Chapter XX: Appendix (1)

DESCRIPTION OF THE ARRANGEMENT OF MACHINERY IN THE MILL OF THE STANDARD SPINNING COMPANY, LIMITED, ROCHDALE.

It will be interesting to many persons to have some particulars of the arrangement of one of the most recently constructed Lancashire mills. The Standard Spinning Company’s mill is not only one of the latest but also one of the largest yet built. It consists of five floors and a basement. Each of the main rooms is 250 feet long by 125 feet wide, and adjoining the building on the ground floor is a shed 240 feet long by 40 feet wide, in which most of the cards are placed. The remaining four floors contain the mules. Placed a little apart from the main building is the scutching or blowing room, which is 70 feet by 60 feet, and has placed above it two mixing rooms. The general arrangements are shown in Fig. 232, which is a plan of the ground floor, showing the arrangement of the machinery.

Referring now to that figure, and dealing first with the mixing and scutching arrangements, the former are shown in the small detached drawing. The arrangement of mixtures and cross lattices is well shown. The three longitudinal lattices shown convey the cotton to the mixing bin, the cross lattice receiving it from the bale breaker, which is placed in the room above. There are four porcupine feed tables employed, each with an extra length of lattice, which deliver the cotton into the dust trunks, by which it is conveyed to the openers fixed in the ground floor room. Of the opening machines there are four, each of which is fed by its special tube or trunk, as clearly shown. The openers are provided with lap attachments, so that the cotton is formed into that shape at as early a point as possible. Adjoining the openers, with their feed end close to the lap machine, six scutching machines with single beaters are placed. These are fed with three laps, and the cotton is, after being treated by them, again formed into laps, which are fed to the six finisher scutchers placed immediately behind the first six. The finishing machines are fed with four laps each, the doubling being considerable. It will be noticed that the whole of the arrangements are made so that the cotton moves steadily forward without much handling. In this respect the design is admirable, and this part of the work has been carried out by Messrs. Lord Brothers.

The carding machines are of the revolving flat type, made by Messrs. John Hetherington and Sons. There are in actual use 128, and each is made with a cylinder 50 inches diameter, being fed from 40-inch laps. The drawing frames adjoin the carding engines, as shown, and are nine in number, each machine having four heads with seven deliveries each, the latter being indicated by the thick black dots. These machines supply drawn slivers to twelve slubbing machines, fitted with long collars, and each containing 90 spindles, their lift being 10 inches. The gauge of these machines is four spindles in 19 inches. The slubbing frames can be distinguished by the dotted lines behind them, which represent the position of the cans, and each of them is fed by the drawing machines placed relatively to them as shown by the curved arrows. It will be noticed that the same readiness of access has been kept in view as in the case of the scutching machines, and the necessary carriage of the cans is reduced to a minimum. In addition to the slubbing frames there are 18 intermediate frames, each containing 132 spindles of 10-inch lift and a gauge of six spindles in 19-1/2 inches. The equipment of this room is completed by 52 roving machines of 168 spindles each, 7-inch lift, and a gauge of eight spindles in 20-1/2 inches. The whole of the drawing and roving machines are made by Mr. John Mason, and the latter are fitted throughout with Mason’s long collars. Before leaving this department a few words may be said about the driving. The machinery is driven from a second motion shaft, driven by ropes from the engine, the engine house and rope race being indicated in the drawing. The carding machines are driven by counter-shafts from the line shaft shown, as are also the drawing frames. The roving machinery, on the contrary, is all directly driven from the line shafts, two of which are specially arranged for the purpose, as clearly shown. The belts are long and have a half twist, but the advantages of direct driving are so great that this slight disadvantage is not worth taking into account.

The mules are of an improved Parr-Curtis type, made by Messrs. Taylor, Lang, and Co., Limited. They are almost equally divided between twist and weft mules. Of the former there are 44 in all, each of which is made of a spindle gauge of 1-3/8 inch. Half of them contain 1,038, and the other half 1,044 spindles each, in all 45,804 twist spindles. There are also 44 mules for weft, the gauge of the spindles being 1-1/8 inch. Twenty-two of these contain 1,260 and twenty-two 1,272 spindles each respectively, giving a total of 55,704 weft spindles. The total number of spindles, therefore, in the mill is 101,508. The numbers spun are from 40’s to 50’s twist, and 50’s to 70’s weft.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

NOTE.—In order to facilitate reference to the illustrations, they have been so placed as to be easily found, without turning back. It has not, however, always been possible to place them in consecutive and proper order. To preserve the sequence, they are numbered in the order in which they are referred to in the text, although—especially in Chapter XI.—they are sometimes referred to in paragraphs widely apart.

FIG. PAGE.

