Chapter XXXIII: Appendix: III

ROCK INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE LIBYAN DESERT

THE graffiti shown in the accompanying plates were collected in the Libyan Desert. The majority of them occurred on the Gubary road, between the oases of Kharga and Dakhla, or in the _hattia_ through which this road runs, immediately before entering the oasis of Dakhla, in its south-east corner.

In many places these rock scribings were extraordinarily numerous. It is no exaggeration to say that at some of the recognised halting-places on the Gubary road, where it is the custom for caravans to rest during the midday heat, or at the end of the day’s journey, the rocks are so thickly covered with graffiti that it is almost impossible to walk without treading on them.

The collection does not pretend to be in any way a complete one, for the signs were mostly copied during a hurried journey in the hot weather of 1909; there are consequently a considerable number that have been overlooked.

Unfortunately most of them are cut on the flat horizontal stones by the roadside; so it was impossible to tell which was their right way up, as that would obviously depend upon the position with regard to them occupied at the time by the man who cut them. Some of them, however, were on more or less vertical surfaces, so that there could be no doubt as to their correct positions.

Where any of the others have been compared with signs previously reported from a different locality, from which they differed only by their position, the angle through which they have to be turned, to make their position correspond with the signs with which they are compared, is intended to be taken in a clockwise direction.

Those scribings that did not occur on the Gubary road, or in the _hattia_, were found in the following localities:—

Nos. 230-238 in the northern part of Kharga Oasis, near ’Ain el Hagar. They were mostly taken from the mouth of a shaft, cut vertically into a horizontal tunnel, excavated through the rock below to act as an infiltration gallery, to bring the water from the subsoil through which it ran to the surface at a lower level.

No. 219 was found on a loose block of stone at the foot of a ruined mud tower in Dakhla Oasis, near Bir ’Ain Sheykh Mufta, about three kilometres to the south-east of Smint el Kharab.

Nos. 221-228 occurred cut on a small stone ruin known as Qasr el Kadabya, about five kilometres to the south of the village of Tenida, in Dakhla Oasis.

No. 224 was seen, at the foot of the wall by a doorway, in a small stone building at the well of ’Ain Amur, on the more northerly road from Kharga to Dakhla oases.

In addition to the graffiti shown in the plates, a large number of rough drawings were seen, which want of time, unfortunately, did not allow me to copy. Many of them were of subjects that did not admit of reproduction. Among the remainder were hunting and battle scenes, drawings of a few boats, or ships—one of which was obviously intended to represent a _dahabya_—and, in addition to numerous pictures of camels, those of horses, mules or donkeys were unexpectedly numerous, considering the small use that is made of these beasts in that part of the desert.

Among the animals shown in the hunting scenes were several ostriches, which, though found in the Sudan, are quite unknown at the present time in the district where the graffiti were seen. In addition, horned game were represented in a few places; but it was impossible to determine the species which were intended to be represented.

In the battle scenes, the men were armed with bows, shields, spears and swords. I saw no guns to indicate modern drawings, or _shangamangers_ that might have pointed to a Sudan origin.

The figures in every case were cut on the surface of the Nubian sandstone, a substance that is easily scratched with a knife. A portion of some of the figures given in the plates is shown by means of a dotted line, intended to show that the part thus outlined is uncertain, owing to the rock having been chipped, or to some other cause.

The Gubary road, where most of the graffiti were found, runs near the foot of a scarp that shelters it to a great extent from the strongly predominant northerly winds. But considering the amount of erosion that takes place during the frequent sandstorms from this quarter, after making all allowance for the sheltered position of the rocks upon which these inscriptions occur, their sharp-cut appearance was remarkable, seeming to indicate that they do not date from a very remote period.

Nos. 217 and 218, however, were an exception. These two inscriptions were cut one above the other, about five feet above ground level, on a vertical surface facing about north-west. The rock at this point may perhaps have been unusually soft, but both inscriptions showed most distinct signs of weathering.

No. 217 appears to be of special interest, as it seems to be written partly in primitive Arabic characters and partly in some script, such as Tifinagh, making use of dotted letters. Inscriptions of this bilingual character have also been found in the Twat group of oases, in the Western Sahara, at Ulad Mahmud, in the Gerara District.[26]

The uncertainty as to the correct position of most of these graffiti, combined with the simple forms that so many of them show and the rough manner in which they have been drawn, renders comparisons with other drawings perhaps dangerous, and in any case requires more expert knowledge than that possessed by the present writer. But the following notes upon them may perhaps be of interest.

Many of the drawings are unquestionably tribal camel brands, as an Arab can often be seen cutting his _wasm_, or brand, on the ground during a halt, in the same manner as a white man will write his name.

These _wasms_ are probably of great antiquity, and are said by the Arabs who use them to date from pre-Mohammedan times. They are used by the _bedawin_ in a manner analogous to the heraldry of medieval Europe. Each tribe has its own brand, the junior branches and offshoots of the clan adopting the original _wasm_ with a difference, recalling the “marks of cadency” in heraldry.

I was able, with the assistance of my men, to identify the following brands:—

The circle seen in No. 27 is a _wasm_ of the Hamamla tribe shown in No. 80 and, with the added stroke, may constitute the brand of one of its subdivisions.

No. 29 is the _wasm_ of the Khana tribe.

No. 37 of the Jebsia.

No. 43 that of the Zowia. It is curious that this, one of the most fanatical tribes that have been converted to the tenets of the Senussia, should make use of the emblem of Christianity as their badge.

No. 44 may be the brand of the Zoazi tribe that appears in No. 168, and also perhaps in No. 114.

No. 48, in the position shown, is the _wasm_ of the Ulad ben Miriam, or, if turned as it appears in No. 158, of a Maghrabi tribe known as the Malif.

No. 75 was said to be the brand of another Maghrabi tribe, the name of which I was not able to learn.

No 85 is the mark of the Amaim, which may be also represented by Nos. 157 and 174.

No. 86, if turned through 180 degrees, would be the _wasm_ of an Arab tribe from Moab, whose name I could not ascertain.

No. 87 may perhaps be inverted and intended to be the brand of the Reshaida—a dotted circle surmounted by a cross. Possibly No. 170, though the circle is represented by a square and the figure is also inverted, may also stand for this _wasm_.

The Reshaida are an offshoot of the Awazim, whose brand—a circle and cross, without the “cadency mark” of the dot—appears in No. 166, with a line added to it on the left-hand side. Reference will be made to this additional line below. Possibly Nos. 98 and 124 are also meant for this Awazim brand.

No. 109 is the _wasm_ of the Orfilli tribe.

