Chapter XV: The Twilight of the Gods (1)

With the fall of the Assyrian empire in 606 B.C., Babylonia once more regained her national status. This meant that her national god Merodach was no longer subservient to the Assyrian Asshur in a political sense, and regained his place as sole head of the Babylonian pantheon.

Great must have been the satisfaction of the people of Babylon when, this comparatively mild tyranny removed, they could worship their own gods in their own way, free from the humiliating remembrance that their northern neighbours regarded all Babylonian sacred things as appanages of the Assyrian empire. Nabopolasser and Nebuchadrezzar, his successor, gave effect to these changes, and the latter king placed Nabu on a footing of equality with Merodach. Was this the cause of his punishment? Was it because he had offended in a religious sense that he had to undergo the terrible infliction of which we read in the Scriptures? The priesthood of Merodach must have possessed immense and practically unlimited power in Babylon, and we may feel sure that any such interference with their newfound privilege, as is here suggested, would have met with speedy punishment. Was the wretched monarch led to believe that an enchantment had been cast upon him, and that he had been transformed into animal shape at the command of an outraged deity? We cannot say. The cause of his misfortune must for ever remain one of the mysteries of the ancient world.

The unfortunate Nabonidus, too, attempted to replace the cults of Merodach and Nabu by that of Shamash. And that hastened his doom, for the priests became his bitter enemies, and when the Persian Cyrus entered the gates of Babylon as a conqueror he was hailed as the saviour of Merodach's honour.

The last native kings of Babylonia were great temple-builders, and this policy they continued until the end. Indeed in the time of Nebuchadrezzar there was a revival of ancient and half-forgotten cults, and many local gods were exalted to a pitch of popularity hitherto unknown.

The Conquering Cyrus

Then in 539 B.C. came the conquering Cyrus, and the period of the decay of the Babylonian religion began. The victor merely upheld the cults of Merodach and Nabu for reasons of policy, and when in turn the Greeks ruled over Babylonia they followed the Persian lead in this respect. By the defeat of the Persian Darius at the battle of Arbela (331 B.C.) the way to Babylon was left open to the mighty Alexander the Great. This was the beginning of the end. The old religion dragged out a broken existence until about the beginning of the Christian era, then slowly but surely vanished beneath the attacks of Hellenic scepticism, Christian propaganda, and pagan caprice.

That a faith so virile, so ancient, so entrenched in the love of a people as that of Babylonia should fall into an oblivion so profound as to be totally forgotten for nearly nineteen centuries is a solemn and impressive reminder of the evanescent character of human affairs. They were men of their hands, these ancient Mesopotamians, great theologians, great builders, great soldiers. Yet their mighty works, their living faith left 'not a wrack behind' save mounds of rubbish which, when excavated by the modern antiquary, were found to contain a few poor vestiges of the splendour that was Babylon and the pomps of the city of Asshur. Does there not reside in this a great lesson for modernity? Must our civilization, our faith, all that is ours and that we have raised--must these things, too, fade into the shadows of unremembrance as did the civilization of Mesopotamia?

A Great Lesson

The answer to such a question depends upon ourselves--upon each and every one of us. If we quit ourselves as civilized men, striving and ever striving to refine and purify our lives, our conduct, our intellectual outlook, to spiritualize our faith, then though the things of our hands may be dust, the works of our minds, of our souls shall not vanish, but shall remain in the consciousness of our descendants so long as human memory lasts. The faith of ancient Babylon went under because it was built rather on the worship of frail and bestial gods than the love of truth,--gods many of whom were devils in disguise, but devils no whit worse than our fiends of ambition, of greed, of pugnacity, of unsympathy. Through the worship of such gods Babylon came to oblivion. Let us contemplate the colossal wreck of that mighty work of man, and as we gaze over the gulf of a score of centuries to where its "cloud-capp'd towers and gorgeous palaces" glitter in the mirage of legend, let us brace ourselves for the struggle which humanity has yet to wage with darkness, with disease, with superstition. But while we remember her fall with sadness, let us think generously and kindly of her dead mightiness, of the ancient effort she made, striving after her lights, of her picturesque and many-coloured life, and, not least, of her achievements--the invention of those symbols by which the words of man can be transferred to his brother across the silent ocean of time.

GLOSSARY AND INDEX

THE PRONUNCIATION OF ASSYRIAN

Assyrian differs in many respects from the other Semitic languages. There are few gutturals, these having been mostly smoothed out. Thus 'Ba'l' became 'Bel,' and 'Hadad,' 'Adad.' On the other hand it is thought that the cuneiform inscriptions may have omitted guttural sounds. The cuneiform system of writing is so imperfect and complicated that we must make certain reservations in our acceptance of the transcriptions of contemporary Assyriologists, and it must therefore be understood that Assyrian names and words as we know them and as found in the present work and index may be yet greatly modified by future researches. Assyrian names as known to-day are pronounced according to analogy gleaned from the pronunciation of the other Semitic languages. Thus 'Shin'ar' is spelt with the Hebrew _'ain_, (guttural _a_) in the Scriptures, and we are unaware whether the Scriptural author interpolated the guttural or not. Analogy in this instance is not nearly so valuable a guide as in the case of Egyptian, where we have in Coptic the modern form of the Egyptian language to guide us, nor is it at all likely that we shall ever know much more than we do concerning the pronunciation of a language the written symbols of which are so uncertain as regards their precise alphabetic values.

