Chapter IV: Part 4

Fig. 4. Sternum of _Podargus humeralis_, under view.

Fig. 5. Pelvis of _Goura_, under or inner view, half natural size.

Fig. 6. Pelvis of _Gyps_ (Vulture), under or inner view, half natural
size.

Fig. 7. Left moiety of scapular arch, _Goura_.

Fig. 8. Left humerus of _Goura_, anconal surface.

Fig. 9. Ditto, palmar surface of upper end.

Fig. 10. Ditto, palmar surface of lower end.

Fig. 11. Right femur of _Goura_, front view.

Fig. 12. Ditto, back view of upper end, and back view of lower end.

Fig. 13. Right tibia and fibula of _Goura_, front view.

All the figures are of the natural size, save when otherwise expressed. The letters are explained in the text.

THE END.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

E. W. Robinson pinx M & N Hanhart, imp. J. Erxleben, lith.

DIDUNCULUS.]

M. & N. Hanhart, imp.

DIDUNCULUS STRIGIROSTRIS. _Jde_ DIDUS INEPTUS. _L._]

_E. W. Robinson del._ _W. West imp._]

From nat on Stone, by J. Erxleben. M & N. Hanhart, imp.]

_E. W. Robinson del._ _W. West imp._]

J. Smit. lith. M & N. Hanhart. imp.]

From nat on Stone, by J. Erxleben. M. & N. Hanhart, imp.]

_Fig 1_

_Fig 2_

_Fig 3_

_Fig 4_

_Fig 5_

J. Smit lith. M & N. Hanhart, imp.]

_Fig 1_

_Fig 2_

_Fig 3_

_Fig 4_

_Fig 5_

_Fig 6_

_Fig 7_

_Fig 8_

J. Smit. lith. M. & N. Hanhart imp.]

J. Smit. lith. M. & N. Hanhart. imp.]

from nat on stone, by J. Erxleben. M & N Hanhart imp.]

FOOTNOTES:

[1] By +William John Broderip+, Esq., F.R.S. The part containing the article was published in 1836, the volume (ix.) appeared in 1837.

[2] “So in Willughby, but the print is somewhat indistinct, and there maybe error. In the original the words are ‘_Walgh-Vogel_, hoc est, nauseam movens, partim quod’ &c., the word therefore is an interpolation.”

[3] These and other grotesque figures, which may be seen, copied, in Strickland’s History of the Dodo (‘Dodo and its Kindred,’ 4to, 1848), from the old authors cited by Broderip, are mere matters of curiosity, and are here omitted as devoid of scientific value.

[4] This head, in the condition of a skull, has subsequently been discovered at Copenhagen.—R. O.

[5] The outline of the Dodo in this painting is given, of the natural size, in Pl. III. of the present work; the reduced woodcut (_tom. cit._ p. 51, copied by Strickland, _op. cit._ p. 28) is, therefore, not here reproduced.—R. O.

[6] “This curious statement is extracted in the recent edition of Sir Thomas Brown’s works by Wilkins: published by Pickering.” [8vo, 1836, vol. i. p. 369, vol. ii. 173. The reference, in Strickland (_op. cit._ p. 22), to vol. i. p. 369. is to a Letter by Sir Hamon L’Estrange to Dr. Browne, not containing any allusion to the Dodo.—R. O.]

[7] Art. +Dodo+, Penny Cyclopædia, vol. ix. p. 62 (1837).

[8] “London, 4to, Reeve and Co., 1848.”

[9] “Vol. ix. p. 47 (1837).”

[10] “Penny Cyclopædia, vol. xxiii. (1842).”

[11] Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, vol. iv. part vi. p. 183.

[12] “Dict. des Monogrammes, 1 partie, pp. 201, 274.”

[13] “I am indebted to Mr. Russell for this information.”

[14] “_Nautilus pompilius._”

[15] _Op. cit._ p. 30.

[16] Edwards’s ‘Natural History of Birds and other Rare and undescribed Animals,’ &c., 4to, vol. vi. pl. 294, 1760.

[17] “Pendant tout le temps qu’on fut là, en vécut de tortues, de dodarses, de pigeons, de perroquets gris, et d’autre chasse, qu’on allait prendre avec les mains dans les bois.... La chair des tortues terrestres étoit d’un fort bon goût. On en sala, et l’on fit fumer, dent on se trouva fort bien, de même que des dodarses qu’on sala.” (Recueil des Voiages de la Compagnie des Indes Or., vol. iii. pp. 195, 199, quoted by Strickland, _op. cit._ p. 17.)

