office of Stuart and Lincoln was in the second story of the building occupied at the time the photograph was made by "Tom Dupleaux's Furniture Store." Hoffman's Row, as this group of buildings was called, was used as a court-house at that date, 1837. The court-room was in the lower story of the two central buildings.]

If Lincoln did not support measures which he considered doubtful, he did, now and then, "tack a provision" on a bill to please a friend, as the following letter, hitherto unpublished, shows:[3]

"SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, _August 5, 1837_.

"DEAR SIR:

"Mr. Edwards tells me you wish to know whether the act to
which your town incorporation provision was attached passed
into a law. It did. You can organize under the general
incorporation law as soon as you choose.

"I also tacked a provision on to a fellow's bill, to authorize
the relocation of the road from Salem down to your town, but
I am not certain whether or not the bill passed. Neither do I
suppose I can ascertain before the law will be published--if
it is a law. Bowling Green, Bennett Abell, and yourself are
appointed to make the change.

"No news. No excitement, except a little about the election of
Monday next. I suppose, of course, our friend Dr. Henry stands
no chance in your 'diggings.'

"Your friend and honorable servant,

"A. LINCOLN."

"JOHN BENNETT, ESQ.

As was to be expected, the Democrats charged that the Whigs of Sangamon had won their victory by "bargain and corruption." These charges became so serious that, in an extra session called in the summer of 1837, a few months after the bill passed, Lincoln had a bitter fight over them with General L.D. Ewing, who wanted to keep Vandalia as the capital. "The arrogance of Springfield," said General Ewing, "its presumption in claiming the seat of government, is not to be endured; the law has been passed by chicanery and trickery; the Springfield delegation has sold out to the internal improvement men, and has promised its support to every measure that would gain a vote to the law removing the seat of government."

Lincoln answered in a speech of such severity and keenness that the House believed he was "digging his own grave;" for Ewing was a high-spirited man who would not hesitate to answer by a challenge. It was, in fact, only the interference of their friends which prevented a duel at this time between Ewing and Lincoln. This speech, to many of Lincoln's colleagues, was a revelation of his ability and character. "This was the first time," said General Linder, "that I began to conceive a very high opinion of the talents and personal courage of Abraham Lincoln."

This advertisement appeared in the "Sangamo Journal" in April, 1834, and held a place in the paper through the next three years. As the "Four Horse Coach" ran through Sangamon town and New Salem, it doubtless had Lincoln as a passenger now and then, but not often, probably, for the fare from New Salem to Springfield was one dollar and twenty-five cents, and walking, or riding upon a borrowed horse, must generally have been preferred by Lincoln to so costly a mode of travelling.]

A few months later the "Long Nine" were again attacked, Lincoln specially being abused. The assailant this time was a prominent Democrat, Mr. J.B. Thomas. When he had ended, Lincoln replied in a speech which was long known in local political circles as the "skinning of Thomas."

LINCOLN'S FIRST REPORTED SPEECH.

No one doubted after this that Lincoln could defend himself. He became doubly respected as an opponent, for his reputation for good-humored raillery had been established in his campaigns. In a speech made in January he gave another evidence of his skill in the use of ridicule. A resolution had been offered by Mr. Linder to institute an inquiry into the management of the affairs of the State bank. Lincoln's remarks on the resolution form his first reported speech. This speech has been unnoticed by his biographers hitherto; and it appears in none of the editions of his speeches and letters. It was discovered in the "Sangamo Journal" for January 28, 1837, by Mr. J. McCan Davis, in the course of a search through the files instituted by this Magazine.

Born in Kentucky in 1808. Lincoln first met Miss Owens in 1833 at New Salem, where she made a short visit. In 1836 she came back to New Salem, and a warm friendship sprang up between them. The question of marriage was discussed in a disinterested way. Miss Owens left Illinois in 1838, and in 1841 she married a Mr. Jesse Vineyard. The letters written to her by Mr. Lincoln she herself gave to Mr. Herndon for publication.]

Lincoln began these remarks by good-humored but nettling chaffing of his opponent.

