Chapter IV: British Campaigns in India 150 (6)

A treaty was made with the Amirs of Scinde whereby we obtained the right to use the navigation of the Indus. With enormous difficulty transport and supplies were brought up to feed the armies during the march through the barren passes of Afghanistan; and, after frightful losses of animals and no small peril of starvation, some fifteen thousand men and twenty thousand followers marched by the Bolan and Khojak passes to Kandahar, opened the way from thence to the capital by the storm of Ghazni; and in August, 1839, escorted Shah Shuja into Kabul. Then the difficulties began. It was very soon evident that, without a British force, Shah Shuja's reign would be short; so one division of infantry and a little cavalry and artillery were left to occupy the country, and the rest of the army marched for India. Honours were lavished on the commanders, and everyone flattered himself that the work was done. Signs of insurrection, however, soon showed themselves; and the British troops scattered about between Kabul, Ghazni, Kandahar and Jelalabad were incessantly employed in putting down tribal risings. By the autumn of 1840 the commander of the army of occupation was crying out for reinforcements. The winter of 1840-1 passed away fairly quietly, and not until the following November did the final insurrection at Kabul occur. The general in command there was weak and incompetent; and the whole of his division was cut to pieces. Ghazni and various small forts were captured; and, though Jelalabad and Kandahar were stoutly held, all communication with India was hopelessly cut off. It was necessary to send practically a fresh army to relieve the beleaguered garrisons; but the Indian Government was at first so panic-stricken as to lose all thought of anything but the immediate withdrawal of the army of occupation. The Governor-General, Lord Ellenborough, who had succeeded Auckland, later bethought him that such a timid retreat would endanger our whole Empire in India, but had not courage to order a new advance upon Kabul. Happily the generals took the responsibility which their superiors feared to incur. They did not withdraw their armies until they had forced their way triumphantly, the one by the Khyber Pass and Jelalabad, the other from Kandahar, to Kabul. Then and not till then did they evacuate Afghanistan, having shown that the British were still unconquerable. Even so the principle upon which the operations were conducted was open to much criticism, though everything was redeemed by the gallant behaviour of the troops.

While withdrawing from Afghanistan, however, Lord Ellenborough was anxious to retain our hold upon the lower Indus with the fort of Karachi, which had been occupied temporarily as our base for the late operations. Sir Charles Napier was therefore sent out to Scinde with a small force to press upon the Amirs a treaty to that effect. The Amirs very naturally resented the demand; whereupon Napier instantly struck the first blow. His campaign is one which every Englishman should know, and which none has any excuse for not knowing; for its history was written by William Napier. Charles Napier began by making a raid with five hundred and fifty men mounted on camels across many miles of desert to a stronghold of the Amirs, and blowing up the fort with gunpowder. On this march he carried not only provisions but water for the whole force, animals and men. Then returning to the Indus he marched south upon Hyderabad with twenty-eight hundred men; and on the 17th of March, 1843, attacked between twenty and thirty thousand of the enemy at Miani, in a strong position above the bed of a dry river. There followed one of the greatest and most marvellous battles ever fought by the British; and at the close of three hours the enemy was hopelessly routed with a loss of five thousand men. Again the Baluchis managed to collect twenty thousand men; and Napier, having been reinforced to a strength of five thousand men, defeated them in a second action of much the same kind at Dubba; after which he with little more trouble completed the subjection of the Amirs. Scinde was then annexed; and Napier as its first Governor showed himself not less capable as an administrator than as a general.

By this time trouble had arisen in the dominions of Scindia owing to the death of the Maharaja without issue; and an armed insurrection broke out against the authority of the Regent accepted by the British Government. The matter was one which at ordinary times might have been adjusted by patience; but the attitude of the Sikhs, which I shall describe immediately, was such that there could be no trifling. The Maratha armies had been assembled, some thirty thousand strong, including between them twenty-two thousand men trained by European officers; and, with a disputed succession in train, it was impossible to say what mischief their leaders might work. Ellenborough therefore ordered a strong force to enter Scindia's dominions in two columns, and the war was ended in one day--29th of Dec. 1843--by the simultaneous victories of Sir Hugh Gough at Maharajpore, and of General Grey at Punniar. These were the last of our battles with the Marathas. They have never to this day forgiven us for depriving them of the mastery of India; and in 1843, in consequence of our defeats in Afghanistan, they had been stirring up hostility against us in every court of the East. The double defeat therefore gave them a salutary lesson.