INDEX

A

Aa or Â. Consort of Shamash, 110
ABED'NEGO. One of Daniel's companions, 38
AB'RAM. Ur, city of, 15, 145, 249;
Nimrod and, 51-56;
Jewish legends _re_, 51, 52;
Persian traditions _re_, 52, 53;
another tradition _re_, preserved in the East, 53-56;
star Venus and, 55
AB'U-HABB'AH. The ancient site of Sippar, 177
ABYDENUS. Statement of, _re_ Ea, 112
ABYSS, THE. Paradise and, 82
ACCA'D. Part of Nimrod's kingdom, 49
ACHÆMENIDÆ. Cyaxares' son dethroned by, 333
A'DAD. Equivalent, Hadad, 187-191
A'DAD-EA. Ut-Napishtim's ferry-man, 172;
Gilgamesh consults, 172;
Ut-Napishtim, Gilgamesh and, 178
A'DAD-NARARI IV. Son of Assur-Dan III, 308
ADAM. The sons of, 232
AD'APA. The South Wind and, story of, 116-121
AD'AR. Sun-god of Nippur;
Hymn to, 68;
connected with the pig, 93, 294
AD'NA. Wife of Azar;
according to an Eastern tradition the parents of Abram, 54
AD-ÔNIS. Smyrna, mother of, reference to, 127;
myth of related to that of Tammuz, 131
AEDORACHUS. Of Pantibiblon, reference to, 112
ÆLIAN. Of Gilgamos (Gilgamesh);
grandson of Sokkaros, 157
AF-AN-AS-I'EF. On vampires, 266
AFRICA, 329;
Semitic religion in, 331
A'HAB. King of Israel, overthrown by Shalmaneser II, 24
A'HI-MI-TI. Sargon displaces Azuri by, 210
AH'RI-MAN. Mazda and Sraosha overcome, 337
AHURA MAZDA. Good principle of Zarathustra's religion, 334;
creator of the universe, 335
A-I'BU. The serpent, 289
AKK'AD. Kingdom founded by Semites, 16;
King Sargon of, founds first great Semitic empire in Babylonia, 16
AKK-AD'IANS. Description of, 13-16;
language, 13, 14;
Babylonian Semites receive germs of culture from the, 14;
modern equivalent for the older, is the expression 'Sumerian,' 15;
stars studied by, 231
AKK'U-LU (Eater). Attendant hound of Merodach, 202
A-LAL'U. The eagle;
Ishtar and, 167
ALEXANDER THE GREAT, 378
'ALL'AH.' Modern Arabic name, 325
ALL-A-TU. Equivalent, Eresh-ki-gal, mistress of Hades, 129;
realms of, 237
_Al-ô-nim_. Descriptive term of Phœnicians for their gods, 327
ALTAR-S. Of Dodo, and of Yahveh, 190, 191
A'LU. Bull, sent by Anu against Gilgamesh, 168, 169
AL'U-DEMON. The, 271, 277
A-MAR'UDUK. The name Merodach, originally, 202
AM'EN-HET'EP IV. King of Egypt;
letters to, unearthed at Tel-el-Amarna, 22
AMORITE-S. Hadad, a god of the, 188;
deity, Dagon an, 352
AN'A-TU. The consort of Anu, 123;
mother of Ishtar, 168
ANCESTOR-WORSHIP. The Canaanites and, 326
ANDRAE, Dr. A German explorer, 356
ANIMALS. Babylonian gods having form of, 92, 93;
mythological monsters and, of Chaldea, 289-298;
the dog, 290-292;
the pig, 294
ANIMISTIC. Babylonian religion typically, 317, 319
AN-NE-DA'TUS. Appears from Eruthrean Sea, 112
_Ann'-u-na-ki_, THE. Generic name for the gods of the earth, 82, 130;
spirits of earth, 90;
decree fate, 173;
torches carried by, 175
AN'SAR. God;
birth of, 71;
Tiawath and, 76
AN'SHAR. Variant of Asshur;
created with Kishar, 208;
Anu, Ea, and Merodach sent to destroy Tiawath, 208
AN'U. God of the sky;
son of Ansar and Kisar, 72;
Ansar and, 76;
Merodach and, 79;
most ancient of Babylonian deities, 90;
held sway over Erech and Der, 94;
temple of, 102;
South Wind and, 117-121;
En-lil, Ea and, the universal triad, 121;
significance, 121-123;
Anatu, the consort of, 123;
Bau and, 144;
sacred bull sent against Gilgamesh by, 158;
father of Ishtar, 168;
Hadad worshipped with, at Asshur, 188;
the Tablets of Destiny and, 195;
in a triad with Ea and Bel, but more frequently in the texts apart
from them, 197, 198;
Dagan and, 198;
in Assyria--in Babylon, 217;
invoked with Bel, 227;
the Pole Star, 236;
eclipses and, 255
ANU'NIT. Lesser goddess, merged in conception of Ishtar, 124
APH-RO-DI'TÉ. Ishtar and cult, of, 124;
Ishtar and, connected, 235
APOCRYPHA. Legend of Bel and the Dragon in, 97
APOLLO. Temple to, at Carthage, 330
APOLLODORUS. Statement of, _re_ Ea, 112
_Ap'su_. The deep, or 'house of knowledge,' 72;
alternative, Zigarun;
mother of Ea, 72, 73, 74;
the primeval, 193
AQUARIUS, SIGN OF. The deluge story and, 183
ARABIA. Semites believed to have come from, 15, 16;
Naram-Sin penetrates, 17;
Semitic religion in, 331
AR-AKH'TU. Nabopolasser and the channel called the, 368
AR-A-LÛ.
1. The underworld, 125;
128-131, 171.
2. Goddess;
variant, Eres-ki-gal;
Nergal and, 150
AR-BE'LA. Ishtar's shrine in, 212;
battle of, 378
ARCHÆOLOGY. Babylonian, 46, 47;
Chaldean, 339-366;
American interest in Babylonian, 356-366;
fashionable about the time of Nabonidus (556-539 B.C.), 363