1, 2 The cotton gin 16

3 Elephant opener 17

4 Bale breaker 17

5 Dobson and Barlow’s bale breaker 19

6, 7 Diagrams of mixing arrangements 20

8 Diagram of mixing arrangements 21

9 Taylor, Lang, and Company’s opening machine 25

10 Dobson and Barlow’s opening machine 25

11, 12 Lord Brothers’ porcupine cylinders 26

13 Diagram of mixing and opening 27

14 Platt Brothers and Company’s opening machine 28

15 Crighton and Sons’ opening machine 29

16 Section of opener grid, ordinary type 30

17 Crighton and Sons’ improved opener 29

18 Longitudinal section of Crighton’s improved
grid 30

19 Cross section of Crighton’s improved grid 30

20 Lord Brothers’ combined porcupine and Crighton
opening machine 33

21 Platt Brothers and Company’s improved dust
trunk 34

22 Lord Brothers’ single scutching machine 36

23 Lord Brothers’ single scutching machine, end
view 38

24 Howard and Bullough’s improved grid for
scutching machine 38

25 Crighton and Sons’ scutching machine 39

26 Crighton and Sons’ leaf extractor 40

27 Platt Brothers and Company’s scutcher diagram
of dead plate 41

28, 29, 30, 31 Lord Brothers’ piano feed motion 43

32 Platt Brothers and Company’s old form of pedal
nose 44

33 Platt Brothers and Company’s new form of pedal
nose 44

34 Old and new arrangement of pedal bowls 44

35 Platt Brothers and Company’s rope driving
for cones 45

36 Platt Brothers and Company’s pedal regulator 46

37, 38 Dobson and Barlow’s pedal regulator 49

39, 40 Asa Lees and Company’s pedal regulator 49

41 Asa Lees and Company’s rope driving for cones 48

42 Plan of mixing room lattices. Platt Brothers
and Company 50

43 Plan of scutching room. Platt Brothers
and Company 50

44 Ashworth Brothers’ revolving flat carding
engine 63

45 Vertical section of coiler 59

46 Diagram of roller carding engine 56

47 Perspective view of Mason’s roller carding
engine 57

48 John Hetherington and Sons’ stripper for
roller carding engine 60

49 Lord Brothers’ setting bracket for roller
carding engine 60

50 Leigh’s flexible bend 65

51 Hetherington’s old construction of flat 66

52 Hetherington’s new construction of flat 66

53 Hetherington’s transverse section of bend
milling apparatus 67

54 Hetherington’s side elevation of bend
milling apparatus 67

55 Platt Brothers’ new setting of flats 69

56 Platt Brothers’ old setting of flats 69

57 Perspective view Platt’s card 68

58 Diagram of Dobson and Barlow’s bend 71

59 Front view of Dobson and Barlow’s bend 71

60 Front view of Howard and Bullough’s bend 70

61 Section of Howard and Bullough’s bend 73

62 Front view of Knowles’ bend 73

63 Diagram of Knowles’ bend 74

64 Ashworth’s bend 75

65 Side elevation of Brooks’ carding engine 76

66 Front view of milling arrangement of Brooks’
carding engine 77

67 Sectional view of milling arrangement of
Brooks’ carding engine 77

68 Side elevation of Wellman card 80

69 Dobson and Barlow’s dish feed 83

70 Lap before acted on by licker-in 89

71 Lap after being acted on by licker-in 89

72 Dobson and Barlow’s doffer covers 84

73 Dobson and Barlow’s pedestal 87

74 Ashworth Brothers’ driving arrangement 87

75 Enlarged view of doffer fleece 89

76 Diagram of card setting 92

77 Diagram of Garnett teeth for licker-in 93

78 Diagram of setting of teeth 95

79 Enlarged view of needle pointed teeth 97

80 Enlarged view of side ground tooth 97

81 Enlarged view of side ground tooth 97

82 Whiteley’s fillet winding drum 99

83 Riveted and sewn flats 101

84 Dronsfield’s fillet stretcher for flats 103

85 Perspective view of Whiteley’s clip 103

86 Transverse section of flat with Whiteley’s
clip 103

87 Longitudinal section of flat with Whiteley’s
clip 103

88 Transverse section of Tweedale’s fastener 103

89 Sykes’ slow motion 106

90 Transverse section of Hetherington’s slow
motion 106

91 End view of Hetherington’s slow motion 106

92 Side view of card with Hetherington’s slow
motion 106

93 Side view of Brooks’ slow motion 107

94 End view of Brooks’ slow motion 107

95 Side view of Knowles’ slow motion 108

96 Sectional view of Knowles’ slow motion 108

97 Dronsfield’s grinding roller 108

98, 99 End views of Dronsfield’s grinding roller 109

100, 101, 102 Views of emery filleting 109

103 Horsfall grinding roller 110

104 Diagram of flat and wire 111

105 Knowles’ flat grinding apparatus 111

106 Hetherington’s flat grinding apparatus 112

107 Edge’s flat grinding apparatus 114

108 Higginson’s flat grinding apparatus 115

109 Platt’s flat grinding apparatus 116

110 Dronsfield’s roller grinding machine 118

111 Whiteley’s stripping brush 119

112 Dobson and Barlow’s sliver lap machine 123

113 Dobson and Barlow’s ribbon lap machine 121

114 Transverse section of Heilmann combing
machine 127

115 Enlarged section of Heilmann combing machine 122

116 Enlarged section of nipper mechanism of
Heilmann combing machine 125

117 Front view, Hetherington’s improved nipper 130

118 Sectional view, Hetherington’s improved
nipper 130

119 Perspective view, Dobson and Barlow’s
combing machine 131

120 Transverse section, Dobson and Barlow’s
combing machine 134

121 Side view, detaching mechanism, Dobson and
Barlow’s combing machine 133

122 Plan, detaching mechanism, Dobson and
Barlow’s combing machine 133

123 End view, Brooks’ drawing frame 139

124 Transverse section, Brooks’ drawing frame 139

125 Front view, Brooks’ drawing frame 139

126 Elevation and section, Leigh’s loose boss
rollers 138

127 Howard and Bullough’s electric stop motion 146

128 Front view, Mason’s slubbing frame 149

129 Sectional elevation, Mason’s long collar 151

130 Sectional elevation, Higgins’ spindle 153

131 Elevation of Higgins’ spindle 153

132 Diagram of winding on roving frames 156

133 Diagram of winding on roving frames 156

134 Back view of roving frame 159

135 Plan, Johnson’s cone motion 161

136 Elevation, Johnson’s cone motion 161

137 Section of differential motion 163

138 Curtis and Rhodes’s differential motion 164

139 Tweedale’s differential motion 165

140 Front view of building motion 167

141 Back view of building motion 169

142 Plan of building motion 169

143 Elevation of Paley’s traverse motion 173

144 End view of Paley’s traverse motion 173

145 Plan of Paley’s traverse motion 173

146 Section of Paley’s traverse motion 173

147 Diagram of variations of traverse 174

148 Diagram of mule (essential parts) 178

149 Front view of Platt’s mule 181

