Chapter III: Part II: Plate XIII (1)

THE TABLE LAID OUT FOR THE SEVERAL GAMES.

The letters A, B, C, D, and E, on the diagram opposite, show the position of the _spots_ on the billiard-table. In placing them a line is drawn down the centre of the bed, from and to the middle nails or sights in the head and lower cushions; another line is then drawn from the centre sights in the _side_ cushions, across the table, and where the lines intersect the spots are placed.

The spot at A, being next the head of the table, is, in the American or four-ball game, the light red spot, and an imaginary line (G) across the table at this point is the _string_; the spot at B is the dark red spot; that at D is the white ball spot. The spot at C is the English spot, which is twelve and a half inches from the _end_ or lower cushion, and is used in playing the English game, but in this country it is generally put about nine inches from the lower cushion.

The spot at D is used in two-ball pool, also, and is placed about five inches from the lower cushion.

E shows the pin-pool spots, that in the centre being numbered five; each of the others should be placed three inches from it, in position shown, and measuring from the centre of each spot.

F shows the position of the balls in playing fifteen-ball pool. The balls are placed in a triangular frame so as to insure exactness—the base of the triangle being parallel with the end or lower cushion of the table. The highest number, fifteen, should be placed on the deep red spot at B.

Figures 1 and 2 show the positions of the semicircles or playing points for the English and three-ball games.

In playing the English game, the semicircle is drawn from the white ball spot with a radius of ten and one-half to eleven and one-half inches. In England the spot is placed two feet four and one-half inches from the cushion on the English 6 × 12 table.

The semicircle for the three-ball game is drawn with a radius of six inches on the American table.

In playing the three-ball game, the spot A is occupied by the white ball, and the spot B by the red. The semicircle 1 is drawn six inches from A, and from within this limit the cue-ball must be delivered in opening the game.

PLATE XIV.

THE OPENING STROKE.

The object of a good player is to keep the balls before him in such manner that every stroke when completed shall leave another to follow.

DIRECTIONS.—The cue-ball is placed about three inches from either side
of the white spotted ball. In this diagram the left side is
employed. When the stroke is _perfectly_ made the course of the
balls and position left, will approximate the dotted lines, and at
the spots _g_, _h_, and _d_. With the ordinary player, perhaps,
the success of the carom will alone be sufficient, regardless of
which side the carom-ball is struck by the cue-ball. In this
diagram at the finish of the stroke the object-balls are in front
of the cue-ball for the succeeding stroke, whereas the result
generally produced from this opening carom is to place the
cue-ball _between_ the others. When one perfects himself at the
opening stroke, which can only be done with practice, the
direction of the cue and object balls will be easily mastered. The
strength of stroke must also be carefully considered and studied.

Cue-ball ¼ above, ⅛ right, object-ball ⅝ left; stroke, ½ in excess of
“medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, effecting carom at point
_c_, about ½ or ¾ on the carom-ball from direction of point _b_.
The cue-ball after carom takes the direction of _c_, _d_, and
rests at or near _d_; the carom-ball travels to _h_, there
resting, and object-ball cushions at _e_, _f_, stopping finally at
_g_.

PLATE XV.

SIMPLE CAROMS.

_Illustrating the natural line of departure of the cue-ball from the
object-ball to the carom-ball with different degrees of strength._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball centre, object-ball ½ right; stroke, “medium.”

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball centre, object-ball ½ right; stroke, “medium.”

_Diagram 3._—Cue-ball centre, object-ball ¾ right; stroke, “ordinary.”
Caroming on ball 2.

_Diagram 3._—Cue-ball centre, object-ball ¾ right; stroke, “hard.”
Caroming on ball 3.

Particular attention must be given to the different degrees of strength of stroke.

It is necessary to learn these caroms thoroughly, as upon the principles involved in them depend, to a great extent, all the strokes likely to occur in a game of billiards.

PLATE XVI.

DRAW AND FOLLOW STROKES.

_Illustrating the results attained by striking cue-ball above or below
its centre._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ½ below, object-ball 15/16 left; stroke,
“medium,” effecting carom on ball 2. Ball 1 will return to corner,
gathering with ball 2. A wrist stroke. An easy, direct draw.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅝ below, object-ball ⅞ right; stroke, “medium,”
caroming on ball 2, gathering ball 1 in corner with ball 2. An
easy quarter-spread draw.

_Diagram 3._—Cue-ball ⅝ below, object-ball 15/16 left; stroke,
“ordinary,” effecting carom on ball 2. Long draw stroke, somewhat
difficult.

_Diagram 4._—Cue-ball ¼ above, ⅛ left, object-ball ⅞ right; stroke,
“medium.” Ball 1 returns from end cushion, and gathers with ball
2. Follow gathering stroke.

_Diagram 5._—Cue-ball ½ above, ⅛ left, object-ball ⅞ right; stroke,
“ordinary,” effecting carom on ball 2, ball 1 gathering with ball
2 in corner. A follow stroke, driving ball around the table.

PLATE XVII.

GATHERING STROKES FROM PLAIN CAROMS.

_Illustrating the first step in gathering balls for a succeeding
stroke._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ½ above, ¼ left, object-ball ⅞ right; stroke, ¼
less than “slow,” effecting carom on ball 2 at point _a_. This
stroke is played as a half follow, in order to gain the position,
although the carom can be easily effected by playing on ball 1, ¼
right, but this would spread them beyond position for the
succeeding stroke. The course and final resting-place of the
different object-balls are indicated in all the diagrams by the
dotted lines and spots, the heavy lines showing the course of the
cue-ball.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ½ above, ⅛ left, object-ball 15/16 right;
stroke, “medium,” caroming on ball 2. A follow stroke. To insure
the cue-ball being held on its proper course, it is struck by the
cue just enough left of the centre to prevent the opposite twist
taking effect through carelessness; for if the cue-ball be struck
_at all_ to the right of centre, it will not follow the line laid
out for it. Forearm and wrist motion only required in this stroke.

_Diagram 3._—Cue-ball ½ below, _exact_, object-ball ⅞ left; stroke,
“slow.” Spread draw for position. Note in this diagram the curved
line of the cue-ball as it leaves the object-ball, and allow for
this curve in calculation.

NOTE.—That the balls may be placed _exact_ upon the table according
to the diagrams, the author suggests that the student follow the
plan here given: First refer to the diagram desired for practice. If
it be the one herewith (No. XVII.), in order to place ball 2 of
diagram 1, draw the direct right lines _a_, _b_ from the centre of
ball 2 to the nearest cushion surface at _c_, _d_, or from the
points _c_, _d_ to centre of ball 2. On the point where the lines
_a_, _b_ intersect, place ball 2. In this manner the student may
place any ball _exact_ in position that may be found in either of
the plates in this work. To calculate correctly the spot for the
placing of a ball, note carefully the distance from the _nearest_
diamond sights, at either _nearest_ cushion, to the point where each
line joins the cushion surface, which will be immediately opposite
the exact centre of the ball which is to be placed.