ARES. Greek god, 315
AR'GO. Ea identified with a star in the constellation, 236
ARK. The Babylonian, 174-178
AR-TA'IOS. Median monarch;
Nannar confounded with, 146
ARTEMIS. Reference to, 132
ART-S. Babylonian;
gem-cutting, etc., 17;
Babylonian literature and, under Khammurabi the Great, 20;
all the, under Ea's patronage, 192
A-RU'-RU. Goddess who aided the formation of man, 82, 86, 123;
creates a champion against Gilgamesh, 162
AR'Y-AN. Race;
the Philistines of, 324
AS-A'RI. Appellation of Merodach, 202;
may be compared with Asar (Osiris), 202
ASH'DOD. Temple of Dagon at, 151;
Sargon's expedition against, 210, 211, 350
ASH'TART or ISH'TAR. Worshipped in Carthage, 327, 330
ASH'TER-OTH or AS-TAR'TE. Ishtar known to Canaanites, Phœnicians,
and Greeks as, 124, 319, 326;
the Aphrodite of the Greeks, 131;
Phœnician god, 328
ASHURBAN'APAL. _See_ Assur-bani-pal.
A-SHU'SHU-NA'MIR. Created by Ea, 130
ASIA. Submitted to Ninus, 25;
Tiglath-pileser III invested with sovereignty of, 30;
Belit and Asshur in pantheon of, 228
ASIA MINOR. Greek colonies in, 235, 236;
peopled by diverse races, 324;
worship of Ashtart in, 328
_A'si-pû_. The wizards, 260;
273, 274
AS'KE-LON. Temple of Ashtart (Ishtar) at, 327
ASSH'UR.
1. City;
site of, explored by the German expedition of 1899, 47;
residence of god Asshur, 207;
Bel's temple in, 227.
2. God;
identified with Merodach, 94;
Ishtar, consort of, 125;
religion of Assyria centres in, 206-211;
etymology of name, 208;
variant, Anshar, 208;
mentioned in inscription of Samsi-Ramman, 208;
Sargon and the conquering power of, 210, 211;
Ishtar and, 214;
Bel-Merodach placed after, in the Assyrian Pantheon, 225, 377;
prisoner-gods and, 226;
Belit and, 227
ASSUR-BAN'I-PAL. King of Assyria;
Greek equivalent, Sardanapalus, 32;
historic reality, 33;
death of, 33;
succeeded Esar-haddon, 34;
Samus-sum-yukin, brother of, 34;
his death, 35;
his library at Nineveh, 35, 46, 71, 261, 282, 346;
patron of literature, 154;
Sin and, 224;
Belit and, 227, 228;
capture of twenty gods of the Elamites by, 204;
tablets dealing with magic in library of, 261;
the five hounds of, 290, 291;
autobiography of, 301-306;
palace of, discovered by Rawlinson, 346;
fragment of history of, discovered by George Smith, 352;
tablets of, 354;
zikkurat of, 365
ASS'UR-DAN III. The fatal eclipse and, 307-309
ASSUR-NAZ'IR-PAL. Son of Tuk-ul-ti-in-Aristi, 23;
places Hadad-nadin-akhi on throne of Babylon, 23;
Ishtar and, 214;
Ninib, and, 214, 216;
Calah residence of, 215;
Shamash and, 223;
Sin and, 223;
sculptures glorifying, 343;
dedications of, unearthed, 351
ASSUR-NAZ'IR-PAL III. King of Assyria, reference to his reign, 23
ASS'UR-RI-SHI'-SHI'. Ninib and, 214
ASS'UR-YU-BALL'IDH. The Kassite king of Babylonia marries daughter of, 22
ASSYRIA-NS. Race origin, 12;
Hittite and Amorite elements intermingled with, 12, 13;
land boundaries, the Tigris and Euphrates, 12;
the Akkadians and, 13;
Tiglath-pileser, King of, 23;
Semiramis the Great, Queen of, 24-29;
Assur-bani-pal desired to make the centre of religious influence
of the empire, 35;
Scythians penetrate into, 36;
Sin-sar-iskin, last King of, 36;
cuneiform writing of, 60-66;
religion, Semitic influence on, 91, 92;
the Pantheon of, 203-230;
religion of, centres in Asshur, 206;
greatness;
secret of, 208, 209;
Ishtar in, 211-214;
worship of Ramman in, 220;
Shammash's cult in, 222, 223;
Bel-Merodach and, 225;
cult of Nabu in, 228;
temples of, 242-251;
culture;
progenitors of, 250;
magic and demonology, 257-288;
belief in taboo, 278;
religions of Babylonia and, comparative value of, 313-337;
religion of Zoroaster supplanted that of ancient, 332;
ethics, 337, 338;
modern excavations in, 339-366;
empire, fall of, in 606 B.C., 377
ASTROLOGY. Birthplace of, 231
ATARATH. The _arel_ (or altar) of Dodo carried from, 190
ATARGA'TUS. God; Dagon worshipped as, 27
ATARYAT'IS. Alternative, Derketo. Fish-goddess, legendary mother of
Semiramis, 25
ATHENAG'ORAS. Refers to worship of Semiramis, 27
ATHENS. Piræus, port of, 328
AT'TIS. A god akin to Adonis, 132
AU'RA MA-I-NYU. Evil principle of Zarathustra's religion, 334
A-VERR'-O-ES. Friend of Maimonides, 232
AVESTA. Earliest form of Zoroaster's name in the, 333
A'YA. The betrothed of Sham-ash, 166
AZ'AR. One of Nimrod's guards; traditional father of Abram, 54
AZ'TECS. Reverence of, for worship of Toltecs, 226, 227
AZ-U-RI, King. Sargon displaces, by Ahimiti, 210

