Chapter IX: The Limits of Military Duty (2)

[34] _Battles in the Peninsular War_, 181, 182.

[35] _Ibid._ 396.

[36] Foxe’s _Actes and Monuments_, iii. 52.

[37] Saint-Palaye, _Mémoires sur la Chevalerie_, iii. 10, 133.

[38] Vinsauf’s _Itinerary of Richard I._, ii. 16.

[39] Matthew of Westminster, 460; Grose, ii. 348.

[40] Monstrelet, ii. 115.

[41] _Mémoires sur la Chevalerie_, i. 322.

[42] Petitot, v. 102; and Ménard, _Vie de B. du Guesclin_, 440.

[43] Petitot, v. 134.

[44] Meyrick, _Ancient Armour_, ii. 5.

[45] i. 123.

[46] Monstrelet, i. 259.

[47] ii. 5.

[48] ii. 11.

[49] ii. 22, compare ii. 56.

[50] Monstrelet, ii. 111.

[51] ii. 113.

[52] See for some, Livy, xxix. 8, xxxi. 26, 30, xxxvii. 21, xliii. 7, xliv. 29.

[53] Livy, xliv. 29.

[54] Meyrick, i. 41.

[55] Demmin, _Encyclopédie d’Armurerie_, 490.

[56] Meyrick, ii. 204.

[57] Grose, ii. 114.

[58] Petitot, xvi. 134.

[59] Grose, ii. 343.

[60] iv. 27.

[61] iv. 36.

[62] iii. 109.

[63] _Mémoires_, vi. 1.

[64] Halleck, _International Law_, ii. 154.

[65] _Elements of Morality_, sec. 1068.

[66] _Des Droits et Devoirs des Nations neutres_, ii. 321-323.

[67] _History of the Royal Navy_, i. 357.

[68] Nicolas, ii. 341.

[69] Nicolas, ii. 405.

[70] Monstrelet, i. 12.

[71] Nicolas, ii. 108.

[72] _Ibid._ i. 333.

[73] Froissart, ii. 85.

[74] Entick, _New Naval History_ (1757), 823. ‘Some of the Spanish prizes were immensely rich, a great many of the French were of considerable value, and so were many of the English; but the balance was about two millions in favour of the latter.’

[75] From Entick’s _New Naval History_ (1757), 801-817.

[76] Martens, _Essai sur les Corsaires_ (Horne’s translation), 86, 87.

[77] _Ibid._ 93.

[78] III. xv. 229.

[79] Emerigon, _On Insurances_ (translation), 442.

[80] Martens, 19.

[81] Hautfeuille, _Des Droits et Devoirs des Nations neutres_, ii. 349.

[82] _De Jure Maritimo_, i. 72.

[83] _Despatches_, vi. 145.

[84] _Despatches_, vi. 79.

[85] The last occasion was on April 13, 1875.

[86] Halleck, _International Law_, ii. 316.

[87] Bluntschli, _Modernes Völkerrecht_, art. 665.

[88] James, _Naval History_, i. 255.

[89] James, ii. 71.

[90] _Ibid._ ii. 77.

[91] Ortolan, _Diplomatie de la Mer_, ii. 32.

[92] Campbell’s _Admirals_, viii. 40.

[93] _Campbell_, vii. 21. _James_, i. 161. Stinkpots are jars or shells charged with powder, grenades, &c.

[94] James, i. 283.

[95] Brenton, ii. 471.

[96] Caltrops, or crows’-feet, are bits of iron with four spikes so arranged that however they fall one spike always remains upwards. Darius planted the ground with caltrops before Arbela.

[97] Chapter xix. of the _Tactica_.

[98] Frontinus, _Strategematicon_, IV. vii. 9, 10. ‘Amphoras pice et tæda plenas; ... vascula viperis plena.’

[99] Roger de Wendover, _Chronica_. ‘Calcem vivam, et in pulverem subtilem redactam, in altum projicientes, vento illam ferente, Francorum oculos excæcaverunt.’

[100] Brenton, i. 635.

