Chapter V: E. Johnson steam driven hydroaëroplane Opp. 120 (3)

ARTICLE 3. OFFICERS. The officers of this organization shall be a President, Vice-president, Secretary and Treasurer and a board of governors to consist of said officers. The president and vice-president shall constitute the executive committee of the board of governors, with full powers to act for them in the affairs of the club. The election of officers shall take place at the first meeting held during the month of .......... of each year and shall hold office for one year. In the event of a vacancy in the office of the President the Vice-president or next highest officer present shall preside. Any other vacancy shall be filled by an officer temporarily appointed by the President. The President shall preside at all meetings of the club and of the board of governors, and shall perform such other duties as usually pertain to that office. The President shall have full authority to appoint committees or boards as may be necessary to further the interests of the club.

The Secretary shall keep a record of all meetings of the club, board of governors and committees and shall use the seal of the club as may be directed by the executive committee. Further, he shall issue notices to officers and members of all special meetings and perform such other duties as may be assigned him by the constitution, by the club or by the board of governors.

The Treasurer shall have charge of the funds of the club, receive all moneys, fees, dues, etc.; pay all bills approved by the board of governors, and preserve all proper vouchers for such disbursements.

RULES FOR CONTESTS

We now come to the matter of contests. As there are many different types of models so must there be rules to correspond to avoid misunderstandings, and until the club has reached the stage where it may decide upon a particular set of rules under which its members should participate perhaps the following set of rules, applicable to contests for hand launched models, can be adopted. In so far as there are different rules for different contests, namely, hand launched, R. O. G. and R. O. W. and mechanical driven, the following rules are used only in connection with contests for hand launched models; rules for other contests follow:

RULES

A contest to be official must have at least five contestants.

Each contestant must abide by the rules of the contest and decision of the judges.

Each contestant must register his name, age, and address before the event.

Each contestant must enter and fly models made by himself only.

Trials to start from a given point indicated by the starter of the trials, and distance to be measured in a straight line from the starting point to where the model first touches the ground, regardless of the curves or circles it may have made. Each contestant must have his models marked with his name and number of his models (1, 2, 3, etc.), and each model will be entitled to three official trials. Contestant has the privilege of changing the planes and propellers as he may see fit, everything to be of his own construction, but only three frames can be used in any contest. If in the opinion of the board of judges there are too many entries to give each one nine flights in the length of time fixed, the judges have the power to change that part of rule No. 6 to the following:

“Six flights or less, as circumstances may require, will be allowed to each contestant, which can be made with one model or any one of three entered; all of his own construction; due notice must be given to each contestant of the change.”

No trial is considered as official unless the model flies over 100 feet from the starting point. (The qualifying distance can be changed by agreement between the club and the starter provided the entrants are notified.) Should the rubber become detached from the model, or the propeller drop off during the trial, the trial is counted as official, provided the model has covered the qualifying distance. No matter what may happen to the model after it has covered the qualifying distance the flight is official. Contests should cover a period of three hours, unless otherwise agreed.

No contestant shall use the model of another contestant, although the former may have made it himself.

The officials should be: a starter, measurer, judge and scorer; also three or four guards to keep starting point and course clear. The first three officials shall, as board of judges, decide all questions and disputes. A space 25 feet square (with stakes and ropes) should be measured off for officials and contestants, together with an assistant for each contestant. All others must be kept out by the guards and a space kept clear (at least 25 feet) in front of the starting point, so a contestant will not be impeded in making his trial.

Each official should wear a badge, ribbon or arm band designating his office, and must be upheld in his duties.

HANDICAPS

At the discretion of the club there may be imposed a handicap for club events as follows: A contestant in order to win must exceed his last record with which he won a prize.

COMBINATION AND DURATION EVENTS

First, second and third records to count. Lowest number of points to win. For example:

A may have 1st in distance and 2nd in duration, 3 total points.

B may have 3rd in distance and 1st in duration, 4 total points.

C may have 2nd in distance and 3rd in duration, 5 total points.

Accordingly A wins.

R. O. G. CONTESTS

(Rising from the Ground)

Models to be set on the ground and allowed to start off without any effort on the part of the contestant. Models should rise from the ground before reaching a predetermined mark, no flight to be considered unless it does so. Contestant may start at any length back from the mark, but the distance is to be measured only from the mark.