150 Back view of Platt’s mule 181

151 Diagram of setting of a pair of mules 180

152 Diagram of driving bands for mule 185

153 Longitudinal section of mule driving
mechanism 185

154 Back view of mule driving mechanism 185

155 End view of rope attachment to end frame 187

156 Diagram of cam shaft and connections 191

157 Plan view of duplex driving 191

158 Diagram of belt guiding mechanism 195

159 Counter faller regulator 198

160 Backing-off mechanism 197

161 Diagram of copping arrangement 205

162 Diagram of taking-in and holding out 201

163 Diagram of building of cop 207

164 Diagram of coils on nose of cop 207

165 Diagram of copping rail arrangement 204

166 Diagram of winding barrel movement 208

167 Diagram of movement of quadrant arm 211

168 Diagram of winding mechanism 212

169 Diagram of winding chain tightening motion 215

170, 171 Diagram of position of scrolls
beginning and end of set 216

172 Diagram of winding-on motion for chain 221

173 Diagram of ordinary arrangement of camshaft 220

174 Section of pendant plate and clutch 221

175 Front view of pendant plate 221

176 Side view of Hetherington’s mule 222

177 Back view of Hetherington’s mule 223

178 Elevation of Dobson and Hardman’s nosing
motion 224

179 Enlarged view of Dobson and Hardman’s
nosing motion 225

180 Dobson and Barlow’s governing motion 227

181 Dub’s governing motion 229

182 Side elevation of Curtis’ mule without cam
shaft 230

183 Plan of Curtis’ mule without cam shaft 230

184 Inclined carriage slips for mules 231

185 Front view of Brooks’ ring spinning frame 237

186 End view of Brooks’ ring spinning frame 235

187 Transverse section of Brooks’ ring spinning
frame 236

188 Longitudinal partial section of one spindle
and roller stand 243

189 Common ring spindle 243

190 Booth Sawyer ring spindle 243

191 Rabbeth ring spindle 245

192 Whitin gravity ring spindle 245

193 Dodd ring spindle 245

194 Bernhardt’s bee spindle and anti-ballooner 249

195 Single ring 247

196 Coulthard’s double ring and holder 247

197 Diagram of winding on ring frames 251

198 Elevation of spindle with Lancaster’s
traveller 253

199 Perspective view of ring and Lancaster’s
traveller 253

200 Plan of Platt’s ring and traveller 253

201 Section of Platt’s ring and traveller 253

202 Howard and Bullough’s weft spinning frame 255

203 Asa Lees and Co.’s rope driving for tin
rollers 254

204 Stubbs’ bobbin reel 263

205 Elevation of seven-lea arrangement 267

206 Section of shell for swift end 266

207 Guest and Brooks’ skeining motion 268

208 Elevation of bundling press 269

209 Perspective view of doubling winding machine 271

210 Transverse section of doubling winding
machine 273

211 Section of one head of gassing machine 274

212 Thread beaming machine 277

213 Thread polishing machine 275

214 Wield’s spooling machine 279

215 Dronsfield’s cloth pasting machine 283

216 Dronsfield’s leather grinding machine 285

217 Roller leather splicing machine 285

218 Roller pulling machine 284

219 Roller ending machine 284

220 Roller trueing machine 287

221 Roving bobbins 289

222 Ring spinning bobbins 288

223 Ring doubling and throstle bobbins 291

224 Niess’ yarn scale 292

225 Mule indicator for hanks 293

226 Mule indicator for draws 293

227 Side view of indicator mechanism 295

228 End view of indicator mechanism 295

229 Front view of indicator for slubbing frames 294

230 Back view of indicator for slubbing frames 294

231 Bridge’s paste pump 295

232 Plan of card room of Standard Spinning
Company Limited 299

GLOSSARY.

=Changes.= In a mule the alteration of the motion of the various
parts at the end of the outward and inward runs.

=Chase.= The extent of the traverse of the winding faller wire.

=Cop.= The spool of yarn formed on a mule.

=Counts.= The number of hanks of yarn in one pound weight.

=Creel.= A frame in which feed bobbins are placed.

=Doffer.= In carding, the drum removing the fleece from the cylinder;
the person removing bobbins or cops from the spindles.

=Doffing.= The process of removing finished material from the
machines.

=Doubling.= The combination of two or more laps, slivers, or threads;
as a separate process the twisting together of strands of yarn.

=Draught.= The amount of attenuation of a lap or sliver.

=Draw.= The longitudinal traverse of a mule carriage.

=Droppings.= The impurities removed from cotton during opening or
scutching.

=End.= One strand of sliver, roving, or yarn.

=Fillet.= A narrow strip of cloth.

=Fly.= The loose short fibres given off during spinning.

=Gauge.= The distance from centre to centre of spindles or rollers.

=Governing.= The regulation of the traverse of the quadrant nut.

=Halching.= The entanglement of the coils of yarn at a cop nose.

=Hank.= A length of 840 yards of yarn.

=Lap.= A rolled fleece of cotton.

=Lea.= One seventh of a complete hank.

=Lead.= The excess of the revolution of a bobbin, flyer, or traveller
over each other.

=Licking.= The adhesion of cotton fibres to any surface.

=Lift.= The extent of the traverse of a guide eye or bobbin.

=Motes.= Fragments of broken seed or leaf.

=Neps.= Small knots or tangles of fibres.

=Nose.= The extreme upper point of a cop.

=Piecing.= The union of two ends of sliver, roving, or yarn.

=Poker.= The vertical rod sustaining a bobbin or ring rail.

=Roller Laps.= Coils of roving or yarn wrapped on rollers after
breakage.

=Roving.= The attenuated and partially twisted sliver.

=Selvedge.= The edge of a lap or sliver.

=Shaper.= The mechanism by which the shape of a cop is determined.

=Single.= A length of sliver, roving, or yarn in which only one
strand exists.

=Skeining.= The process of winding yarn into hanks.

=Sliver.= The attenuated fleece of cotton from carding or combing
machine.

=Slubbing.= The sliver after having passed through the first roving
machine.

=Slubs.= Thick pieces of cotton attached to or twisted into the yarn,
caused by accumulation of fly.

=Snarls.= Small twisted loops of yarn.

=Staple.= The length of individual fibres in any grade of cotton.

=Stretch.= The longitudinal traverse of a mule carriage.

=Stripping.= Removing the imbedded impurities from card clothing.

=Twist.= The number of turns per inch in a thread or yarn; yarn used
for warps.

=Warp.= Yarn forming the longitudinal threads in cloth.

=Weft.= Yarn forming the transverse threads in cloth.

=Yarn.= The fully twisted roving.

GENERAL INDEX.