B

BAAL. Sun-god;
Hadad the supreme, 189;
magic and, 258;
Phœnician god, 327;
Tanit alluded to as 'The Countenance of --,' 330
'BA'AL.' Canaanitish god, 325;
term applied by Phœnicians, 327
BAAL-AMM'ON or MO'LOCH. _See_ Moloch
BA'AL-HAMM'AN. Phœnician god worshipped in Carthage, 327
_Ba'alim_. Presiding spirits, 326;
of Tyre, the Phœnicians and, 327
BA'BEL. The Tower of, 48;
Hebrew verb _babal_ confused with word _babel_, 48;
story of Tower of, suggested by one of the towers of Babylon;
the beginning of Nimrod's kingdom was, 49
BÂBIL. Mound and enclosure of 103, 347;
as a citadel, 368
BA'BU. Esar-haddon, restorer of, 306
BABYLON-IA-N. Racial origin, 12;
mother of astrology and magic, 12;
land boundaries, the Tigris and Euphrates, 12;
the Akkadians and, 13;
Semites--receive germs of culture from Akkadians, 14;
language, 14;
civilization, 14;
offshoot of culture of Eridu, 15;
first founders, 15;
Semite conquerors enter, 15, 16;
first great Semitic empire in, founded by Sargon of Akkad, 16;
Syria and Palestine welded with, by Sargon, 17;
kings, vicegerents of the gods, 17;
art; gem-cutting, etc., 17;
communication between island of Cyprus and, 18;
fall of 'First Dynasty of --', 21;
Burna-buryas, King of, 22;
Tukulti-in-Aristi takes, and slays King Bitilyasu, 22;
built by Semiramis, 26;
finally conquered by Tiglath-pileser III, 30;
surrender of, through starvation, 34;
literature; Assur-bani-pal and, 35;
Nebuchadrezzar leads Jews into captivity in, 37;
Kings; Nabonidus, last of, 40;
independence of, recovered after death of Darius, 41;
Persians conquer, 41;
destruction of, 41;
Seleucia built out of ruins of, 42;
archæology, 46, 47;
legend of confusion of tongues and towers of, 47;
E-Sagila, tower of, 47;
built by Nimrod, 50;
cuneiform writing of, 60-66;
cosmogony, 70-87;
religion, early, 88-153;
spirits and gods in ancient, 89-153;
religion, Semitic influence on, 91, 92;
religion, signs of totemism in, 92;
the Pantheon--Early, 94, 95;
Later, 184-198;
Nippur preferred to, 196;
the country of Bel, 225;
star-worship in, 231-238;
temples of, 242-251;
magic and demonology, 257-288;
belief in taboo, 278;
conquered by Shalmaneser I, 308;
religions of Assyria and, comparative value, 313-336, etc.;
captivity, 321;
religion, penetrated to Britain, 331;
the religion of Zoroaster supplanted that of ancient, 332;
ethics, 337, 338;
myth, compared with Hellenic and Scandinavian, 338;
moral code, 338;
modern excavations in, 339-366;
the, of Nebuchadrezzar II, 367;
water supply of, 368;
hanging gardens of, 371;
the elder, 375, 376;
national status of, regained, 377;
religion, decay of, 378, 379
_Bab-y-lon'ic-a_. A work by Iamblichus, containing fragments of
Babylonian history, 56;
reference to an epitome of the, by Photius, 56
BANKS. Temples as, 250, 251
BAPHOMET. Name of pagan idol, 293
BARBARO, JOSAPHAT. Cuneiform writing and, 61
BAR-SA'NES. King of Armenia, 25
_Barû_. The seers, 260
BAS'RA. Layard sends sculptures to, 344;
Ernest de Sarzec, French vice-consul at, 355
BAS-RELIEF-S. Found in palace of Sennacherib at Kouyunjik, 345;
found in palace of Assur-bani-pal, 346
BAU. Goddess;
mother of mankind, 'chief daughter of Anu,' 144, 145;
_Zag-muku_ and, 251
BE-DAD or BEN-DAD. The father of the Edomite Hadad, 190
BE-EL'ZE-BUB. Magic and, 258