MECHANICALLY DRIVEN MODEL CONTESTS

For duration, or distance, contests for mechanically driven models might be held under the same ruling that applies to R. O. G. models. But owing to the many types of engines used in mechanically driven models, definite rules for the holding of such a contest must be left to the discretion of the club or contestants.

EVENTS OPEN TO ALL

These events are open to all, with no handicaps to be imposed on either club members or others.

INTER-CLUB MODEL AËROPLANE TOURNAMENTS

(Prizes to be determined by contesting clubs)

The tournament to consist of five events as follows:

Duration: Models launched from hand.

Distance: Models launched from hand.

Duration: Models launched from ground. R. O. G.

Distance: Models launched from ground. R. O. G.

Duration: Models launched from water. R. O. W.

Dates for inter-club contest should be arranged for at least three weeks prior to date of first contest, to allow ample time for the construction of special models and elimination trials.

In event of inclement weather the contest to take place the week following (each contest following to be set one week ahead), or at any time that may be determined by a committee appointed by the contesting clubs.

Each competing club must be represented by a team of three contestants and one non-competitor, who will act as judge in conjunction with the judges from the other clubs, and a manager selected by the judges who will supervise over the entire tournament and issue calls for meetings. (Substitutes should also be selected for any possible vacancy.)

Meetings of the judges of the competing clubs should be held at some designated place, at which time dates and general details shall be arranged, and between events there should be a meeting called, for general discussion regarding the recent event, receive protests and suggestions and to announce officially the result of the contest.

The manager shall have control of the various events, assisted by the judges and they shall decide all disputes that may arise, and act as scorers and timers, as well.

Each flyer will be allowed but one model and shall be entitled to three official flights, but he shall be permitted to make any repairs or replace any broken parts. No contestant shall be privileged to fly a model not of his own construction. Each event shall close when all the contestants have made three official flights, or when three hours’ time has elapsed.

WORLD’S MODEL FLYING RECORDS

(TWIN PROPELLER PUSHER TYPE MODELS)

MONOPLANE

Year 1917. Ward Pease (America), rise off ground, distance
3364 feet.

Year 1916. Thomas Hall (America), hand launched, distance
5537 feet.

Year 1917. Donovan Lathrop (America), hand launched,
duration 5 minutes.

Year 1917. Emil Laird (America), 18 inch type model,
distance 750 feet.

Year 1915. Wallace A. Lauder (America), hand launched,
distance 3537 feet.

Year 1915. Wallace A. Lauder (America), hand launched,
duration 195 seconds.

Year 1914. Fred Watkins (America), rise off ground,
distance 1761 feet.

Year 1914. J. E. Louch (England), rise off ground, duration
169 seconds.

Year 1915. E. C. Cook (America), rise off water, duration
100 seconds.

(TWIN PROPELLER TRACTOR TYPE)

MONOPLANE

Year 1913. Harry Herzog (America), rise off water, duration
28 seconds.

(TWIN PROPELLER PUSHER TYPE)

BIPLANE

Year 1915. A. H. Wheeler (America), rise off ground,
duration 143 seconds.

(SINGLE PROPELLER PUSHER TYPE)

MONOPLANE

Year 1914. J. E. Louch (England), hand launched, duration
95 seconds.

Year 1914. W. E. Evans (England), rise from ground,
distance 870 feet.

Year 1914. J. E. Louch (England), rise from ground,
duration 68 seconds.

Year 1914. L. H. Slatter (England), rise from water,
duration 35 seconds.

(SINGLE PROPELLER TRACTOR TYPE)

MONOPLANE

Year 1915. D. Lathrop (America), hand launched, distance
1039 feet.

Year 1915. D. Lathrop (America), hand launched, duration
240 seconds.

Year 1914. C. D. Dutton (England), rise from ground,
distance 570 feet.

Year 1914. J. E. Louch (England), rise from ground,
duration 94 seconds.

Year 1915. L. Hittle (America), rise from water, duration
116 seconds.

(SINGLE PROPELLER TRACTOR TYPE)

BIPLANE

Year 1915. Laird Hall (American), rise from ground,
duration 76 seconds.

(FLYING BOAT TYPE)

MONOPLANE

Year 1915. Robert La Tour (America), rise from water,
duration 43 seconds.

(FLYING BOAT TYPE)

BIPLANE

Year 1914. C. V. Obst (America), rise from water, duration
27 seconds.

(MECHANICAL DRIVEN MODEL)

Year 1914. D. Stanger (England), rise from ground, duration
51 seconds.

(All British records are quoted from _Flight_)

DICTIONARY OF AËRONAUTICAL TERMS

A

AËRODROME—A tract of land selected for flying purposes.

AËRODYNAMICS—The science of Aviation, literally the study of the
influence of air in motion.

AËROFOIL—A flat or flexed plane which lends support to an
aëroplane.

AËRONAUT—One engaged in navigating the air.

AËRONAUTICS—The science of navigating the air.

AËROPLANE—A heavier than air machine supported by one or more
fixed wings or planes.

AËROSTATICS—The science of aërostation, or of buoyancy caused by
displacement, ballooning.

AËROSTATION—The science of lighter than air or gas-borne machines.

AILERON—The outer edge or tip of a wing, usually adjustable, used
to balance or stabilize.

AIRSHIP—Commonly used to denote both heavier and lighter than air
machines; correctly a dirigible balloon.

ANGLE OF INCIDENCE—The angle of the wing with the line of travel.

AREA—In the case of wings, the extent of surface measured on
both the upper and lower sides. An area of one square foot
comprises the actual surface of two square feet.

ASPECT RATIO—The proportion of the chord to the span of a wing.
For example if the wing has a span of 30 inches and a chord
of 6 inches the
span
aspect ratio will be 5 or —————
chord.

AUTOMATIC STABILITY—Stability secured by fins, the angle of the
wings and similar devices.

AVIATOR—One engaged in Aviation.

AVIATION—The science of heavier than air machines.

ANGLE OF BLADE—The angle of the blade of a propeller to the axis
of the shaft.

B

BALANCER—A plane or other part intended for lateral equilibrium.

BEARING BLOCK—Used in connection with the mounting of propellers
on model aëroplanes. Made from wood and metal.

BRACE—Strip of bamboo or other material used to join together the
frame side members. Also used in joining other parts of a
model.

BIPLANE—An aëroplane or model aëroplane with two wings superposed.

BODY—The main framework supporting the wing or wings and the
machinery.

BANKING—The lateral tilting of an aëroplane when taking a turn.

C

CAMBER—The rise of the curved contour of an arched surface above
the Chord Line.

CENTER OF GRAVITY—The point at which the aëroplane balances.

CENTER OF PRESSURE—The imaginary line beneath the wing at which
the pressure balances.

CHASSIS (CARRIAGE)—The part on which the main body of an
aëroplane or model aëroplane is supported on land or water.

CHORD—The distance between the entering and trailing edges of a
wing.

D

DECK—The main surface of a biplane or multiplane.

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL—The ability to determine the direction of the
flight of an aëroplane.

DIRIGIBLE—A balloon driven by power.

DOPE—A coating for wings.

DOWN WIND—With the wind.

DRIFT—The resistance of the wing to the forward movement.

DIHEDRAL ANGLE—The inclination of the wings to each other usually
bent up from the center in the form of a flat V.

E

ELEVATOR—The plane or wing intended to control the vertical
flight of the machine.

ENGINE—A contrivance for generating driving power.

ENGINE BASE—Main stick used for frame of single stick model.

ENGINEER—One who controls the power, driving the machinery.

ENTERING EDGE _or_ LEADING EDGE—Front edge or edge of the surface
upon which the air impinges.

EQUILIBRATOR—A plane or other contrivance which makes for
stability.

F

FIN—A fixed vertical plane.

FLEXED—A wing is said to be flexed when it curves upward forming
an arc of a circle.

FLYING STICK—Name applied to ordinary A type and single stick
models.

FLYING MACHINE—Literally a form of lighter than air craft; a
gas-borne airship.

FLYING BOAT—A hull or large float used in connection with an
aëroplane to enable its rising from and alighting upon the
surface of the water.

FRAME—A single or double stick structure to which all parts of
a model are attached. Three or more sticks are sometimes
employed in the construction of a frame. However, the usual
number is two, joined together in the form of letter “A.”

FRAME HOOKS—The looped ends of a piece of wire attached to the
point of the frame to accommodate the S hooks attached to the
rubber strands.