A
Par. Page.
Acceleration of winding velocity in mule 330 211

Action of building motion in roving machines 252 168

Action of building ratchet wheel in roving machines 257 171

Action of combing machine 198 126

Action of copping mechanism 322 205

Action of mule at end of draw 289 189

Action of fallers in mule 303 194

Action of plate wheel in roving machines 244 162

Action of rollers of mule 267 177

Advantages of rotation of backing-off wheel 296 190

Air current, conveyance of cotton by 63 32

Air current, effect of passages on 79 41

Air current in scutchers, velocity of 78 40

American cotton 21 13

Amount of lift in roving machines 233 154

Angularity of brackets in ring frames 370 240

Angularity of thread in mules 360 229

Asa Lees and Company’s rope driving for ring frames 383 254

Asa Lees and Company’s rope driving for scutchers 92 48

Ashworth Brothers’ cylinder setting 129 75

Ashworth Brothers’ cylinder driving 149 85

Ashworth Brothers’ revolving flat carding machine 129 75

Attachment of cards to cylinders and doffers 164 96

Attachment of cards to flats by rivets 166 101

Attachment of cards to flats by sewing 166 101

Attachment of cards to flats by clips 166 101

Attachment of carriage end frame bands 284 187

Attachment of pressers 228 148

Attachment of roving to mule spindles 267 177

B

Back shaft connection with scroll shaft 315 202

Back shaft connection of quadrant with 327 209

Back shaft clutch, shape of teeth 284 187

Back shaft clutch, disengagement of 293 190

Back shaft, driving of 284 184

Back shaft, driving of, ordinary method 351 221

Back shaft, position of scrolls 284 187

Backing-off chain, tightening motion 307 198

Backing-off clutch, engagement of 299 193

Backing-off clutch, release of 312 200

Backing-off, compression of spring 300 193

Backing-off, constant rotation of wheel 296 190

Backing-off, driving of wheel 282 194

Backing-off, effect of driving wheel 282 184

Backing-off lever, release of 301 194

Backing-off, operation of 270 177

Backing-off, holding out catch during 310 200

Backing-off, parts at end of 311 200

Bale breaker 28 17

Bale breaker, construction of rollers 33 19

Bale breaker, Dobson and Barlow’s 34 19

Bale breaker, draught of 30 18

Baling of cotton 27 16

Balling machines 404 281

Bands, check 315 202

Bands, tension of spindle 280 183

Bands, mule end frame 284 187

Bands, course of rim 281 183

Beaters, balancing scutcher 68 36

Beaters, blow of 69 37

Beaters, construction of scutcher 68 36

Beaters, space between grid and arms of 59 31

Beaters, pulsations of 70 37

Beaters, two and three winged 69 36

Beaters, velocity of opener 55 30

Beaters, velocity of Lord’s opener 58 31

Beaters, velocity of scutcher 69 36

Bearings, Higgins’ roving spindle 230 152

Belts, main driving speeds 13 10

Bend, Mason’s concentric 113 60

Bend, Dobson and Barlow’s 125 69

Bend, easy adjustment of flexible 134 78

Bend, Hetherington’s setting of 121 66

Bend, Hetherington’s trueing of 121 66

Bend, Howard and Bullough’s 127 70

Bend, Knowles’ 128 73

Bend, Legh’s flexible 119 65

Bend, Platt’s flexible 122 67

Bend, Platt’s inspection of setting of 137 79

Bend, position of flexible 120 66

Bend, setting brackets for 113 60

Bend, setting flexible 119 65

Bend, theory of flexible 118 64

Bobbins, coated 414 291

Bobbins, doubling and throstle 413 291

Bobbins, driving roving 232 153

Bobbins, lead, reasons for 237 156

Bobbins, lift of 233 154

Bobbins and flyer leads 240 158

Bobbins, principle of driving roving 239 157

Bobbins, retardation of roving 238 157

Bobbins, ring frame 413 288

Bobbins, roving 412 287

Bobbins, Sidebotham’s patent 413 291

Brazilian cotton 20 13

Brooks’ adjustment of flats in card 131 77

Brooks’ drawing machine 208 137

Brooks’ ring spinning machine 367 234

Brooks’ revolving flat card 130 76

Brooks’ slow motion for card 174 107

Building motion, action of 252 168

Building motion, construction of 251 167

Building motion, objects of 250 166

Building motion, reversal of lift by 254 171

Building motion, roving frame 250 166

Bundling press 396 267

C

Cages, Crighton’s construction of 76 39

Cages, position of 67 35

Calender rollers of carding engines 109 55

Calculation of counts 387 257

Calculation of hank roving 387 257

Cam shaft, effect of first half turn of 292 190

Cam shaft, effect of second half turn of 345 218

Cam shaft, ordinary position of 350 220

Cam shaft, position of cams on 291 189

Cans, arrangement in drawing machine 215 143

Cans, Bridge’s corrugated 405 282

Cans, Platt’s full stop motion 221 145

Cans, position in coiler 110 55

Cans, sliver 405 282

Carding, importance of 190 119

Card clothing, attachment to flats by rivets 166 101

Card clothing, attachment to flats by sewing 166 101

Card clothing, attachment to flats by clips 166 101

Card clothing, attachment to flats by Platt’s clip 169 105

Card clothing, construction of foundation 154 91

Card clothing, counts of wire 156 92

Card clothing, counts used 157 93

Card clothing, defects of side grinding 159 94

Card clothing, deflection of flats 167 102

Card clothing, desirability of light grinding 163 95

Card clothing, improved side grinding 162 95

Card clothing, machine for winding fillets 165 96

Card clothing, manufacture of fillets 155 91

Card clothing, mode of attaching fillets 164 96

Card clothing, Platt’s fastener for 169 105

Card clothing, preparation before fixing 164 96

Card clothing, principles of setting 158 93

Card clothing, setting teeth 156 92

Card clothing, shape of teeth 159 94

Card clothing, side grinding of teeth 159 94

Card clothing, striation of teeth 161 94

Card clothing, teeth of licker-in 157 93

Card clothing, Tweedale’s clip for 168 102

Card grinding, best speed of cylinder 170 105

Card grinding, Brooks’ slow motion for 174 107

Card grinding, construction of brackets 178 110

Card grinding, Dronsfield’s emery fillets 176 109

Card grinding, Edge’s flat apparatus 182 113

Card grinding, Hetherington’s flat apparatus 181 112

Card grinding, Hetherington’s slow motion 172 106

Card grinding, Higginson’s flat apparatus 183 114

Card grinding, Horsfall roller 177 109

Card grinding, Knowles’ and Tatham’s flat apparatus 180 111

Card grinding, Knowles’ slow motion 175 108

Card grinding, machine for rollers 186 117

Card grinding, machine for Wellman flats 187 118

Card grinding, Platt’s flat apparatus 184 116

Card grinding, principles of flat 179 110

Card grinding, rollers used in 176 108

Card grinding, Sykes’ slow motion 171 105

Carding machine, action of cylinder 151 86

Carding machine, action of licker-in 150 85

Carding machine, Ashworth’s 129 74

Carding machine, Ashworth’s cylinder setting 129 74

Carding machine, Ashworth’s driving 149 85

Carding machine, Ashworth’s setting of pedestals 148 85

Carding machine, attenuation of fleece 152 86

Carding machine, Brook’s 130 76

Carding machine, Brook’s adjustment of flats 131 77

Carding machine, condition of fibres 153 88

Carding machine, construction of bend 113 60

Carding machine, construction of calender rolls 109 55

Carding machine, construction of coiler 110 55

Carding machine, construction of cylinder 107 54

Carding machine, construction of dish feed 143 81

Carding machine, construction of doffer 108 54

Carding machine, construction of doffer comb 108 54

Carding machine, construction of licker-in 106 54

Carding machine, construction of pedestals 147 84

Carding machine, construction of setting brackets 113 60

Carding machine, construction theory of bend 118 64

Carding machine, character of working settings 133 78

Carding machine, development of 104 53

Carding machine, Dobson and Barlow’s 125 69

Carding machine, Dobson and Barlow’s covers for 145 82

Carding machine, Dobson and Barlow’s pedestal
setting 148 85

Carding machine, driving of parts of 146 84

Carding machine, driving of rollers 113 60

Carding machine, ease of flexible bend adjustment 134 78

Carding machine, effect of licker-in 143 82

Carding machine, feeding laps 105 53

Carding machine, Hetherington’s setting of bend 121 66

Carding machine, Hetherington’s trueing apparatus 121 66

Carding machine, Howard and Bullough’s 127 70

Carding machine, Howard and Bullough’s pedestal setting 148 85

Carding machine, inclination of teeth on rollers 112 56

Carding machine, Knowles’s 128 73

Carding machine, Leigh’s flexible bend 119 65

Carding machine, method of setting flats 132 77

Carding machine, movement of cylinder centre 135 79

Carding machine, object of 103 53

Carding machine, Platt’s bend setting 122 67

Carding machine, Platt’s inspection of setting 137 79

Carding machine, position of chain attachment 123 68

Carding machine, position of flexible bend 120 64

Carding machine, position of mote knives 144 82

Carding machine, position of under casings 144 82

Carding machine, removal of neps and short fibre 150 85

Carding machine, revolving flat 115 61

Carding machine, revolving, adjusting heel of flats 117 62

Carding machine, revolving, construction of flats 116 61

Carding machine, revolving, mode of shaping flats 116 61

Carding machine, revolving, number of flats 115 61

Carding machine, revolving, testing flats 117 62

Carding machine, roller and clearer 111 56

Carding machine, roller dirt stripper 111 56

Carding machine, setting flexible bend 119 65

Carding machine, setting licker-in and doffer 136 79

Carding machine, ultimate draught 152 86

Carding machine, velocity of cylinder 107 54

Carding machine, velocity of doffer 108 54

Carding machine, velocity of doffer comb 108 54

Carding machine, velocity of rollers 112 56

Carding machine, velocity of Wellman 141 81

Carding machine, Wellman 138 79

Carding machine, Wellman, Dobson, and Barlow’s 139 80

Carding machine, Wellman, effect of setting of flats 141 81

Carding machine, Wellman, future of 142 81

Carding machine, Wellman, principles of 138 79

Carding machine, Wellman, setting flats of 140 81

Card stripping, importance of 188 118

Card stripping, method of 189 119

Card stripping, reasons for 188 118

Capital employed in spinning 3 5

Carriage of mule, connection with square 278 183

Carriage of mule, construction of 278 183

Carriage of mule, gain of 288 189

Carriage of mule, improved slips for 360 229

Carriage of mule, reciprocal motion of 269 177

Chain attachment to flats 123 68

Chain, backing-off tightening 307 198

Chain, winding 331 212

Chain, winding tightening motion 333 213

Cleanliness, importance of 16 11

Clearers for drawing frames 212 142

Clearers, Dobson and Barlow’s 212 142

Clearers, Ermen’s revolving 212 142

Clearers, roving frames 226 148

Clearers, rollers of carding engines 112 56

Click motion 341 217

Click motion, defects of old 342 217

Click motion, holding out rod and 343 217

Coiler, construction of 110 56

Collars, Mason’s long 229 152

Combined opening machines, Dobson and Barlow’s 47 25

Combined opening machines, Platt’s 52 28

Combined opening machines, Lord’s 58 31

Combined mixing, opening, and scutching 63 32

Combined opening and scutching 93 48

Combing machine, action of 198 126

Combing machine, combing cylinder 196 125

Combing machine, detaching mechanism 197 126

Combing machine, Dobson and Barlow’s 202 130

Combing machine, Imbs’ 205 135

Combing machine, nippers of, Dobson & Barlow’s 203 134

Combing machine, nipper guard 201 130

Combing machine, preparation of sliver for 192 120

Combing machine, Pinel, Lecœur, & Hetherington’s 205 135

Combing machine, speed of 200 129

Combing machine, waste from 206 136

Comparative spindle speeds 9 8

Condenser, Theisen’s patent 11 9

Cones, Asa Lees’ driving for 92 48

Cones, Platt’s driving for 87 45

Cones, roving frame 242 158

Cones, scutching machine velocity 83 42

Cones, shape of 249 166

Cones, speed 249 166

Construction of combing cylinder 196 125

Construction of drawing machine 208 137

Construction of roving frames 226 147

Constructive methods, early 7 7

Constructive methods, modern 8 7

Cops, chase of 317 203

Cops, form of 316 202

Cops, layers of yarn in 317 203

Cops, paper tubes for 316 202

Cops, winding traverse in building 317 203

Copping motion, action of 322 205

Copping motion, loose copping rail 321 205

Copping motion, object of rail 308 199

Copping motion, theory of 319 203

Copping motion, traverse of plates 320 204

Cotton, American 21 13

Cotton, Brazilian 20 13

Cotton, cleaning of 39 23

Cotton, commercial qualities 23 14

Cotton, Egyptian 19 13

Cotton gin 24 15

Cotton, Indian 22 13

Cotton, mixing 36 21

Cotton, Sea Island 18 13

Cotton fibre, structure of 17 12

Cotton fibre, strength of 17 12

Cotton mill, cost of 6 7

Cotton, pneumatic conveyance of 63 32

Cotton spinning industry 3 5

Counts of yarn, definition of 387 257

Counts of wire, how calculated 156 92

Counts of wire commonly used 157 93

Creel, roving machine 226 147

Crighton opening machine 53 29

Crighton opening, combined 63 32

Crighton opening, double 61 32

Crighton opening, distance of grids 59 31

Crighton opening, lubrication of footsteps 57 31

Crighton opening, position of fans 54 29

Crighton opening, production of 60 32

Crighton opening, shape of grids 56 30

Curtis and Rhodes’ differential motion 247 164

Curtis’ mule 358 228

D

Dead plate in scutching machine 75 39

Dead plate, effect of position of 80 41

Dead plate, Platt’s arrangement of 81 41

Dead plate, position of 77 39

Definition of lead 237 156

Deflection of flats 167 102

Detaching mechanism of combers 197 126

Development of carding machine 104 53

Differential motion, action of plate wheel in 244 162

Differential motion, Curtis and Rhodes’ 247 164

Differential motion, mode of driving plate wheel 246 163

Differential motion of roving machines 243 161

Differential motion, relative velocity of plate wheel 246 164

Differential motion, theory of 244 162

Differential motion, Tweedale’s 248 165

Dirt roller of carding engine 111 56

Dobson and Barlow’s bale breaker 34 19

Dobson and Barlow’s combing machine 202 130

Dobson and Barlow’s covers for carding engines 145 82

Dobson and Barlow’s detaching mechanism 202 133

Dobson and Barlow’s governing motion 354 225

Dobson and Barlow’s nosing motion 353 223

Dobson and Barlow’s opening machine 47 25

Dobson and Barlow’s revolving flat card 125 69

Dobson and Barlow’s setting cylinders 148 85

Dobson and Barlow’s under casings 144 82

Dobson and Barlow’s Wellman machine 139 80

Doffer, carding machine 108 54

Doffer, velocity of 108 54

Doffer comb 108 54

Doffing motion for reels 394 265

Double fans in opening machines 52 28

Doubling of laps in scutchers 97 52

Doubling machine 384 284

Doubling winding machine, objects of 397 271

Doubling winding machine, Stubbs’ 398 271

Draught of bale breaker 30 18

Draught of carding machine 152 86

Draught in drawing machine 211 141

Draught, effect of 211 141

Draught of machines, definition 29 18

Draught of scutching machine 98 52

Draught of scutching where occurring 101 52

Drawing machine, arrangement of sliver cans 215 143

Drawing machine, Brooks’ stop motion 219 144

Drawing machine, centres of rollers 210 141

Drawing machine, clearers for 212 142

Drawing machine, construction of 208 137

Drawing machine, deliveries of 208 137

Drawing machine, Dobson and Barlow’s, clearer for 212 142

Drawing machine, draughts in 211 141

Drawing machine, driving rollers of 209 138

Drawing machine, doubling of slivers in 215 143

Drawing machine, effect of doubling in 216 143

Drawing machine, effect of staple 210 141

Drawing machine, Ermen’s revolving clearer 212 142

Drawing machine, essential features in 214 142

Drawing machine, Howard and Bullough’s electric stop
motion 223 145

Drawing machine, Leigh’s loose boss rollers 208 138

Drawing machine, number of doublings 216 143

Drawing machine, number of doublings permissible 217 144

Drawing machine, objects of 207 137

Drawing machine, Platt’s full can stop motion 221 145

Drawing machine, reasons for stop motion 219 144

Drawing machine, rollers for 208 138

Drawing machine, roller laps 212 142

Drawing machine, roller relieving motion 213 142

Drawing machine, size of rollers 224 146

Drawing machine, slubs 212 142

Drawing machine, velocity of rollers 209 138

Drawing machine, velocity of rollers 224 146

Driving, Ashworth’s, of carding machine 149 84

Driving belts, speed of 13 10

Driving bobbins of roving machine 232 153

Driving carding engines 146 84

Driving rollers and clearers 113 60

Driving rollers of roving machine 231 152

Driving ropes, size and speed of 14 10

Driving, spindles of roving machine 231 152

Dronsfield’s emery fillets 176 109

Dronsfield’s roller covering machine 409 284

Dub’s governing motion 356 226

Duplex driving of mules 287 188

Dust trunks, construction of 64 32

Dust trunks, Platt Brothers 65 33

Dust trunks, position of 64 32

Dust trunks, use of 63 32

E

Early inventions 1 5

Edge’s flat grinding apparatus 182 131

Egyptian cotton 19 13

Elephant opener 28 16

Engines, steam, types of 11 8

Ermen’s revolving clearer 212 142

Essential features of drawing frames 214 142

Extent of machine making trade 3 5

F

Fans in opening machine 52 28

Feed motion dish for carding engine 106 54

Feed motion dish for carding engine 143 81

Feed motion, Lord’s piano 82 42

Feed motion, cones in scutching 84 43

Feed motion, velocity of cones in scutching 83 42

Feed rollers, draught of 98 52

Feed rollers, drawing action of 85 44

Feed rollers, scutcher 85 44

Feeding carding machines 105 53

Feeding scutching machines from laps 95 51

Fibres, position in fleece 153 88

Fillets attaching to cylinders 164 96

Fillets attaching to flats 166 101

Fillets, Dronsfield’s emery 176 109

Fillets, foundation for card 154 91

Fillets, manufacture of card 155 91

Fillets, Platt’s fastener for 169 105

Fillets, preparation of 164 96

Fillets, setting teeth in 156 92

Fillets, Tweedale’s clip for card 168 102

Fillets, winding on 165 96

Fillets, Whiteley’s clip for card 166 101

Flats, adjustment of heel in 117 62

Flats, attaching chain to 123 68

Flats, attaching clothing to 166 101

Flats, Brooks’ adjustment of 131 77

Flats, character of working setting 133 78

Flats, construction of 116 61

Flats, deflection of 167 102

Flats, Edge’s grinding apparatus for 182 113

Flats, Hetherington’s grinding apparatus for 181 112

Flats, Higginson’s grinding apparatus for 183 114

Flats, Knowles’ grinding apparatus for 180 111

Flats, number of 115 61

Flats, Platt’s grinding apparatus 184 116

Flats, Platt’s inspecting device for 137 79

Flats, shaping 116 61

Flats, setting 132 77

Flats, setting, Wellman 140 80

Flats, testing heel of 117 62

Flyers, attachment of pressers to 228 148

Flyers, construction of roving 227 148

Flyers, lead of 240 158

Flyers, retardation of 240 157

G

Gassing machine 399 272

Gauge of spindles in roving machines 227 148

Gin, cotton 24 15

Gin, Macarthy cotton 25 15

Grids, Howard and Bullough’s air bars for 74 38

Grids, pitch of projections on 60 32

Grids, position in opening machine 59 31

Grids, position in scutching machine 72 37

Grids, shape of opening machine 56 30

Grids, setting bars in 73 38

Grinding, defects of side 160 94

Grinding, desirability of light 163 95

Grinding, Horsfall roller for 177 109

Grinding, improved side 162 95

Grinding, principles of flat 179 110

Grinding, roller brackets for 178 110

Grinding, roller 186 117

Grinding, side 159 94

Grinding, slow speed of cylinder during 170 105

Grinding, striation of teeth 161 94

Grinding, Wellman flat 187 118

H

Hank, definition of 387 257

Hank, roving calculation of 387 257

Heating of mills 15 11

Heilmann combing machine 195 122

Hetherington’s flat-grinding apparatus 181 112

Hetherington’s Heilmann comber 195 122

Hetherington’s mule 352 222

Hetherington’s production of mule ... 233

Hetherington’s setting of flexible bend 121 66

Hetherington’s slow motion 172 106

Hetherington’s trueing apparatus for card 121 66

Higgins’ spindle bearing 230 152

Higginson’s flat grinding apparatus 183 114

Holding-out catch 309 199

Horsfall grinding roller 177 109

Howard and Bullough’s air bars 74 38

Howard and Bullough’s carding engine 127 70

Howard and Bullough’s clip for fillets 168 102

Howard and Bullough’s differential motion 248 165

Howard and Bullough’s electric stop motion 223 145

Howard and Bullough’s electric stop motion 263 174

Howard and Bullough’s production of ring frame ... 259

Howard and Bullough’s weft ring frame 382 253

Humidity of mills 15 10

I

Importance of cleanliness 16 11

Importance of efficient carding 190 119

Importance of stripping cards 188 118

Imbs’ combing machine 205 135

Inclination of carding roller teeth 112 56

Inclination of spindle in mule 280 183

Increase in production of machine 4 6

Indian cotton 22 13

Indicators for mules 417 292

Indicators for slubbing machines 417 294

J

Jack frame 225 147

Jack shaft 241 158

Jacking 361 231

K

Knowles’ revolving flat carding engine 128 73

Knowles’ slow motion 175 108

Knowles and Tatham’s grinding apparatus 180 111

L

Lap attachment to scutching machine 67 35

Lap, doubling of 97 52

Lap, effect of licker-in on 143 82

Lap, feeding on scutching machine 95 51

Lap, feeding on carding engine 105 53

Lap, selvedges of 99 52

Lap, weight and hank of 100 52

Leaf extractor, Crighton’s 77 40

Leigh’s flexible bend 119 65

Leigh’s loose boss top roller 208 138

Licker-in, action of 150 85

Licker-in, construction of 106 54

Licker-in, setting of 136 79

Licker-in, teeth of 157 93

Lift of roving bobbins 233 154

Lift, amount of 233 154

Lift, reversal of 254 171

Lift, ring rail 367 236

Lift, shortening of roving frame 235 155

Locking lever in mule 305 196