PLATE XVIII.

EAST COMPOUND ANGLES.

_Illustrating the angular gathering stroke—Effecting carom from the
various positions of object-balls 1, 2, 3, and 4, on ball 5, and
gathering all in corner near carom-ball._

_From ball 1._—Cue-ball ¼ above, 1/16 left, object-ball ⅝ left;
stroke, “ordinary.” The course of the cue-ball is marked by the
heavy line, that of the object-ball by the dotted line.

_From ball 2._—Cue-ball ¼ above, ⅛ left, object-ball ½ left; stroke,
“ordinary.”

_From ball 3._—Cue-ball ¼ above, ¼ left, object-ball ⅜ left; stroke,
“ordinary.”

_From ball 4._—Cue-ball ¼ above, ½ left, object-ball ¼ left; stroke, ½
greater than “medium.”

The natural line of departure from the object-ball, if the cue-ball be struck centre at a ⅝ ball as stated, would be on the first cushion, to the right of the heavy line indicated, or at spot _c_; this, of course, would govern the point of contact with the second cushion, and result in missing the carom. The use of the twist, however, gives it the direction calculated more or less acute than natural.

The twist given the cue-ball is imparted, to some extent, to the object-ball in impact, causing it to take the proper angles to gather as desired. By some writers and theorists this statement is disputed, but repeated experiments have shown it to be a fact beyond question.

The caroms illustrated could be effected by striking the cue-ball centre, and contacting the object-ball nearer full; but in order to bring this object-ball into position for next stroke, the twist is applied, and the natural angle is sacrificed for a _false_ one, in order to control the object-ball.

PLATE XIX.

PLAIN AND ONE-CUSHION STROKES.

_Further illustrating the cushion carom and twist stroke, gathering the
balls in a corner._

_Diagram 1._—Play on ball 1, cushion at _a_, carom on ball 2. Cue-ball
⅝ right, ¼ above, object-ball ½ right; stroke, ½ in excess of
“medium.” Object-ball cushions at _b_, _c_, gathering at _d_.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅝ right, ½ below, object-ball ¼ right; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _h_, effecting carom
on ball 3. Object-ball cushions at _e_, _f_, gathering at _g_.

_Diagram 3._—Cue-ball ¼ above, ¼ right, object-ball ⅜ left; stroke,
“medium.” A direct carom, gathering all the balls in the corner.

PLATE XX.

TWO-CUSHION ROUND-THE-TABLE STROKE.

In effecting this carom and gathering the balls, cue-ball ¼ left, ¼
above, object-ball ½ left; stroke, “ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions
at _a_, _b_, effecting a carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at
_c_, _d_, _e_, resting at _f_, near ball 2.

There are many strokes resembling this one, where the balls are in a somewhat similar position, and where the same cushions are used, from either side the table. The cue-ball may be in a more direct line in its bearing to the object-ball, or it may lie more away to the left. If the former is the case less twist is required, not exceeding ⅛; but if the latter, then it is increased, so as to perform the angle required.

In this stroke the value of thoroughly understanding the different shades of “twist” is appreciated, and if comprehended fully there will be no difficulty in executing these strokes from a mere glance at the position of the balls.

PLATE XXI.

VARIOUS CAROMS FROM ONE POSITION.

_Illustrating one and two cushion caroms, effected with the cue-ball in one position, by delivering the cue at different parts of the cue-ball._

_To carom on ball 2._—Cue-ball ¼ left, ⅛ above, object-ball ½ right;
stroke, “medium.”

_To carom on ball 3._—Cue-ball ½ left, ⅛ above, object-ball ½ right;
stroke, ½ in excess of “medium.”

_To carom on ball 4._—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ⅛ above, object-ball ½ right;
stroke, “ordinary;” effecting carom by reverse “English,” the
cue-ball taking but one cushion and straight line back to ball 4.

_To carom on ball 5._—Cue-ball ¼ right, ⅛ above, object-ball ½ right;
stroke, “medium.”

_To carom on ball 6._—Cue-ball ½ right, ⅛ above, object-ball ⅝ right;
stroke, ½ in excess of “medium.”

_To carom on ball 7._—Cue-ball ⅝ right, ⅛ above, object-ball ½ right;
stroke, ½ in excess of “medium.”

_To carom on ball 8._—Cue-ball ½ right, ½ below, object-ball ⅝ right;
stroke, “ordinary.”

_To carom on ball 9._—Cue-ball ⅝ right, ½ below, object-ball ⅝ right;
stroke, “ordinary.”

PLATE XXII.

THE FOLLOW CUSHION—“ENGLISH” OR “TWIST.”

_Illustrating caroms that are accomplished through the application of
excessive “English” and “follow” stroke; the execution being effective,
and from comparative safe position._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ¼ above, object-ball ⅞ right; stroke,
“medium,” caroming on ball 2. The object-ball passes behind ball
2, taking the direction of dotted line _b_ to _c_. The cue-ball
accomplishes the angle from _a_ to ball 2, through the excessive
twist applied. The natural angle for the cue-ball, after meeting
cushion at _a_, is in the direction of _d_, which it would take
were the twist not imparted.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅝ right, ½ above, object-ball 15/16 left;
stroke, ½ in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_,
effecting a carom on ball 2. The object-ball takes direction of
arrow. The player is cautioned to take the cushion at or below
_a_, otherwise the carom will not be effected.

PLATE XXIII.

CAROM BY CUSHION “ENGLISH” OR “TWIST.”

_Illustrating one-cushion caroms with the application of strong and
excessive twist to the cue-ball._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ½ right, ¼ below, object-ball ½ left; stroke,
“slow.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, twist carrying it to ball 2. The
object-ball taking direction of dotted line resting at spot _b_.
The natural angle from ball 1 to _a_ is represented by dotted line
_a_ to _c_, but the ½ “English” imparted to cue-ball accomplishes
the angle to ball 2 in excess of the natural.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ½ below, object-ball ¼ right, stroke,
“medium,” effecting carom on ball 2. The object-ball follows _d_,
_e_, at which latter it stops. The dotted line _a_ to _b_ is the
natural angle, and the line to _c_ is the real excessive angle
produced by ⅝ twist given cue-ball.

PLATE XXIV.

CAROMS BY ONE-CUSHION ENGLISH.

_Illustrating the natural and false angle carom._

Cue-ball ⅝ left, ¼ below, object-ball ¼ right; stroke “medium.” The
object-ball traverses _c_ to _e_, where it rests. The cue-ball,
twist excessive, cushions at _a_ and thence along _b_ to ball 2,
where it effects carom. The natural angle is _a_ to _d_.