Lord Ellenborough was now recalled; and Sir Henry Hardinge, one of Wellington's veterans and a highly accomplished soldier, came out as Governor-General in his stead. The condition of the Punjab was most critical. Ranjit Singh, the great leader and ruler of the Sikhs, had died in 1839, leaving no strong man to succeed him. The succession was of course disputed; and a course of risings, mutinies and assassinations showed that the great Sikh state was sinking into anarchy. All power had passed into the hands of committees of regimental officers, who were in turn partly controlled by the passions of their men. The nominal ruler could think of no better resource than to turn the unruly host across the Sutlej to fight the English, for which some recent frontier disputes furnished sufficient pretext. Lord Hardinge, who had seen what was coming, was ready for them, and some twelve thousand men under Sir Hugh Gough advanced to meet them. Sir Hugh was a very brave man but a very bad commander, who could not see a wall without dashing his head against it. In the first action, Moodkee, he hurried his troops into the fight with every disadvantage, and though victorious lost nine hundred men. In the second action three days later at Ferozeshah, he launched about sixteen thousand British and Sepoys against fifty thousand Sikhs in a very strong position, and was practically beaten at the close of the first day's fighting, though he recovered himself on the second. In this affair he threw away twenty-five hundred men; and on the night after the first engagement the British Empire in India rocked for some hours on the verge of ruin. A month later a far more telling and scientific victory was won by Sir Harry Smith with a detachment of the army at Aliwal; and then Gough made a final blundering attack upon the Sikhs in a strongly entrenched position at Sobraon, where, though the valour of his troops and the devotion of his divisional generals won a decisive victory, it was at a cost once more of nearly twenty-five hundred men.

Sobraon brought the war for the moment to a close; but the government temporarily established by us in the Punjab was weak and inefficient; and early in 1848 a general insurrection brought about a reassembling of the Sikh army to try conclusions with the British once more. Lord Dalhousie, the new Governor-General, at once took up the challenge; and Gough again was in command of the army. He began as usual by knocking his head against a very strong position of the Sikhs at Ramnuggar, and was repulsed. He did precisely the same thing a few weeks later at Chillianwalla, once more lost nearly twenty-five hundred men, and fought at best a drawn battle. Finally a month later he fought a third action at Gujerat on the 21st of February, 1849, showed for once (he or his officers for him) some tactical skill, and won a great and decisive victory with comparatively small loss. The Punjab was then annexed to the British dominions by Dalhousie, and the frontier thus carried to the foot of the mountains of Afghanistan. But the struggle had been very severe, for the Sikhs were most valiant men, very skilful gunners, and masters of the art of choosing strong positions, whereas Gough was a hot-headed Irishman, of splendid bravery, but wholly unfit to command anything larger than a battalion in action.

But still there was no rest for the British Army. Doubtless under the spell of our disasters in Afghanistan, the Burmese Government had been bullying and maltreating British merchants at Rangoon in violation of the treaty of 1826; and its only response to Dalhousie's protests was contemptuous insult to his envoys. An expedition was therefore despatched to Rangoon in 1852, which first and last numbered some twenty thousand men; but on this occasion the campaign was properly thought out. A few towns only, which commanded the mouth of the Irrawadi, were captured so as to cut off all external trade, and within eighteen months the Court of Ava was obliged to sue for peace. The fighting was of slight importance, indeed the sharpest was against dacoits or patriot banditti, some of whom were very formidable. However, the Government at Calcutta took care to provide land-transport, in case an inland advance should be necessary, elephants in particular being employed in very large numbers. The province of Pegu was annexed to the British dominions, and thereupon followed a brief period of peace, during which Dalhousie annexed also three Maratha states, in default of direct heirs, and the Kingdom of Oudh.

It was this period of peace, signifying practically the pacification of all India, that brought about the mutiny of the Sepoys of the Bengal Army. There were various contributory causes, most notably the steady decay of its discipline, partly through the employment of the best officers in political work, and the making of political services the best channel to advancement, partly owing to the steady discouragement of the officers in favour of the men which had marked the mistaken policy of Bentinck. The Sepoys were so continually flattered that they imagined themselves to have conquered India, whereas without European battalions an Indian army is like a spear without a point. They therefore broke out into mutiny, and for a time extinguished British rule in certain districts. Thereupon reappeared all the old animosities of past centuries, Mohammedan and Hindu fighting each other more fiercely than the English; while adventurers joyfully gathered bands of their own kind around them for the gay business of free-booting. Great part of the country settled down to a hearty enjoyment of anarchy; and nearly two years were needed to restore order. Two regiments indeed, the Central India Horse, were raised on purpose to hunt down banditti in Central India, and are still always the first troops to be sent into the field wherever there is serious police-duty to be done.