Long collar, Mason’s 229 152

Long lever in mule 290 189

Lord Brothers’ opening machine 58 31

Lord Brothers’ piano feed motion 82 42

Lord Brothers’ scutching machine 68 35

Lord Brothers’ velocity of opening beaters 58 31

M

Machine making industry, employment in 3 5

Machinery, productive power of 4 6

Main driving of mills 12 9

Margin between yarn and cotton 5 6

Mason’s long collars 229 152

Methods, earlier, of machine construction 2 5

Methods, earlier, of machine construction 7 7

Methods, modern, of machine construction 8 7

Mill, cost of 6 7

Mill, construction of modern 10 8

Mixing arrangements 35 20

Mixing by machine 37 21

Mixing, principles of 36 21

Mixing, staples of cottons in 38 22

Moisture in cotton 27 16

Mote knives, position and setting 144 82

Mule 264 176

Mule, back shaft driving of 284 184

Mule, back shaft clutch teeth of 284 187

Mule, back shaft disengagement of clutch 293 190

Mule, back shaft scrolls on 284 187

Mule, backing-off, driving of wheel 282 184

Mule, backing-off, effect of 282 184

Mule, backing-off, engagement of clutch 299 193

Mule, backing-off, operation of 270 177

Mule, backing-off, rotation of wheel 296 190

Mule, backing-off, release of clutch 312 200

Mule, backing-off, release of lever 301 194

Mule, backing-off, compression of spring 300 193

Mule, backing-off, tightening motion of chain 307 198

Mule, bands attaching to end frames 284 187

Mule, cam shaft effects, first half turn 292 190

Mule, cam shaft effects, second half turn 345 218

Mule, cam shaft, position of cams on 291 189

Mule, cam shaft, position of ordinary 350 220

Mule, click motion, description of 341 217

Mule, click motion, defects of old 342 217

Mule, click motion, holding out rod, and 343 217

Mule carriage, angularity of yarn during traverse
of 360 229

Mule carriage, connection with square 278 183

Mule carriage, construction of 278 183

Mule carriage, extent of traverse of 269 177

Mule carriage, gain of 288 189

Mule carriage, reciprocal motion of 269 177

Mule carriage, relation of rollers to 276 180

Mule cop, chase of 317 203

Mule cop, form of 316 202

Mule cop, layers of yarn in 317 203

Mule cop, paper tubes for 316 202

Mule cop, position of nose of 306 197

Mule copping motion, action of 322 205

Mule copping motion, loose rail in 321 205

Mule copping motion, object of rail 308 199

Mule copping motion, theory of 319 203

Mule copping motion, traverse of plates in 320 204

Mule, Curtis’ 358 228

Mule, driving arrangement of bands for 281 183

Mule, driving, back shaft 284 184

Mule, driving, dimensions of pulleys for 281 183

Mule, driving, duplex 287 188

Mule, driving, duplex, dimensions of pulleys for 287 188

Mule, driving, gear of taking-in shaft 285 187

Mule, driving, improved, for taking-in side shaft 286 188

Mule, driving rollers from rim shaft 283 184

Mule, driving scroll shaft 285 187

Mule, driving spindles 280 183

Mule fallers, action of 303 194

Mule fallers, actuating mechanism of winding 305 196

Mule fallers, construction and position of 303 194

Mule fallers, difference in upward and downward
traverse of 317 203

Mule fallers, position of winding before unlocking 346 218

Mule fallers, regulating mechanism of counter 304 195

Mule fallers, regulation of unlocking winding 346 219

Mule fallers, release of strain on rods 347 219

Mule, fine yarn 361 230

Mule governing, action of motion 338 216

Mule governing, amount required 340 216

Mule governing, construction of motion 337 215

Mule governing, Dobson and Barlow’s motion 354 225

Mule governing, Dub’s motion 356 226

Mule governing, necessity for 336 214

Mule governing, release of motion 339 216

Mule, Hetherington’s 352 222

Mule, holding out catch mechanism of 309 199

Mule, holding out position during backing-off 310 200

Mule, holding out catch release of 313 201

Mule, holding out rod effect on click motion 343 217

Mule, jacking motion 361 231

Mule, long lever 290 189

Mule, locking lever, position of 305 196

Mule, locking point, relation to cop nose 306 197

Mule, locking taking-in friction 309 200

Mule, Mendoza lever 351 221

Mule, Mendoza locking 352 222

Mule nosing motion, Dobson and Hardman’s 353 223

Mule nosing motion, Platt’s 333 213

Mule nosing peg 332 213

Mule, Platt’s reasons for selecting 275 179

Mule, production of, 1835-1890 4 6

Mule production, tables of ... 233

Mule, primary parts of 266 176

Mule, regulation of releasing motions 314 201

Mule rim shaft, driving bands on 281 183

Mule rim shaft, driving back shaft from 284 184

Mule rim shaft, driving rollers from 283 184

Mule rim shaft, reversal of 302 194

Mule rim shaft, velocity of 286 188

Mule rollers, action of 267 177

Mule rollers, construction of 277 180

Mule rollers, driving of 283 184

Mule rollers, disengagement of clutch 294 190

Mule rollers, engagement of clutch 345 218

Mule scroll, diameters of 315 202

Mule scroll, connection with back shaft 315 202

Mule scroll, driving of shaft 285 187

Mule scroll, position of, on back shaft 284 189

Mule scroll, position of check 315 202

Mule scroll, revolution of shaft 315 201

Mule spindles, attaching roving to 268 177

Mule spindles, construction of 280 183

Mule spindles, dimensions of 280 183

Mule spindles, effect of taper of 324 206

Mule spindles, fitting bands on 280 183

Mule, number of spindles on 4 6

Mule, reversal of spindles 302 194

Mule, velocity of spindles 280 183

Mule spinning, definition of spinning 264 176

Mule, stages in working of 272 178

Mule stages, definition of 272 178

Mule stages, end of first 289 189

Mule stages, end of second 295 190

Mule stages, end of third 311 200

Mule stages, end of fourth 344 218

Mule stages, end of fifth 288 188

Mule stages, end of fifth 345 218

Mule stages, end of sixth 273 179

Mule stages, varying operation of parts during 274 179

Mule strap guide, lever mechanism of 297 193

Mule strap guide, mode of releasing 298 193

Mule strap guide, release of 295 190

Mule strap guide, re-locking, &c. 345 218

Mule, taking-in, action of back shaft during 315 202

Mule, taking-in, locking of clutch 309 200

Mule, taking-in, position of clutch during backing
off 310 200

Mule, taking-in, release of clutch 313 201

Mule, taking-in, speed of carriage during 315 202

Mule, Threlfall’s fine 362 231

Mule, twist yarn produced 363 232

Mule, tin roller, construction of 279 183

Mule, tin roller, driving of 331 212

Mule winding, action at end of 271 178

Mule winding, acceleration of velocity during 329 210

Mule winding, application of theory 329 210

Mule winding, connection of chain with tin roller 331 212

Mule winding, construction of quadrant mechanism 330 210

Mule winding, chain tightening motion 333 213

Mule winding, chain rewinding on scroll 348 219

Mule winding, difference in velocity of 323 206

Mule winding, effect of taper of spindle on 324 206

Mule winding, elevation of initial point of 318 203

Mule winding, mode of rotating quadrant screw 335 214

Mule winding, position of parts during 271 177

Mule winding, theory of 325 208

Mule winding, theory of action of quadrant arm 328 209

Mule, weft yarn 363 232

Mule, waste spinning 364 232

N

Neps, removal of 150 85

Nipper guard 201 130

Nipper, Dobson and Barlow’s 203 134