FRAME SIDE MEMBERS—Two main sticks of an A type frame.

FUSELAGE—The body or framework of an aëroplane.

G

GLIDER—An aëroplane without motive power.

GUY—A brace, usually a wire or cord used for tuning up the
aëroplane.

GROSS WEIGHT—The weight of the aircraft, comprising fuel,
lubricating oils and the pilot.

GYROSCOPE—A rotating mechanism for maintaining equilibrium.

GAP—The vertical distance between the superposed wings.

H

HANGAR—A shed for housing an aëroplane.

HARBOR—A shelter for aircraft.

HEAVIER THAN AIR—A machine weighing more than the air it
displaces.

HELICOPTER—A flying machine in which propellers are utilized to
give a lifting effect by their own direct action on the air.
In aviation the term implies that the screw exerts a direct
lift.

HELMSMAN—One in charge of the steering device.

HYDROAËROPLANE—An aëroplane with pontoons to enable its rising
from the surface of the water. Known as hydro in model
circles.

K

KEEL—A vertical plane or planes arranged longitudinally either
above or below the body for the purpose of giving stability.

L

LATERAL STABILITY—Stability which prevents side motion.

LOADING—The gross weight divided by the supporting area measured
in square feet.

LONGITUDINAL STABILITY—Stability which prevents fore and aft
motion or pitching.

LONGERONS—Main members of the fuselage. Sometimes called
longitudinals.

M

MAST—A perpendicular stick holding the stays or struts which keep
the wings rigid.

MODEL AËROPLANE—A scale reproduction of a man-carrying machine.

MECHANICAL POWER—A model driven by means other than rubber
strands such as compressed air, steam, gasoline, spring,
electricity and so forth is termed a mechanical driven model.
The power used is termed mechanical power.

MOTIVE POWER—In connection with model aëroplanes a number of
rubber strands evenly strung from the propeller shaft to the
frame hooks which while unwinding furnish the necessary power
to propel the model.

MAIN BEAM—In connection with model aëroplanes a long stick which
is secured to the under side of the wing frame at the highest
point in the curve of the ribs adding materially to the
rigidity of the wing.

MONOPLANE—An aëroplane or heavier than air machine supported by a
single main wing which may be formed of two wings extending
from a central body.

MULTIPLANE—An aëroplane with more than four wings superposed.

N

NACELLE—The car of a dirigible balloon, literally a cradle. Also
applied to short body used in connection with aëroplanes for
the accommodation of the pilot and engine.

NET WEIGHT—Complete weight of the machine without pilot, fuel or
oil.

O

ORNITHOPTER—A flapping wing machine which has arched wings like
those of a bird.

ORTHOGONAL—A flight maintained by flapping wings.

OUTRIGGERS—Members which extend forward or rearward from the main
planes for the purpose of supporting the elevator or tail
planes of an aëroplane.

P

PLANE—A surface or wing, either plain or flexed, employed to
support or control an aëroplane.

PILOT—One directing an aëroplane in flight.

PITCH—Theoretical distance covered by a propeller in making one
revolution.

PROPELLER—The screw used for driving an aëroplane.

PROPELLER BEARINGS—Pieces of bronze tubing or strips of metal
formed to the shape of the letter “L” used to mount
propellers. Also made from blocks of wood.

PROPELLER BLANK—A block of wood cut to the design of a propeller.

PROPELLER SPAR(S)—The heavy stick or sticks upon which the
bearing or bearings of a single or twin propeller model are
mounted.

PROPELLER SHAFT—A piece of wire which is run through the hub of
the propeller and tubing in mounting the propeller.

PYLON—Correctly, a structure housing a falling weight used for
starting an aëroplane, commonly a turning point in aëroplane
flights.

PUSHER—An aëroplane with the propeller or propellers situated in
back of the main supporting surfaces.

Q

QUADRUPLANE—An aëroplane with four wings superposed.

R

RUDDER—A plane or group of planes used to steer an aëroplane.

RUNNER—Strip beneath an aëroplane used for a skid.

RUNNING GEAR _or_ LANDING GEAR—That portion of the chassis
consisting of the axle, wheels and shock absorber.

RIB—Curved brace fastened to the entering and trailing edges of a
wing.

S

SCALE MODEL—A miniature aëroplane exactly reproducing the
proportions of an original.

SPAR—A mast strut or brace.

SIDE SLIP—The tendency of an aëroplane to slide or slip sideways
when too steep banking is attempted.

STABILITY—The power to maintain an even keel in flight.

STARTING PLATFORM—A runway to enable an aëroplane to leave the
ground.

SURFACE FRICTION—Resistance offered by planes or wings.

SLIP—The difference between the distance actually traveled by a
propeller and that measured by the pitch.

SOARING FLIGHT—A gliding movement without apparent effort.

SUSTAINING SURFACE—Extent of the wings or planes which lend
support to an aëroplane.

SPAN (SPREAD)—The dimension of a surface across the air stream.

STREAMLINE—Exposing as little surface as possible to offer
resistance to air.

SKIDS—In connection with model aëroplanes, steel wires or strips
of bamboo allowed to extend below the frame to protect the
model in landing and to permit its rising off the ground or
ice.

S OR MOTOR HOOKS—A piece of wire bent in a double hook to
resemble the letter “S.” One end to be attached to the frame
hook, the other serving as accommodation for the rubber
strands.

T

TAIL—The plane or planes, both horizontal and vertical, carried
behind the main planes.

TANDEM—An arrangement of two planes one behind the other.

THRUST—The power exerted by the propeller of an aëroplane.

TENSION—The power exerted by twisted strands of rubber in
unwinding.

TRACTOR—An aëroplane with the propeller situated before the main
supporting surfaces.

TRIPLANE—An aëroplane with three wings superposed.

TRAILING EDGE—The rear edge of a surface.

TORQUE—The twisting force of a propeller tending to overturn or
swerve an aëroplane sideways.

U

UP WIND—Against the wind.

W

WAKE—The churned or disturbed air in the track of a moving
aëroplane.

WASH—The movement of the air radiating from the sides of an
aëroplane in flight.

WINGS—Planes or supporting surfaces, commonly a pair of wings
extending out from a central body.

WINDER—An apparatus used for winding two sets of rubber strands
at the same time in opposite directions or one at a time.
Very often made from an egg beater or hand drill.

WARPING—The springing of a wing out of its normal shape, thereby
creating a temporary difference in the extremities of the
wing which enables the wind to heel the machine back again
into balance.

ABREVIATIONS

H. P. Horse Power.
R. P. M. Revolutions per minute.
H. L. Hand launched.
R. O. G. Rise off ground model.
R. O. W. Rise off water model.
M. P. H. Miles per hour.

THE END

————————————— End of Book —————————————

Transcriber’s Note (continued)

Errors in punctuation have been corrected. Inconsistencies in spelling, grammar, capitalisation, and hyphenation are as they appear in the original publication except where noted below:

Page 16 – “bob-sled″” changed to “bobsled″” (an ordinary bobsled)

Page 53 – “approximately cross section” changed to “approximately
circular cross section”

Page 55 – “run” changed to “runs” (one of which wires runs to)

Page 83 – “ten″” changed to “10″” (10″ propeller)

Page 105 – “five cylinder” changed to “three cylinder” (Schober-Funk
three cylinder rotary engine) [This change was made to
the illustration caption on this page and also to the
entry in the List of Illustrations that points to it.]

Page 106 – “diagram 17” changed to “diagram 18” (The accompanying
diagram 18 illustrates)

Page 108 – “crank-shaft” changed to “crankshaft” (The two-throw
crankshaft)

Page 111 – “cam-shaft” changed to “camshaft” (provided for the
camshaft)

Page 112 – “crank-shaft” changed to “crankshaft” (the crankshaft
is driven)

Page 113 – “stream-line” changed to “streamline” (streamline form)

Page 116 – “Bi-plane” changed to “Biplane” (Type Biplane Model)

The prefix of AËRO/Aëro/aëro as in ‘aëroplane’, etc., is used throughout the body text of the original publication with a few exceptions. These latter have been changed for consistency in this transcription. The unaccented prefix AERO/Aero/aero is now only used in title page text.

Incorrect entries in the Table of Contents have had their text and/or page references changed so that they agree with the text and location of the parts of the original publication to which they refer.

Entries in the DICTIONARY OF AËRONAUTICAL TERMS which are not in the correct alphabetical order have been left as they appear in the original publication. Some minor typographical errors and spelling mistakes have been corrected without further note.