[18] ‘History of the Mauritius,’ p. 145*, compiled from the Baron’s papers by his son.

[19] See Annals of Nat. Hist. ser. 2. vol. vi. p. 290 (1850).

[20] “Es war in 1843, dass ich auf den Gedanken kam, dass der Dodo eine anomale Taubenform sei; ich überzeugte mich bald dass diese Auffassung die einzig richtige sei, und fing an eine Arbeit über diesen Gegenstand vorzubereiten. In 1845 wurde ich aber von meiner Regierung beauftragt eine Reise um die Welt mit einem dänischen Kriegsschiff mitzumachen; meine Arbeit musste also vorläufig bei Seite gelegt werden. Schon vor meine Abreise hat ich aber mehrere sowohl dänische wie fremde Naturforscher mit meiner Ansicht bekannt gemacht, und der Beweis das es sich so verhält wird Owen finden können:—

“1. in den Forhandlingar de Scandinaviske Naturforskers Möde, i
Kjöbenhavn, 1847, p. 948: und

“2. in Sundevall, Arsberättelse om Framstegen i vertebrerade
Djurens Naturalhistoria og Ethnographien, 1845–50, p. 254.”—_Letter
from_ Prof. +J. Reinhardt+ _to_ Dr. +Albert Günther+.

[21] Reinhardt, quoted by Strickland, _op. cit._ p. 41 (see also p. 70).

[22] This Collection was purchased by the Trustees of the British Museum for the sum of £100.

[23] So determined, subsequent sets of bones transmitted from Mauritius, and from which I was privileged to select the most perfect specimens for the present memoir, got into the market and were sold by auction since the present memoir was in type, as bones certified by me to be of the Dodo. I have to express my sincere and grateful acknowledgements to those _gentlemen_ into whose hands these lots have fallen, who have forborne their own advantage and refrained from rushing into print with figures from inferior specimens to anticipate the appearance of a Memoir communicated to the Zoological Society of London, January 9th, 1866, and notified in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for January 1866 as destined “to be published entire in the Society’s Transactions,” and therefore necessarily awaiting the lithographing of “illustrations,” which every true promoter of science for its own sake must have desired to see as complete as the best-selected materials would permit to be given.—R. O., June 1866.

[24] In the quaint print, in folio 3, of the “Narration Historique du Voiage faict par les huict Navires d’_Amsterdam_ au mois de Mars l’An 1598. soubs la conduitte de l’admiral Jaques Corneille Necq,” &c., the first-named object, No 1, “Sont Tortues qui se tiennent sur l’haut pays, frustez d’aisles pour nage, de telle grandeur, qu’ils chargent ung homme et rampent encore fort roidement, prennent aussi des Ecriuisses de la grandeur d’un pied qu’ils mengent. 2. Est ung oiseau, par nous nommé _Oiseau de Nausée_, à l’instar d’une _Cigne_, ont le cul rond, couvert de deux ou trois plumettes crespues, carent des aisles, mais en lieu d’icelles ont ilz trois ou quatre plumettes noires, des susdicts oiseaux avons nous prins une certaine quantité, accompaigné d’aucunes tourturelles et autres oiseaux, qui par noz compaignons furēt prins, la premiere fois qu’il arrivoyent au pays, pour chercher la plus profonde et plus fraische Riviere, et si les navires y pourroyent estre sauvez, et retournerent d’une grande joye, distribuant chasque navire, de leur Venoison prins, dont nous partismes le lendemain vers le port, fournismes chasque navire d’un Pilote de ceux qui au paravant y avoyent esté, avons cuict cest oiseau, estoit si coriace que ne le povions asses boviller, mais l’avons mengé a demy cru. Si tost qu’arrivames au port, envoya le Vice-Admiral nous, avecq une certaine troupe au pays, pour trouver aucun peuple, mais n’ont trouvé personne, que des Tourturelles et autres en grande abondance, lesquels nous prismes et tuames, car veu qu’il n’y eust personne qui les effraia, n’avoient ilz de nous nulle crainte, tindrēt lieu, se laisserent assomer. En sōme c’est un pays abōdant en poissō et oiseaux, voire tellemēt qu’il excella tous les autres audit voyage.”—_Le Second Livre de la Navigation des Indes Orientales_, fol., 1601. The Tortoise and Dodo in fig. 1, p. 1, of the present work, are taken from the print, p. 3, of the above work and edition.