[101] _De Jure Maritimo_, i. 265.

[102] Rees’s _Cyclopædia_, ‘Fire-ship.’

[103] Brenton, ii. 493, 494.

[104] Halleck, ii. 317.

[105] Woolsey, _International Law_, 187.

[106] James, i. 277.

[107] Phillimore, _International Law_, iii. 50-52.

[108] _International Law_, ii. 95.

[109] Villiaumé, _L’Esprit de la Guerre_, 56.

[110] De Commines, viii. 8.

[111] Watson’s _Philip II._, ii. 74.

[112] _Ibid._ i. 213.

[113] _Memoirs_, c. 19.

[114] Villiaumé (_L’Esprit de la Guerre_, 71) gives the following version: ‘En 1793 et en 1794, le gouvernement anglais ayant violé le droit des gens contre la République Française, la Convention, dans un accès de brutale colère, décréta qu’il ne serait plus fait aucun prisonnier anglais ou hanovrien, c’est-à-dire que les vaincus seraient mis à mort, encore qu’ils se rendissent. Mais ce décret fut simplement comminatoire; le Comité de Salut Public, sachant très-bien que de misérables soldats n’étaient point coupables, donna l’ordre secret de faire grâce à tous les vaincus.’

[115] Herodotus, vii. 136.

[116] Livy, xlv. 42.

[117] _Ibid._ xlv. 43.

[118] Ward, _Law of Nations_, i. 250.

[119] Petitot’s _Mémoires_, xvi. 177.

[120] Livy, xlii. 8, 9.

[121] Monstrelet, _Chronicles_, i. 200.

[122] _Ibid._ i. 224.

[123] _Ibid._ i. 249.

[124] _Ibid._ i. 259.

[125] Monstrelet, ii. 156.

[126] _Ibid._ 120.

[127] Philip de Commines, ii. 1.

[128] _Ibid._ ii. 2.

[129] _Ibid._ ii. 14.

[130] Philip de Commines, iii. 9.

[131] Motley’s _United Netherlands_, iii. 323.

[132] Vattel, iii. 8, 143.

[133] Borbstaedt, _Franco-German War_ (translation), 662.

[134] Ward, i. 223.

[135] Quintus Curtius, iv. 6, and Grote, viii. 368.

[136] Quintus Curtius, vii. 11.

[137] _Ibid._ iv. 15.

[138] Arrian, iii. 18.

[139] Quintus Curtius, vii. 5.

[140] ‘Tous deux furent très braves, très vaillants, fort bizarres et cruels.’

[141] Lyttleton, _Henry II._, i. 183.

[142] Hoveden, 697.

[143] 2 Samuel xii. 31.

[144] _Memoirs of a Cavalier_, i. 47.

[145] _Memoirs of a Cavalier_, 49.

[146] ‘Life of Bayard’ in Petitot’s _Mémoires_, xvi. 9.

[147] Major-General Mitchell’s _Biographies of Eminent Soldiers_, 92.

[148] Livy, xxxi. 40. When Pelium was taken by storm, only the slaves were taken as spoil; the freemen were even let off without ransom.

[149] _Ibid._ xxviii. 3.

[150] _Ibid._ xxviii. 20, xxvii. 16, xxxi. 27.

[151] _De Officiis_, i. 12. Yet on this passage is founded the common assertion that among the Romans ‘the word which signified stranger was the same with that which in its original denoted an enemy’ (Ward, ii. 174); implying that in their eyes a stranger and an enemy were one and the same thing. Cicero says exactly the reverse.

[152] _Recueil de Documents sur les exactions, vols, et cruautés des armées prussiennes en France._ The book is out of print, but may be seen at the British Museum, under the title, ‘Prussia--Army of.’ It is to be regretted that, whilst every book, however dull, relating to that war has been translated into English, this record has hitherto escaped the publicity it so well deserves.

[153] _Ibid._ 19.

[154] _Ibid._ 8.

[155] _Ibid._ 13.

[156] Chaudordy’s Circular of November 29, 1870, in the _Recueil_.