The stroke is very effective and gathers the balls well.

PLATE XXV.

ONE-CUSHION REVERSE ENGLISH.

Cue-ball ⅛ above, ½ right, object-ball ½ left; stroke, ½ in excess of
“medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, and by reverse twist effects
carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _b_, _c_, resting near or
at _d_.

This stroke is a very effective one and may be played from various positions. It requires much attention to master it, and the value of the twist and strength must be familiar to the player. The skill is in the judgment displayed in estimating quantity of twist necessary to effect carom, as the cue-ball _can_ be made to come away from the cushion at _a_ on an acute angle nearly parallel with the side cushion.

PLATE XXVI.

SERIAL ONE-CUSHION STROKES.

_Illustrating serial one-cushion caroms, with the application of either
“twists.”_

_To carom on ball 1._—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ⅝ below, object-ball ⅝ left;
stroke, “ordinary.” Object-ball cushions at _e_, _f_, _g_, resting
at _h_. Cue-ball cushions at _a_, caroms on ball 1.

_To carom on ball 2._—Cue-ball ½ left, ½ below, object-ball ½ left;
stroke, “ordinary.”

_To carom on ball 3._—Cue-ball ½ left, ½ below, object-ball ¼ left;
stroke, ½ in excess of “medium.”

_To carom on ball 4._—Cue-ball ⅛ left, ⅛ above, object-ball ¼ left;
stroke, ½ in excess of “medium.”

_To carom on ball 5._—Cue-ball ¼ right, object-ball ¼ left; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.”

_To carom on ball 6._—Cue-ball ½ right, object-ball ⅛ left; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.”

_To carom on ball 7._—Cue-ball ⅝ right, ⅝ below, object-ball ⅛ left;
stroke, ½ in excess of “medium.”

_To carom on ball 8._—Cue-ball ½ right, object-ball ⅞ left; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.”

_To carom on ball 9._—Cue-ball ⅝ right, ¼ above, object-ball “full;”
stroke, “ordinary.”

The practice of these single-cushion carom strokes is of vast importance, as the positions constantly present themselves during play. When the pupil becomes familiar with the “breaks,” the carom is of easy accomplishment.

PLATE XXVII.

SERIAL ONE-CUSHION STROKES.

_Illustrating how a carom may be effected from various more or less
difficult positions._

_From ball 1._—Cue-ball ⅝ right, object-ball ½ left; stroke, ½ in
excess of “medium.”

_From ball 2._—Cue-ball ½ right, object-ball ⅛ left; stroke, “medium.”

_From ball 3._—Cue ball ¼ right, object-ball ⅛ right; stroke,
“medium.”

_From ball 4._—Cue-ball ½ left, ¼ above, object-ball ½ left; stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions at _c_, _f_, _d_, _e_ effecting
carom on ball 5. The object-ball 4 doubles the length of the
table, resting at _h_. Ball 5 is placed the width of a ball from
either cushion. Ball 4 is placed in this diagram just off the
cushion that the pupil may avoid a kiss on account of it touching
the cushion. The carom may be made with ball 4 touching the
cushion.

PLATE XXVIII.

SLOWING CUE-BALL, DOUBLING OBJECT-BALL.

_Illustrating a very important stroke for position play._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ½ right, ⅛ above, object-ball full centre;
stroke, “ordinary.” Object-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, _c_, resting
at _d_. Cue-ball cushions at _a_, effecting carom on ball 2. The
delivery ⅛ above gives a slow-follow motive power to cue-ball,
while the ½ English, delivered on right of cue-ball, causes the
latter to perform the obtuse angle from the cushion at _a_ to the
carom-ball. The object-ball is placed in line, so that it will
clear the carom-ball and perform the angles shown by dotted lines.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅛ right, object-ball ⅛ right; stroke, ½ in
excess of “medium,” effecting carom on ball 2. Cue-ball cushions
at _a_, _b_, _c_. Object-ball takes direction of the arrow _e_,
the carom-ball being hit near full, takes direction of the arrow
_d_.

PLATE XXIX.

SLOWING CUE-BALL, DOUBLING OBJECT-BALL.

_Illustrating another fundamental stroke, that of doubling the
object-ball with a “slowed” cue-ball._

_Diagram 1._—To double the object-ball twice across the table by
playing as full upon it as is possible. Cue-ball ⅜ below, ½ right,
object-ball 15/16 left, effecting carom on ball 2. Object-ball
cushions at _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, and joins ball 2 in corner.
Cue-ball is slowed so it barely effects carom. Stroke, “very
hard.”

_Diagram 2._—Gathering stroke, to double object-ball and effect carom.
Cue-ball ¼ below, 1/16 left, object-ball 15/16 right; stroke,
“ordinary.” Object-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, gathering at _c_.
The cue-ball travels very slowly to the carom-ball, speed merely
sufficient to effect carom.

These strokes appear in all parts of the table, and the player should search for those he has practised, selecting always that which will give the best result in position. He who displays the best judgment in thus calculating will make the most successful player.

PLATE XXX.

SLOWING CUE-BALL DOUBLING OBJECT-BALL.

_Illustrating a stroke that is of difficult accomplishment but very
effective._

Cue-ball ¼ below, object-ball 15/16 left; stroke, “hard.” Object-ball
cushions at _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, and rests beyond _d_. The
object-ball is struck nearly “dead” full to cross the table, as
the lines indicate; the cue-ball is “slowed” through the ¼ below
delivery, effecting carom on ball 2. This stroke requires much
practice, as the compound doubling of the cue-ball is of difficult
execution when combined with the “slowed” cue-ball.

Care should be used in the placing of the cue-ball for the execution of the stroke.

PLATE XXXI.

COMPOUND ANGLES.

_A series of caroms with the object and cue-ball in same position,
illustrating the player’s control over the cue-ball._

_To carom on ball 1._—Cue-ball ¼ above, ¼ right, object-ball ⅝ left;
stroke, “medium.” The cue-ball is struck ¼ above, in order to keep
it from describing too great a curved line that it would do if hit
½ above, which latter delivery requires greater precision. If hit
below ¼ above, the ball will come away more toward the open table.
The cue-ball is also hit ¼ right, that it may be kept away from
the cushion in its course toward the carom-ball; if struck on left
side it would take cushion upon nearly every occasion. Put the
twist on the side opposite the direction the cue-ball will take
when it lies at this angle.

_To carom on ball 2._—Cue-ball ¼ below, ½ right, object-ball ⅛ left;
stroke, “ordinary.”

_To carom on ball 3._—Cue-ball ¼ below, ½ left, object-ball 1/16
right; stroke, “ordinary.”

_To carom on ball 4._—Cue-ball ¼ right, ½ below, object-ball ¼ right;
stroke, “ordinary.”