In 1858 the East India Company was swept out of existence, and the Crown took over all its forces and the entire business of administration in India. With a frontier conterminous with the highlands from which warlike tribes have from time immemorial descended to raid the plains, we have since been obliged to make endless expeditions to punish the raiders, all very difficult operations and some of them very costly. Umbeyla, Bhotan, Beluchistan, Tirah, Chitral, Tibet are names which recall some of these campaigns; and in 1878 the exclusion of a British mission from Afghanistan while a Russian mission was received at Kabul brought on a second and serious Afghan War. As in 1838, Kabul was reached with little difficulty; and the battle only began, after peace had been made, with an insurrection in the capital. There was no such disaster as in 1841, for we captured Kabul and Kandahar at once; yet we were absolutely powerless to subdue and pacify the whole country. We suffered one serious reverse; and our difficulties would have been endless had there not been at hand a strong man whom we installed as ruler of the country, and under whose iron hand the most refractory tribesmen trembled and were still. Lastly in 1885 the Burmese having again insulted us, an expedition was sent which made its way without difficulty to Mandalay. Upper Burma was annexed to the British dominions, and there followed two weary years spent in suppressing marauding bands and free-booters. The operations of these two years have been called the subalterns' war, for they were conducted mainly by very small parties under the leadership of subalterns, who made their way with indomitable perseverance through the jungle by native paths, and, being generally at the head of the column, were lamentably often picked off by the shot of an unseen enemy.

Altogether the exploits of the British in the conquest of India form a very remarkable story, though it is by no means unchequered by follies, failures and misconduct. We very early learned that we must never retreat before Orientals, but must always attack, no matter what the odds against us; and by following this rule we have under able commanders achieved most astonishing feats of war. In particular is the record of the British regiments remarkable. The East Indian European Army was enlisted for short service, though it contained many old soldiers in its ranks; but the British soldier of the King's regiments was enlisted for at least twenty-one years, if not for life, and his prowess is amazing. You know of course that it is rare for a battalion of any army to be fit for much, after suffering severe loss in action, until its ranks have been refilled. But the British battalions, led by Lake, Wellesley and Gough, though they rarely took the field more than six hundred strong, would lose one hundred and fifty men in a fight on Monday, two hundred more in another fight on Thursday, and over one hundred more in a third fight on Thursday fortnight. Nothing seemed to have power to stop them, at any rate in India. Time after time in the assault of hill-fortresses in the south the Sepoys failed, and a few companies of British were brought forward to show them how to do the work. No losses seemed to daunt them. Individual men served in storming party after storming party, and would not wait to be healed of wounds received in a first assault before they volunteered to risk almost certain death in a second.

Still, as I have said, there are records of many failures and we are too fond of passing over our weak points and dwelling on the strong. In the case of the Mutiny we recall with pride the deeds of Nicholson and Havelock, and are never weary of the old stories of the siege of Delhi and the relief of Lucknow. All honour to those who quitted themselves like men; but I am afraid there are many episodes of the Mutiny which are little creditable to the British, whether civilians or soldiers. A great many individuate were found unequal to the occasion; and this is true of every war and probably of the majority of actions. There was certainly one instance of misbehaviour at Trafalgar, one ship did not respond to Nelson's famous signal; and Collingwood spoke his mind about it at the time, though few people know it. We must therefore never be satisfied with the fame of our fore-runners, and suppose that it suffices for us. Let us by all means be kindled by their example to the utmost fulfilment of our duty; but let us know also when and where and why they failed. Let us study their defeats as well as their victories; let us ask ourselves whether some of the failings which brought about those defeats may not still be present among us. If we can truly and conscientiously say that they are not, then we may--but always with caution--presume to criticise and even to censure; always remembering that it is not enough for us to emulate the deeds of our ancestors. If we are not to fall below them, we must endeavour to surpass them, for there is no such thing as a stationary Empire.

INDEX

Abercromby, Sir Ralph, in the W. Indies, 126-7

Acre, mentioned, 43

Adams, Major Thos., in India, 164

Addington, Henry, mentioned, 86-8, 127

Afghanistan, mentioned, 163;
campaigns in, 187-90, 197

Africa, South, early wars in, 131-5;
Zulus in, 41;
last war, 27, 45, 98, 112

Africa, West, fighting in, 143-4

Agra, capture of, 175

Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of, 76, 155

Akbar, the Emperor, 152

Albemarle, Lord, in the W. Indies, 123

Albuera, battle of, 39

Alexander the Great, mentioned, 40

Aligarh, capture of, 175

Aliwal, battle of, 193

Allahabad, capture of, 164

Alsace, mentioned, 43

America, War of Independence, 28, 80-2, 110-12, 135;
the British in N., 55, 59, 76, 80, 102-5;
character of settlers, 104-5, 107, 109-12;
war of 1812, 113;
and see under Canada