No. 156 that of the Hassun, said to be an offshoot of a tribe, whose name I could not ascertain, that have the mark Y for their brand.

Nos. 172 and 173 are both brands of the well-known Bisharin tribe.

No. 177 is the mark of the Harb tribe.

No. 179 of the Hawerti tribe.

No. 234 was said by my men to be the brand of a tribe sprung from another clan whose _wasm_ may be shown in Nos. 73 and 112, but they were ignorant of the names of both of the tribes.

Many of the other marks shown in the plates are probably _derived_ from these _wasms_. The _bedawin_ Arabs are nearly always illiterate, but are accustomed to communicate with each other by marks scratched on the ground in the same way that gypsies make use of a “patteran.” See p. 180 _ante_.

Such marks, for instance, as No. 50, derived from the Malif _wasm_, and 171 and 183, from the [Symbol] brand, are very possibly produced in this way.

Many of the simpler signs occurred repeatedly, and in addition the group shown in No. 2 was seen twice, and that in No. 14 several times, while the combination No. 25 in one place was repeated no less than thirty-three times in three horizontal lines. Similar marks to those No. 95 occurred in several places, generally in groups of three, placed as shown in the plate.

No. 18, the seal of Solomon, is not uncommonly seen in the rock inscriptions of the Western Sahara. It takes several forms, each of which may have a dot in the centre, thus: [Symbol]. Its commonest form seems to be that shown in No. 18, but sometimes one of the triangles of which it is composed is drawn with a heavier line than the other, thus: [Symbol]. It is also represented in at least one case-on the Col de Zanaga, in the Figuig district—surrounded by a waved line producing a kind of rosette [Symbol]. In addition to these forms, the false seal of Solomon, or five-pointed star, constructed by a continuous line [Symbol] is also seen in this district, but I did not happen to come across it in the Libyan Desert. These signs are all much used by the native magicians.

No. 88 was apparently the tracing of a leathern sandal and was lifesize. The outline of both shod and unshod feet, sometimes the right foot being traced and at others the left, were of not infrequent occurrence. They are also found in the Western Sahara at Qasr el Jaj Ahmer, in the Geryville district, and at Guebar Rashim. The outlines of hands also occur; but I did not see any of the latter in the Libyan Desert.

Of the other signs, the mark [Symbol] which occurs, in combination with others, in Nos. 14 and 244, has also been found on the temple of Soleb, in the midst of an inscription. The sign [Symbol], No. 74, also appears here.[27]

Nos. 42, 43 and 49 were reported by the late Mr. Oric Bates from Marmarica.[28] So, too, were Nos. 63 and 71, if turned through 180 degrees. The small circle that appears as No. 80, and in combination with other signs in Nos. 9, 27, and in several of the groups shown in the plates, and also No. 162, if turned through a right angle, also figure in this collection. Among which, too, is the sign [Symbol] which may be identical with the mark [Symbol] in the inscription given as No. 219.

In some of the inscriptions found at the Gara esh Shorfa, in the Aulef district of Tidikelt in the Twat group of oases, the vowel dot (_tagherit_) of the Libyco-Berber script is often enclosed by a line that forms a kind of loop round it, recalling the cartouche frequently used in modern Tifinagh writing to surround the different words of a sentence; the [Symbol] is also sometimes enclosed in the same manner, the letters when thus treated having the following appearance: [Symbol], [Symbol]. The right-hand signs of No. 63 and No. 132, No. 146 and several other of the graffiti shown in the plates may perhaps be examples of this practice, which also is very possibly illustrated by the sign [Symbol] that occurs in No. 219. The cartouche treatment appears in No. 245.

Some of the more complicated signs may only be idle scratchings; drawings, for instance, such as No. 34 are often to be seen upon blotting pads, being made by some writer during the intervals of his composition. But such signs as Nos. 16, 142, 148, 149 and 153 recall the curious ligatured monograms sometimes used by the modern Tawarek in their writings, or the cryptograms, mentioned by Duveyrier and H. Barth, that the Tawarek women sometimes amuse themselves by inventing, that can only be deciphered by those to whom they have imparted the key.[29]

The circles in Nos. 203, 211 and 212 represent small cups about two inches in diameter and were used perhaps for some game such as _harubga_, or possibly for divination in the manner described by Mohammed et Tounsi.[30] Somewhat similar groups of cups have been found in the Twat Oasis group at ’Ain Guettara, and also in the Geryville district, at El Jaj Mohammed and Shellala Dahrania.

Nos. 224—the left-hand portion—242 and 243 probably represent human beings. In 224 the five fingers of two hands and the long hair in the star like a mark above them occur in several other undoubted drawings of figures that were seen, but are not shown in the plates. It is, however, doubtful whether it is the feet or the hands that are represented in Nos. 242 and 243. Among the figures that are not given in the plates, several appeared in which the hair was represented by dots instead of the lines in No. 224.

Rough drawings of camels were often seen. They are shown in Nos. 193 and 196, and possibly also Nos. 194, 195 and 131 are intended to show them. Nos. 193 and 195 may perhaps represent camels carrying a travelling tent, such as are used by wealthy women, and sometimes also by men on a journey. No. 193 may possibly represent a beast with two humps, though these, of course, are never seen in North Africa. No. 196 apparently carries a rider, mounted on a riding saddle. Among other creatures appearing in the plates, No. 210 is presumably a man being swallowed by a crocodile.

Rough drawings of camels, of a very similar type to those here reproduced, have been found by Lieut.-Col. Tilho in the oasis of Harda, in Borku; and I came across others myself in a cave, near Marsa Matru, on the North Egyptian coast. The latter were found in conjunction with drawings of a cannon being fired and of a paddle-wheel steamer, which appeared to be contemporaneous, so evidently they were of a comparatively recent date.

The drawings of ostriches and the fragments of their shells which are often to be found in the Libyan Desert, even in the neighbourhood of the Egyptian oases, has been held to show that they once existed wild in this part of the desert. But the argument is by no means conclusive; ostrich eggs used frequently to be brought from the Sudan by the old slave-trading caravans, who used them as food, and the drawings no more show that ostriches inhabited this part than the pictures of boats show that _dahaybas_ once sailed over the desert in the neighbourhood, say, of Dakhla Oasis. The occurrence of these, and of drawings of antelopes and other wild animals, merely show that some of the travellers who used these roads came from districts where the creatures they represented could be seen.

SEELEY SERVICE & CO., LTD.

Map for “Mysteries of the Libyan Desert.”]