_To carom on ball 5._—Cue-ball ½ below, ½ left, object-ball ½ left;
stroke, “ordinary.”

_To carom on ball 6._—Cue-ball ¼ above, ¼ left, object-ball ⅝ right;
stroke, “medium.”

_To carom on ball 7._—Cue-ball ⅝ right, object-ball ¾ right; stroke,
“ordinary.”

_Again on ball 3._—Cue-ball ½ left, object-ball ¾ left, stroke,
“hard.”

PLATE XXXII.

COMPOUND ANGLES.

In the stroke illustrated, a ⅝ full delivery of the cue-ball on object-ball 1 is absolutely necessary, with the cue-ball struck _exactly_ ⅝ left centre.

Cue-ball ⅝ left, object-ball ⅝ left; stroke, “ordinary.”

If the cue is delivered below the centre of the cue-ball, with the object-ball 1 touching the cushion, the cue-ball will rebound at an acute angle that generally fails to effect the carom. The objective point is the cushion at _b_, which insures the stroke, and if the angle be always calculated from a point on the second cushion with the cue-ball so delivered as to reach that spot, the remainder of the stroke is assured and will take care of itself. That is to say, draw the angle required from the object-ball to the first cushion, then from that point to the second cushion.

PLATE XXXIII.

COMPOUND ANGLES.

_Illustrating a peculiar two-cushion stroke with the application of
twist and draw._

Cue-ball ¼ left, ⅝ below, object-ball ½ right; stroke, “medium.”

The purpose in striking cue-ball ⅝ below is to reach cushion at _a_ by making no more than ½ on object-ball, driving it to _c_. The ¼ left is given the cue-ball that it may perform the angle _a_ to _b_, which accomplishes the carom. Greater twist would perform a more obtuse angle to side cushion, striking at _e_.

PLATE XXXIV.

COMPOUND ANGLES.

_Illustrating a difficult two-cushion carom with application of extreme
draw and twist._

Cue-ball ½ below, ⅝ right, object-ball ⅞ right; stroke, “ordinary.”

The twist is the principal force exerted in this stroke, though aided by the very full play upon the object-ball. A full ball on the object-ball is required for two reasons, to throw it into position at _g_, and also to reach the point _a_ with cue-ball, without the excessive draw being applied, the twist performing the larger portion of the work.

The cue-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, effecting carom on ball 2, the latter resting at or near h. Object-ball cushions at _c_, _d_, _e_, _f_, resting at _g_.

The wrist and forearm are required for this stroke.

PLATE XXXV.

SLOWED AND TWISTED CUE-BALLS.

_Illustrating compound angles of cue and object balls._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball centre, object-ball 15/16 left; stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball, being slowed, effects carom on ball 2; the
object-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, resting at _e_.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅝ right, object-ball ⅛ left; stroke, ½ in excess
of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, effecting carom on
ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _c_, resting at _d_.

PLATE XXXVI.

THE “TWICE-AROUND-THE-TABLE” STROKE.

_Illustrating a fine cushion stroke with the balls in a straight line,
resulting in the so-called “twice-around-the-table” carom._

This stroke is played on account of the balls occupying a position directly before each other, insuring a “kiss” should the “follow” be attempted.

Cue-ball ⅛ below, ½ left, object-ball 1/16 right; stroke, “hard.” The
⅛ below prevents cue-ball jumping at instant of delivery. Cue-ball
cushions at _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, _e_, effecting carom on ball 2.
Object-ball crosses the table twice, cushions at _f_, _a_, resting
at _g_.

Bear in mind the twist on the cue-ball aids the player in imparting force after contact with the first cushion; so whilst _great speed_ of cue-hand is necessary, it need not be conveyed by excess of muscle or violent action of the body. The object-ball must be struck very fine, about 1/16, so the resistance may be slight and not interfere with the free run of the cue-ball.

PLATE XXXVII.

FURTHER ILLUSTRATION OF THE “TWICE-AROUND” STROKE.

Balls in a line, that if a “follow” stroke were played a “kiss” between object and carom ball would result; therefore the play as directed:

Cue-ball ⅝ right, ⅛ below, object-ball ⅛ left; stroke, “hard.”
Cue-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, _e_, effecting carom on
ball 2. Object-ball doubles the table, resting at _g_.

The object-ball must be struck but ⅛ in order to carry the cue-ball to cushion at _a_ and to give proper direction to the former ball.

The quick movement of the cue insures speed to the cue-ball.

In order to reach the point _a_ with the cue-ball, which also gives direction to ball 1, it is absolutely necessary to strike very fine on the latter.

PLATE XXXVIII.

_Illustrating two extreme strokes, draw and twist._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ½ below, object-ball, “very fine,” 1/32
left; stroke, ½ in excess of “medium”. Cue-ball cushions sharp at
_a_, _b_, effecting carom on ball 2. Object-ball moving slowly,
having been cut _exceedingly_ fine, up table to _c_.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ⅝ below, object-ball 1/16 right; stroke,
“ordinary.” The point of aim on object-ball, 1/16 right, is to
prevent cue-ball striking cushion after leaving object-ball.

PLATE XXXIX.

“KISS” AND THREE-CUSHION CAROM.

_Illustrating a simple “kiss” and a carom through angles difficult to
accomplish._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ½ above, ¼ right, object-ball 15/16 left;
stroke, “slow.” The balls here are in a direct line. After
delivery object-ball “kisses” carom-ball, throwing it to point
_a_, where the cue-ball has been carried by ¼ right, and carom is
effected.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ¼ below, object-ball, “fine cut,” 1/16
right. Cue-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, _c_, and receiving the
excessive twist describes angles shown, effecting carom on ball 2.
Object-ball rolls up table to _d_.

The carom is difficult; the cue-ball requires excessive English; ball 1 must be cut exceedingly fine.

PLATE XL.

SLOWED CUE-BALL.

_Illustrating a driving stroke with the cue-ball “slowed.”_

Cue-ball ⅛ below, object-ball 31/32 left; stroke, “ordinary.” Cue-ball
effects carom and rolls to _f_, carom ball rests at _e_, and
object-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, _c_, stopping at _d_. The ⅛
below delivery “slows” the cue-ball, imparting strength merely
sufficient to drive carom-ball to _e_ for position.

This is one of the most important strokes known in the game, and should be mastered perfectly by the pupil.

PLATE XLI.

SLOWED CUE-BALL.

_Illustrating similar caroms from different positions._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ⅛ below, object-ball 15/16 left; stroke, ½ in
excess of “medium.” Cue-ball caroms _slowly_ on ball 2.
Object-ball cushions at _a_, resting at _c_.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ¼ below, object-ball 15/16 left; stroke, ½ in
excess of “medium.” Cue-ball caroms slowly on ball 2. Object-ball
cushions at _b_, resting at _c_.