Amherst, Gen. Jeffery, in Canada, 109

Amherst, Lord, in India, 183, 185

Amir Khan, mentioned, 179

Anne, Queen, mentioned, 109

Aracan, capture of, 184

Arcot, 156

Argaum, battle of, 175

Army, the British, foreign nomenclature in, 52;
reductions in, 58, 61-2, 72, 96, 134;
under Ch. II, 56-7;
under Will. III, 59-63;
under Anne, 65;
under Geo. I, 72;
under Geo. II, 74-9;
under Geo. III, 80, 82-3;
in the 19th cent., 97-8;
confused organisation of, 61;
ill-treatment of, 73, 83;
introduction of short service, 134-5;
weapons of, 48-50, 60;
appreciation of officers, 144-9;
early organisation of, 47-9, 54;
the New Model, 54

Assam, capture of, 184

Assaye, battle of, 175

Assiento, Treaty, 117

Auckland, Lord, in India, 187

Aurungzib, the Emperor, 153-4

Austrian Succession, War of, 74, 106, 155

Ava, British at, 183-4

Badajoz, capture of, 25

Bahama Is., 80

Barbados, 116, 124

Barlow, Sir George, in India, 176, 178-9

Barrington, General, in W. Indies, 123

Bentinck, Lord Wm., in India, 186-7

Bermuda, 80, 130

Bhurtpore, assaults on, 175, 185

_Birkenhead_, the, mentioned, 36, 46

Bismarck, 43

Blenheim, battle of, 68

Blues, Regt. of, their origin, 56

Bombay, mentioned, 56, 153, 166, 168

Bonsla, mentioned, 181

Braddock, General, in N. America, 107-9

Burgoyne, General, in N. America, 110-11

Burke, Edmund, 80

Burma, campaigns in, 182-5, 194-5, 197;
annexed, 197

Bussy, de, in India, 161

Buxar, battle of, 164

Caesar, Julius, 40

Calais, 47

Calcutta, 154, 160

Canada, French in, 102;
fighting in, 104-5, 109;
American invasion of, 110, 113, 137;
and see America

Capetown, capture of, 131

Caribs, the, fighting with, 117-8

Carnot, mentioned, 40

Carthagena, expedition to, 121-2

Castlereagh, Lord, at the War Office, 88

Chaka, king of Zulus, 41

Chandernagore, 154

Charles II, mentioned, 56, 117

Charles of Bourbon, 24

Charles Ed. Stuart, in Scotland, 74-6

Chillianwalla, action at, 194

Chitu, 182

Clive, Robert, in India, 156, 159, 160-4

Coldstream Guards, origin of, 56

Colonies, character of campaigns in, 99-102

Commerce, in war, 1-3;
its cruelty, 16-18

Condé, Prince of, 65

Continental System, the, 2

Coomassie, British at, 143

Coote, Sir Eyre, in India, 159, 162, 167-8

Cornwallis, Lord, in India, 169-172, 176

Cotton, Sir Stapleton, in India, 185

Crimea, war of, 97

Cromwell, O., mentioned, 3, 22, 58;
reforms of, 53-4;
expedition to the W. Indies, 119-20

Cuba, mentioned, 115-6, 123, 130

Cuddalore, action at, 168

Culloden, battle of, 75

Dalhousie, Lord, in India, 194-5

Danube R., campaign on, 67

David, king of Israel, 44

Deig, battle of, 175

Delhi, mentioned, 43, 151-2, 171, 175, 199

Dettingen, battle of, 74

Dost Mohammed, 187-8

Dubba, action at, 191

Dupleix, Joseph, in India, 155-7

East India Co., its troops, 57, 83, 154, 178, 186, 198;
mentioned, 153, 171, 176, 196

Edward III, 48

Egypt, mentioned, 51, 86

Elizabeth, Queen, mentioned, 47, 52

Ellenborough, Lord, in India, 189-92

England, military backwardness, 48;
growth of empire, 55-6, 58, 77;
position in 1660, 55;
projected invasion of, 86

Ferdinand of Brunswick, 77

Ferozeshah, battle of, 193

Flanders, wars in, 60, 63, 65, 75;
and see Netherlands

Fontenoy, battle of, 74

Forde, Col., 162

France, the Revolutionary War, 23-4, 27, 38, 41-2, 83-4;
her colonies, 56, 58, 76-7, 102-4, 107, 123-4, 128;
French in India, 154-62;
our connection with, 47, 55;
as ally of America, 112-3;
aids the Stuarts, 75