Nosing motion, Dobson and Barlow’s 353 223

Nosing motion, Platt’s 333 213

Nosing peg 332 213

Number of doublings in drawing 216 143

Number of persons employed 3 6

Number of roving machines for various counts 225 147

Number of spindles at work 3 5

O

Opening, conditions of, successful 42 23

Opening, mode of 41 23

Opening, object of 40 23

Opening machine, combination with mixing room 63 32

Opening machine, construction of dust trunks for 64 32

Opening machine, conveyance of cotton to 63 32

Opening machine, Crighton’s 53 29

Opening machine, Dobson and Barlow’s 47 25

Opening machine, distance between beater arms and grid 59 31

Opening machine, double fans in 52 28

Opening machine, essential features of 43 23

Opening machine, forms of 44 24

Opening machine, Lord Brothers’ combined 58 31

Opening machine, lubrication of footstep in 57 31

Opening machine, pitch of projections on grid 60 32

Opening machine, Platt’s 52 28

Opening machine, Platt’s improved dust trunks for 65 33

Opening machine, porcupine rollers for 48 26

Opening machine, porcupine position and speed of 49 27

Opening machine, porcupine used as feed 50 27

Opening machine, position of dust trunks 64 32

Opening machine, position of fans 54 29

Opening machine, production of Crighton 59 32

Opening machine, shape of grids 56 30

Opening machines, Taylor, Lang and Co.’s 46 24

Opening machines, velocity of beaters in 55 30

Opening machines, velocity of beaters in Lord’s 58 31

Operation of twist wheel in roving machine 241 158

P

Paley’s traverse motion 261 173

Parallelisation of fibres in carding 151 86

Persons employed 3 5

Pedal motion, Asa Lees 91 47

Pedal motion, Howard and Bullough’s 86 44

Pedal motion, Platt’s 88 46

Pedal motion, Lord’s 82 42

Pedal motion, operation of 84 43

Pedal motion, with rollers 85 44

Pinel. Lecœur, and Hetherington’s combing machine 205 135

Pitch of drawing frame rollers 210 141

Plate wheel, action of 244 162

Plate wheel, driving of 246 163

Plate wheel, relative velocity of 246 164

Platt’s carding machine 122 67

Platt’s dust trunks 65 33

Platt’s flat grinding apparatus 184 116

Platt’s flexible bend setting 122 67

Platt’s full can stop motion 221 145

Platt’s inspection of carding setting 137 79

Platt’s mule 275 169

Platt’s opening machine 52 28

Platt’s scutching machine 88 46

Pneumatic conveyance of cotton 62 32

Polishing machines for thread 402 274

Porcupine rollers, construction of 48 26

Porcupine rollers, position and speed of 49 27

Porcupine rollers used as feed 50 27

Preparation of card fillets 164 96

Preparation of card slivers 192 120

Principles of flat grinding 179 111

Principles of mixing 36 21

Principles of setting card teeth 158 93

Principles of twisting 234 154

Production of mule spindles, 1835-90 4 6

Production, tables of mule 233

Production of polishing machines 402 274

Production of roving machines ... 175

Production of spooling machines 403 281

Productive power of machinery 4 6

Pugh’s under-clearer spring 226 148

Q

Quick traverse winding machines, Brooks’ 401 273

Quick traverse, Dobson and Barlow 401 273

Quick traverse, Hetherington’s 401 273

R

Reeling machines, construction of 390 262

Reeling machines, doffing motions 394 266

Reeling machines, formation of hanks on 391 265

Reeling machines, Guest and Brooks’ skeining motion 395 266

Reeling machines, seven lea motion 392 265

Ribbon lap machine 194 121

Rigidity of machine framing 8 7

Ring doubling machine, English system 384 284

Ring doubling machine, manufacture of thread on 385 257

Ring doubling machine, Scotch system 384 254

Ring spinning machine, angularity of roller brackets 370 240

Ring spinning machine, Asa Lees’ rope driving 383 254

Ring spinning machine, ballooning in 378 248

Ring spinning machine, balloon guards 378 249

Ring spinning machine, Bee spindle 374 246

Ring spinning machine, Bernhardt’s anti-balloon
guide 378 249

Ring spinning machine, Booth Sawyer spindle 371 241

Ring spinning machine, centrifugal action of
traveller 377 248

Ring spinning machine, common spindle 371 240

Ring spinning machine, construction of 367 234

Ring spinning machine, concentricity of ring and
spindle 371 240

Ring spinning machine, Coulthard’s double ring 375 246

Ring spinning machine, definition of ring spinning 366 234

Ring spinning machine, diameter of rings 375 246

Ring spinning machine, diameter of front rollers 383 254

Ring spinning machine, differential drag of
traveller 379 250

Ring spinning machine, Dobson Marsh spindle 372 242

Ring spinning machine, Dodd spindle 374 245

Ring spinning machine, early use of 368 239

Ring spinning machine, effect of weight of
traveller 378 249

Ring spinning machine, elastic spindles 373 242

Ring spinning machine, form of travellers for bare
spindles 381 252

Ring spinning machine, frictional resistance of
traveller 377 248

Ring spinning machine, gauge of spindles 383 254

Ring spinning machine, Howard and Bullough’s weft 382 253

Ring spinning machine, influence of weight of
traveller 377 248

Ring spinning machine, Lancaster’s system of weft 381 252

Ring spinning machine, lift of ring rail 367 236

Ring spinning machine, lift of spindles 383 254

Ring spinning machine, loss of twist in 380 251

Ring spinning machine, manufacture of rings 375 246

Ring spinning machine, Platt’s bare spindle 382 252

Ring spinning machine, Rabbeth spindle 372 241

Ring spinning machine, self-contained spindles 372 241

Ring spinning machine, spinning on bare spindles 379 250

Ring spinning machine, tables of production ... 259

Ring spinning machine, tables of power ... 260

Ring spinning machine, unsteady running spindles 373 242

Ring spinning machine, velocity of spindles 373 242

Ring spinning machine, Whitin gravity spindles 374 242

Rollers, bale breaker 33 19

Rollers, calender 109 55

Rollers, cloth pasting machine 407 282

Rollers, construction of 406 282

Rollers, covering machines for 409 284

Rollers, drawing frame 208 138

Rollers, ending machines for 409 284

Rollers, grinding 186 117

Rollers, grinding machines for finished 411 287

Rollers, grinding machine for skins 408 283

Rollers, inclination of teeth on 113 60

Rollers, jointing of 406 282

Rollers, pitch of centres of 210 141

Rollers, relieving motion for 213 142

Rollers, rolling machine for 410 284

Rollers, size of 224 146

Rollers, splicing machine for 408 283

Rollers, velocity of 209 138

Rollers, velocity of 224 146

Ropes, speed of driving 13 10

Rope driving 13 10

Rope driving for scutchers, Asa Lees’ 91 48

Rope driving for scutchers, Platt’s 87 45

Roving machines, action of building motion 252 168

Roving machines, action of plate wheel 244 162

Roving machines, action of ratchet wheel 257 171

Roving machines, amount of lift 233 154

Roving machines, building motion for 250 166

Roving machines, clearers for 226 148

Roving machines, construction of 226 147

Roving machines, construction of building motion 251 167

Roving machines, construction of collars 229 152

Roving machines, construction of differential
motion 243 161

Roving machines, construction of speed cones 249 166

Roving machines, construction of spindles 227 148

Roving machines, cone motion for 242 158