"Mr. Chairman," he said: "Lest I should fall into the too
common error of being mistaken in regard to which side I
design to be upon, I shall make it my first care to remove
all doubt on that point, by declaring that I am opposed to the
resolution under consideration, _in toto_. Before I proceed to
the body of the subject, I will further remark, that it is not
without a considerable degree of apprehension that I venture
to cross the track of the gentleman from Coles [Mr. Linder].
Indeed, I do not believe I could muster a sufficiency of
courage to come in contact with that gentleman, were it
not for the fact that he, some days since, most graciously
condescended to assure us that he would never be found wasting
ammunition on _small game_. On the same fortunate occasion he
further gave us to understand that he regarded _himself_
as being decidedly the _superior_ of our common friend from
Randolph [Mr. Shields]; and feeling, as I really do, that I,
to say the most of myself, am nothing more than the peer of
our friend from Randolph, I shall regard the gentleman from
Coles as decidedly my superior also; and consequently, in
the course of what I shall have to say, whenever I shall have
occasion to allude to that gentleman I shall endeavor to adopt
that kind of court language which I understand to be due to
decided superiority. In one faculty, at least, there can be no
dispute of the gentleman's superiority over me, and most other
men; and that is, the faculty of entangling a subject so that
neither himself, or any other man, can find head or tail to
it."

From a photograph made by Brady early in Mr. Lincoln's first term.]

From the original, owned by Jesse W. Weik, by permission.]

Taking up the resolution on the bank, he declared its meaning:

"Some gentlemen have their stock in their hands, while others,
who have more money than they know what to do with, want it;
and this, and this alone, is the question, to settle which
we are called on to squander thousands of the people's money.
What interest, let me ask, have the people in the settlement
of this question? What difference is it to them whether the
stock is owned by Judge Smith or Sam Wiggins? If any gentleman
be entitled to stock in the bank, which he is kept out of
possession of by others, let him assert his right in the
Supreme Court, and let him or his antagonist, whichever may be
found in the wrong, pay the costs of suit. It is an old maxim,
and a very sound one, that he that dances should always pay
the fiddler. Now, sir, in the present case, if any gentlemen
whose money is a burden to them, choose to lead off a dance,
I am decidedly opposed to the people's money being used to pay
the fiddler. No one can doubt that the examination proposed
by this resolution must cost the State some ten or twelve
thousand dollars; and all this to settle a question in
which the people have no interest, and about which they care
nothing. These capitalists generally act harmoniously and in
concert to fleece the people; and now that they have got into
a quarrel with themselves, we are called upon to appropriate
the people's money to settle the quarrel."

The resolution had declared that the bank practised various methods which were "to the great injury of the people." Lincoln took the occasion to announce his ideas of the people and the politicians.

"If the bank really be a grievance, why is it that no one of
the real people is found to ask redress of it? The truth is,
no such oppression exists. If it did, our people would groan
with memorials and petitions, and we would not be permitted
to rest day or night till we had put it down. The people know
their rights, and they are never slow to assert and
maintain them when they are invaded. Let them call for an
investigation, and I shall ever stand ready to respond to the
call. But they have made no such call. I make the assertion
boldly, and without fear of contradiction, that no man who
does not hold an office, or does not aspire to one, has ever
found any fault of the bank. It has doubled the prices of the
products of their farms, and filled their pockets with a sound
circulating medium; and they are all well pleased with its
operations. No, sir, it is the politician who is the first to
sound the alarm (which, by the way, is a false one). It is he
who, by these unholy means, is endeavoring to blow up a storm
that he may ride upon and direct. It is he, and he alone,
that here proposes to spend thousands of the people's
public treasure, for no other advantage to them than to make
valueless in their pockets the reward of their industry. Mr.
Chairman, this work is exclusively the work, of politicians--a
set of men who have interests aside from the interests of
the people, and who, to say the most of them, are, taken as
a mass, at least one long step removed from honest men. I say
this with the greater freedom, because, being a politician
myself, none can regard it as personal."

During the special session of the legislature convened in the fall of 1839 (the first one held at Springfield), the House of Representatives occupied this church, the State House being unfinished. At the short special session which opened November 23, 1840, the House first went into the Methodist church, but on the second day Representative John Logan (father of General John A. Logan) offered a resolution "that the Senate be respectfully requested to exchange places of convening with this House for a short time on account of the impossibility of the House discharging its business in so small a place as the Methodist church." This was adopted, and the House moved over to the Second Presbyterian church. At this special session the Whigs were interested in preventing a _sine die_ adjournment (because they desired to protect the State bank, which had been authorized in 1838 to suspend specie payment until after the adjournment of the next session of the General Assembly), and to this end they sought to break the quorum. All the Whigs walked out, except Lincoln and Joseph Gillespie, who were left behind to demand a roll-call when deemed expedient. A few were brought in by the sergeant-at-arms. Lincoln and Gillespie, perceiving that there would be a quorum if they remained, started to leave; and finding the doors locked, Lincoln raised a window, and both men jumped out--an incident, as Mr. Herndon says, which Lincoln "always seemed willing to forget." It was in this church, too, that Lincoln delivered an address before the Washingtonian Temperance Society, on Washington's birthday, in 1842. The church was erected in 1839, and stood until torn down, some thirty years later, to make room for a new edifice.--_J. McCan Davis._]

The speech was published in full in the "Sangamo Journal" and the editor commented:

"Mr. Lincoln's remarks on Mr. Linder's bank resolution in
the paper are quite to the point. Our friend carries the true
Kentucky rifle, and when he fires he seldom fails of sending
the shot home."

ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S FIRST PROTEST AGAINST SLAVERY.

One other act of his in this session cannot be ignored. It is a sinister note in the hopeful chorus of the Tenth Assembly. For months there had come from the Southern States violent protests against the growth of abolition agitation in the North. Garrison's paper, the "infernal Liberator," as it was called in the pro-slavery part of the country, had been gradually extending its circulation and its influence; and it already had imitators even on the banks of the Mississippi. The American Anti-slavery Society was now over three years old. A deep, unconquerable conviction of the iniquity of slavery was spreading through the North. The South felt it and protested, and the statesmen of the North joined them in their protest. Slavery could not be crushed, said the conservatives. It was sanctioned by the Constitution. The South must be supported in its claims, and agitation stopped. But the agitation went on, and riots, violence, and hatred pursued the agitators. In Illinois, in this very year, 1837, we have a printing-office raided and an anti-slavery editor, Elijah Lovejoy, killed by the citizens of Alton, who were determined that it should not be said among them that slavery was an iniquity.

To silence the storm, mass-meetings of citizens, the United States Congress, the State legislatures, took up the question and voted, again and again, resolutions assuring the South that the Abolitionists were not supported; that the country recognized their right to their "peculiar institution," and that in no case should they be interfered with. At Springfield, this same year (1837) the citizens convened and passed a resolution declaring that "the efforts of Abolitionists in this community are neither necessary nor useful." When the riot occurred in Alton, the Springfield papers uttered no word of condemnation, giving the affair only a laconic mention.

The Illinois Assembly joined in the general disapproval, and on March 3d passed the following resolutions:

"Resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Illinois:

"That we highly disapprove of the formation of Abolition
societies, and of the doctrines promulgated by them.

"That the right of property in slaves is sacred to the
slave-holding States by the Federal Constitution, and that
they cannot be deprived of that right without their consent.

"That the General Government cannot abolish slavery in the
District of Columbia against the consent of the citizens of
said District, without a manifest breach of good faith.

"That the Governor be requested to transmit to the States of
Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, New York, and Connecticut a
copy of the foregoing report and resolutions."

Lincoln refused to vote for these resolutions. In his judgment no expression on the slavery question should go unaccompanied by the statement that it was an evil, and he had the boldness to protest immediately against the action of the House. He found only one man in the Assembly willing to join him in his action. These two names are joined to the document they presented:

"Resolutions upon the subject of domestic slavery having
passed both branches of the General Assembly at its present
session, the undersigned hereby protest against the passage of
the same.

"They believe that the institution of slavery is founded on
both injustice and bad policy, but that the promulgation of
abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its
evils.

"They believe that the Congress of the United States has no
power under the Constitution to interfere with the institution
of slavery in the different States.

"They believe that the Congress of the United States has power
under the Constitution to abolish slavery in the District of
Columbia, but that the power ought not to be exercised unless
at the request of the people of the District.

"The difference between these opinions and those contained
in the above resolutions, is their reason for entering this
protest.

"DAN STONE,

"A. LINCOLN,

"Representatives from the County of Sangamon."

From a photograph owned by his grandson, Hon. William J. Butler, Springfield, Illinois. William Butler was a native of Kentucky, being born in Adair County, that State, December 15, 1797. In the war of 1812, he carried important despatches from the Governor of Kentucky to General Harrison in the field, travelling on horseback. He went to Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1828. In 1836 he was appointed clerk of the Circuit Court by Judge Logan, whom he had known in Kentucky. In 1859 he was appointed by Governor Bissell State treasurer of Illinois, to fill a vacancy, and in 1860 was elected to that office. He was married to Elizabeth Rickard, December 18, 1863. He died in Springfield, January 11, 1876. Soon after becoming a resident of Springfield, Lincoln went to William Butler's house to board. There he was like a member of the family. He lived with Mr. Butler until his marriage in 1842. The two men were ever the warmest personal and political friends.]

SOCIAL LIFE IN VANDALIA IN 1836 AND 1837.

The Tenth Assembly was important to Lincoln not only in its legislation; it greatly increased his circle of acquaintances. The character of the work of the session called to Vandalia numbers of persons of influence from almost every county in the State. They were invariably there to secure something for their town or county, and naturally made a point of getting acquainted. Game suppers seem to have been the means usually employed by visitors for bringing people together. The lobbyists were not the only ones in Vandalia who gave suppers, however. Not a bill was passed nor an election decided that a banquet did not follow. Mr. John Bryant, the brother of William Cullen, was in Vandalia that winter in the interest of his county, and he attended one of these banquets, given by the successful candidate for the United States Senate. Lincoln was present, of course, and so were all the prominent politicians of the State.

"After the company had gotten pretty noisy and mellow from their imbibitions of Yellow Seal and 'corn juice,'" says Mr. Bryant, "Mr. Douglas and General Shields, to the consternation of the host and intense merriment of the guests, climbed up on the table, at one end, encircled each other's waists, and to the tune of a rollicking song, pirouetted down the whole length of the table, shouting, singing, and kicking dishes, glasses, and everything right and left, helter skelter. For this night of entertainment to his constituents, the successful candidate was presented with a bill, in the morning, for supper, wines, liquors, and damages, which amounted to six hundred dollars."

But boisterous suppers were not by any means the important feature of Lincoln's social life that winter in Vandalia. There was another and quieter side in which he showed his rare companionableness and endeared himself to many people. In the midst of the log-rolling and jubilations of the session he would often slip away to some acquaintance's room and spend hours in talk and stories. Mr. John Bryant tells of his coming frequently to his room at the hotel, and sitting "with his knees up to his chin, telling his inimitable stories and his triumphs in the House in circumventing the Democrats."

Major Newton Walker, of Lewiston, was in Vandalia at the time; and still talks with pleasure not only of the Assembly's energetic legislation, but of the way Lincoln endeared himself to him and to his colleague. "We both loved him," says Major Walker, "but I little thought then that he would become the greatest man that this country ever produced, or perhaps ever will. Many a night I have sat up listening to Lincoln's wonderful stories. That was a long time ago--nearly sixty years. I shall be ninety-two years old in a few days. I was six years older than Lincoln."

The invitation is in the collection of Mr. C.F. Gunther of Chicago, through whose courtesy it is here reproduced.]

"I used to play the fiddle a great deal, and have played for Lincoln a number of times. He used to come over to where I was boarding and ask me to play the fiddle for him; and I would take it with me when I went over to visit him, and when he grew weary of telling stories he would ask me to give him a tune, which I never refused to do."

LINCOLN MOVES TO SPRINGFIELD.

As soon as the Assembly closed, Lincoln returned to New Salem; but it was not to stay. He had determined to go to Springfield. Major John Stuart, the friend who had advised him to study law and who had lent him books and with whom he had been associated closely in politics, had offered to take him as a partner. It was a good opening, for Stuart was one of the leading lawyers and politicians of the State, and his influence would place Lincoln at once in command of more or less business. From every point of view the change seems to have been wise; yet Lincoln made it with foreboding.