Franklin, Benjamin, 109

Frederick the Great, mentioned, 41-2, 77

Frederick, Duke of York, 85

Gawilghur, capture of, 175

Geete R., 68

George I, 72

Germany, mercenaries in British pay, 75-7, 81-2;
mentioned, 25, 32, 74, 77

Ghurkha war, 180

Ghazni, 188-9

Gibraltar, mentioned, 65, 72-3, 80-1

Gideon, his tactics, 44-5

Gillespie, Col. Rollo, in India, 177, 180

Goliath, 44

Goree, 82

Gough, Sir Hugh, in India 192-4, 198

Grenada, 126

Grey, General W., in the W. Indies, 125-6;
General H., in India, 192

Guadeloupe, mentioned, 123, 126, 128

Guiana, Dutch, capture of, 127

Gujerat, action at, 194

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, his military reforms, 53

Haiti, mentioned, 120, 124, 126

Halifax, British at, 107

Hannibal, 38

Hardinge, Sir Henry, in India, 192-3

Harris, General, in India, 173

Hastings, Warren, in India, 161, 165-9

Hastings, Marquis of, in India, 180-1

Havana, siege of, 123; mentioned, 77

Henry V, mentioned, 48, 54

History, Military, definition of, 1-14, 45;
use of, 19-22, 29, 39, 43

Holkar, mentioned, 174-5, 181

Holland, soldiers of, 52, 60;
commerce of, 18, 55;
wars in, 64, 67, 84, 86;
colonies of, 102-3, 162

Howe, General, 111

Hyder Ali, mentioned, 164-5, 167-8

India, mentioned, 43, 57, 77;
military history of, 150-200;
adventurers in, 154, 171, 179, 196;
campaigning in, 157-8;
the presidencies, 160;
administrative reforms in, 165, 169, 176, 196;
the Mutiny, 195-6, 199

Indies, the West, British in, 55, 72, 77, 80, 84-5;
character of country, 114-6, 118;
ruin of, 128-9;
Cromwell's expedition to, 119-20;
later expeditions, 120-2, 124-8;
the French in, 116, 123, 128

Inkermann, 51

Ireland, mentioned, 54, 59, 61, 64-5, 72

Italy, the French in, 86

Jamaica, mentioned, 115-6;
capture of, 120

James II, mentioned, 57-59, 64-5

Japan, mentioned, 28, 52

Jelalabad, mentioned, 189

Jesuits, the, as colonists, 35, 103

Kabul, British at, 188-9, 197

Kaffir wars, 133-4

Kandahar, British at, 188-9, 197

Karachi, 190

Katharine of Bragança, mentioned, 56, 154

Katwa, battle of, 164

Kirkee, battle of, 181

Korigaon, battle of, 182

La Bassée, 68

Lake, General Gerard, in India, 174-5, 185, 198

Lally Tollendal, count, in India, 161-2

Laswari, battle of, 175

Latimer, Hugh, 48

Lawrence, Major Stringer, in India, 155-6, 162

Lee, Robert, 4

Lisbon, Wellesley at, 90-1

Lorraine, mentioned, 43

Louis XIV, mentioned, 63-5, 71, 104

Louisburg, French at, 106-7;
capture of, 109, 155

Lucknow, 164, 199

Luther, Martin, 40

Luxemburg, Francis Henry, Duke of, 65

Lycurgus, 41

Madras, French at, 155;
mutiny in, 176-8;
bad administration, 164-5, 167-8;
mentioned, 107, 130, 153

Maharajpore, battle of, 192

Mahidpur, battle of, 181

Mandalay, British at, 197

Manila, 77

Maoris, the, wars with, 101, 138-43

Marathas, the, their origin, 153;
their growth, 163, 171;
British wars with, 166, 174-5, 181, 191-2;
mentioned, 195

Marengo, battle of, 86

Maria Theresa, the Empress, 74

Marlborough, John, Duke of, appreciation of, 65-71;
mentioned, 94-5

Martinique, mentioned, 116, 123-5, 128

Miani, battle of, 190-1

Militia, the, Pitt's Bill, 78;
as recruiting-ground, 85, 88;
under Addington, 87;
the Local, 89;
mentioned, 72, 83, 85, 89