[157] _Recueil_, 12, 15, 67, 119.

[158] _Ibid._ 56.

[159] _Ibid._ 54.

[160] _Recueil_, 33-37, and Lady Bloomfield’s _Reminiscences_, ii. 235, 8, 9.

[161] The _Times_, March 7, 1881.

[162] _Recueil_, 29; compare 91.

[163] Morley’s _Cobden_, ii. 177.

[164] Professor Sheldon Amos quotes the fact, but refrains from naming the paper, in his preface to Manning’s _Commentaries on the Law of Nations_, xl. Was it not the _Journal de France_ for Nov. 21, 1871?

[165] iii. i. viii. 4.

[166] _De Officiis_, i. 13.

[167] _Modernes Völkerrecht_, Art. 565.

[168] Polyænus, _Strategematum libri octo_, i. 34.

[169] Polyænus, v. 41.

[170] Ortolan’s _Diplomatie de la mer_, ii. 31, 375-7.

[171] James’s _Naval History_, ii. 211; Campbell’s _Admirals_, vii. 132.

[172] James, _Naval History_, ii. 225.

[173] Nicolas, _Royal Navy_, ii. 27.

[174] Hautefeuille, _Droit Maritime_, iii. 433. ‘Les vaisseaux de l’Etat eux-mêmes ne rougissent pas de ces grossiers mensonges qui prennent le nom de ruses de guerre.’

[175] xiii. 1.

[176] Montaigne, ch. v.

[177] vii. 4. ‘Quia appellatione nostra vix apte exprimi possunt, Græca pronuntiatione Stratagemata dicuntur.’

[178] Livy, xlii. 47.

[179] _Histoire de la France_, iii. 401.

[180] The word musket is from _muschetto_, a kind of hawk, implying that its attack was equally destructive and unforeseen.

[181] Polyænus, ii. 19.

[182] Polyænus, iii. 2; from Thucydides, iii. 34.

[183] _Ibid._ vii. 27, 2.

[184] _Ibid._ iv. 2-4.

[185] Liskenne, _Bibliothèque Historique et Militaire_, iii. 845.

[186] _Memoirs_, ch. xix.

[187] ix. 6, 3.

[188] vi. 22.

[189] vi. 15.

[190] iv. 7, 17.

[191] E. Fournier, _L’Esprit dans l’Histoire_, 145-150.

[192] iii. 10.

[193] Liskenne, v. 233-4.

[194] _Soldier’s Pocket-Book_, 81.

[195] Polyænus, viii. 16, 8. ‘Lege Romanorum jubente hostium exploratores interficere.’

[196] Livy, xxx. 29. According to Polyænus, he gave them a dinner and sent them back with instructions to tell what they had seen; viii. 16, 8.

[197] Watson’s _Philip II._ iii. 311.

[198] Liskenne, iii. 840.

[199] Hoffman, _Kriegslist_, 15.

[200] Petitot’s _Mémoires de la France_, xv. 317.

[201] Polyænus, ii. 27.

[202] _Ibid._ v. 1, 4.

[203] _Memoirs_, ch. xix.

[204] Livy, xxxiv. 17.

[205] As at the Brussels Conference, 1874, when such a proposal was made by the member for Sweden and Norway.

[206] In Pinkerton, xvi. 817.

[207] Turner’s _Nineteen Years in Samoa_, 304.

[208] Schoolcraft’s _Indian Tribes_, iv. 52.

[209] _The Basutos_, 223.

[210] Potter’s _Grecian Antiquities_, ii. 69.

[211] Turner’s _Samoa_, 298.

[212] Ellis’s _Polynesian Researches_, i. 275.

[213] Hutton’s _Voyage to Africa_, 1821, 337.

[214] Colenso and Durnford’s _Zulu War_, 364, 379.

[215] Petitot’s _Mémoires_, xv. 329.

[216] The evidence is collected in _Cetschwayo’s Dutchman_, 99-103.