_Diagram 3._—Cue-ball ⅜ below, object-ball 15/16 left; stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball caroms by slowed ball. Object-ball cushions
at _d_, _e_, _f_, _h_, resting at _g_.

PLATE XLII.

ACUTE DRAW STROKES.

_Illustrating quartering “draw” strokes for position, driving
object-ball around table._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ⅝ below, ¼ right, object-ball ⅞ right; stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball caroms on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at
_a_, _b_, _c_, and rests in corner near ball 2. Allowance must be
made for curve of the cue-ball when it leaves the object-ball, and
it must be considered in calculating the imaginary line of
progress over the cloth of the cue-ball.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅝ below, ¼ left, object-ball ⅞ left; stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball describes acute curve on leaving object-ball,
and caroms on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, _c_,
gathering in corner near ball 2. Draw for the carom-ball as though
there was no cushion near by, for it is better to learn to do
entirely without this cushion assistance.

PLATE XLIII.

EFFECTIVE ONE-CUSHION “DRAWS.”

_In illustration of very important one-cushion draw and twist strokes,
for position, also massé by playing well on outside of object for direct
draw._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ⅛ below, ⅛ right, object-ball ½ right; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.”

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ¼ below, ¼ right, object-ball ⅝ right; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.”

_Diagram 3._—Cue-ball ½ below, ½ right, object-ball ⅝ right; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.”

_Diagram 4._—Cue-ball ⅝ below, ⅝ right, object-ball ¾ right; stroke, ¾
in excess of “medium.”

Cue-ball cushions in each instance at points _a_. Object-ball in diagram 1 cushions at _b_, _f_, in diagram 2 at _c_, _f_, in diagram 3 at _d_, _g_, in diagram 4 at _e_, _h_, all stopping at _i_, and cue-ball effects carom on ball 2.

_Diagram 5._—A massé. Cue-ball ½ left, ½ _aft_, perpendicular;
object-ball ¾ right; stroke, “medium.” The cue-ball curves,
letting ball 1 through for position, and caroms on ball 2. This is
a direct curve massé, the cue-ball in centre of other balls, the
three being in a line about one inch from rail. Spot on cue-ball
indicates where it is to be struck by cue, looking down upon it.

The line of aim is the dotted line from _a_ to _b_.

PLATE XLIV.

DRAW WITH REVERSE AND NATURAL ENGLISH.

_Illustrating the cushion-draw with “English” or “twist,” driving
object-ball. Peculiar strokes, one of which requires considerable
practice, the reverse._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ⅝ below, ½ right, object-ball ⅞ right; stroke, ½
greater than “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, effecting carom
on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _c_, _d_, _e_, _f_, resting at
_g_.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ⅝ below, object-ball 15/16 right;
stroke, ½ in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, through
the strong draw delivery of the cue and having also the excessive
reverse twist in it, performs the obtuse angle from a to
carom-ball. Object-ball cushions at _b_, _c_, resting at _d_, the
balls here gathering. The delivery of the cue on the cue-ball ⅝
below and left is one that requires much practice to perfect.

PLATE XLV.

DOUBLING OBJECT-BALL.

_In illustration of important principles for position play, where other
easier methods present themselves for effecting caroms._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ½ left, ⅛ below, taking cushion first at _a_,
then the object-ball, ¾ right, considered from point _a_ on
cushion; stroke, ½ in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions again
at _b_, effecting carom on ball 2 which rolls to _d_. Object-ball
crosses table, cushions at _e_, stopping at _c_. This stroke is
played with the forearm and wrist.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅝ below, ½ left, object-ball ¾ left; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, effecting carom
on ball 2 which stops at _c_. Object-ball cushions at _b_, _e_,
and rests at _d_. The quick wrist movement only is employed in
this stroke.

PLATE XLVI.

SERIAL CAROMS, ALSO TWIST AND “KISS” CUSHION FOLLOW.

_Illustration of a series of caroms effected with cue and object-ball
in one given position, also a peculiar “kiss” carom with balls in
a line._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ¼ above, object-ball 15/16 right;
driving it to cushion at _a_, _b_, a little beyond which it
contacts with carom-ball forcing it to point _d_, where the
cue-ball meets it and effects carom. Stroke, ½ in excess of
“slow.” Cue-ball cushions at _c_ with an excessive spinning twist.

_Diagram 2._—_To carom on balls 1 and 2_: cue-ball ⅜ right, ⅛ below,
object-ball ½ left; stroke, ½ of “slow.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_,
effecting carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _b_, _c_,
resting at _d_.

_To carom on ball 3._—Cue-ball ½ right, ⅛ below, object ball ½ left;
stroke, ½ less than “slow.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, and
object-ball cushions at _b_, _c_, stopping at _d_.

_To carom on ball 4._—Cue-ball ¼ left, ¼ below, object-ball ½ left;
stroke, ½ in excess of “ordinary.”

_To carom on ball 5._—Cue-ball ½ left, ¼ below, object-ball ½ left;
stroke, “slow.”

_To carom on ball 6._—Cue-ball ½ below, ½ left, object-ball ½ left;
stroke, “ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, _e_, _b_, _g_.

_Again on ball 6._—Cue-ball ¼ above, ⅛ right, object-ball ¼ right;
stroke, “ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions at _e_, effecting carom by
one cushion on ball 6.

PLATE XLVII.

THREE-CUSHION AND CUSHION “KISS” STROKE.

_Illustrating a three-cushion driving stroke, together with a long
“kiss” carom, both effectively gathering the balls._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ⅛ below, ⅝ left, object-ball ¾ right; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, _c_,
effecting carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _d_, _e_,
resting finally at _f_, near ball 2. This is a stroke that occurs
often in the course of a game, the position being changed to the
other side of the table, possibly. Most players are content with
making the carom simply, and, with that only in view, merely “_cut
fine_” the object-ball, whilst, if they would play full upon it
with twist the stroke would be as surely effected, and a fine
set-up is left. The secret of the stroke is to throw the
object-ball at the point _d_ on _side cushion_ at corner, or as
near that as possible; excessive twist being given the cue-ball,
the carom is assured.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅛ above, ⅛ left, object-ball ½ left; stroke,
“medium.” Cue-ball “kisses” directly on carom-ball, and
object-ball, springing from the cushion, rolls to _a_.

PLATE XLVIII.

KISS CAROMS.

_Illustrating peculiar “kiss” caroms with balls comparatively safe._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ⅝ right, object-ball full centre; stroke,
“slow.” The excessive twist upon cue-ball causes the latter to
curve to the left whilst hitting the object-ball at the line of a
full ball. The twist of the cue-ball gives a slight _opposite_
twist to the object-ball, which in its turn communicates the
motion in a less degree to the carom-ball, causing the latter to
deflect from its natural course on leaving the cushion at _a_,
meeting cue-ball at _b_, the object-ball being carried to one side
by the excessive twist of cue-ball and the “kiss” from carom-ball.
A carom may be effected on left of balls by changing the twist
force to left side of cue-ball.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ½ below, ⅝ right, object-ball ⅝ right; stroke,
“medium.” The carom can be made on either side of the balls by
changing slightly the direction.

_Diagram 3._—Cue-ball ¼ above, object-ball 31/32 left; stroke, ½ in
excess of “slow.” Object-ball strikes the carom-ball a hair off
its centre, taking direction _a_; the cue-ball follows, effecting
carom.

_Diagram 4._—Cue-ball ½ above, object-ball 31/32 right; stroke ½ in
excess of “slow.” Carom by double kiss at _a_.

PLATE XLIX.

PECULIAR DRIVING STROKES.

_Illustrating difficult methods in effecting caroms, resulting in
position, from doubling object-ball._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ½ above, ¼ left, object-ball 15/16 right;
stroke, “ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions at _g_, _d_, _e_, effecting
carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, _c_, resting at
_f_. This is a follow-cushion stroke, the cue-ball hugging
cushion.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅝ right, ½ above, object-ball ⅞ left; stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball describes curved line, effecting carom on
ball 2. Object-ball doubles the table, cushions at _a_, _b_, _c_,
resting at _d_.

Point the cue and object balls to cover the angles of dotted lines. Deliver a quick wrist stroke, using care against foul.

PLATE L.

KISS CAROMS.

_Illustrating kiss caroms where there is an easy angle of division, and
another of a “kiss” to cushion, with reverse English, effecting neat
carom._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball centre, object-ball ½ left; stroke, “ordinary.”
Cue-ball kisses direct onto ball 2.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ½ below, ⅝ left, object-ball ¾ right; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball takes cushion at _a_, and thence
to _b_, where carom-ball meets it, having been forced directly
down the cushion by kiss from object-ball. The balls are in such
position here that a fine stroke is impossible, and where a massé
is exceedingly difficult.

PLATE LI.

“KISS” AND “HUG” CUSHION STROKES.

_In illustration of several neat caroms through the “kiss” and follow
“hug” cushion strokes, from comparatively safe positions._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ¼ above, object-ball full; stroke,
“slow.” Carom-ball, kissed by object-ball, cushions at _b_,
returns to _a_, where cue-ball meets it and effects carom.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ½ above, ½ left, object-ball ⅞ left; stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions _c_, _d_, _e_, effecting carom on
ball 2. Object-ball doubles table, takes cushion at _a_, resting
at _b_. This is termed a “following cushion hug stroke.”

_Diagram 3._—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ⅛ above, object-ball 15/16 right;
stroke, ½ in excess of “slow.” The cue-ball taking a curved line
on object-ball, forcing it out from the cushion that it may strike
the carom-ball on right of centre, thus making room for cue-ball,
the object-ball going to right. Carom-ball cushions at _b_,
meeting cue-ball on rebound at _a_, where carom is effected.

_Diagram 4._—Cue-ball ½ above, ¼ right, object-ball ⅛ left. Kissing
carom-ball to cushion at _b_, the cue-ball following and meeting
carom-ball at _a_, where carom is effected.

_Diagram 5._—Cue-ball ¼ above object-ball 31/32 left; stroke, ½ in
excess of “medium.” Object-ball kisses carom-ball to cushion at
_a_, upon its rebound it meets cue-ball at _b_.

PLATE LII.

KISS AND MASSÉ CAROMS.

_Illustrating some very difficult “kiss” caroms, with balls in
comparative safe position._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ⅝ _right_, ½ below, object-ball ¾ left; stroke,
½ in excess of “ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, and _c_,
effecting a carom on ball 2. Object-ball is kissed out, resting at
_d_. The object-ball, in this stroke, is touching the cushion; the
cue-ball is about ¼-ball below, a right line from the former. The
carom is effected by a “kiss” from object-ball to opposite cushion
at _a_, _b_, and, with an excessive twist, the cue-ball performs
angles shown.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ⅛ above, object-ball 31/32 right;
stroke, “medium.” Cue-ball curves, forcing object-ball from the
cushion, permitting the ball to pass through and meet carom-ball
at a after the latter has rebounded from cushion at _b_.

_Diagram 3._—Massé. Cue-ball struck at spot ⅝ left, ½ forward.
Carom-ball is kissed by object-ball into corner at _b_, where
cue-ball meets it. Strength, “slow.”

_Diagram 4._—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ⅝ above, object-ball “full”; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball meets carom-ball at _a_ through
kiss.

PLATE LIII.

DOUBLING CUE AND OBJECT BALLS.

_Illustrating compound angles for gathering the balls well._

Cue-ball ¼ below, ⅛ left, object-ball ⅝ left; stroke, ½ in excess of
“ordinary.” Cue-ball doubles the width of the table, cushions at
_a_, _b_, effecting carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _c_,
_d_, _e_, resting at _f_.

If the cue-ball is struck _above_ centre it will describe a curved line from _a_ to _b_, thereby missing the carom, by taking the end cushion and passing ball 2. The accuracy of this stroke is in delivering the cue below the centre of the ball which causes the cue-ball to take a direct line from each cushion.

PLATE LIV.

QUARTER AND DIRECT DRAWS.

_Illustrating very important methods for gathering of balls; also a very
neat follow “kiss.”_

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ½ below, object-ball ⅞ left; stroke, ½ in excess
of “medium.” Cue-ball effects carom on ball 2. Object-ball
cushions at _a_, _b_, resting at _c_.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅝ below, object-ball ⅞ left; stroke, ½ in excess
of “medium.” Cue-ball effects carom on ball 2. Object-ball
cushions at _d_, _b_, resting at _c_.

_Diagram 3._—Cue-ball ⅝ below, object-ball 15/16 left; stroke, ½ in
excess of “medium.” Cue-ball effects carom on ball 2. Object-ball
cushions at _e_, _f_, and rests at _c_.

The above are all wrist-strokes, and should be played with a careful delivery.

_Diagram 4._—Cue-ball ½ above, object-ball 31/32 left, the latter
striking carom-ball 31/32 right; stroke, ½ in excess of “slow.”

The object-ball kisses off carom-ball, taking direction of dotted line, resting at or near _a_; the cue-ball effects the carom. Here the carom-ball lies in corner touching two cushions. The three balls are in a direct line.

PLATE LV.

“FINE-CUT” AND HUG-CUSHION STROKES.

_Illustrating difficult caroms from difficult positions, hugging the
cushions by cutting ball fine._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ¼ left, ¼ above, object-ball ¼ left; stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions at _d_, _a_, _b_, _c_, effecting
carom on ball 2. Object-ball takes direction of dotted line.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ¼ above, ⅛ right, object-ball ⅛ left; stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions at _d_, _a_, =b=, _c_, or possibly
the player may not be able to hug the cushion beyond one or two of
points indicated by the letters. Object-ball takes direction of
dotted lines. The angles in this diagram are more obtuse than
those in Diagram 1, and the object-ball lies away from the
end-cushion.

PLATE LVI.

A DIFFICULT GATHERING STROKE.

_In illustration of a very effective two-cushion across-table stroke,
leaving good position._

Cue-ball ⅜ below, ¼ left, object-ball ½ left; stroke, “ordinary.”
Cue-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, effecting carom on ball 2.
Object-ball cushions at _e_, _c_, resting at _d_.

A carom may also be effected from object-ball 1 by direct kiss to ball 2. In this stroke: cue-ball ½ left, ⅛ above, object-ball ⅞ left; stroke, ½ in excess of “medium.”

PLATE LVII.

EFFECTIVE ONE AND TWO CUSHION STROKES.

_Illustrating excellent position play, and gathering balls by peculiar
method._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ½ left, ½ below, object-ball ½ left; stroke,
“medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, effecting carom on ball
2. Object-ball cushions at _c_, crosses table, and rests at _e_.
The carom-ball rests at _d_.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ½ below, ⅝ left, object-ball ⅛ left; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, effecting carom
on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _b_, resting at _c_.

This stroke is very effective in gathering the balls, and may be readily played, with care. Similar strokes are played with the first object-ball lying well out toward the centre of the table, with the cue-ball occupying a similar position in its bearings toward the object-ball. The cue-ball leaves the cushion at _a_ sharp and in direct line to the carom-ball.

PLATE LVIII.

ACUTE DRAWS ALONG CUSHION.

_In illustration of very effective gathering strokes, drawing with twist
along a cushion._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ⅝ below, ¼ right, object-ball 31/32 right;
stroke, ¼ in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_,
effecting carom on ball 2, the latter resting at _f_; cue-ball
rests at _e_. Object-ball cushions at _f_, _b_, _c_, resting at
_d_. The secret in this stroke is in getting off the object-ball
sharp and clear to cushion at _a_. The cue-ball should travel
slowly to carom-ball from being struck so nearly full on
object-ball.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ½ below, ¼ right, object-ball ⅞ right; stroke, ¼
in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions slowly at _a_, effecting
carom on ball 2, which rests at _f_, and the cue-ball at _g_.
Object-ball cushions at _b_, _c_, _d_, resting at _e_.

PLATE LIX.

“KISS” CAROM, ALSO ONE AND THREE CUSHION DRAWS.

_Illustrating excellent strokes for position play, through the kiss and
acute draw._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ½ below, ⅝ left, object-ball ½ left; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, _c_,
effecting carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _d_, _e_,
resting at _f_.

_Diagram 2._—_A kiss carom._—Cue-ball ⅛ above, object-ball 31/32
right; stroke, ¼ less than “slow.” Carom-ball cushions at _b_,
where it meets cue-ball, and carom is effected.

_Diagram 3._—Cue-ball ¼ below, ⅛ left, object-ball ⅞ left; stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions at a, effecting carom on ball 2,
which rests at _b_. Object-ball cushions at _d_, _e_, _f_, _g_,
stopping at _c_.

PLATE LX.

BANK STROKES.

_In illustration of “bank” or cushion first effecting caroms which
neatly gather the balls._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ¼ right, ½ below, object-ball ½ right,
calculated from point _a_; stroke, ½ in excess of “medium.”
Cue-ball cushions at _a_, taking object-ball ½ full, effecting
carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _b_, _c_, resting at _d_.
This is a bank stroke, cue-ball played on cushion first before
striking any ball. Object-ball is at such a location in corner
that the stroke shown is the only practicable one.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅝ right, ½ below, object-ball ½ left, calculated
from point _a_; stroke, ¼ in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions
at _a_, strikes object-ball ½ full, cushions again at _b_, and
effects carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _c_, resting at
_d_.

PLATE LXI.

“BANK” WITH “TWIST,” CUSHION-“MASSÉ” AND “DRAW”-CUSHION STROKES.

_Illustrating caroms from difficult “breaks,” which produce excellent
positions._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ⅝ right, ¼ above, cushion first at _a_;
object-ball ⅞ left from _a_. Cue-ball cushions again at _b_,
effecting carom on ball 2; stroke, “medium.” This stroke combines
a very heavy twist with follow tendency, and, in order that the
two forces may be effective, the object-ball must be struck
exactly ⅞ left, as calculated from point _a_.

_Diagram 2._—A massé. Cue-ball ½ left of perpendicular centre, ⅛
forward in direction of object-ball, object-ball 1/16 right. Line
of sight being along dotted line _b_ to _a_. Cue-ball cushions at
_a_, effecting carom on ball 2 by a _treble_ curved line.

_Diagram 3._—Cue-ball ⅝ below, ½ right, object-ball full; stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, effecting carom on ball 2.
Object-ball cushions at _b_, _c_, _d_, resting at _e_.

PLATE LXII.

INTRICATE CAROM.

_Illustrating a stroke which appears at first sight to be a “bank,” but, from position of balls, a cushion hit before a ball will fail to effect carom._

Cue-ball ⅝ right, ⅝ below, object-ball ⅛ left; stroke, “medium.” As
the object-ball lies from the cushion—a space ⅛ of a ball, less
than the width of a 2⅜ ball—it is impossible for the cue-ball to
pass behind it, as it would have to do in order to contact with
the cushion _first_; as it is, the contact with cushion and
object-ball is at the same instant. The cue-ball really takes two
cushions, but it is so instantaneous as to be imperceptible.

PLATE LXIII.

ACUTE AND “SPREAD”-DRAW.

_Illustrating effective gathering strokes from a “wide spread” and
direct draw._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ⅝ below, object-ball ⅞ left; stroke, ½ in excess
of “medium.” Cue-ball effects carom on ball 2. Object-ball
cushions at _a_, _b_, resting at _c_.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅝ below, object-ball 31/32 right; stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball, by an acute draw, effects carom on ball 2.
Object-ball cushions at _d_, _g_, _e_, resting at _f_.

Positions similar to Diagram 1 frequently occur during play, consequently the pupil should know the gathering angle to cushions _a_, _b_, for any object-ball which may rest at any part of the table within space between the spot at _h_ and side cushion at ball 1; the cue-ball at all times played from behind the object-ball as shown.

PLATE LXIIIA.

SLOW “FOLLOW” CUSHION “TWIST” AND DRAW TWIST.

_Illustrating the “slowed follow,” while “driving” the object-ball
around table; also an acute draw two-cushion stroke._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ⅝ below, ⅝ right, object-ball ⅞ right; stroke, ¾
in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, effecting
carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _c_, _d_, _e_, resting at
_f_.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ½ left, ⅛ above, object-ball “full;” stroke, ½
in excess of “ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, effects carom
on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, resting at
_e_.