Minden, battle of, 77

Minorca, mentioned, 72, 76, 80-2

Minto, Gilbert, 1st Earl of, in India, 178-81

Mir Jaffier, 160-1

Mogul Empire, 152-4

Moltke, General, 43

Monk, George, 56, 100

Monmouth, James, Duke of, 57

Monson, Colonel, in India, 175

Montecuculi, Raimondo, Conte de, 65

Moodkee, battle of, 193

Mornington, Lord, see under Wellesley, Marquis of

Moses, mentioned, 40

Munro, Major Hector, in India, 164, 167

Mutiny Act, 60

Mysore, fighting in, 165, 167, 169, 173

Napier, Sir Charles, in Scinde, 190-1

Napoleon, mentioned, 1, 12, 24, 41-2, 86, 89, 94, 187

Navy, the British, mutiny in, 85;
in war of 1812, 113-4

Nepal, fighting in, 180-1

Netherlands, the Austrian, fighting in, 66, 74

Newfoundland, 72-3

New York, settlers of, 104-5;
mentioned, 57, 102-3, 110

New Zealand, war in, 137-43

Nizam, the, mentioned, 165, 167, 172

Nova Scotia, mentioned, 72-3, 106

Ochterlony, Sir David, in India, 180-1, 185

Omdurman, battle of, 22

Oudenarde, battle of, 68

Oudh, annexation of, 195

Panipat, battle of, 163

Pegu, annexation of, 195

Peninsular War, the, mentioned, 42;
summary of, 89-95

Pennsylvania, Quakers in, 11-12

Persia, 187

Peshwa, 181-2

Philadelphia, capture of, 111

Pindaris, the, fighting with, 179-82

Pitt, Earl of Chatham, William, war policy, 76-80;
mentioned, 108, 122

Pitt, William, military policy, 83-8;
W. Indian policy, 125-8

Plassey, battle of, 160

Police, the, connection with Army, 9, 54, 56, 72

Pompadour, Mme de, 4

Pondicherry, French at, 154-5, 160-1

Porto Novo, battle of, 167

Porto Rico, mentioned, 115-6, 127

Portugal, British in, 90-1;
mentioned, 42

Prome, capture of, 184

Punjab, the, annexation of, 194

Punniar, battle of, 192

Quebec, mentioned, 102, 105, 109

Ramillies, battle of, 68

Ramnuggar, action at, 194

Rangoon, British at, 183, 195

Ranjit Singh, mentioned, 182, 192

Reunion, Is. of, 36

Roberts, F.M., Earl, mentioned, 159

Rohilla War, 166

Rome, sack of, 24-5

Russia, mentioned, 28, 51-2, 187

St Domingo, mentioned, 115-6;
expedition to, 119-20

St Kitts, 57

St Lawrence R., French colonies on, 102-3;
expedition to, 106

St Lucia, mentioned, 82, 123, 126-7

St Thomas, 115

St Vincent, fighting in, 117, 126

St Vincent, John Jervis, Earl, in the W. Indies, 125

Saratoga, defeat at, 112

Saul, King of Israel, 25

Schellenberg, battle of the, 68

Scinde, operations in, 188, 190-1

Scindia, mentioned, 171, 174-5, 191

Scotland, rebellion in, 72, 74-6

Senegal, 82

Seringapatam, sieges of, 26, 169-71, 173

Shah Shuja, 187-8

Shakespeare, William, 52

Shelley, P. B., mentioned, 33

Shore, Sir John, in India, 172

Sikhs, the, their growth, 171, 182, 188;
war with, 191-4

Simonstown, 131

Siraj-ud-Daula, 160

Sitabaldi, battle of, 181

Sivaji Bonsla, mentioned, 153-4

Smith, Sir Harry, in S. Africa, 133;
in India, 193

Smith, Col. Joseph, in India, 165

Smollett, Tobias, 122

Sobraon, battle of, 193

Spain, her wars, 8, 23, 25, 52, 82;
colonies, 116, 120;
mentioned, 63, 73, 89, 102

Spanish Succession, War of the, 64-8

Sparta, 41

Stirling, mentioned, 43, 75

Strategy, definition of, 42-3

Stuart, General James, 168

Suffren, Admiral, 168

Suti, battle of, 164

Swiss, the, as soldiers, 50

Tactics, definition of, 43-4;
changes in, 47-50, 60

Talents, Ministry of All the, 88

Tangier, mentioned, 56-7, 65

Tennasserim, capture of, 184

Tippoo Sahib, mentioned, 168-73

Tobago, mentioned, 82, 127

Tournay, fighting at, 68

Trafalgar, 199

Trichinopoly, fighting at, 156, 161

Trinidad, 115, 127

Tugela R., fighting on the, 134

Undwa Nala, battle of, 164

Utrecht, Peace of, 71, 106

Vellore, mutiny at, 176-7

Vendôme, Louis Joseph, Duke of, mentioned, 68

Vienna, mentioned, 67

Virginia, 57

Volunteers, the, under Addington, 87-8

Walpole, Sir Robert, 72

Wandewash, battle of, 162

Warburg, battle of, 77

_Warren Hastings_, the troop-ship, 36-7

Washington, George, 4, 107

Waterloo, battle of, 79, 95

Wellesley, Richard, Marquis, in India, 172, 174, 176, 179

Wellington, Arthur, Duke of, character of, 95-6;
in India, 173-5;
his scheme for the Peninsular War, 90-5;
mentioned, 25, 41-2, 68, 159, 182, 186, 198