[217] Henty’s _March to Coomassie_, 443. Compare Reade’s _Ashantee Campaign_, 241-2.

[218] Florus, ii. 19; iii. 4; Velleius Paterculus, ii. 1.

[219] Florus, ii. 20.

[220] _Ibid._ iii. 7.

[221] Florus, iii. 4; Cæsar, _De Bello Gallico_, ix. 44.

[222] Morley’s _Cobden_, ii. 355.

[223] Sir A. Helps’ _Las Casas_, 29.

[224] T. Morton’s _New England Canaan_, 1637, iii.

[225] Belknap’s _New Hampshire_, i. 262.

[226] Penhallow’s _Indian Wars_, 1826, republished 1859, 31-3.

[227] _Ibid._ 105, 6.

[228] _Ibid._ 103. For further details of this debased military practice, see Adair’s _History of American Indians_, 245; Kercheval’s _History of the Valley of Virginia_, 263; Drake’s _Biography and History of the Indians_, 210, 373; Sullivan’s _History of Maine_, 251.

[229] Kercheval’s _Virginia_, 113.

[230] Eschwege’s _Brazil_, i. 186; Tschudi’s _Reisen durch Südamerika_, i. 262.

[231] Parkman’s _Expedition against Ohio Indians_, 1764, 117.

[232] Argensola, _Les Isles Molucques_, i. 60.

[233] Drake’s _Biography and History of the Indians_, 489, 490.

[234] R. C. Burton’s _City of the Saints_, 576; Eyre’s _Central Australia_, i. 175-9.

[235] Borwick’s _Last of the Tasmanians_, 58.

[236] Tschudi’s _Reisen_, ii. 262.

[237] Maccoy’s _Baptist Indian Missions_, 441; Froebel’s _Seven Years in Central America_, 272; Wallace’s _Travels on the Amazon_, 326.

[238] Bancroft’s _United States_, ii. 383-5; and compare Clarkson’s _Life of Penn_, chaps. 45 and 46.

[239] Brooke’s _Ten Years in Sarawak_, i. 74.

[240] Captain Hamilton’s _East Indies_, in Pinkerton, viii. 514.

[241] W. H. Russell’s _My Diary in India_, 150.

[242] _Annals of the Propagation of the Faith_, viii. 280-6.

[243] _Caffres and Caffre Missions_, 210.

[244] _Memorials of Henrietta Robertson_, 259, 308, 353.

[245] _Ibid._ 353.

[246] Colenso and Durnford’s _Zulu War_, 215.

[247] Holden’s _History of Natal_, 210, 211.

[248] Moister’s _Africa, Past and Present_, 310, 311.

[249] Tams’s _Visit to Portuguese Possessions_, i. 181, ii. 28, 179.

[250] Robertson’s _America_; Works, vi. 177, 205.

[251] Thomson’s _Great Missionaries_, 30; Halkett’s _Indians of North America_, 247, 249, 256.

[252] Le Blant, _Inscriptions Chrétiennes_, i. 86.

[253] Bingham, _Christian Antiquities_, i. 486.

[254] Cæsar, _De Bello Gallico_, vi. 14. ‘Druides a bello abesse consuerunt ... militiæ vacationem habent;’ and Origen, _In Celsum_, viii. 73, for the Romans.

[255] Vaughan’s _Life of Wycliffe_, ii. 212-3.

[256] Turner’s _England_, iv. 458, from Duchesne, _Gesta Stephani_.

[257] ‘Non filius meus est vel ecclesiæ; ad regis autem voluntatem redimetur, quia potius Martis quam Christi miles judicatur.’

[258] Turner’s _England_, v. 92.

[259] ‘Sanxit ut nullus in posterum sacerdos in hostem pergeret, nisi duo vel tres episcopi electione cæterorum propter benedictionem populique reconciliationem, et cum illis electi sacerdotes qui bene scirent populis pœnitentias dare, missas celebrare, etc.’ (in _Du Cange_, ‘Hostis’).

[260] Guicciardini. ‘Prometteva che se i soldati procedevano virilmente, che non accetterebbe la Mirandola con alcuno patto: ma lascierebbe in potestà loro il saccheggiarla.’

[261] Monstrelet, i. 9.

[262] Crichton’s _Scandinavia_, i. 170.

[263] _Mémoires du Fleurange._ Petitot, xvi. 253.

[264] See Palmer, _Origines Liturgicæ_, ii. 362-65, for the form of service.

[265] _Petitot_, xvi. 229.

[266] _Ibid._ 135.

[267] Petitot, viii. 55. ‘Feciono venire per tutto il campo un prete parato col corpo di Christo, e in luogo di communicarsi ciascuno prese uno poco di terra, e la si mise in boca.’

[268] Livy, xxxvi. 2.

[269] Robertson, _Charles V._, note 21. Ryan, _History of Effects of Religion on Mankind_, 124.

[270] M. J, Schmidt, _Histoire des Allemands traduite, etc._, iv. 232, 3.

[271] ‘Christianis licet ex mandato magistratus arma portare et _justa_ bella administrare.’

[272] _Policy of War a True Defence of Peace_, 1543.

[273] _Pallas Armata_, 369, 1683.

[274] In his treatise _Du droit de la guerre_.

[275] _L’Esprit_, i. 562.

[276] _Strafgesetzbuch_, Jan. 20, 1872, 15, 75, 150.

[277] Fleming’s _Volkommene Teutsche Soldat_, 96.

[278] Benet’s _United States Articles of War_, 391.

[279] Grose, ii. 199.

[280] See Turner’s _Pallas Armata_, 349, for these and similar military tortures.

[281] Crichton’s _Scandinavia_, i. 168.

[282] Grose, ii. 6.

[283] Sir S. Scott’s _History of the British Army_, ii. 436.

[284] ii. 16. ‘Omnes autem signarii vel signiferi quamvis pedites loricas minores accipiebant, et _galeas ad terrorem hostium ursinis pellibus tectas_.’

[285] Scott, ii. 9.

[286] Scott, i. 311.

[287] Said to have been invented about 400 B.C. by Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse.

[288] Mitchell’s _Biographies of Eminent Soldiers_, 208, 287.

[289] Compare article 14 of the German _Strafgesetzbuch_ of January 20, 1872.

[290] _Nineteenth Century_, November 1882: ‘The Present State of the Army.’

[291] _De Re Militari_, vi. 5.

[292] Bruce’s _Military Law_ (1717), 254.

[293] See Fleming’s _Teutsche Soldat_, ch. 29.

[294] See the War Articles for 1673, 1749, 1794.

[295] 82.

[296] Quintus Curtius, viii. 2.

[297] _Military Law_, 163.

[298] 286, 290.

[299] _Despatches_, iii. 302, June 17, 1809.

[300] Compare also _Despatches_, iv. 457; v. 583, 704, 5.

[301] _China War_, 225.

[302] Scott’s _British Army_, ii. 411.

[303] _Wellington’s Despatches_, v. 705.

[304] See Windham’s Speech in the House of Commons. April 3, 1806.

[305] _Ibid._

[306] P. 122.

[307] Fleming, 109.

[308] Preface to b. iii. ‘Ergo qui desiderat pacem, præparet bellum.’

[309] Lord Wolseley’s _Soldier’s Pocket Book_, 5.

[310] Arbousset’s _Exploratory Tour_, 397-9.

[311] Livy, xl. 6.

[312] _Iliad_, vi. 266-8; and comp. _Æneid_, ii. 717-20.

[313] Casalis’s _Basutos_, 258.

[314] Victor Hugo’s _L’Ane_, 124.

[315] Baillat’s _Vie de Descartes_, i. 41.

[316] ii. 25, 9, 1. ‘Tanto carnifice detestabiliores quanto pejus est sine causâ quam ex causâ occidere.’

[317] _Ibid._ 2. ‘Nullum vitæ genus est improbius quam eorum qui sine causæ respectu mercede conducti militant, et quibus ibi fas ubi plurima merces.’ Both the sentiment and the expression are borrowed from Lucan’s _Pharsalia_, x. 408: ‘Nulla fides pietasque viris qui castra sequuntur Venalesque manus; ibi fas ubi plurima merces.’

[318] 364.

[319] Potter’s _Greek Antiquities_, ii. 9.

[320] Henry’s _Britain_, iii. 5, 1; Grose i. 56.

[321] Grose, i. 58.

[322] _Ibid._, i. 67.

[323] _Parliamentary Debates_, May 24, 1756.

[324] Sir S. Scott’s _British Army_, ii. 333.

[325] N. Bacon’s Notes to _Selden’s Laws_, ii. 60.

[326] _Candide_, c. xx.

[327] Alison’s _Europe_, vi. 491.

[328] _Life of Sir C. Napier_, i. 77.

[329] _Military Law_, 17.

[330] _Keppel’s Life_, by T. Keppel, ii. 1.

[331] _Indian Expedition_, ix.

[332] Livy, 39, 3; 42, 21; 43, 5.

[333] Livy, xlv. 22. ‘Certe quidem vos estis Romani, qui ideo felicia bella vestra esse, quia justa sint, præ vobis fertis, nec tam exitu eorum, quod vincatis, quam principiis quod non sine causâ suscipiatis, gloriamini.’

[334] _De Civitate Dei_, iv. 4 and 6.

[335] _Arbre des Batailles_, quoted in Kennedy’s _Influence of Christianity on International Law_.

[336] Petitot, xvi. 137.

[337] III. 65. ‘Cavendo ne metuant, homines metuendos ultro se efficiunt, et injuriam ab nobis repulsam, tamquam aut facere aut pati necesse sit, injungimus aliis.’

INDEX.

Achæan, curious mode of warfare, 131

Alexander II. of Russia, 3, 10

Armed neutrality, the, 86

Armour, 55, 224

Ashantee battle song, 86

Balloonists in war, 148

Battles, allusions to:
Agincourt, 201, 262
Bouvines, 194
Camperdown, 80
Crecy, 9, 54
Dover, 84
Musselborough, 56
Navarette, 59
Neerwinden, 6
Nicopoli, 56
Nile, 81
Otterbourne, 196
Pavia, 141
Poitiers, 207
Tel-el-Kebir, 253

Bearskin hats, 223, 224

Becon, Thomas, on military service in the sixteenth century, 208

Bishops in war, 35, 52-3, 193-8, 261

Blinding of prisoners, 42-3

Blockade, effective, 92

Bloodhounds used in war, 171-2

Bombardment, theory and practice of, 12, 15, 17, 106, 116

Bounties for scalps, 156

Brigand, meaning of, 57

Britons, love for military life, 156

Brussels Conference on laws of war, 10, 94, 95, 105, 123, 130,
141-6-7-8, 158

Bullinger, limits to right of military service, 208, 263

Cannons, 5

Cannon-shot oath, 130

Capitulations, 100-1

Chain-shot, 6

Chivalry, age of, 32

Church, influence of, on war, 52, 185-193, 204-16, 252

Churches, destruction of, 48

Church parade, 219

Cities, fate of, in war:
Amiens, surprise of, 148
Badajoz, storming of, 27
Barcelona, siege of, 138
Brescia, storming of, 103
Calais, siege of, 44
Constantine, storming of, 27
Copenhagen, bombardment of, 15, 268
Dinant, storming of, 102
Gaza, storming of, 107
Grammont, massacre at, 35
Gravelines, massacre at, 36
Haarlem, siege of, 97
Liège, storming of, 102
Limoges, massacre at, 37
Londonderry, siege of, 197-8
Magdeburg, massacre at, 27, 112
Malta, siege of, 97
Meaux, surrender of, 45, 101
Mirandola, siege of, 197
Oudenarde, siege of, 47
Pekin, English at, 237
Persepolis, burning of, 108
Poitiers, massacre at, 34
Rome, sack of, 103
Rouen, surrender of, 47, 101
San Sebastian, storming of, 28
Strasburg, bombardment of 15, 17, 106
Terouanne, destruction of, 137
Thebes, sack of, 103
Toledo, siege of, 42
Tyre, siege of, 108
Ulm, surprise of, 149
Washington, English in, 16

Conference stratagem, 136

Conscription, the, 242-8

Consecration of banners, 201

Contraband, 88

Contributions, military, 20, 118

Costume, military, 222-3

Crossbow, 4, 133

Cruelty and courage, 110

Custom of war, character of, 186, 210

Decimation, story of, 222

Declaration of Paris, 73, 78, 86-9

Declaration of St. Petersburg, 2, 3, 81

Declaration of war, 19, 198

Desertion, 230-1

Discipline, 7, 218, 234, 236

Dress, philosophy of military, 229

Duty, 74, 121, 264

Embargoes, 89

Explosive bullets, 1-2, 81

False flag, stratagem of the, 128-130

False information in war, 152

Fecials, Roman, 271

Firearms, feeling against, 5, 226

Fireships, 84-5

Flogging, 234-5

Forged despatches, 151

Free Companies, 60, 260

Free ships, free goods, 87

Fruit-trees, 16, 17, 47, 161

Germans, the, in war, 40, 106, 115-9

Greek fire, 83-4

Grenadiers, 223

Hanging in war, 44-7

Honour, variable notions of, 155-6, 267

Hostages, taking of, revived, 117

Innocent III., 206

Invention of the bayonet, 6

Jomini, Baron, President of Brussels Conference, 95

Julius II., story of, 196

Jus Angariæ, 90

Justice in war, 208, 258-9, 271, 273-80

Khonds, theory of war, 203

Kidnapping soldiers in Germany, 241

Kissing the earth, custom of, 201

Lateran Council, Third, 4

Laws of war among savages, 159

Lent, observation of, in war, 51, 205

Leo the Great, 204

Letters of marque, 74, 78

Letters, military contempt for, 156

Limoges, Council of, 203

Loha Pennu, an Indian war-god, 203

Macedonian warfare, 133

Magic, use of, in war, 199

Malingering, 231-4

Marriage, restrictions on, 218-9

Mercenary service, 260-3

Military cant, 21, 105-6, 118, 163

-- vandalism, 16, 48, 163, 237

Missionaries, 176-182

-- failure of, 177

-- legal control of, 181

Missionaries, Norwegian, in Zululand, 179

Mission stations destroyed, 180

Mozley, Canon, on war, 212

Musket, 5, 133

Mutiny Act, first, 265

Names of weapons, 200

Neutral ships and property, 86

Night attacks, 133

Numbers slain in war, 8-10

Oath, military, 264-5

Oath by cannon-shot, 130

Ophthalmia, artificial, 233

Palatinate, devastation of the, 17, 267

Pay, soldiers’, 239, 261

Perfidy, cases of, 135

Perjury, cases of, 139

Perpetual peace, Von Moltke on, 119

Piracy, 67-70, 255

Plunder of property at sea, 67-70

Plunder of property on land, 61-3, 66, 118

Poison, use of, in war, 13, 14, 172-3

Poisoning the air, 49

Poisoning water, 14, 29

Press, influence of, in war, 112, 177, 182, 253

Prisoners, treatment of, 17, 18, 40, 85, 99, 113

Prisoners, beheaded, 97, 106

-- blinded, 43

-- burnt, 103, 111

-- drowned, 101-2-6

-- hung, 46, 101-3

-- maimed, 43, 103

-- massacred, 41, 111

-- tortured, 194

Privateering, 70-9

-- Lord Nelson on, 77

Prizes and prize-money, 70

Prize Court, 76

Punishments, military, 221-6

Purificatory battle rites, 250

Pursers on privateers, 76

Recruiting, difficulty of, 240

-- former system of, in France and Germany, 241

Red, the military colour, 223

Red-hot shot, 5, 83

Reprisals, 93-118

-- savage German, 117-8

Right of search, 88

Right of wreck, 89

Roman warfare, 114, 132, 271-2

Sacred buildings in war, 16, 48-9

Sea battles, 80, 83

Scalping enemies, 170

Sentry-go, 229

Slavery, influence of its cessation on war, 112

Socialism, chief cause of, 245-8

Soldiers of mark:
Alaric, 204
Alexander the Great, 107-10, 133
Barbarossa, 100
Bayard, 6, 57, 149, 151, 165, 201, 226, 273
Bertrand du Guesclin, 40-1, 44
Black Prince, the, 37, 59
Blücher, 16, 17
Cæsar, 98, 156, 169, 272
Catinat, 145
Chandos, Sir John, 55
Charles of Anjou, 100
Charles the Bold, 111
Charles XII. of Sweden, 133, 226
Crillon, 22, 73, 243
Custine, 145
David, king of the Jews, 111, 251
David I. of Scotland, 111
Des Adretz, 111
Edward I., 106
Edward III., 44
Eugene, Prince, 149
Feuquières, 97, 138, 149
Francis I., 140
Francis de Vere, 104
Frederick the Great, 16, 142
Genseric, 205
Godfrey de Bouillon, 100
Gustavus Adolphus, 19-20, 22, 221
Henri Quatre, 30
Henry V., 101
Keppel, Admiral, 270
Manny, Sir Walter, 44, 57
Maurice, Prince, 150
Montluc, 107, 121, 133, 137, 145, 156
Moltke, 119
Orange, Prince of, 152
Parma, Prince of, 146
Pélissier, 165
Peterborough, Lord, 138
Pyrrhus, 157
Richard I., 111, 195
Saxe, Marshal, 226
Scipio, 146
Sertorius, 143, 145
Sully, 30
Suwarrow, 238
Wellington, Duke of, 20, 236
Wolseley, Lord, 143-4, 151, 244
Xerxes, 47, 99, 146

Spaniards in war, 40, 42, 97, 167-9, 200

Spies, 141-8
Vattel on, 141
Frederick the Great on, 142
Lord Wolseley on, 143-4

Storming cities, 27, 238

Surprises, 148-9

Surrender at discretion, 45, 100, 123

Ternate, island of, 131

Torpedoes, first use of, 5

-- introduced into European warfare, 85

Treatise on Tactics by Leo VI., 83

Truce of God, 205

War, real character of, 27, 186, 210

Wars, abolition of private, 205, 227

Weapons, 50

Women, imprisoned in war, 38

Women and children, slaughter of, 23, 33-8, 117

Women as soldiers, 242

Writers, &c.:
Arrian, 109
Bluntschli, 127
Bynkershoeck, 14, 127
Cicero, 114, 126
Descartes, 254
Dobritzhoffer, 160
Emerigon, 73
Erasmus, 186, 244
Froissart, 23
Frontinus, 134
Grotius, 14, 17, 23, 126, 187, 256, 258, 273
Hallam, 32, 50
Hautefeuille, 67
Kant, 23, 30
Las Casas, 167
Molloy, 77
Origen, 190
Palmerston, Lord, 227
Penn, 173
Polyænus, 135
Quintus Curtius, 109
St. Pierre, Abbé, 30
Sepulveda, 167
Tertullian, 189
Turner, Sir James, 259
Valin, 73
Vattel, 14, 18, 21, 73, 104-5, 139, 141, 266
Vauban, 15
Victor Hugo, 252
Voltaire, 210, 267-8
Whewell, 67
Wycliffe, 193
Zwingli, 263

_Spottiswoode & Co., Printers, New-street Square, London._

Transcriber's notes:

The following is a list of changes made to the original.
The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one.

Page 11, footnote:

like England should have been heard an inquiry of which
like England should have been heard at an inquiry of which

Page 78:

which abolished privateering beween the signatory Powers,
which abolished privateering between the signatory Powers,

Page 244:

such an expositon as the following of the relation between
such an exposition as the following of the relation between

End of Project Gutenberg's Military Manners and Customs, by James Anson Farrer