INDEX AND GLOSSARY

Ababda tribe, 25

’Abd el Atif, camel driver, 200; magician, 271

’Abd el Qadr el Jilany, founder of Qadria dervishes, 134

’Abd el Wahad, Sheykh, 64, 67, 73, 74, 243

’Abd er Rahman Musa Said, 25, 27, 34, 47, 76, 85, 86, 104, 105, 116,
117, 122, 124, 132, 147, 148, 151-156, 161-192, 196, 199, 203, 206,
217, 234, 236, 238-240

’Abd es Salem ben Mashish, founder of the Mashishia dervishes, 132

’Abdul Ati, 135

’Abdul Hamid, Sultan of Turkey, 106, 127

’Abdulla abu Reesha, 134, 136, 148-155, 164-182, 190-192, 196, 199

’Abdulla Kahal, Senussi agent in Cairo, 245

Abeh ’Abdulla, 182

Abeshr, 296-298

Abu el Hul, sphinx-like rock, 36

Abu Moharik dunes, 31, 84, 203

Abu Naim Oasis, 304

Adam, 256; Sheykh, tree of, 263

_Afrit_, spirit, ghost, 113, 140-143, 187-189

Agaba, el, pass, 305

_Agal_, Hobbles, 33

Ahmed el Biskri, the Senussi Mahdi’s double, 108, 109

Ahmed el Mawhub, Sheykh, 62-74, 106, 144, 147, 149, 242

Ahmed esh Sheriff, head sheykh of the Senussia, 239

Aid el Mahmal, festival in Kharga, 258

_’Ain_, a spring or well, in the oases an old—“Roman”—well

’Ain Amur, 33, 36, 202, 215, 232, 243, 246, 294, 305, 310, 311, 315

’Ain Ebsay, 229

’Ain el Agwa, 231, 246, 304

’Ain el Baytha, 296

’Ain el Belad, 229

’Ain el Hagar, 326

’Ain el Jemala, 37

’Ain el Massim, 262

’Ain el Wady, 304

’Ain Embarres, 29, 137, 202, 215

’Ain Guettara, 335

’Ain Hamur, 29, 137

’Ain Khalif, 231, 246, 304

’Ain Sheykh Murzuk, 225, 230, 231, 304, 319

’Ain Um Debadib, 136, 137, 310, 312, 315, 316

Aiyub, Sultans of Turkey, 260

Albinos, 261

_’Alem_, a landmark, generally a pile of stones, 85-88, 96, 112, 116

Alexandria, 304

Algeria, libraries in, 19

Algerian Sahara, 18

’Ali Dinar, Sultan of Darfur, 199, 210

’Ali Kashuta, 44

Amaim tribe, 332

Antiquities, 29, 32, 37, 50, 136, 137, 206, 223, 263, 298, 299,
314-316

Ants, 286

Arabia, 299, 306

Arabic language, 22

“Arab telegraph,” 21

Araj, oasis, 302, 304

Aratha, 296

Architecture, 42, 43, 49, 65, 313, 314, 318

_Ardeb_, 300 lbs.

Arkenu, 321

Asara, 296, 298, 306

Asses, wild, 303

Assiut, 26, 128, 132, 196, 197, 199, 222, 243, 245, 304, 305

Astronomy, 118, 119

Aswan, 305

Atlas mountains, 301

Atrun, el, 300, 303

Auguries, 249

Aujila, 304, 306

Awazim tribe, 332

_Ayb_, snub, insult, 45, 221, 238

Bab es Saba. _See_ “the Gate of the Morning”

_Baghallet el Ashar_, “the mule of the tenth,” 257

Baharia, 221, 229, 304, 311, 318, 319

Bahnessa, 304

Bahrein, 301, 304

Bahr el Ghazal, 301

Bahr esh Shaytan, Satan’s sea. _See_ Mirage

_Bakhshish_, tips, 43

Baki, 296

Baldness, 262

Ball, Dr, John, 310, 312, 315

Barbary sheep, 303

_Barr_, dried manure used as fuel, 123

Barrenness in women, charms, etc., against, 262

Barrum Wady. _See_ Bahr el Ghazal

Barth, H., 335

Basket work, 32

Bates, Oric, 334

_Battikh_, a form of sand erosion, 28, 202, 308

Bau, 296

Beadnell, H. Ll., 307

Bedadi, 296, 298

_Bedawi_, pl. _Bedawin_, a nomad

Bedayat race, 116, 131, 134, 199, 207, 210, 220, 221, 263, 295, 296,
299, 302, 303

Bees, 283

Bekker el Wahash, 303

Belad esh Shaytan, Satan’s country, 47

Belat, 37, 151, 294, 303, 317; _’omda_ of, 37, 138, 139

Benghazi, 306

Beni Adi, 304, 305

Berberines, 22

Berdis, 24, 25

Beris, 305, 313

_Bersim_, clover, 47

_Bey_, a military title

Bidau, 296-298

_Bilharsia_, 144

_Bir_, a well; in the oases a modern one

Bir ’Abd el Qadr, 222

Bir ’Ain Sheykh Mufta, 328

Bir Dikker, 304

Bir el Hamia, 57

Bir el Jebel, 60

Bir Kairowin, 222, 224

Bir Labayat, 227, 304

Bir Magnun, 51

Bir Mansura ’Abdulla, 341

Bir Murr, 222

Bir Natrun, 134, 305, 321

Bir Sheykh Mohammed, 60

Bir Terfawi, 305, 321

Bird-trap, 267, 268

Birth ceremonies, 249

Bisharin, 332

Biskra, 108, 302

Blind gardener in Mut, 139, 140

Boema, 298

“Books of treasure,” 52-56, 58, 145, 203-207, 212, 214

Borku, 299, 300, 335

_Borselain_, a plant, 261

“Bristle tails,” 283

Bronchitis, 261

Brugsch, H. K., 315

Bu el Agul, grave, 128

Bu Gerara, 201, 203-215, 219, 246

Bu Mungar, 97, 230-236, 244, 246, 287, 299, 304, 307, 309

Bu Senata, 298

Bu Zibad, 298

Budkhulu, 56, 317

Buhuruz, 297

Bulaq, 32, 313

_Burnus_, a native cloak, 93

_Busa_, dried stalks of maize, etc.

Buseima, 301

Bushara, 296, 298-300, 306

Butterflies, 283

Cairo, 21-23

Cambyses, King, mines of, 53; army sent to Siwa, 220

Camel brands. _See wasm_

Camel corps, 135

Camel drivers, 25, 34

Camel firing a, 92

Camel fly, 24

Camels, 35, 36, 94, 136, 137

„ watering of, 116-118, 124

Cana, F. R., 293

Cartouche writing, 334

Castles, 314, 315

Chad, Lake, 301

Chalk, 222, 224

Chanties of camel drivers, 268, 269

Charms, 251, 252

Churning, 265

Circumcision, 251, 253, 256

Clairvoyance, 271-279

Clay ridges, 31, 308, 309

Coins dug up, 206, 211, 214

Col de Zenaga, 334

Cooking of the _bedawin_, 206, 207

Coptic remains, 37, 314. _See also_ Antiquities

Copts, 257, 270, 314

Cotton moth, 283

Cradles, 260

Cranes, 288

Crocodiles, 301; drawings of, 335

Crossbow, 268

Cryptograms of the Tawarek, 335

Cultivation and vegetation, 41, 48, 49, 51, 56, 75, 228, 229, 230,
241, 243, 247, 264, 294, 303, 309-313, 316, 318

Cupping, 152

Customs. _See_ Manners and Customs

Cyrenaica, 293

Cyrus the Great, 54

Dahab, Suleyman Gindi, 22, 34, 110, 132, 142, 143, 162-167, 192,
199, 217, 234, 238, 239, 244

Dakhakhin, 313

Dakhla, 18, 32, 36-81, 90, 91, 128, 130, 138-159, 202, 203, 225,
227, 229, 231, 235, 246, 248-265, 280-284, 288, 294, 300, 303-305,
310, 311, 316-319, 320, 321

Dancing, 193, 254

Darfur, 305; ’Ali Dinar, Sultan of, 199, 210

Darius I, King of Persia, 315

Darius II, King of Persia, 315

_Dawa_, magical invocation, 272-279

Deafness, 261

Dendura, 199, 200, 299, 300, 304

Dengue fever, 144

Depots, 158, 159, 164, 173-175, 180

_Der_, a large building or monastery

Der ed, 314, 315

Der Abu Madi, 50, 53, 55

Der el ’Ain, 53

Der el Arais, 145

Der el Banat, 53, 55

Der el Hagar, 58, 78

Der el Seba’a Banat, 53, 55, 101

Der Muhurug, 202

_Derb_, road

„ el Arbain, 297, 305

„ ed Deri, 202

„ el Gubary, 128, 243, 284, 305, 336-346

„ el Khashabi, 203, 305

„ et Tawil, 128, 201-205, 212, 305, 307

„ et Terfawi, 294, 305

Derr, 305

Dervishes, 19-21, 25, 133, 134, 182

“Desert Mosque,” 233

Desiccation of the desert, 212

Dhayat en Neml, 294

Divorce, 251

Dongola, 298

Dorcas gazelle, 282

Dovecots, 315

Dragon flies, 284

Dress of bride, 252

Drunkenness, 45, 46

Duck, 284

Dumbness, 261

Dunes. _See_ Sand

Dungun, 305

Dush, 313, 314

Duveyrier, H., 335

Eagles, 284, 288

Earthenware, 253

Edfu, 54

Educated Egyptians, 144-146

“Egyptian Oasis,” 300, 304, 320, 321

Eiffel Tower time signals, 297

Electrical phenomena, 93, 94, 307

Emphysema, 261

Endi, 210

Enver Pasha, 105

Epilepsy, 261

Equipment, 33, 34, 206

Erbayana, 299, 301, 302

Erosion. _See_ Sand

Ershay lake, 300-302

Ertha, 296, 299

Erwully, 296, 299, 300

Esna, 53, 54, 213, 305

Eve, 256

Evil eye, 250

_Ezba_, hamlet, farm, of Sheykh Ahmed, 60, 64-74

Ezbet Sheykh Mufta, 145

_Fahal_, eight-year-old camel, 35

Families, size of, in oases, 262

_Fantasia_, “powder play,” 253, 259

Farafaroni, natives of Farafra Oasis, 225

Farafra, 199, 200, 207, 218-231, 246, 266, 288, 294, 304, 307, 310,
311, 318

Farshut, 305

Faruwia, 297

_Fas_, a hoe, 264

Fasher, el, 296-298

_Fatha_, el, the first chapter of the Koran, 252

Fatimite dynasty, 259

Fauna, 24, 32, 36, 79, 88, 97, 247, 280-292, 301, 303, 318

Fayum, 301, 304

“Feathered” snake, 286

_Fellah_, pl. _fellahin_, an Egyptian peasant

_Ferikh_, pop-corn, 69

Fever, 30

Figuig Oasis, 334

_Fiki_, a minor holy man, 254, 255, 259

Fire making, 122, 124, 228

Flags, used in ceremonies, 253, 254, 259

Flatters, Col., expedition of, 162

Flies, 283, 287, 288

Flora, 28, 32, 49, 96-98, 111, 222, 223, 228, 229, 232, 233, 247,
258, 280, 282, 291, 292, 294, 318

Fly, camel, 318

Flying lizard. _See issulla_

Fodder, difficulty in procuring, 138, 139, 151, 155-157

Fog in desert, 310

Forbes, Mrs. Rosita, 306

Formah, 297

Fox, spotted, seen, 281, 288

Funerals, 254-256

Funfun, well, 296, 298

_Furwa_, sheepskin, 33

_Gada_, sportsman

_Gahaz_, things brought by a bride to her new home, 253

_Gara_, a rocky hill

Gara bu Gerara, 203-205

Gara esh Shorfa, 334

Garden of Eden, 214, 256

Gardener, blind man in Mut, 139, 140

_Garet_, dim. of _gara_

Garet ed Dahab, 205

Garet el Leben, 302

_Gassi_, a sand free path through dunes, 304

“Gate of the Morning,” 96, 118

Gazelle, 37, 215, 223, 282, 288; trap for, 266, 267

Gedida, 75, 145, 304, 317, 318

Gennah, 313

Geology, 28, 33, 83, 84, 88, 90, 112, 115, 216, 220, 294

Gerara, 330

Geryville, 334, 335

_Ghul_, a cannibal ghost, 140-143

Girga, 305

Girgof, el, 294

Giza, 304

Glass, dug up, 206, 214

Gorgi Michael, 43

Gorn el Gennah, 315

Graffiti, 247, 326-336

Gramophones, 70

Grasshoppers, 283

Graves, pattern of, 255

“Great oasis,” 310

Grey hair, 262

Gritstone hill, 83

Gubary road. _See_ Derb el Gubary

Guebar Rashim, 334

Guehda. _See_ Qasr el Guehda

Guest chambers, 49, 61, 65

Guides, 25, 26, 134; skill of, 105, 112

_Gula_, earthenware water bottle, 66

_Gurba_, skin water bag, 97, 132

_Gurba_ patches, 97

_Gurban_, an old gold coin, 56

Guru, 301

Guss abu Said, 227, 231, 304

Guttara well, 296, 300

_Haggi_, a man who has made the pilgrimage to Mecca

Hair, ceremony on first cutting a child’s, 250

Hair dressing, 253

Hamamla tribe, 330

Harb tribe, 330

Harda, 335

_Harubga_, a game, 335

_Hashish_, Indian hemp, 135, 137, 261

Hassanein Bey, 298, 306, 319-321

Hassun tribe, 330

_Hattia_, uninhabited oasis

Hawerti tribe, 332

_Heg_, a three-year-old camel, 35

Heraldry among Arabs, 330

Hibis temple, 29, 315; town, 314

High level oasis, 316, 319

Hills in desert, shapes of, 88, 90, 111, 115, 309

Hindau, 41, 154, 238, 317

Horses, 48, 50

Hoskins, 315

Hospitality, 38, 39, 50, 66-74, 136, 193

_Hram_, a plaid-like garment worn in Tripoli, 41

_Hurj_, saddle-bags, 33

Hurry tribe and lake, 302

Hussein, grandson of the prophet Mohammed, 256

Hyena, 281

Ibn ed Dris, Sheykh of Farafra _zawia_, 228, 229, 234

_Ibn esh Sha’ar_, one-year-old camel, 35

_Ibn es Sena_, one-year-old camel, 35

_Ibn Lebun_, two-year-old camel, 35

Ibrahim Musa Said, camel driver, 132-135, 140-143, 148, 151-155,
163, 180-182, 199-201, 216, 221, 234

Ibrahim, Sheykh of the _zawia_ at Qasr Dakhl, 61, 62

Ibrahim Zaky, _mamur_ of Mut, 43-46

Iddaila, 97, 199, 207, 227, 231, 234, 246, 302, 304, 309

Immorality, 143, 251, 260

Insects, list of, 322

Interference between artesian wells, 244

Invasion of Egypt by the Senussia, 106, 127

Iron pyrites, 224

Irrigation. _See_ Cultivation

“Islands of the Blest,” 311

_Issulla_, a flying lizard, probably mythical, 285, 286

Italians in Tripoli, 135, 198

Jackals, 280-282, 288

Jaghabub, 301, 304

Jaja, 313

Jaj Mohammed, el, 335

Jalo, 60, 301, 304, 306

Jebel, lit. mountain, in Egypt the desert, 28, 319

„ Abdulla, 115, 151, 153, 154, 158, 159, 173, 177, 300, 303

„ Dakar, 302

„ Edmondstone, 236

„ el Bayed, 112-118, 148, 149, 151, 153, 154, 158-160, 164, 169,
174-176, 178, 179

„ el Ghazallet, 302

„ el Owanat, 319

„ Ghennihma, 312, 315

„ Gunna el Bahari, 227

„ Hashem el Gud, 302

„ Jabail, 202

„ Kusu, 301

„ Maydob, 298

„ Somara, 302

„ Ta’aref, 312

„ Tarfaia, 302

„ Ter, 312

„ Um el Ghenneiem, 312

Jebsia tribe, 330

Jedabya, 306

_Jedda_, five-year-old camel, 35

_Jemel_, full-grown male camel, 35

Johnson, E. A. Pasha, 52-54, 212

_Kafir_, infidel

Kairowin _hattia_, 220, 222, 233, 304, 311

_Kantar_, 100 Egyptian pounds, 47

Karbala, battle of, 256

_Kas_, cymbals, 252

_Katb el kitab_, part of a marriage ceremony, 252

Kebabish tribe, 298

Kebabo, 299

_Kerkadi_, Sudanese tea, 70

Kerzazia dervishes, 20

Khalif of Islam, 106

Khalifa Zenata, 259

Khalil Salah Gaber, interpreter, 22, 34, 96, 101, 102, 124-126

_Khamasin_, fifty days of spring, 257

_Khan_, a native inn, in Assiut, 132

Khana tribe, 330

_Kharafish_, a form of sand erosion, 28, 87, 202, 308

_Kharashef_, a form of sand erosion, 28, 202, 308

Kharga, 23, 28-32, 90, 129, 132, 157, 202, 215, 225, 227, 243, 244,
246, 248, 258-260, 265, 283, 284, 288, 293, 297, 305, 308-319, 326

_Khatim_, lit. seal, diagram used in magic, 273, 274

_Khatma_, a religious ceremony, 254

_Khobayza_, a plant, 282

_Kimri_, palm doves, 57, 284, 285; experiment with, 90, 91, 321

Kites, 284

Kowora, 298, 302

Kufara, 18, 52, 60, 71, 77, 82, 83, 98, 109, 131, 147, 149, 199,
234, 293, 296, 298, 299, 301-306, 319

Kuffara, 296

Kurkur Oasis, 305

Kysis, town of, 314; temple of, 315

Lace wing flies, 287

Lagia, el, 303, 305, 321

_Lahd_, recess in a grave for the body to lie in, 255

“Lake of the mud tortoises” of Miani, 303

Lame camels, 88, 89, 92

Lane’s “Modern Egyptians,” 253-278

Leaking water tanks, 153, 155, 161-164, 182

_Lefa’a_, horned viper, 286

Left hand unclean among Moslems, 278

Legends, 53-58, 63, 75, 78, 221

“Letters” written by illiterate _bedawin_, 180, 235

_Leylet el Wahada_, night of solitude, 254

_Leylet el Wahsha_, night of desolation, 254

Libyan desert boundaries, 17

Ligatured monograms of the Tawarek, 335

Light phenomena, 307

_Litham_, mask worn by the Tibbus and Tawarek, 277

Lizards, 285, 288

Locusts, 283

Looms, 314

Lughad, 296

Luxor, 146, 305

_Mabsat_, pleased

Madania dervishes, 133

Made roads, 205

Maghagha, 304

_Maghrib_, west, evening prayer, 67

Magic. _See_ Superstitions and magicians

Magicians, 146, 154, 194, 212, 217, 271

Mahdi, of Khartum, 107; of the Senussia, 106-109; a veiled prophet,
108

Mahmal of Cairo, 259; of Kharga, 258-260

Mahmed ben Abd er Rahman Bu Zian, founder of the Ziania dervishes,
182

_Mahr_, dowry, 252

Maimun, the _afrit_, 274-279

“Making the peace,” 46, 194, 242

Maks Bahari, 313

Maks Gibli, 313

Malaria, 30, 261

Malif tribe, 330

_Mamur_, a native magistrate, 183-191, 193-196

_Mandal_, a magical performance, 272-279

Manfalut, 199, 202

Mange, 76, 79

Manners and customs, 34, 39, 46, 47, 50, 67, 152, 193, 206, 207,
232, 247, 251-254, 256, 259, 260, 265, 268, 269

Mansur, camel driver, 200

Mantids, 286, 287

“Map”-making by _bedawin_, 208

Marble, 202

_Marhaka_, two stones for crushing grain, 97

Marmarica, 334

Marriage ceremonies, 251-254

Marsa Matru, 335

Masara, 41, 145, 317

Mashishia dervishes, 133

_Mastaba_, platform, bench, or tomb, 53, 56

Mecca, 108

Medicine, native, 261, 262, 279, 282

Meheriq, 313

Melanism, human, 152

Menna, wife of the founder of the Senussia, 108

Merga, 300, 302, 303, 321

_Merkaz_, the office of a _mamur_

Mesopotamia, 214

Metaphors, Arabic, 201, 202

Meteors, 307

Miani, 303

Migration of birds, 36, 79, 101, 287, 288

Mill, for flour, 264, 265; for olives 265

Minia, 304

Mirage, 113, 179

“Mist,” as showing a distant valley, 95

M’khiat er Rih tribe, 221

Mohammed ben ’ali es Senussi, founder of the Senussia dervishes, 108

Mohammed el Mawhub, Sheykh of the _zawia_ at Qasr Dakhl, 40, 60-64,
73, 74, 144, 145, 147, 149, 196, 229, 234, 240, 242, 243, 245

Mohammed et Tounsi, 335

Mohammed, Sheykh of Farafra _zawia_, 228

Mohammed, the Prophet, 57, 106

Mohammed V, of Turkey, 127

Mohanny, camel driver, 200

Morocco, 108

Mosquitoes, 283, 287

Moths, 283, 287

Mud tortoises, lake of, 303

_Mudir_, governor of a province _Mukhlia_, camel’s nosebag, 33

_Mulid_, feast on birthday of a saint, 259

Munkar, “the unknown,” a black angel, 255

Musa, camel driver, 25, 34, 92

Musbut, 297

Mushaluba, um Shaloba, 296

Mushia, 75, 317, 318

Music, effect of, on camels, 92, 270

Musical sands, 100, 220, 263

Musical stones, 98, 100

Mut, 41-48, 76, 82, 90, 91, 100, 139-159, 182-192, 194, 236-241,
244, 262, 284, 295, 305, 317

Nachtigal, Gustav, 297, 298

Nadura, temple of, 315

_Naga_, a full-grown female camel, 35

Nails, ceremony on first cutting a child’s, 250

_Naja_, cobra, 286

Nakir, “the repudiating,” a black angel, 255

Native information, collecting, 207-211, 220, 221, 295

Nazili Genub, 201

_Negeb_, a pass down a cliff

„ er Rumi, 216

„ Shushina, 205

„ to Bu Mungar, 232

„ to Dakhla, 36

Nesla, 227, 231, 287, 304

Nestorius, Bishop, 314

Nicknames, 128, 134

_Nijem_, lit. star; to know the _nijem_ = knowledge of the desert,
170

Nile, River, 301, 302

Nimr Awad, 25, 134, 149, 150

Noah, 256

No’on lake, 303

Noon shelters, 111

_Noser_, hollow desert, 87

Oasis, meaning of, 310

“Oasis of the blacks,” 52

Officials, class of, in oases, 43-45

Oil, olive, 265, 318, 321

Olive mill, 265

“Olive oasis,” 91, 320, 321

Olive press, 265

’Omar Wahaby, _mamur_ of Dakhla, 156

_’Omda_, village headman, for individuals _see_ under name of village

Ophthalmia, 261

Orfili tribe, 332

_Oshar_, a plant, 258

Ostrich, eggshells of, 97, 335, 336; drawings of, 335

Ovens, 73

Owana. _See_ Owanat

Owanat, 130, 165, 197, 198, 300, 303, 305, 319-321

“Pace” eggs, 257

Palestine, 307

Pan-Islam, 20

Patron Saints, 132, 182

Peridots, 55

Persian dynasty in Egypt, 315

Perthes, Justus, map of, 321

Petrified wood, 90, 212

Phthisis, 261

Pigeons, 284

Pilgrimage to Mecca, 260

Pirate hordes, 214

Pneumonia, 261

“Pool of ink.” _See Mandal_

Pope, the, 106

Post office in Mut, 139

Pottery, 98, 318; dug up, 211, 214, 223

Pounding rice, 43, 265

Proportion, small sense of, in _bedawin_, 95

“Punishment of the Grave,” 255

Qadria dervishes, 134

Qala’a es Suri, 53

Qalamun, 48, 154, 317, 318

Qara, 23, 24, 28-34, 245; el Qara, 304

Qasr Dakhl, 40, 56-64, 83, 203, 236, 317; Sheykhs of, 57

„ Dush, 314, 315

„ el ’Aini hospital, 146

„ el Guehda, 32, 315

„ el Jaj Ahmer, 334

„ Farafra, 224-230, 244, 304, 319

„ Lebakha, 136, 137

„ Zaiyan, 32, 305, 314, 315

Qena, 293, 305

Qoreish tribe, 57

Qom el Gennah, 312

Quail, 230, 284

Qway, Hassan Qway, guide, 26, 27, 33, 35, 57, 62, 89, 102-105,
112-114, 123-125, 132, 134-136, 138, 146-148, 150-152, 154-156,
158-161, 164-179, 182-192, 196-198, 221

Qwaytin Mohammed Said, guide, 199-212, 215-218, 220-222, 224, 225,
228, 231-235, 238, 239, 243, 245

_Raba’a_, a six-year-old camel, 35

_Rabiat_, a camel saddle, 33

Rahmania dervishes, 20

Railways, 23, 27, 28

Rain, 98, 291, 310

Rashida, 41, 48-57, 184, 193, 263-265, 317

Rashida, _’omda_ of, 45, 48-56, 76, 110, 144, 194

Rats, 88, 97, 288-292

Ravens, 284

“Reappearance” of the Senussi _Mahdi_, 109

Red Sea, 306

_Redir_, a hollow where rain-water collects, 97, 311

_Refar_, tribute, 20

Remedies for diseases, 261, 262

Reshaida tribe, 332

Resoling a camel, 35

Results of journeys, 246

Rice, 43

_Rim_, Loder’s gazelle, 282

Ringworm, 227

_Roadh_, a clump of bushes in the desert, 215, 311

Roads, caravan, 304-306, 309

Roads, disused, 77, 82, 87, 97, 98, 101, 112, 128, 130, 131, 135,
213, 215, 294, 305, 321

Rockets, use of, 176

Rohlfs, Gerard, 18, 52, 53, 84, 85, 297-299, 304

Rosaries, 186

Rotunda hospital, 146

Royal Geographical Society, 18, 214

Rushwork mats, etc., 314

_Rusuf_, a form of sand erosion, 28, 202, 308

Safar, an Arab month, 249

_Sagia_, a wheel for raising water, 75, 145

Sahara, 17

St. Thomas’s hospital, 146

St. Vitus’s Dance, 261

_Saj_, griddle, 34, 207

Salah Nejem ed Din, Turkish Sultan, 260

Saline land, 41, 229, 244, 280, 294

Salutations, 37

Sand and sand dunes, 18, 21, 31, 32, 36, 47, 48, 75, 77, 80, 82, 84,
85, 96, 97, 115, 127, 136, 203, 220, 221, 223, 225, 235, 236, 244,
246, 247, 262, 263, 293, 294, 299, 300, 302-307, 309, 318

Sand erosion, 28, 29, 202, 204, 216, 224, 308

Sand grouse, 284, 288

Sand storms, 93, 94, 234, 235, 307

_Saraf_. _See Mandal_

Sarra well, 296

“Satan’s country,” 47, 81

“Saying the _fatha_,” a marriage ceremony, 252

Schweinfurth, Prof., 315

Scorpions, 262, 282; charm against, 251, 258; scorpion proof
platform, 282

“Seal of Solomon,” 332, 334

_Sedis_, seven-year-old camel, 35

“Sieving the baby” ceremony, 249, 250

Selima Oasis, 295, 305, 321

Senussia, the Senussi dervishes, 18-20, 25, 40, 60, 106-109,
131-134, 138, 139, 144-149, 154, 156-160, 183, 186, 190, 196-199,
207, 217, 223, 228, 229, 233, 245, 293, 301, 304, 319

Senussi, Sheykh of Mut, 44, 146, 147, 154, 237, 241

Senussi, Sheykh of Smint, 40, 184

Senussi invasion of Egypt, threatened, 106-109, 127

Senussi _Mahdi_, 106-109

Sha’aban, an Arab month, night of the middle of, ceremonies, 258, 259

Shadhlia dervishes, 109, 133, 182

Shadhly, Sheykh, founder of the Shadhlia, 109, 133

_Shaduf_, a machine for raising water, 48

Shager ed Durr, a Turkish Sultana, 260

Shebb, 305

Shellala Dehrania, 335

_Shem en Nessim_, smelling the breeze, an Egyptian feast, 193, 257

_Sheykh_, a religious or tribal leader

Sheykh Adam, tree of, 48

_Sheykh el Afrit_. _See_ Magician

Shia Moslems, 256

Shurbuji family, 48

Sickle, toothed, 264

Sidra, Gulf of, 17

_Sif_, a longitudinal dune, 221, 235

Sight, keenness of, among _bedawin_, 85, 86, 180

“Silver fish,” 283

_Simum_, hot wind, 89, 90, 161, 257

Singing of camel drivers, 268-270

Sitra lake, 302, 304, 309

Siwa Oasis, 18, 53, 293, 301, 302, 304, 307, 319

Slave traders, 97, 320

Smint, 38, 146, 241, 317

Smint el Kharab, ruins, 37, 328

Smint, _’omda_ of, 38, 41

Smoking, 25, 39, 40, 227, 229

Snake bites, 282

Snakes, 251, 282, 283, 286

Snipe, 284

_Sofut_, a form of sand erosion, 87, 88, 97

Sohag, 305

Sollum, 146

Solomon, King, 54

“Song of the Sands,” 99, 100

Soul, tree with a, 48, 49, 263

Sound, clearness of, in desert, 171

Sparks. _See_ Electricity

Spiders, 282

Spotted fox seen, 281

Statistics, 260, 261, 317-319

Storks, 288

Suleyman Awad, Sheykh, 24-27, 134-136, 148, 149

Sultan of Turkey, 106

Sundial, human, 313

Sunni Moslems, 106

_Sunt_, acacia

Sunt ’Abd en Nebi, 264

Superstitions, 48, 49, 113, 119, 140, 143, 145, 151, 152, 187, 194,
201, 212, 217, 249-251, 257, 262, 270-279, 286

_Surat el Mulk_, part of the Koran read after a funeral, 254

Surk, 199

Surveying methods, 86, 219, 223, 224

_Sutary_, clown, 252

Swallows, 287

Swimming bath, 193

Swing cradles, 260

_Tabl beladi_, a drum, 252

_Tahdir_, magician’s medium, 272-279

Taiserbo, 301

Talisman, 142, 143, 263

Taal’at, 105

_Tamtam_, tambourine, 72

_Tar_, tambourine, 253

Tarantulas, 282

Tawarek race, 25, 199, 335

Tchonemyris, ruined town, 314

Tea drinking, 39, 261

Temples. _See_ Qasr

Tenida, 37, 157, 185, 241, 283, 303, 305, 317

Tenida, _’omda_ of, 139, 157, 241

Terfawi, 321

_Thenni_, four-year-old camel, 35

Thirst, expedients in case of, 170, 171

Thothmes III, 314

Thought transference, 278, 279

Thunderstorm, 99

Tibbus, 208, 210, 236, 295, 298, 301

Tibesti, 17, 109, 207, 210, 299, 301

Tidikelt, 334

Tifinagh, writing of the Tawarek, 25, 330, 334

Tijania dervishes, 20

Tikeru, 131, 296, 298, 299, 306

Tilho, Col., 297, 299, 300, 303, 320, 335

Timbuktu, 199

Tollab, 296-299

Town crier of Mut, 139, 140

Tracking Qway, 164-179

Tracks of cart, 83; of _issulla_, 285, 286; permanence of, in
desert, 83, 87; of Senussi couriers, 82, 83, 98

Trade winds, 306

Traps, 266-268

Treasure-hunting, 51, 58, 59, 76, 79, 144, 145, 203-223, 279

“Tree of extremity,” 258

Tree with a soul, 48

Tree worship, traces of, 263, 264

Trial of Qway, 187-191, 196

Tripoli, 107, 131, 135, 304

Tuggurt, 302

_Tulsim_, Talisman

Tumas, 305

Tunis, 21

Tunisian libraries, 19

Tunnelled streets, 313

Turkish revolution, 105, 106, 127

Turks in Kufara, 109

Twat Oases, 302, 330, 334, 335

Ulad ben Miriam tribe, 330

Ulad Mahmud tribe, 330

Um el Atham, 296

Um Shaloba, Mushaluba, 296

Valley of the Bedayat, 303

“Valley of the Mist,” 89, 92, 95, 96, 111, 151, 153, 154

“Valley of the Rat,” 88, 90, 95, 178

Vegetation. _See_ Flora

Veil worn by women, 277

Venereal diseases, 261

Veterinary methods, 76, 204, 205

Viper, 283, 286

Wad Ghirh Oases, 302, 310, 311

„ Igharghar, 301, 302

„ Ighargharen, 301

„ Mihero, 301

„ Saura, 301

Wady Dom, 299

„ el Far. _See_ “Valley of the Rat”

„ el Fardy, 301, 302, 304, 319

„ el Fede, 301

„ el Muluk, 54

„ esh Shabur. _See_ “Valley of the Mist”

„ Howar, 297, 302

„ Howash, 298

„ Kafut, 297

„ Kobay, 297

„ Ko’or, 302

„ Kuttum, 297, 303

„ Medjoures, 296

„ Meleeat, 297

„ Moghara, 304

„ Natrun, 304

„ Tibbu, 301

_Wahatis_, natives of the oases, 248

Wakwak islands, 214

Wall paintings, 314

Wanjunga Kebir, 131, 296, 300, 306

Wanjunga Sgheir, 131, 296, 300, 306

Wanjungat, the district containing the above two places

_Waran_, a large lizard, 285

Washing in the desert, 118

_Wasm_, tribal camel brand, 24-26, 73, 235, 330-333

Water, action of, in forming depressions, 294

Water tanks, 132, 161-164

“Watermelon” desert. _See battikh_

Wayta Kebir, 296, 298

Wayta Sgheir, 296, 298

Weather, 92, 98, 99

Wehda. _See_ Qasr el Guehda

Wells. _See_ Cultivation

Wind-blown grass, 96, 97

Wind scoop, 123

Wind shelters, 116, 117

Winds, 97, 299, 300, 306, 307, 310; influence of, in desert, 307-310

Wissa, Dr., 144-146

Wolves, 281, 288

Wood, petrified, 90

Yum Ashura, ceremonies on 10th of Moharrem, 256, 257

Yussef Effendi, tangerine oranges, 49

_Zabit_, police officer

Zaghawa tribe, 297

Zaiyan. _See_ Qasr

_Zawia_, monastery, 20

„ at ’Ain Sheykh Murzuk, 225, 230

„ at Hindau, 238

„ at Qasr Dakhl, 40, 60-64, 134, 144, 145, 229, 242

„ at Qasr Farafra, 223, 228, 229

„ at Smint, 40, 154, 184

_Zeffet el Arusa_, procession of the bride, 252, 253

_Zemzemia_, water bag, 132

Zerzura Oasis, 51-54, 57, 58, 63, 75, 76, 78, 100, 101, 128, 145,
299, 304

Ziania dervishes, 20, 182

Zoazi tribe, 330

Zodiacal light, 307

Zowia tribe, 330

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: _Trifolium Alexandrinum_, L.]

[Footnote 2: _Medicago Sativa_ (Lucerne).]

[Footnote 3: An _ardeb_ = 300 lbs.]

[Footnote 4: Peasant of the Nile Valley or oasis.]

[Footnote 5: “The Libyan Desert from Native Information,” R.G.S.J., Sept., 1913.]

[Footnote 6: “Travels in the Libyan Desert,” R.G.S.J., Feb., 1912.]

[Footnote 7: “The Farafra Depression and Bu Mungar _hattia_,” R.G.S.J., Nov., 1913.]

[Footnote 8: “The Farafra Depression and Bu Mungar _hattia_,” R.G.S.J., Nov., 1913, pp. 455-461.]

[Footnote 9: “Travels in the Libyan Desert,” R.G.S.J., Feb., 1912.]

[Footnote 10: See R.G.S.J. “The Nature and Formation of Sand Ripples and Dunes,” March, 1916, pp. 189-209. “Study of a Dune Belt,” January, 1918, pp. 16-33. Discussion on the latter paper, April, 1918, pp. 250-258.]

[Footnote 11: “Customs, Superstitions and Songs of the Western Oases,” Cairo, Aug., 1914.]

[Footnote 12: “Irrigation in Dakhla Oasis,” R.G.S.J., Nov., 1917.]

[Footnote 13: “The Geographical Distribution of some Plants from the Libyan Desert,” Cairo, Oct., 1913.]

[Footnote 14: _Calotropis procera_.]

[Footnote 15: _Malva parviflora_, L.]

[Footnote 16: p. 146.]

[Footnote 17: p. 262.]

[Footnote 18: “North American Deserts.” Prof. D. T. MacDougal, R.G.S.J. Vol. XXXIX, No. 2.]

[Footnote 19: “Problems in Exploration: Africa.” By F. R. Cana, R.G.S.J., Nov., 1911, p. 464.]

[Footnote 20: See also “The Libyan Desert from Native Information,” R.G.S.J., Sept., 1913.]

[Footnote 21: Hassanein Bey’s observations have shown that Rohlfs’ position for Boema in Kufara is some twenty-five miles in error.]

[Footnote 22: See note on p. 319.]

[Footnote 23: “The Sand Dunes of the Libyan Desert.” By H. L. Beadnell, R.G.S. Vol. XXXV, p. 383]

[Footnote 24: p. 96.]

[Footnote 25: See p. 90.]

[Footnote 26: “Note sur quelques stations nouvelles, ou peu connu, de pierres écrites du Sahara,” par M. Q. B. M. Flamand.]

[Footnote 27: Waddington and Hanbury, “Journal of a Visit to some parts of Ethiopia,” 1882. Published by John Murray, Albemarle Street, London, 268.]

[Footnote 28: Oric Bates, “Nomad Burials in Marmarica.” “Man,” Vol. XII. No. 10.]

[Footnote 29: “Note sur quelques stations nouvelles, ou peu connu, de pierres écrites du Sahara,” par G. M. B. Flamand, p. 9.]

[Footnote 30: Referred to by G. B. M. Flamand, _op. cit._]

Transcriber's note:

pg 181 Changed: excessively attentuated to: attenuated

pg 205 Changed: probably ocherous to: ochreous

pg 223 Changed: for my longtitudes to: longitudes

pg 256 Changed: is the anniversay to: anniversary

pg 341 Changed: _See_ Qasr el Gushda to: Guehda

The illustrations, 'Senussi _Zawia_ at Smint', 'Old _’Alem_,
“Valley of the Mist”', listed both under HALF-TONES and IN THE TEXT
in the LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS have been removed from the HALF-TONES
section.

Grouped-together captions within a plate have been individually
placed under each of their corresponding illustrations.

Minor changes in punctuation have been done silently.

Other spelling inconsistencies have been left unchanged.