William III, the army under, 59;
W. Indian expedition, 120

William, Duke of Cumberland, mentioned, 74-5

Wolfe, General James, mentioned, 109

Xavier, François, mentioned, 40

York, Frederick, Duke of, 85

Zizka, John, mentioned, 52

Zulus, the, wars with, 134-5

Cambridge:

PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A.

AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

THE

CAMBRIDGE MANUALS

OF SCIENCE AND LITERATURE

Published by the Cambridge University Press under the general editorship of P. Giles, Litt.D., Master of Emmanuel College, and A. C. Seward, F.R.S., Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge.

A series of handy volumes dealing with a wide range of subjects and bringing the results of modern research and intellectual activity within the reach both of the student and of the ordinary reader.

_HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY_

42 Ancient Assyria. By Rev. C. H. W. Johns, Litt.D.

51 Ancient Babylonia. By Rev. C. H. W. Johns, Litt.D.

40 A History of Civilization in Palestine. By Prof. R. A. S.
Macalister, M.A., F.S.A.

78 The Peoples of India. By J. D. Anderson, M.A.

49 China and the Manchus. By Prof. H. A. Giles, LL.D.

79 The Evolution of New Japan. By Prof J. H. Longford.

43 The Civilization of Ancient Mexico. By Lewis Spence.

60 The Vikings. By Prof. Allen Mawer, M.A.

24 New Zealand. By the Hon. Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., LL.D, and
J. Logan Stout, LL.B. (N.Z.).

85 Military History. By the Hon. J. W. Fortescue.

84 The Royal Navy. By John Leyland.

76 Naval Warfare. By J. R. Thursfleid, M.A.

15 The Ground Plan of the English Parish Church. By A. Hamilton
Thompson, M.A., F.S.A.

16 The Historical Growth of the English Parish Church. By A.
Hamilton Thompson, M.A., F.S.A.

68 English Monasteries. By A. H. Thompson, M.A., F.S.A.

50 Brasses. By J. S. M. Ward, B.A., F.R.Hist.S.

59 Ancient Stained and Painted Glass. By F. S. Eden.

80 A Grammar of English Heraldry. By W. H. St J. Hope, Litt.D.

_ECONOMICS_

70 Copartnership in Industry. By C. R. Fay, M.A.

6 Cash and Credit. By D. A. Barker.

67 The Theory of Money. By D. A. Barker.

86 Economics and Syndicalism. By Prof. A. W. Kirkaldy.

_LITERARY HISTORY_

8 The Early Religious Poetry of the Hebrews. By the Rev. E. G.
King, D.D.

21 The Early Religious Poetry of Persia. By the Rev. Prof. J.
Hope Moulton, D.D., D.Theol. (Berlin).

9 The History of the English Bible. By John Brown, D.D.

12 English Dialects from the Eighth Century to the Present Day.
By W. W. Skeat, Litt.D., D.C.L., F.B.A.

22 King Arthur in History and Legend. By Prof. W. Lewis Jones,
M.A.

54 The Icelandic Sagas. By W. A. Craigie, LL.D.

23 Greek Tragedy. By J. T. Sheppard, M.A.

33 The Ballad in Literature. By T. F. Henderson.

37 Goethe and the Twentieth Century. By Prof. J. G. Robertson,
M.A., Ph.D.

39 The Troubadours. By the Rev. H. J. Chaytor, M.A.

66 Mysticism in English Literature. By Miss C. F. E. Spurgeon.

_PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION_

4 The Idea of God in Early Religions. By Dr F. B. Jevons.

57 Comparative Religion. By Dr F. B. Jevons.

69 Plato: Moral and Political Ideals. By Mrs J. Adam.

26 The Moral Life and Moral Worth. By Prof. Sorley, Litt.D.

3 The English Puritans. By John Brown, D.D.

11 An Historical Account of the Rise and Development of
Presbyterianism in Scotland. By the Rt. Hon. the Lord Balfour
of Burleigh, K.T., G.C.M.G.