[25] See, especially, Bontekoe’s figure, copied by Strickland, in the title-page and at p. 63 of the above-cited work.

[26] Owen, ‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ 1866, vol. ii. p. 32.

[27] Called “hyosternal” in the Geoffroyan determination of parts of the bird’s sternum.

[28] The intermuscular ridges (‘pectoral,’ ‘subcostal,’ ‘carinal’) are, with other parts of the bird’s sternum, here named as defined in my ‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ vol. ii. pp. 16–23.

[29] “La Mare aux Songes.”

[30] Proc. Zool. Soc. _l. c._ p. 5.

[31] Proc, Zool. Soc. _l. c._ p. 6.

[32] Zool. Trans. vol. iv. pl. 24. fig. 4.

[33] Odontography, pl. 146. fig. 1; Anat. of Vertebrates, vol. ii. p. 439. fig. 296.

[34] The habit of the Dodo to avail itself of extraneous crushers to a gallinaceous or struthious degree, is attested by the quotation, p. 8, not the least interesting of the fruits of the extensive research of the learned and conscientious author of the Article +Dodo+, in the ‘Penny Cyclopædia.’

[35] Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. pl. 51.

[36] Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. iv. pl. 24. fig. 4.

[37] Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. pl. 65. fig. 3.

[38] Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. pl. 65. fig. 1.

[39] Ibid. fig. 5.

[40] Histoire Naturelle &c., 4to, tom. xiv. “Dégénération des Animaux:” 1760.

[41] Philosophie Zoologique, 8vo, 1809, tom. i, chaps. 3, 6, & 7.

[42] Agreeably with the principle of the “contest for existence” by which I explained the extinction of the species of _Dinornis_, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. iv. p. 14, 1851.

[43] Strickland and Melville, ‘The Dodo and its Kindred,’ 4to, 1848, p. 34.

[44] _Op. cit._ p. 34.

[45] See letter in ‘The Times’ of May 21st, 1862, advocating the limitation of the National Museum of Natural History to “six rooms,” signed +Thomas H. Huxley+, F.R.S.

[46] Reply to the above in ‘The Times’ of May 2nd, 1866, and in both editions (1861, 1862) of my ‘Discourse on the Extent and Aims of a National Museum of Natural History.’ “Some naturalists urge that it is only necessary to exhibit the type-form of each genus or family. But they do not tell us what is such ‘type-form.’ It is a metaphysical term, which implies that the Creative Force had a guiding pattern for the construction of all the varying or divergent forms in each genus or family. The idea is devoid of proof; and those who are loudest in advocating the restriction of exhibited specimens to ‘types’ have contributed least to lighten the difficulties of the practical curator in making the selection.” (Ed. 1862, p. 24; see also pp. 26–34.)

[47] “The doctrine of typical nuclei seems only a mode of evading the difficulty. Experience does not give us the types of theory; and, after all, what are these types? It must be admitted there are none in reality. How are we led to the theory of them? Simply by a process of abstraction from classified existences. Having grouped from natural similitudes certain natural forms into a class, we select attributes common to each member of the class, and call the assemblage of such attributes a type of the class. This process gives us an abstract idea; and we then transfer this idea to the Creator, and make Him start with that which our own imperfect generalization has derived.” (Address, &c., by +William R. Grove+, Esq., Q.C., M.A. 8vo, London, 1866: p. 31.)

[48] See Dr. Bennett’s excellent notes on the living _Didunculus_, in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,’ 1864, p. 139.

[49] To my friend Dr. Bennett I owe the first specimens of the _Nautilus pompilius_, impregnated uterus of the Kangaroo and Ornithorhynchus, the young Ornithorhynchus, and other rare subjects of early Memoirs. Natural History owes much to this accomplished and indefatigable Observer.

[50] The scapular arch is rotated in advance of the ribs to show the character of the anterior dorsal vertebræ.

[51] See also Gould, ‘Birds of Australia,’ part 22 (March, 1846).

[52] I beg to return my acknowledgments to the Trustees of the Liverpool Museum for the opportunity of figuring two specimens, in this Plate, from the collection of Dodos’ bones in that Museum.

Transcriber’s Notes:

• Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
• Text enclosed by pluses is in small caps (+small caps+).
• Blank pages have been removed.
• Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.
• Page 33 refers to Plate XV, it does not exist, nor could I find an
image with a “dotted outline” of a bone.