The cue-ball performs a slow twisting “follow,” the object-ball running with speed. The “slowed” follow ball is executed through the delivery ⅛ above, which imparts _slight_ rotating power in the ball.

PLATE LXIV.

A FOLLOW WITH EXCESSIVE ENGLISH.

_Illustrating a one-cushion “follow twist,” doubling the object-ball._

Cue-ball ⅝ left, ¼ above, object-ball “full centre;” stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, with excessive ⅝ twist,
effecting carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, _c_,
resting at _d_.

The player may find trouble in striking the object-ball dead full, where he delivers the cue ⅝ left. A little practice will overcome all difficulty.

PLATE LXV.

EFFECTIVE GATHERING STROKES.

_Illustrating caroms accomplished with excessive “draw, reverse, twists,
and cushion,” driving the object-ball to position._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ⅝ below, object-ball full; stroke, ½ in
excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _c_ through draw and
twist delivery, effecting carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at
_a_, _b_, finally resting at _c_. An effective gathering stroke.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ½ below, ½ left, object-ball ⅞ left; stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, effects carom on ball 2 and
rolls to _i_. Object-ball cushions at _b_, _c_, _d_, _f_, resting
at _g_. Carom-ball cushions at _e_, crosses table, and stops at
_h_.

The space between balls 1 and 2 is nearly the distance which separates the diamond sights.

PLATE LXVI.

“BANK”-STROKE CAROMS.

_Illustrating two methods of effecting the same carom, like principles
governing both strokes._

_First._—Cue-ball ¼ below, ½ left; cushions at _a_, _d_, strikes
object-ball at _f_, ½ right, calculating from point _d_; cue-ball
then cushions again at _g_, _h_, _i_, effecting carom on ball 2.
Object-ball takes direction of arrow. Stroke, “hard.”

_Second._—Cue-ball ¼ below, ½ left; cushions at _b_, _c_, hits
object-ball at _e_, ½ left, sighting from cushion at _c_; cushions
then at _j_, effecting carom on ball 2. Object-ball is driven
around table, cushions at _n_, _o_, _p_, resting at _l_. Stroke,
“hard.”

PLATE LXVII.

FOUR-CUSHION AND “BANK”-STROKE CAROMS.

_Illustrating caroms which gather the balls from difficult positions._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ¼ below, ¼ right, object-ball ¼ right, sighting
from cushion at _a_. Cue-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, effecting
carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _c_, _d_, resting at _e_.
Stroke, “ordinary.” The object-ball (1) lies near and cushions so
that cue-ball has not room to go around table and gather balls
after carom, therefore the bank stroke is employed.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ½ right, ⅛ below, object-ball ¼ left; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.” Object-ball is width of a ball from the
cushion. Cue-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, effecting carom
on ball 2.

Object-ball cushions at _e_, _f_, resting at _g_. Ball 1 _must_ be so placed that the cushion at _a_ can be reached by cue-ball.

PLATE LXVIII.

REVERSE ENGLISH.

_Illustrating application of reverse twist when the object-ball lies in
difficult position for gathering._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ⅝ right, ⅛ above, object-ball ½ left; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, effecting carom
on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _b_, _c_, resting at _d_.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ⅛ below, object-ball ½ left; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, effecting
carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _c_, _d_, _e_, resting at
_f_.

Caroms could be effected by cutting object-ball fine on right, but gathering position for next stroke would then be sacrificed.

PLATE LXIX.

“KISS” AND “FINE” CUSHION CAROMS.

_Illustrating caroms from comparatively safe positions._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ⅝ right, ¼ below, object-ball ⅛ right; stroke, ½
in excess of “slow.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, _b_, effecting
carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _c_, resting at or near
_d_.

_To carom on ball 3._—Cue ball ¼ right, ¼ below, object-ball ⅛
right; stroke, “medium.”

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ½ below, object-ball ⅞ left; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball kisses from object-ball, takes
cushion at a, then, by ⅝ twist, runs to ball 2, effecting carom.
The object-ball lies in corner touching both cushions. When the
point _a_ is reached the stroke is assured, if the ⅝ “twist” has
been applied to cue-ball.

_To carom on ball 3._—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ½ below, object-ball
“full”; stroke, ½ in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _b_.
Similar in principle to preceding stroke.

PLATE LXX.

A “FINE-CUT” BALL AND EFFECTIVE ONE-CUSHION GATHERING STROKES.

_Illustrating a seeming impossible “fine-cut” stroke, effecting carom at
extreme points, with application of either “twist”; also excellent
one-cushion position strokes._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ½ below, ¼ left, object-ball ⅛ left; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, effecting carom
on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _c_, resting at _e_.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ½ below, ½ left, object-ball ⅛ left; stroke, ½
in excess of “medium.” Cue-ball cushions at _b_, effecting carom
on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _d_, resting at _f_.

_Diagram 3._—Cue-ball ⅝ below, ⅝ right, object-ball _extremely_ fine,
1/32 left; stroke, “hard.” Cue-ball cushions at _a_, describes a
curve, and effects carom on ball 2 in corner. The strong right
twist given cue-ball counteracts opposite twist given by contact
with cushion, whilst the draw or retrograde force imparts a
tendency to return in direction from the impelling force, this
producing the curved line of progress.

_To carom on ball 3._—Cue-ball ¼ left, ⅛ below, object-ball 1/16
left; stroke, “ordinary.”

_To carom on ball 4._—Cue-ball ½ left, ⅛ below, object-ball ¼
left; stroke, “ordinary.”

PLATE LXXI.

REVERSE ENGLISH CAROMS.

_In illustration of caroms through the application of the “reverse
twist,” performing curious angles thereby and gathering the balls._

_Diagram 1._—Cue-ball ⅝ below, ⅝ right, object-ball ⅛ right; stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball cushions at _b_, from which it performs
curved line in effecting carom on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at
_c_, _d_, _a_, resting at _e_. The carom-ball crosses table,
cushions at _g_, resting at _f_. An acute wrist delivery is
necessary in order to impart extreme “draw-and-twist” to the
cue-ball.

_Diagram 2._—Cue-ball ⅝ left, ⅛ above, object-ball ¾ left; stroke,
“ordinary.” Cue-ball takes cushion at _a_, _b_, effecting carom by
reverse twist, on ball 2. Object-ball cushions at _c_, _d_,
resting at _e_.

This stroke is played to gather the object-ball at ball 2. If the cue-ball is played around the table, imparting opposite twist, taking cushions _a_, _b_, _d_, the object-ball will be “lost.”

PLATE LXXII.

ONE-CUSHION AND KISS STROKES.

_Illustrating a carom by “kiss” gathering the balls, also carom from
same position from one cushion._