41 Methodism. By Rev. H. B. Workman, D.Lit.

_EDUCATION_

38 Life in the Medieval University. By R. S. Rait, M.A.

_LAW_

13 The Administration of Justice in Criminal Matters (in England
and Wales). By G. Glover Alexander, M.A., LL.M.

_BIOLOGY_

1 The Coming of Evolution. By Prof. J. W. Judd, C.B., F.R.S.

2 Heredity in the Light of Recent Research. By L. Doncaster, Sc.D.

25 Primitive Animals. By Geoffrey Smith, M.A.

73 The Life-story of Insects. By Prof. G. H. Carpenter.

48 The Individual in the Animal Kingdom. By J. S. Huxley, B.A.

27 Life in the Sea. By James Johnstone, B.Sc.

75 Pearls. By Prof. W. J. Dakin.

28 The Migration of Birds. By T. A. Coward.

36 Spiders. By C. Warburton, M.A.

61 Bees and Wasps. By O. H. Latter, M.A.

46 House Flies. By C. G. Hewitt, D.Sc.

32 Earthworms and their Allies. By F. E. Beddard, F.R.S.

74 The Flea. By H. Russell.

64 The Wanderings of Animals. By H. F. Gadow, F.R.S.

_ANTHROPOLOGY_

20 The Wanderings of Peoples. By Dr A. C. Haddon, F.R.S.

29 Prehistoric Man. By Dr W. L. H. Duckworth.

_GEOLOGY_

35 Rocks and their Origins. By Prof. Grenville A. J. Cole.

44 The Work of Rain and Rivers. By T. G. Bonney, Sc.D.

7 The Natural History of Coal. By Dr E. A. Newell Arber.

30 The Natural History of Clay. By Alfred B. Searle.

34 The Origin of Earthquakes. By C. Davison, Sc.D., F.G.S.

62 Submerged Forests. By Clement Reid, F.R.S.

72 The Fertility of the Soil. By E. J. Russell, D.Sc.

_BOTANY_

5 Plant-Animals: a Study in Symbiosis. By Prof. F. W. Keeble.

10 Plant-Life on Land. By Prof. F. O. Bower, Sc.D., F.R.S.

19 Links with the Past in the Plant-World. By Prof. A. C. Seward,
F.R.S.

_PHYSICS_

52 The Earth. By Prof. J. H. Poynting, F.R.S.

53 The Atmosphere. By A. J. Berry, M.A.

81 The Sun. By Prof. R. A. Sampson, D.Sc., F.R S.

65 Beyond the Atom. By John Cox, M.A.

55 The Physical Basis of Music. By A. Wood, M.A.

71 Natural Sources of Energy. By Prof. A. H. Gibson, D.Sc.

_PSYCHOLOGY_

14 An Introduction to Experimental Psychology. By Dr. C. S. Myers.

45 The Psychology of Insanity. By Bernard Hart, M.D.

77 The Beautiful. By Vernon Lee.

_INDUSTRIAL AND MECHANICAL SCIENCE_

31 The Modern Locomotive. By C. Edgar Allen, A.M.I.Mech.E.

56 The Modern Warship. By E. L. Attwood.

17 Aerial Locomotion. By E. H. Harper, M.A, and Allan E.
Ferguson, B.Sc.

18 Electricity in Locomotion, By A. G. Whyte, B.Sc.

63 Wireless Telegraphy. By Prof. C. L. Fortescue, M.A.

58 The Story of a Loaf of Bread. By Prof. T. B. Wood, M.A.

47 Brewing. By A. Chaston Chapman, F.I.C.

82 Coal-Mining. By T. C. Cantrill.

83 Leather. By Prof. H. R. Procter.

"A very valuable series of books which combine in a very happy way a popular presentation of scientific truth along with the accuracy of treatment which in such subjects is essential.... In their general appearance, and in the quality of their binding, print, and paper, these volumes are perhaps the most satisfactory of all those which offer to the inquiring layman the hardly earned products of technical and specialist research."--_Spectator_

"A complete set of these manuals is as essential to the equipment of a good school as is an encyclopaedia.... We can conceive no better series of handy books for ready reference than those represented by the Cambridge Manuals."--_School World_

Cambridge University Press
C. F. Clay, Manager
LONDON: Fetter Lane, E.C.
EDINBURGH: 100 Princes Street

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within
the text and consultation of external sources.

Some misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage,
have been retained. For example, waterways, water-ways; Marquis,
Marquess; roughshod, rough-shod; centinel; disquisition;
poliorketics; evangel.