Chapter VI: MUNICIPAL CLEAN-UP CAMPAIGNS, Agencies for Propaganda

Programs—Organization—Procedure—Publicity—Miscellaneous
Activities—Methods—Prizes—Fire Prevention and Inspection—
Sanitary Inspection—Slogans—Flies and Mosquitoes—
Ordinances—Revenue from Waste—Cost—Results 213

TABLES

1. METHODS AND COSTS OF STREET CLEANING IN AMERICAN CITIES

2. METHODS AND COSTS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL IN AMERICAN CITIES

3. ASH DISPOSAL BY PRIVATE COLLECTION

4. COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL OF ASHES AND RUBBISH BY MUNICIPAL FORCES

5. COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL OF ASHES AND RUBBISH BY CONTRACT

7. METHODS AND COST OF DISPOSAL OF GARBAGE

ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS

STREET CLEANING

PAGE

Contract versus Municipal Cleaning 5

Philadelphia, experience of 5

Washington, experience of 5

Elements of Street Cleaning Program 3

Classes of street litter 4

Lack of accurate data 4

Records 4

Methods of Reducing Litter 5

Carelessness of Citizens 6

How public and officials can cooperate 8

Philadelphia’s plan 7

Preventive work 8

Educational campaigns 6

Street Cleaning Factors and Standards 9

Conditions and factor 9

Horse traffic 10–11

Paving and repair policy 11–12–13

Quantity and volume of dirt 11

Schedule of Street Cleaning 14

Amount and character of cleaning affected by
kinds of pavement 15

Assignments 16

Block system 14

Organization of employees 15

Unit of work 15

Spring Cleaning 16

Character of pavement a factor 17

Rates per man 17

Number of men required in gang 16

Unit cost according to character and kinds of
pavement 17

Sprinkling 17

Bureau of Municipal Research, Milwaukee,
Wis., Cost data 19

Dust prevention 17

Effect on pavement 18

Experts, opinions of 18–19

Ordinances and regulations 20

Practices in various cities 21

Sprinkling by railway companies 20

Methods 22

Patrol system 22

Area a sweeper can clean 22

Philadelphia’s system 24

Machine Sweeping 24

Cost 26

Experts, opinions of 25

Los Angeles, Cal., report 28

Oakland, Cal., experience of 27

Pomona, Cal. 28

Flushing 29

Atlanta Sanitary Dept., report of 29

Bureau of Municipal Research, Milwaukee,
Wis., report of cost data 31–32

Experts, opinion of 29–30

Effect on pavement 31

Machine 30–31

Railway car flushing 32

Hose Flushing 33

New York City, experience of 33–34

Squeegeeing 34

Horse drawn squeegees, cost of operation 35

Methods 34

Milwaukee, report of 35

Motor drawn squeegees 35–36

Square yards per day cleaned 37

Combination of methods 37–38

Danger of clogging sewers 35–36–37

Disposal of Street Refuse 38

Experience of cities 38

Length of haul 38

Used as fill 38

Relative Cost of Street Cleaning 39

Experts, opinions of 39

U. S. Census Bureau, investigation of 39

SEWAGE DISPOSAL

Bureau of Surveys, Philadelphia Testing Station 72

Composition of Sewage 72

Importance of Sewage Disposal Problem 71

Massachusetts State Board of Health
conclusions 72

Preliminary Study 72

The Sewerage System 73

Authorities, opinion of 73–74

Domestic Wastes 74

Degree of Purification 75

Trade and industrial wastes 77

Processes of Treatment 78

Main group 78

Chemical precipitation 91–92

Colloidal tanks 85

Dilution 80–81

Grit Chambers 82–83

Plain sedimentation 84–85

Preliminary or preparatory 78

Screening 81–82

Septic tank treatment 85

Imhoff tanks 87–88–89–90–91

Cameron tanks 85–86–87

Single contact beds 93–94

Straining or roughing 83–84

Slate beds 92–93

Final process 78

Dosing chambers 93

Double contact beds 93–94–95–96

Trickling-sprinkling filters 96–97

Intermittent sand filters 98–99

Broad irrigation 100–101

Disinfection 100

Hypo-chlorite of lime 101

Liquid chlorine 101

Activated sludge process 101–102–103–104

Combination of processes 79

Electrolytic process 104

Efficiency of processes 80

Management and supervision 108–109

Miles acid sludge process 105

Sludge disposal and value 106–107–108

Trade wastes 105

ASHES AND RUBBISH

Collection Systems:

Types of systems 120–121

Combined 121–122–123

Separate 120–122–123

Method of collection:

Municipal 123–124

Contract 124

Private 123

Districting the city 124–125

Organization of force 125

Type of equipment 126–127–128

Cans 126

Vehicles 127–128

Location of receptacles 128–129

Time of collection 129–130

Frequency of collection 130–131

Enforcement of regulations 131

Disposal of Ashes and Rubbish 132

Dumping 132

Burning 132–133

Revenue from By-Products 133–134

Specifications 135–136–137

Efficiency Tests and Suggestions 138–139

Per Capita Production 139

Cost data 140

GARBAGE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL

Types of Collection Systems 152–153–154

Combined 153

Separate 153

Method of Collection 154–155–156

Scavengers 154

Contract 154–155

City 154–155

Organization 156–157–158

Districts 156

Force 157–158

House treatment 156

Receptacles 158

Vehicles 159–160

Motors vs. horse drawn 160–161–162–163

Collection Regulations 164–165–166

Cost of Collection 166–167

Per Capita Production 167–168

Garbage Disposal 168–169

Feeding to swine 169–170–171–172–173–174

Dumping on land 175

Dumping in large bodies of water 175

Disposal by sanitary fill 175–176–177

Burial 178

Disposal Plants 178–179–180–181

Incineration 181

Crematories 181–182–186

Destructors 183–184–185–186–187

Reduction 187–190

Cooking 188–189

Drying 189

By-Products 190–191–192

CARE AND DISPOSAL OF MANURE

Methods of Collection 203

Municipal 204–205

Private 204

Contract 204

Municipal Regulations 206–207–208–209–210

For care and storage of manure 206–207–208–210

For transportation of manure 206–207–208

For disposal of manure 206–207–208

MUNICIPAL CLEAN-UP CAMPAIGN

History of the Movement 213–214

Initiating a Campaign 214–215

Organization 215–216–217

Publicity plans 217–218–219–220–221–222

Cooperating forces 222–223–224–225–226–227

Work of children 222–223–224–225–226

Work of organizations 225–226–227

Special Activities 227–228

Cleaning roofs 227

School gardens 228

Planting trees 228

Fire Prevention and Inspection 228–229

Sanitary Inspectors 230

Flies and Mosquitoes 230–231

Results of Campaigns 231–232