BE-HIS-TÛN. Persian text at, 65
BEL. Babylonian sun-god, 41;
the Dragon and 71;
Merodach and, 79, 194;
at Nippur, looked on as creator of man, 86;
ruled at Nippur (Niffur), 94;
earlier variant, En-lil;
description of, 95-97;
legend of the Dragon and, in the Apocrypha, 97;
worship of, at Babylon, 98;
King Cyrus and worship of, 98-101;
the temple of, 101-105;
discovery of Mr George Smith re temple of, 101;
Nebo, son of, 102;
father of Nirig, 153;
Ut-Napishtim and, 174, 176;
Gilgamesh resorts to, 180;
Tablets of Destiny and, 193-195;
Dagan and, 198, 216;
the Assyrians and the country of, 225;
Merodach usurped place of, 227;
the Pole Star (of equator), 236;
eclipses and, 255;
Bilé allied with, 317;
shrine to, of King Bur-Sin I, 364
_Bel, The Observations of_. In library founded by Sargon, 18;
translated into Greek by Berossus, 18
BEL'IT. A generic term given to Ishtar, 214, 227;
Anu's consort, 227;
figures as wife of Asshur, 227;
Tiglath-pileser I and, 227;
Assur-bani-pal and, 227
BEL-KU'DUR-U'ZUR. The last of the old Assyrian line, killed by
Hadad-nadin-akhi, 23
BEL-MER'O-DACH. Babylonian god;
avenged by Cyrus, 41;
son of Ea and Dawkina, 73;
absorbed into the Assyrian pantheon, 225
BE'LOS. _See_ variant, Bel-Merodach, 73
BEL-TE-SHAZZ'AR. Babylonian appellation for Daniel, 37
BEL'TIS. Variant, Nin-lil;
the wife of En-lil, 101;
sanctuary of, at Girsu, 101;
name signified 'lady,' 101;
tablets and figures of, found by Dr Peters, 364
BEL'US. Temple of;
mound of Bâbil identified with, 103;
delineations of animals preserved in temple of, 114;
variant, Dis, 114
BEL-ZAK'IR-ISK'UN. Descendant of Assur-bani-pal, 306, 307
BE-NA'NI. God;
husband of Melili, 82
BE-NI'NI. King of the monsters, 295, 296
BER-OSS'US.
1. Babylonian historian;
translates _The Observations of Bel_ into Greek, 18;
narrative of, _re_ creation of man, 81;
his statement _re_ Ea copied by Alexander Polyhistor, etc., 112, 113;
quotes version of the deluge myth, 177, 178;
the hanging gardens of Babylon and, 371.
2. A priest of Bel at Babylon, 42;
'history' by, 42-45;
extracts from history of, preserved by Josephus and Eusebius, 42;
Sisuthrus and, 42;
his legend of Oannes, 42;
his account of the deluge, 42-44;
Daonus and, 127
BILÉ. A Celtic deity, 317
BINT-EL-AMIR. Hill of, 358, 361, 362, 365
BIRD MESSENGERS. Ut-Napishtim sends out, 176
BIRS NIMRÛD. Ruins of, 103
_Bit-ili_, THE. Sacred stones, 19
BIT-IL-YA'SU. King of Babylon, slain by Tukulti-in-Aristi, 22
BOMBAY. The Parsis of, 336
BOR-SIP'PA. Site of Nebo's temple at, 103;
'The Stages of the Seven Spheres,' the wonder of, 104;
chief seat of Nebo's worship, 184
BOTTA, M. Archæological researches at Nineveh, 46;
French Consul at Mosul;
his excavations in Mesopotamia, 339, 340
BRITISH MUSEUM. Bricks in, containing Assur-bani-pal's researches, 35,
71, 154, 155, 290;
obelisk of Shalmaneser II in, 343
BULL. Sacred, slain by Gilgamesh and Eabani, 158;
Ramman's name the great, 220;
forms of Ea and Merodach, 290
BULL, WINGED. Symbol of and En-lil, 97;
associated with Merodach, 289, 290
BURMESE. Attitude of, to the dead, 269
BUR'NA-BUR'YAS. King of Babylonia, 22
BURNOUF. Cuneiform writing and, 63
BUR-SIN. Repairs Urbau's zikkurat, 248;
shrine to Bel dedicated by, 364
BYB'LUS. Journey of Isis to, 328;
Philo of, 328

C

CA'LAH. Sennacherib takes nucleus of Assur-bani-pal's library from, 154;
residence of Asshur, 207;
Ninib's temple at, 215;
residence of Assur-nazir-pal, 215;
Sin's temple of, 223;
tower of, discovered by Layard, 346
CALMET, ABBÉ. Disbelief of, in vampires, 266
CAL'NEH. Part of Nimrod's kingdom, 49
CAM-BY'SES. Son of Cyrus, 41
CANAANITES, THE. First historic dwellers in Syria and Palestine, 324-326;
gods of, 325, 326;
ancestor-worship and, 326
CANNING, SIR STRATFORD. Sir Henry Layard assisted by, in his excavations
at Nimrûd, 340
CAPRICORNUS, SIGN OF. Sea-goddess Sabitu and, 183
CAPTIVITY, THE BABYLONIAN, 321-323
CARAVAN. The story of the missing, 285-288
CAR-CHE'MISH. Worship of Hadad extended from, to Edom, 189
CARTHAGE. Dido, the presiding deity of, 190;
Ba'al-Hamman worshipped in, 327;
Tanith honoured at, 328;
Eshmun worshipped at, 328;
religion of Semites of, 329;
Dido, Queen of, 329;
Apollo's temple at, 330;
Mohammedanism at, 332
CELTIC. Teutonic religion and, compared, 317;
deity;
Bilé a, 317
CE'RES. Reference to, 133
CHAL'CHIS. Iamblichus a native of, 56
CHALDEAN MYTHOLOGY. The sign Gemini, associated with the two forms
of the solar deity in, 182
CHAL-DE'A-N-S. Birthplace of Abram, 52;
Nimrod, King of, 52;
star-gazers, 202;
difference between the faiths of the two great races of, 204;
astrologers, 231, 232;
speculations, 233-235;
magic, 258, 259;
belief in taboo, 278;
belief in superstitions, 280;
divination, 281;
excavations in, 339
CHA'OS. Tiawath, 193
CHARDIN, JOHN. Cuneiform writing and, 61
CHE'MOSH. God of the Moabite king, Mesha, 190
CHRISTIANITY. Initiated by Semitic race, 313;
Jewish influence upon, 320
CHRO'NOS. Berossus substitutes for Ea in the version of the deluge myth
quoted in his history, 177
CHUS. The Æthiop;
equivalents, Cush, or Cash (a coloured race), 49;
father of Nimrod, 49
CIRCLE, THE MAGIC. Chaldean sorcerers and, 275, 276
CODE, MORAL. Of the Babylonians, 338
COLOSSI. Gate of, 101;
example of art of which Ea was patron, 229
COR-CY'RE-AN MOUNTAINS. Reference to, by Berossus, 44
CORN-SPIRITS. The primitive, 139
CORNWALL. Phœnicians in, 331
COSMOGONY. Babylonian, 70-87;
Jastrow's opinion, 84;
type of, 84-87
CREATION. Babylonian myth of, 70-87;
story of, in Genesis;
myths found in Egyptian papyri;
and that in the _Popol Vuh_, 70;
Seven Tablets of, 71;
of man, by Merodach, 80, 81;
legend; Apsu and Tiawath in, 193;
'Cuthæan legend of --,' 294-296;
common origin of Biblical and Babylonian accounts of, 323
CTES'I-AS. His tale _re_ Parsondes, 146-149;
reference to, 367
CUNE-I-FORM TEXTS. Merodach and, 200
CUNEIFORM WRITING. _See_ Writing
CUSH, or CASH. _See_ equivalent, Chus
CU'THAH. Temple of Nergal at, 82, 94, 105, 296
CU-THÆ'AN LEGEND, THE. Of creation, 294-296
CYAXARES. Scythian king of Ecbatana, 36;
son of, dethroned by Achæmenidæ, 333
CYBE'LÉ. The mother-goddess, 132
CYPRUS. Among the conquests of Sargon, 18;
communication between Babylonia and island of, 19;
worship of Ashtart at, 327
CYRUS, KING. The worship of Bel and, 98-101
CYRUS THE PERSIAN. Invasion of Babylonia by, 41;
the pretended avenger of Bel-Merodach, 41;
Cambyses, son of, 41;
conqueror of Babylon and saviour of Merodach's honour, 378

D

DA'DA. Abbreviated form of Abd-Hadad;
resemblances between Hadad, Dido, Davad, and, 189-191;
Shalmaneser (II) speaks of, 189
DAG'AN. Palestinian form of Dagon;
a fish-god, same as Oannes or Ea, 216, 217;
associated with Bel, 217;
Anu and, 198
DAG'ON. God Atargatus worshipped under the name of, 27;
a fish-god, 151, 152;
an Amorite deity, 325
DAM'AS. One of the two eunuchs appointed to watch Rhodanes and Sinonis, 57
DAM-AS'CI-US. The last of the Neoplatonists, 72;
author of _Doubts and Solutions of the First Principles_, 73
DAM-AS'CUS. Worship of Hadad at, under name of Rimmon, 189;
worship of Ramman in, 220
DAM'KU. One of the lesser Babylonian gods, 229
DAN'I-EL. Babylonian appellation, Belteshazzar, 37;
Nebuchadrezzar and, 37-40;
Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego companions of, 38;
reference to a corrupted story of the deliverance of the three Hebrew
princes recorded by, 53;
Book of, 97;
the worship of Bel and, 98-101
DA'ON. The shepherd king of Pantibiblon, 112
DA-O'NUS or DAOS. King of Babylonia, _vide_ Berossus, 127
DAR-I'US. Babylonia independence recovered after death of, 41;
defeated at Arbela, 378
DA'VID. Resemblances between Hadad, Dáda, Dido, and, 189-191;
variants, Dod, Dodo, 190
DAW-KI'NA. Belos (Bel-Merodach), the son of Ea, and, 73;
saved from the deluge, 115;
Ishtar identified with, 127, 137;
consort of Ea, 197
DE MORGAN. Unearths monument of Naran-Sin at Susa, 17;
copy of Khammurabi's code found by, 21
DE SAR'ZEC, ERNEST. French vice-consul at Basra;
diorite statues of Gudea (2700 B.C.) found by, 47;
excavations of, at Tellô, 355, 356;
_Découvertes en Chaldée par_, reference to, 356
DEAD. The doctrine of ministering to, 181;
often left unburied in Babylonia, 269;
attitude of Burmese to, 269;
Canaanites and cult of the, 326;
Persians and their, 336;
Parsis and their, 336;
'House of the --,' at Nippur, 362
DELLA VALLE, PIETRO. Cuneiform writing and, 61
DELPHI. Worshippers of Apollo send offerings to, 330
DELUGE, THE. Berossus' account of, 42-45;
reference to account of, in _Gilgamesh Epic_, 42;
analogies with Flood Myth, 45, 46;
Babylonian and Hebrew story of, have a common origin, 45, 323;
myth of, 112, 173-178;
refugees saved from--Ea, etc., 115
DEMETER. Tanit compared with, 330
DEMONOLOGY. Of Babylonia and Assyria, 257-288
DEMONS. Many Babylonian gods evolved from, 268;
Babylonian, described, 276-278
DESTINY. Mammetum, the maker of, 173;
Zu and the Tablets of, 193-195;
the Lia Fail, the Stone of, reference to, 248
DEVIL-S. Possession by, 262
DI-A'NA. Goddess, 235, 319
DI-BARR'A. A variant of Nergal, 106;
a Babylonian deity placed in the Assyrian pantheon, 229
DI'DO. Resemblances between Hadad, Dáda, David, and, 189-191;
Queen of Carthage, 329;
Tanit identified with, 331
DIS. Variant of Belus, 114
DIVINATION. Practice of, by Babylonians and Assyrians, 281-288;
Shamash, Hadad, and Rimmon, 'lords of --,' 283;
Phœnicians' belief in, 329
DIVINITIES, TRIBAL. The most outstanding, 94
DIVS. Arch-demons and demons, 334
DOD OR DODO. _See_ David;
worship of, by the side of Yahveh, 190
DOG-S. The, in Babylonia;
five hounds of Assur-bani-pal, 290, 291;
legend of a, 291, 292
DRAGON, THE. Bel and, 71;
China and, 80;
in Egypt, it is the serpent Apep, 80;
in India, the serpent Vritra (Ahi), 80;
in Australia and in parts of N. America a great frog, 80;
Beowulf and, 80;
Faffnir and, 80;
legend of Bel and, in the Apocrypha, 97;
Merodach's, 186;
the, in Zoroaster's religion, 337
DREAM-S. Nebuchadrezzar's, and Daniel, 37-40;
of Gyges, King of Lydia, 302, 303
DU-MU-ZI. A contraction of Du-mu-zi-apsu;
name of Tammuz derived from, 126
DUN'GI. Gudea vassal of the throne of, 19
DYNASTY. 'The First, of Babylon,' 21;
a Kassite, founded by Kandis, 21;
the First, of Ur, 101;
Khumbaba, and an Elamite, 166;
reference to Kassite, 248;
the Hammurabi, 325;
the Seleucidæ and the Arsacidæ, 333

E

E'A, OR O'AN-NES. The Babylonian god of light and wisdom, 14;
held sway at Eridu, 14;
legendary father of Semiramis, 25;
source of all things and, 72;
Apsu (Zigarun), mother of, 72;
variant, Nudimmud, 73;
Tiawath and, 76;
Merodach and, 79;
displaced politically by Merodach, 86, 199;
name of Jonah may be compared with that of, 87;
fish-form of, 93;
the God of the deep, 93;
Eridu, city of, 94;
temple of, 102;
the god of the waters and of the abyss, 111-116;
father of Merodach, 111, 191;
Greek name, Oannes, 111;
instructions tending to humanize mankind, 112, 113;
writings of, 113-116;
myth _re_ creation of world and, 115;
variant, Nin-a-gal, 116;
variant, En-ki, 116;
Adapa, son of, 116;
Dagon (Dagan) same as, 151, 152, 216, 217;
Ut-Napishtim instructed by, 174, 176;
in later times, 191-193;
Dawkina, consort of, 197;
identified with a star in the constellation Argo, 236;
eclipses and, 255;
demons and name of, 263;
gazelles and, 292
EA-BA'NI. Goddess Aruru and, 86;
temple maiden Ukhut and, 129, 163;
typifies primitive man in Gilgamesh epic, 155, 159, 160;
the monster Khumbaba and, 158;
slain by wrath of Ishtar, 158;
shade of, appears to Gilgamesh, 160;
a sort of satyr, 163;
the beguiling of, 163, 164;
Gilgamesh meets, 164-166;
death of, 170;
Gilgamesh laments, 179;
ghost of, designated _utukku_, 181
EAGLE. Symbol of Kis, 294, 296;
Babylonian fable _re_ the, 296-298
EA-LUR. Goddess;
amalgamated with Zarpanitum, 186
E-ANNA. Temple of, at Erech, 250
E-ANNA-TUM. Shamash first mentioned in reign of, 109;
'stele of vultures' erected by, discovered by de Sarzec, 355
EARTH. The _Annunaki_, the spirits of, 90;
-mother, worship of, 318, 319
E-BABB'ARA. 'The shining house';
name of Shamash's sanctuary, 109, 249
EC-BA-TA'NA. Cyaxares, the Scythian king of, 36
ECLIPSE. Terror of, to Babylonians, 255, 256;
the fatal, in case of Assur-Dan III, 307-309
E'DOM. Worship of Hadad extended from Carchemish to, 189
E-GIG-UN-NÛ. 'House of the Tomb';
the temple-tower of Nippur, 362
EGYPT. Semitic immigrants in, 15;
conquered by Semiramis, 26;
Esar-haddon wars with, 31;
Nebuchadrezzar invades, 37;
cult of Ishtar in, 124;
Semitic religion in, 331;
excavations in, 339
E-KUR. The temple of, 248, 253;
temples of E-Sagila and, 249
E'LAM-ITES. Northern Mesopotamia and, overcome by Sargon, 17;
yoke of, thrown off by Khammurabi, 20;
name of Khumbaba argues enmity between Babylon and, 166;
Assur-bani-pal and gods of the, 204;
votive object from, 248
EL-BUGÂT. Feast of, 134
EL-IS'SA. Dido confounded with, 190
_Elôhim_. Term employed in Genesis, 327
EN-KI. Variant of Ea, 116
EN-LIL. The god, 14;
temple of, unearthed, 47;
Merodach and, 84;
earlier name of Bel, 95-97;
a god of vegetation, 96;
symbol of winged bull represents, 97;
word _lil_ signifies a 'demon,' 97;
Beltis (Nin-lil), wife of, 101;
Hadad resembled, 188;
Ramman, son of, 221;
temple of E-Kur sacred to, 248
EN-MASH'TI. