Chapter X: Preface (4)

[177] One of the best accounts of Baku is in the _Travels_ of George Forster, of the Bengal Civil Service, who came overland from India by the Caspian in 1784. There were at that time a considerable number of Multán Hindus at Baku, where they had long been established, and were the chief merchants of Shirwán. The _Átish-gáh_, or Place of Fire, was a square of about thirty yards, surrounded by a low wall, and containing many apartments, in each of which was a small jet of sulphureous fire issuing through a furnace or funnel, “constructed in the form of a Hindu altar.” The fire was used for worship, cookery, and warmth. On closing the funnel the fire was extinguished, when a hollow sound was heard, accompanied by a strong and cold current of air. Exclusive of these there was a large jet from a natural cleft, and many small jets outside the wall, one of which was used by the Hindus for burning the dead.

The whole country round Baku has at times, according to Kinneir, the appearance of being enveloped in flame, and during moonlight nights in November and December a bright blue light is observed to cover the whole western range. My friend Colonel Patrick Stewart, who was lately for some days at Baku, tells me that it is often possible to “set the sea on fire”, _i.e._, the gaseous exhalations on the surface. He says the Hindus are now only two or three, one of whom, a very old man, had lost the power of speaking his native tongue.

The quantity of naphtha procured in the plain near the city is enormous. Some of the wells are computed to give from 1000 to 1500 pounds a day. It is discriminated as _black_ and _white_. The white naphtha appears to be used chiefly as a remedy for allaying pains and inflammations. The flat roofs of Baku are covered with the black naphtha, and it is made into balls with sand as a fuel. (See _Forster’s Journey from Bengal to England_, London, 1798; and _Macdonald Kinneir’s Geog. Memoir of the Persian Empire_, p. 359.)

From Haxthausen we learn that the Átish-gáh or Átish-jáh has been altered since Forster’s time. The flame now issues from a central opening, and from four circumjacent hollow pillars within the temple, which is a building of a triangular form, and of about one hundred and ninety paces to the side, erected by a Hindu merchant in the present century. The flame is described as being about four feet high, bright, and “waving heavily to and fro against the dark sky, a truly marvellous and spectral sight.” The Átish-gáh of Baku appears to be the “Castle of the Fire-worshippers” spoken of by Polo (ii. 9). He says they revere the fire “as a god, and use it for burning all their sacrifices; and when at any time it goes out, they repair to that well, where the fire is never extinguished, and from it bring a fresh supply.”

[178] Some trace of the practice here alluded to is to be found among the Nestorians. “Once a year there is a kind of _Agapæ_ to commemorate the departed, in all the mountain villages. For days previous such families as intend to contribute to the feast are busily engaged in preparing their offerings. These consist of lambs and bread, which are brought into the church-yard; and after the people have communicated of the holy Eucharist, the priest goes forth, cuts several locks of wool off the fleeces, and throws them into a censer. Whilst a deacon swings this to and fro in presence of the assembled guests, the priest recites the following anthem:

“‘THE FOLLOWING IS TO BE SAID OVER THE LAMBS THAT ARE SLAIN IN SACRIFICE FOR THE DEAD:—

...

“‘When ye present oblations and offer pure sacrifices, and bring lambs to be slain, ye should first call the priests, who shall sign them with the sign of the cross before they are slain, and say over them these words: He was brought as a lamb to the slaughter,’” etc.

... “‘O Lord, let the oblation which thy servants have offered before thee this day be acceptable, as was that of faithful Abraham the righteous, who vowed his son as an oblation, and stretched out the knife upon his throat, _whereupon he saw a lamb hung on a tree like his life-giving Lord who was crucified_,’” etc. (_Rev. G. P. Badger’s Nestorians_, i. 229.)

See also Dr. Stanley’s account of the cruciform spit used by the Samaritans in roasting the Paschal lamb, in the notes to his _Sermons before the Prince of Wales_.

The Yezidís also have some mixture of Christian names in their superstitions, and sacrifice to Christ. Of the Ossetes of the Caucasus also we are told that the majority are nominally Christians, but in fact semi-pagans, and rarely baptized. They offer sacrifices of bread and flesh in sacred groves, and observe the Christian festivals with various sacrifices, _e.g._, a _lamb at Easter_, a pig on New Year’s Day, an ox at Michaelmas, a goat at Christmas. Both Georgians and Armenians are said still to be addicted to the practice of sacrifice in their churches. (_Haxthausen’s Transcaucasia_, p. 397.)

[179] “The Georgians are the Christian, the Circassians the Mohammedan, cavaliers of the Caucasian countries; they stand in the same relative position as the Goths and Moors of Spain.” “The bases and principles of the organization and general condition of the Georgian people bore great resemblance to those of the Germanic race, comprising a feudal constitution, perfectly analogous to the Romano-Germanic. In this _warlike country_ the Christian hierarchy was constituted in a perfectly analogous manner to the temporal feudal state,” etc. (_Haxthausen_, pp. 113, 117.)

[180] _Tana_ was the name of a place at the mouth of the Don or Tanais, the site of an early Venetian factory.

[181] See note (2) page 54.

[182] “_Cicilia_,” in orig.

[183] Marco Polo also places the country of the three Magi, Balthazar, Gaspar, and Melchior, in this region (ii. 9), as appears from his connecting them with the worshipped fire at Baku. Their tombs, according to him, were in a city called Sava.

[184] The Iron Gates, at the place called by the Persians Der-bend (Dăr-bănd), or the Closed Gate, the capital of Daghestan, and lying in a defile between the Caucasus and the Caspian. The city is traditionally said to have been founded by Alexander, and part of the celebrated wall of Gog and Magog, said to have extended from the Black Sea to the Caspian, is to be seen here, running over high and almost inaccessible mountains. (_Kinneir’s Pers. Empire_, p. 355.)

[185] One suspects some mistake here. He would seem still to be speaking of Cathay, in which case his estimate would have some propriety.

[186] I cannot explain all these names. But the author’s reference is to the several empires into which the vast conquests of Chengiz Khan were partitioned among his descendants. 1. _Cathay_, or all the eastern part of the empire, including China, with a paramount authority over all, fell to Okkodai and his successors, the “Great Khans” or “Great Tartars” of our author. 2. _Kipchak_, or Comania, all the country westward of the Ural river, through the south of Russia, fell eventually to Batu, the grandson of Chengiz, whose invasion, penetrating to Silesia and Hungary, struck terror into Europe. This is the Gatzaria of the text; Khazaria being properly the country adjoining the Sea of Azoph, and including the Crimea. The expression “now of Osbet” appears to refer to Uzbeg, who was Khan of Kipchak from 1313 to 1340. 3. _Jagatai_ (Elchigaday = El Jagatai, I suppose) was Transoxiana, lying between the first and second empires. It was so called from Jagatai, the son of Chengiz, to whom it fell. _Kaidu_, the grandson of Jagatai, according to Marco Polo, was the ruler of this country in the time of that traveller. Dua and Capac I cannot explain. 4. _Persia._ The second and third are of course the “other two empires of the Tartars” mentioned in the text. (See D’Avezac’s “Notice of Old Travels in Tartary” in _Recueil de Voyages_, vol. iv.; and Introduction to _Erskine’s Translation of Baber’s Memoirs_, etc.)

[187] See in _Ibn Batuta_, p. 172, a description of the great Chinese junks, trading at that time to Malabar. It is remarkable that the Arabian traveller uses literally the word _junk_, showing that we got it through the Arab mariners, though ultimately from the Malay _ajong_, a ship.

[188] _Sic in orig._ Qu. _Arabia_?

[189] It was just about this time that a great proselytizing energy was developed by Islám in the far east, extending to Sumatra and Java.

[190] _Asiatic_ Turkey, of course, at this date.

[191] Or horsemen.

[192] The good friar was doubtless thinking of _Exodus_ xxxv. 30-31.

[193] According to Beckman, the ancients were not acquainted with real alum. He says it was discovered by the orientals, who established works in the thirteenth century in Syria (apparently at Rukka or Rochha, east of Aleppo, whence the name of _Roch-alum_, still in use). The best now comes from the neighbourhood of Civita Vecchia. The method of manufacture in England and Scotland is to mix broken alum slate with fuel, and to set it on fire. When combustion is over the residual mixture is lixiviated with water; a solution of the earthy salt being obtained, potash salts are added, and crystals of alum are the result. (_Penny Cyclop._ and _Macculloch’s Comm. Dict._)

[194] A curious instance of the persistence of legend in the face of Scripture. See _John_, xxi, 23.

[195] “_Quia Turci non multum curant._” Some time ago a foreign ambassador at the Sublime Porte told the Grand Vizier that there were three enemies who would eventually destroy the Turkish empire, viz: _Bakalum_, (We shall see;) _In-shäa-Alláh_, (If it please God;) and _Yarun sabáh_ (to-morrow morning). (B.)

For this and several other very apt notes which I have marked with the letter B, I have to thank Mr. Badger’s kindness.

INDEX TO THE _MIRABILIA_ OF JORDANUS AND THE COMMENTARY THEREON.

Abgarus of Edessa, 5

Aboriginal races of India, 35

Abraham;
Mussul. legend of, xi;
birthplace of, 9

Abu-Zaid-al-Hasan, see _Reinaud_.

Abyssinia, the Middle India of Polo, 11
See _Æthiopia_.

Adder, horned, 43

Æthiopia, 42, 43, 45;
Population of, 54

Afghan manners, 10

Africa, South-Eastern (India Tertia), 41

Agmatæ of Ptolemy, 44

Ahar, city of Armenia, 9

Ainslie’s Materia Medica, 13

Aladdin, 42

Alcock’s Japan, 48

Alms of Great Khan, 48

Altai mountains, 48

Alum, manufacture of, 57

Amadou, 17

Ambergris, 43

Andaman islanders, 31, 44

Andra (Telingana), 39

Andreolo Cathani, 57

Angaman, 44

Aniba, Amba (the Mango), 14

Animals of India, 12, 18, 26, 35, 36, 38

⸺ of India Tertia (S. E. Africa), 42, 43, 44

Anthropophagi, 31

Ants, Indian, of Herodotus, 29;
white, 36

Arab sailors’ yarns, xvii

Arabes, Voyages des, see _Reinaud_.

Arabia, the Greater, 45, 55

Aran, concerning, 50

Ararat, 3, 5

Araxes, 4, 5, 7

Archipelago, Indian, 30

⸺ Crawfurd’s Dictionary of the, 27, 28, 31

Arguri (village on Ararat), 4

Ariana, 11

Ariena (Pliny’s name for jack-fruit), 13

Arimaspian, 42

Ark, legends of the, 3, 4

Armenia the Greater, 3 _et seq._, 11, 53

Armenians, Schismatic, 5, 58;
their sacrifices, 52

Artocarpus, see _Jack_.

Asher’s Benjamin of Tudela, 22

Asia Minor, 11, 53, 58

Asses;
wild, 9;
in India, 12

Athenæum referred to, 31

Átish-gáh of Baku, 50, 51

Atlas, of India, xiii;
Keith Johnstone’s, xiv;
Steiler’s, 6

Ava, Mission to, 39

Avdall’s Trans. of Chamich’s Hist. of Armenia, 5, 7

Azerbijan, 6

Baber, Erskine’s, 54

Babylon, deserted, 49;
Sultan of (Egyptian), 46

Bacu (Baku), 50, 51, 53

Badakshan, 9

Badger, Rev. G. P., v, viii, xi, xviii, 58;
his _Nestorians_, 51

Baldello Boni’s ed. of Polo, xiii

Balkash, Lake, 47

Banyan trees, 17, 18, 19

Baptism of converts, 23, 24

Barahnakár, 44

Barbosa, Odoardo, xiv, xvi, 22, 33, 40

Barca and Papa (names of Jack-fruit), 13, 14

Barcarian mountains (Barchal Dagh), 6

Baroch, vi

Barrington, Sir Jonah, 33

Bartholomew, Apostle, in Armenia, 4, 5

Batigala (Batcole), 40, 41

Battas, Battaks, their cannibalism, 31

Bats, 19, 29

Batu Khan, 54

Beasts, wild, see _Animals_.

Beckman’s Hist. of Inventions, 57

Bed-kisht (sp. of manna), 8

Belluri (sp. of palm), 17

Benares visited by Conti, xiv;
population of, 8

Benjamin of Tudela, xv, 11, 22, 28

Bhagwán, 24

Biblioth. Hist. Vetus, vii

Birala, see _Belluri_.

Bird, wailing, 37;
devil, _ib._;
like a kite, 36;
enormous, 42

Birds of India, 19, 28

Bisnagur, king of, 40

Black Sea, 53

Blackness of Indians, 12, 25, 26;
of Africans, 43

Blackwood’s Mag., 47

Bloqui, an Indian fruit (Jack), 13, 14

Boats stitched, 16, 53

Bodies kept long, 47

Boils, 14

Bokhara, 10

Bollandists, vii

Borassus flabelliformis, 16

Botanic Garden, Calcutta, 18;
Kandy, 20

Brahmans, 22

Brazil-wood, xiii;
history of the name, 27

Breadfruit, 13

Briggs’s Ferishta, 23

Buchanan, Dr. F., his Mysore, 17

Buddhist Triad, 25;
rites, 46

Buds, Cassia, 28

Buffaloes, 49

Burial-place of St. John, 58

Burma, 39

Burnes, Sir Alex., quoted, 9, 10, 12

Burning;
of the dead, 20, 47;
of widows, 20

⸺ mountains, 45

Cæsalpina, 27

Caga, a port of Persia, v

Cai-Colam or Kain-Kulam, xiv, 40

Cail, a city near C. Comorin, xvi, 40

Calabria, 1, 2

Calcatix (crocodile), 19

Calcutta Botanic Garden, 18

Caldea, 11, 49, 43

Calicut, xiv, xv, 40

Cambay, 6

Cambodia, xvi, 11, 33, 37, 38, 41

Camels, 12

Cananore, xiv

Canara, 32, 40

Canella selvatica, 22

Cannibals, 31

Canopus, 34

Capac, 54

Cappadocia, 11, 53

Carbuncles and dragons, 42

Cardinal’s hats used by idol pontiffs, 46, 47

Carelessness, Turkish, 58

Carnatic, Mahom. conquest of, 23

Carobs, 21

Carpini quoted, 48

Caryota Urens, 17

Caspian Sea, 7;
Hills, 6,
(and tribes) 51, 52

Cassia Fistula, 21, 22

⸺ Lignea, 22, 28

⸺ Laurus, 28

⸺ buds, _ib._

Cathay, vi, 54
See _China_ and _Tartar_.

Catholic rites, Pagan semblances of, 46, 47

Cats;
winged, 29;
civet, 43

Caucasus, 7;
see also _Caspian_.

Cayda, 54

Cemetery of Great Khans, 48

Cerastes, 43

Ceratonia Siliqua, 21

Ceylon, xii, 37;
mentioned by Jordanus, 28, 30, 41

⸺ Sir J. E. Tennent’s, iii, 13, 30

⸺ ⸺ ⸺ Natural History of, 20, 29, 36, 37, 43

Chaldees, Ur of the, 9

Chaldeia (Chaldæa), see _Caldea_.

Chamich’s History of Armenia, see _Avdall_.

Champa, see _Cambodia_.

Chaqui, a fruit of India (the Jack), 13

Character ascribed to the Hindus, 22

Chardin quoted, viii, 5, 7

Chengiz Khan, 47, 54

China, ships of, xiv, xv, 54;
cities of, 47;
porcelain, 48
See also _Tartar_ and _Cathay_.

_China Illustrata_, Kircher’s, 47

Chios, Island of, 56

Chopa, 41

Choral Service of Buddhists, 46

Christendom, advantages of, enumerated by Jord., 55

Christians;
in India, vi, vii, xi, xii, 23, 55;
in Persia, viii, 8, 9;
in Armenia, 5, 6;
in Æthiopia, 46;
selfstyled in Caspian Hills, 51

Christian mysteries, Pagan semblances of, 47

Christopherus A’Costa, 14

Chronicle ascribed to Jordanus, ix

Chronology, Hindu Mythical, 25

Chulan, xv

Churches;
in India, vii, 23;
in Persia, viii, 8, 9;
in Armenia, 4, 5

⸺ The, vii, 58

Cilicia, 53

Cinnamon, 22, 27, 28

Circassians, 52

Cities of the Great Tartar, 47

Civet cat, 43

Clove trees, 31

Cobra, 19, 43

Cochin, xiv, 35

Coco-nut-palm described, 15, 16

Cockatrice, 19

Coilpatam, 40

Coir, 16

Coilon, xv, xvi, see _Columbum_ and _Quilon_.

Coincidences between mediæval travellers, xvii

Colam, Coulam, see _Columbum_.

⸺ meaning of, xiii;
sundry places named, xiv

⸺ Pandarani, xiv, 40

Coloen, xvi, see _Columbum_.

Columbo in Ceylon, xii

Columbum, the see of Jordanus (Quilon), v, vi;
the Christians of, vii, viii, x;
identification of, xii-xvii;
foundation of, xiv, 29;
king of, 39, 40

Comania, 54

Comari (Comorin), xiii

Comorin, Cape, xiii, xvi, 33, 40

Conengue, v

Constantine, 5

Constantinople, 53, 57

Conti, Nicolo de’, xiv, xv, xvi, 25, 31;
division of India according to, 11

Conversion;
of Pagans and Saracens, 23, 24, 55;
of schismatics, 5, 6, 8, 9, 55

Cooley, W. D., Trans. of Panot’s Ararat, 3

Coorg, Rajas of, 40

Coquebert-Montbret (French editor), iii, iv, v, vi, vii, viii, xii,
xvii

Cordiner’s Ceylon, 13

Coromandel, xiii

Corypha umbraculifera, 30

Cote-coulam, xiv

Cows, see _Oxen_.

Crawfurd, John, Dictionary of the Indian Archipelago, 27, 28, 31

⸺ Malay Dictionary, 22

Crimea, 54

Crocodile described, 19

Cross, Sheep sacrificed on a, 51

Crows, 19

Cubebs, 31

Curzon’s Armenia, 5

Cyncilim, 40

Cyrus (Kur) river, 7

Daghestan, 53

D’Anville, vi, xiii

Date-palms in India, 11

Daulutabad, 39

Daumghan, v

D’Avezac, M., quoted, v, viii, ix, 42, 47, 54

Day and Night, length of, 12, 34

Dead, disposal of, 20, 21, 47

⸺ Sea in Armenia (Urumia), 6

Declinations, quaint estimate of, 34

Dekkan, Mahom. conquest of, 39

Delhi, 20

Demetrius, a Franciscan martyr in India, xii

Demons in Chaldæa, 49

Deogiri, rajas of, 39

Der-bend, 53

Devil speaketh in India, 37;
bird, _ib._

Dew absent, 8;
heavy, 12

Diamonds, 20

Dictionary, Macculloch’s Commercial, 27, 44, 57;
Crawfurd’s Malay, 22;
Crawfurd’s, of the Indian Archipelago, 27, 28, 31;
Smith’s, of the Bible, 4;
Smith’s, of Greek and Roman Geography, 6;
Richardson’s Persian, 17

Dioclesian’s Persecution, 5

Distances of eastern countries, 52

Dog-headed folk, 44

Dominicans, or Preaching Friars, v, vi, x, xii, 5, 6, 55

Dóms, Domra, a low caste, 21

Dragons, 5, 41

Dravidian races, 35

Dress of Hindus, 32

Drury, Capt. H., Useful Plants of India, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 28

Dua, 54

Dubois, Abbé, quoted, 21, 35

Dumbri, see _Dóm_.

Dyo or Diu, x

Earthquakes, in Greece, 2;
at Ararat, 4

Eating, Asiatic habits of, 10

Echmiazin, 3, 5

Egripos, 2

Elchigaday, 54

El-Cathif, xv

Electrum, 23

Elephant, not found in Lesser India, 12;
described, 26;
story of, 29;
extensive use of in Champa, 37;
their wars, 38;
mode of capture, 38, 39;
of Ceylon, 41;
carried by the Roc, 42

El-Kât, Port of the P. Gulph, v

Elphinstone’s Hist. of India, 22, 23

Embar (Ambergris), 43

Emperor, Persian (Tartar), 6;
of Æthiopia, 42, 45, 46;
of Cathay, 46, 47, 48;
of Constantinople, 53

Empire, Persian (Tartar), 6, 52, 54;
Great Tartar (Cathay), 46, 47, 48, 53;
several Tartar, 54

Engano, legend of, 44

Ephesus, 58

Erivan, 7

Erskine’s Baber, 54

Euphrates, v, 49

Euripus, flux and reflux, 2

Exodus quoted, 57

Facetiousness of M. Polo, exceptional, 46

Fandaraina, 40

Fans, 17

Faro of Messina, 1

Female line, inheritance in, 32

Ferrier’s travels, 9

Fertility of Lesser India, 12;
of Turkey, 58

Fighting in India, 20

Fiji Islands, 32

Fire at Baku, 50, 51, 53

⸺ worshippers, 21;
castle of the, 51

Flandrina, 40

Flying foxes, 19

⸺ squirrels, 29

Food of Lesser India, 12

Footsteps, mysterious, 37

Forest tribes, see _Wild_.

Forks, no new invention, 10

Forster’s, George, travels, 50

Fowls, Indian, 20

Foxes in India, 29;
flying, 19

France, king of, might subdue the world, 56

Francis of Pisa, vii

Franciscan or Minor friars, v, vi, ix, x, 5, 55

Friars, see _Franciscan_ and _Dominican_.

Fruits of India, 13-17

Funeral rites, Tartar, 47, 48

Gabet, Père, 47

Gallus Sonneratii, 20

Galofaro (Charybdis), 2

Gatzaria, 54

Gedrosia, 11

Geographer in Ramusio, see _Sommario_, 24

Gemma Marina, 43

Genoese, vi, 56, 57

Georgiana, 52, 53

Georgian schismatics, 9

Ginger, xv, 21, 27

Girasal and Chambasal, 13

God, the one recognized by Hindus, 24

Gog and Magog, wall of, 53

Gokchai, Lake, 7

Gold, in Persia, 9;
in India, 23;
Water making, 29;
dust for money, 30

Golden mountains, 45, 46

⸺ sands, 42

Golkonda, Kingdom of, 39

Gracia ab Horto, 14

Grapes, 4, 15

Greece, 2, 11, 55

Greeks, 9, 56, 58

Gregory, St., Ap. of Armenia, 5

Grueber, Father, 47

Grus Cinerea, 37

Gryphons, 42, 45

Guz (manna), 8

Hakluyt, ix, 31, 33

Hamilton’s (W.) Desc. of Hindostan, 22, 40

Hardwicke, General, 29

Harrán or Haran, 50

Hauda, 26

Haxthausen’s Transcaucasia, 4, 50, 52

Heavenly bodies, 35

Hell, Babylon called, 49

Heraclius, 7

Heretics, 46

Herodotus, xviii, 29, 31, 42

Hílí, a port of Malabar, xv

Hindus;
decent eating, 10;
blackness, 12, 25, 26;
high character of, 22;
their toleration, 24;
sacrifices, 24;
idols, _ib._;
reverence for oxen, 25;
dress, 31;
inheritance, 32;
self-immolation, 32;
wars, 20;
at Baku, 50, 51

Hispaniola, 32

Honeyjack, 14

Horrebow’s Iceland, 50

Horses not used in Lesser India acc. to Jordanus, 12;
sacrifice of, 47

Hortus Malabaricus, see _Rheede_.

Huc, Père, 46, 47

Hulaku, vi, 6

Hunáwur, 40

Hunters, Negro, 43

Hurons, 32

Hushyárpúr, banyan at, 18

Hyemo, city of, 47

Iaca (jack-fruit), 13, 14

Ibn Batuta, travels of, iii;
mentions Columbo, xii;
Kaulam, xv;
coincidences with Jordanus, xvii;
his desc. of jack-fruit, 14;
mango, 14;
coco-palm, 15;
pepper, 28;
his name of Ceylon, 28;
mentions great ruby, 30;
his singular story of self-immolation, 33;
his mention of Maabar, 39;
of Hunáwur; of Fandaraina, 40;
of the Roc, 42;
of the Andaman stories, 44;
of the Great Khan’s funeral rites, 47;
of Chinese junks in India, 54

Ichthyophagi Troglodytes of Arabia, 45

Idols, Indian, 24, 32, 33;
processions of, 33;
sacrifices to, 24, 32;
temples of, destroyed by Saracens, 23;
temples of, in Tartary, 46

India, mediæval divisions of, 11

⸺ the Lesser, 10;
described, 11 and seq., 53

⸺ the Greater, 26 and seq., 53

⸺ First and Second, 11, 12

⸺ Middle, 11

⸺ Tertia, 11;
described, 41 & seq.

⸺ Ultra Gangem, 41

⸺ wild races of, 35

⸺ kings in, 39

⸺ islands of, 28, 30, 31, 44, 53

⸺ vessels of, 16, 53

India in the fifteenth century, Major’s, xiv, 42
See also _Conti_.

India rubber trees, 20

Infernal, Tribes characterized as, 35

Inheritance, singular custom of, 32

Insects, 36

Iron in India, 23

Iron-gates, the, 53

Irrigation at Tabriz, 8

Isaiah’s prophecy of Babylon, 49

Islands of India, their number, 28, 53;
Ceylon, 28, 30;
island having marvellous water and tree, 29;
of naked people, 30;
of Java, 30, 41;
of women only and men only, 44;
of dog-headed folk, 44

Ivory, 38

Iymyl, a Tartar city, see _Hyemo_.

Jack-fruit, 13, 14

Jacobites, 9

Jacobus, Armenian martyr, 5

Jagatai Khan, 54

Jaggeri (palm-sugar), 16

James of Padua, a Franciscan martyr, xi

Java (the Archipelago), its wonders, 30, 31, 33;
kings in, 41, 55

Jews, black, xv;
in Persia, 9

John, St., legend of, 58

⸺ Prester, 42, 45

⸺ XXII, Pope, vii, x

⸺ de Core, archbishop of Sultania, vii

Jordanus, his birthplace, iv;
dates in his life, v, vii;
letters, v, vi;
first goes to India, vi;
named bishop of Columbum, vii;
time of writing this book, viii;
Chronicle ascribed to him, ix;
his Latinity, xvii;
his coincidences with other travellers, xvii

Josephus, 4

Jude the Apostle, in Armenia, 4, 5

Jungle fowl, 20

Junks, Chinese, xv, 55;
origin of the name, 55

Kaidu Khan, 54

Kain-Kulam, xiv, 40, 41

Kambalu, 46

Karrack, v

Kars, 6

Kasias, 32

Kaulam, xv, (see _Columbum_).

Kayane, virgin martyr, 5

Keatinge, Col. R. H., 33

Kesmacoran of Polo, 11

Khan, Great, see _Tartar_.

Khârej or Khárg, see _Karrack_.

Khazaria, 54

Khor-virab, convent of, 5

Khounouk, v

Khilji sovereigns of Delhi, 23

Kic (for _Kīr_, bitumen), 10

Killing Oxen capital, 25

Kine alone used in Lesser India, 12

Kings in India;
their dress, 32;
some of them detailed, 39

⸺ 52 under Prester John, 45

⸺ The Three, 53

King, Account of Cambodia by, 38

Kinneir, Macdonald, quoted, 7, 8, 50, 53

Kipchak, 54

Kirbah (Waterskin), 49

Kirby and Spence, quoted, 36

Kircher’s _China Illustrata_, 47

Kite, Rufous, 36

Kulang (sp. of crane), 37

Kulam. See _Columbum_, etc.

⸺ Malé, xiv

Lada, 22

Lake Urumia, 6

⸺ Sevan, 7

Lakkadives, 28

Lamas, 47

Lambs, Nestorian Sacrifice of, 51

Lapis Lazuli, 9

Latinity of Jordanus, xvii

Latter Days, Mahom. notions respecting, 23

Leake’s Travels in Greece, 2

Leaves;
perennial, 18;
gigantic, 29, 30

Le Blanc, Vincent, 40

Lee, Dr. S., 14. See _Ibn Batuta_.

Lemons, sweet and sour, 15

Leopards, 18, 43

Liber de Ætatibus, v

Liberality of Great Tartar, 46

Linga, Lingam, 40, 41

Lingáyet sect, 39, 40

Lingua, King of Mohebar and of Columbum, 39, 41

Linschoten’s Voyages, 13, 14, 21, 22, 28

Lions, 18, 43

Locusts, 20

Lodovicus Romanus, 14

Lord, Dr. P., quoted, 12

Lories, 29

Lucknow, population of, 8

Lycia, 53

Lynx, 18

Maabar, a region of the Coromandel coast, xiii, 32, 39, 41

Maarazia, a city of India (Benares), xiv

Macculloch’s Commercial Dictionary, 27, 44, 58

Mace, 31

Mackenzie Collections, xiv

Madagascar, 32

Madras, population of referred to, 8

Magi, 53

Mahmúd of Ghazni, 23

Mahratta, 39, 41

Major’s India in the 15th century, xiv, 42
See _Conti_.

Malabar;
Ports of, xiv-xvi;
Chinese Trade with, xv, 54;
Kings in, 39;
Mahom. Conquest of, 23

Malayalim names of Jack-fruit, 13, 14

Mandevill, Sir John, xv;
his lies, 40

Mangalore, 11, 40

Mango, 14

Manna, 8, 10

Manners;
of Persians, 9, 10;
of Hindus, 10, 12, 20, 22;
of Tartar Empire, 47

Maragha, vi

Marogo (Maragha), v, vi

Marsden’s Sumatra, 44

Martin Zachary, Captain, 56

Martyrdoms;
of Missionaries, vi, ix, xi, 56;
Sundry in Armenia, 4, 5, 7

Mastick, 56

Masudi, vi

Media, 53

Mediterranean, Adm. Smyth’s, 2

Mekrán, 11

Melibaria of Conti (Malabar), xvi

Men only and women only, and Islands of, 44

Metals in India, 23

Mice, white, 31

Milburn’s Oriental Commerce, xiii, 22

Milk, Coco-nut, 15

Milton quoted, 17, 42

Minor Friars. See _Franciscan_.

Missionaries Martyred. See _Martyrdoms_.

Missions, Views of Jordanus on Indian, 55, 56

⸺ Papal, in Armenia, 5, 6

Mitford, 37

Mogan, Plain of, 6, 50, 53

Mohebar, 39, 41
See _Maabar_.

Molebar (Malabar), 40

Molephatam, 40, 41

Molepoor, 40, 41

Monarchies of South India, 39, 40, 41

Monasteries in Tartary, 46

Money, Paper, 46

Monsters at Babylon, 49

Monteith, General, quoted, 6

Mooloopetta, 40

Moorish Sea (Mediterranean), 53

Moors (for Mahomedans), 24, 40

Moosh, 8

Moslem Kings in India, 40

Mosques made out of Temples and Churches, 23

Mouat’s Andamans, Dr., 44

Mules not used in Lesser India, 12

Mul-Java, 33

Multán, 23

Muratori, ix

Murray, Hugh, his Polo, xiii, xvi, xviii

Murray’s Guide, The Medieval, xvii

Musk, 47

Mus Malabaricus, 29

Mysore, Buchanan’s, 17

Nadir Shah, 7

Naft (Naphtha), 50
See also 10

Nairs of Malabar, their law of inheritance, 32, 40

Naked Tribes, 30, 43

Nakhcheván, 4, 6

Namadus, vi

Nargil (Coco-nut), 15

Narsinga, King of, 40

Nascarini (Nazrání or Indian Christians), vii

Natchez, 32

Naxuana of Ptolemy, 4

Negroes described, 43

Negropont, 2

Nerbudda, vi, 33

Nestorians, vi, 9, 51

⸺ The, by the Rev. G. P. Badger, 51

Nicolaus Romanus, vi

Niger, Tribes on, 32

Night and Day, variation of, 34

⸺ Brightness and glory of, in India, 34

Noah, Armenian Traditions of, 3, 4

Nose, flat, a beauty among Mongols, 25

Nutmegs, 31

Nuts of India, 16

Odericus Raynaldus, vii

Odoricus of Friuli, Traveller and Saint, ix, 31, 33, 38, 40

Ogero the Dane, 40

Oil, Coco-nut, 15

Okkodai, Khan of the Tartars, 47

Onagri, 9

Orang-utang, 31

Oranges, 15

Ormi (Urumia), 5

Ormus, x, 11

Ornas. See _Verna_.

Orogan (error for Mogan), 6

Osbet, 54

Ossetes, 51

Ounces, 18, 43

Oxen, Hindu reverence for, 25

Oxus, 10

⸺ Wood’s, 11

Pagan Prophecies of Latin domination, 23

Pala, name of Jack-tree in Pliny, 13

Palmyra, 16

Paludanus, 13, 14

Pandarani, xiv, 40

Paper Money in Tartary, 46

Paradise, Terrestrial, 42, 43

Parmeswar, 24

Paroco, a city of India (Baroch), v, vi

Parody of Catholic rites, 47

Parrot’s Ascent of Ararat, 3, 4

Parrots, 19, 29

Parsis described, 21

Peacocks, 20

Pearl Fishery, 28, 40, 41

_Pegua_ (?), 10

Penny Cyclopædia, quoted, 2, 6, 8, 28, 29, 43, 44, 58

Pepper, xiii;
gardens, xv;
forest, xv;
described, 27

⸺ Long, 27, 28;
not indigenous in the I. Archipelago, 31

Persecution;
of Dioclesian, 5;
of preachers lay the Saracens, x, 55, 56

Persia;
Notices of, 7 _et seq._, 52
See _Emperor_ and _Empire_.
See also _Kinneir_.

Peter, a Franciscan Martyr, xii

Pheasants, 20

Pitch, Mineral, 10

Pila, Tamul name of Jack-fruit, 13

Pirates in Malabar, 40

Planets as seen in India, 34

Pliny;
western limit of India according to, 11;
his account of Jack-fruit, 13;
of the Banyan, 17;
of Cassia, 22;
of Pepper, 28

Podargus, 37

Pole-star, height of, 34

Poliars, a forest race, 35

Polo, Marco, iii, v, viii;
his Coilon, xiii, xv, xvi;
his coincidences with Jordanus, xvii;
his division of the Indies, 11;
quoted with reference to birds and beasts of India, 19;
big bats, 19;
armament of Indian troops, 20;
honesty of Brahmans, 22;
horrid heat, 22;
admiration of black skins, 25;
Indian Islands, 28;
Ceylon, 28;
great ruby, 30;
pygmies, 31;
dress of Indian kings, 32;
Maabar, 39;
king of Cail, 40;
Male and Female Islands, 44;
Andamans, 44;
bounty of the G. Khan, 46;
Paper-money, 46;
City of Kinsai, 47;
burial of G. Khan, 48;
fire of Baku, 51, 53;
division of Tartar conquests, 54

⸺ Murray’s edition of, xiii, xviii;
Baldello Boni’s, xiii

Polumbrum or Polembum, xv

Pomegranates, 15

Population;
of Tabriz, 7;
fallacious estimates of, 8;
of Eastern Countries, 11;
of Cathay, 47, 54;
of Æthiopia (?), 54

Porcelain, China, 48

Preachers wanted for India, 55

⸺ Saracen, 55

Preaching among idolaters of India, 24

⸺ Friars. See _Dominicans_.

Prester John, 42, 45

Priests, idolatrous, 24

Prophecies of Latin domination, 23

Ptolemy;
his Supara, vi;
stories received from Arab Sailors, xviii;
his Naxuana, 4;
his Agmatæ, 44

Pudefitania of Conti (Pudipatanam), xiv

Pulney Hills, 35

Quails, 19, 20

Quétif and Echard, v

Quilacare (Coilacaud) King of, 33

Quilon, the Columbum of Jordanus, vi, xii-xvii, 34, 39, 41
(See _Columbum_, _Coulam_, etc.)

Races, wild, 35

Rain, absence of, 8;
scarcity of, 12

Rainy season, 12

Rajmahl Forests, 18

Rakshasas, 35

Ramusio, xiv, xvi, 11, 24, 40

Rats, gigantic, 29

Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires, i, iii, iv, ix, 3, 42, 47, 48, 54

Reg-rawán, 11

Reinaud—Relation des Voyages faits par les Arabes, etc., vi, xiv, 33

Renaudot, xiv

Rennel, xiii

Reptiles, 18, 19

Resemblances to R. Cath. rites, 24, 33, 46

Rheede’s Hortus Malabaricus, 13, 14, 17

Rhinoceros, 18

Rhipsime, Virgin Martyr, 5

Rhubarb, 47

Richardson’s Persian Diction., 17

Rice, 12

Rivers of Paradise, 42, 43

Roc, The, 42

Roch-Alum, 58

Roxburgh, quoted, 17

Rubies, great, 30

Rubruquis, William, 3, 25, 46

Rukka, 58

Russia, 54

Sacrifices;
Idol, in India, 24;
in Tartary, 46;
of sheep on a cross, 51;
suicidal, 32

Samarkand, viii

Samosata, viii

Samudra Raja, 40

Sandhills, Flowing, 10

Sap of trees for liquor, 15, 16

Sappan-wood, 27

Saracens;
_i.e._, Mahomedans, x, 9, 23, 41, 58;
their preachers and persecution of Christians, 55;
ravage India, 23

Saracenized Tartars, 9

Sati, 20

Sava, 53

Scala, 5

Schismatic Christians, vii, 5, 6, 8, 9, 55, 58

Scotch lady’s musquito, 29

Scott, Walter, 50

Scott-Waring, 10

Seamanship, eastern and western, 55

Sebast, Sebasteia, 6

Sefara, see _Supera_.

Self-immolation, stories of, 33

Semiscat, a see under Sultania, vii

Semur (?), a city of Armenia, 7

Serpents;
in India, 18, 35;
two-, three-, and five-headed, 19;
in Armenia, 4, 5, 7;
horned, and with gems, 43;
vast, in Æthiopia, 45;
in Chaldæa, 49

Sevan, Lake, 7

Séverac, birthplace of Jordanus, iv

Shaki and Barki—Arabic names for Jack-fruit, 14

Shadows, direction of, 34

Sheep sacrificed on cross, 51

Siagois (_Siya-gosh_, the lynx), 18

Sicily, whirlpools, etc., 1

Silk in Persia, 9

Silem, see _Sylen_ and _Ceylon_.

Simon, Apostle, in Armenia, 4, 5

Sindbad the sailor, 31, 42

Sindh, 11, 12;
Reports on, 12

Singuyli, King of, 40, 41

Sister’s son inherits, 32

Sivas, 6

Slaves, funeral sacrifice of, 47

Smith and Dwight, Researches in Armenia, 3, 4, 5, 6

Smith’s Dict. of the Bible, 4

⸺ Dict. of Greek and Roman geography, 6

Smyth, Admiral, the Mediterranean, 1, 2

Soldan of Babylon (in Egypt), 46

Soldiers in India, 20

_Sommario dei Regni_, etc., in Ramusio, xiv, xv, 24, 40

Sparrows, 19

Sperm-whale, 44

Spices, 23, 27, 30, 31

Spiders, Wasps that kill, 35

Springs, miraculous, 4;
of pitch, 10

Squirrels, flying, 29

Stanley, Dr. Arthur P., quoted, 51

Stewart, Lt.-Col. Patrick, R.E., 50

Steiler’s Hand Atlas, 6

Stitched Vessels, 53

Stones, Pretious, 20;
in Ceylon, 30, 41;
in serpents, 43;
in the heads of dragons, 42;
in Æthiopia, 45

Sugar, Palm, 16, 17

Sultania, viii, 9

Sugar-cane, 21

Sumatra, 30, 31, 32, 44, 55

Supera, a port of India supposed near Surat, v, vi

Surat, vi

Surplice, 24

Sylen (Ceylon), or Silem, 28, 30, 41 (see _Ceylon_).

Sylvester, St., 5

Tabriz, v, vi, viii, 6, 7, 8, 9

Talipat-tree, 30

Tamarinds, and meaning of the word, 21

Tamerlane, viii

Tamul words, xiii, 13, 19

Tamils in Ceylon, 43

Tana, an Indian port near Bombay, vi, vii, ix

Tana, Tanan (Tanais), an ancient factory on the Sea of Azoph, viii, 53

Tapti river, vi

Tárí, Tádí, 16

Tartar, The Great, 46, 47, 48, 54

Tartars;
in Armenia, 7, 24;
different empires of, 54

Tartary, 10, 46, 53

Tauris (see _Tabriz_).

Telenc (Telingana), an Indian kingdom, 39, 41

Teloogoo, 29

Tennent, Sir J. E., see _Ceylon_.

Terrors of Babylon, 49

Thaddeus, the Apostle, 5

Thaurisium, 6 (see _Tabriz_).

Thebes (Greece), 2

Theistic feeling among Hindus, 24

Thibet, 47

Thomas the Apostle, Saint, x, 5, 23

⸺ a Franciscan martyr, xi

Thucydides, 2

Tigris, 49

Tipura, 32

Tiridates, K. of Armenia, 5

Toddy, process of drawing, 16, 17

Tokat, 6

Tongan (Daumghan), v

Tortoise, monster, 49

Toulouse, 47

Transoxiana, 54

Travancore, people of, 22

Treasure of the sea, 43

Trebizond, 6, 53

Triad, the Buddhist, 25

Trinity, alleged belief in the Holy, in India, 24;
in Ava, 25

Troglodytes Ichthyophagi, 45

Tsjaka (Malayalim name of Jack-fruit), 13

Turks, 56, 57, 58;
for Mahomedans, 24;
their pococurantism, 58

Turkish Saracens, 23

Turkey (in Asia), 57

Tuticorin, 40

Two-headed monsters, 49;
also see _serpents_.

Ultramarine, 9

Unicorn, 18, 42

Upas tree, 31

Ur of the Chaldees, 9

Ural River, 54

Urfa, 9

Urumia, Lake, 6;
city, 5

Uzbeg, 54

Variation of day and night in India, 12, 34

Vasco de Gama, 27

Venice, merchants of, in Malabar, xv

Venus seen in broad day, 34

Verna, an Eastern see, viii

Vessels of India, 16, 53;
of Cathay, xv, 54

Vincent’s Periplus of the Erythræan Sea, vi

Vines;
of Noah, 4;
in India, 15

Virgin martyrs, 5

⸺ only can take a unicorn, 43

Viverra Civetta, 43

Vows of self-immolation, 32

Wadding, Annales Minorum, v

Walckenaer, Baron, iv

War, elephants used in, 26

⸺ of elephants among themselves, 38

Warangól, 39

Wasps, remarkable, 35

Water, marvellous, 29

Wellsted’s Travels in Arabia, 45

Wheat in India, 12

Widow-burning, 20

Wild;
tribes in India, 35;
men, 43

Willows exuding manna, 8

Wilson, H. H., quoted, xiv

Wine;
not made in India, 15;
substitutes for, 15, 16

Wood’s Oxus, quoted, 11

World’s duration according to Hindus, 25

Yadu family, 39

Yemi-li (see _Hyemo_).

Yezidís, 51

Zachary, an Armen. Archbishop, 5

⸺ a Genoese Captain, 56

Zamorin of Calicut, 40

Zebra, 44

Zoroaster, 6

_CORRIGENDA._

P. viii. _Dele_ note 2, which is based on an oversight.

P. 2. Last line of note on Charybdis, insert “_which are_” after “local terms.”

P. 5. Note 2, last word of second line, for “_were_” read “_was_.”

P. 12. Note 1, first line, for “_half-past nine_” read “_half-past eight_.”

P. 14. Note 1, first line, for “_Amba_” read “_Anba_.”

P. 36, § 33, first line, read “_a certain big bird like a kite_.”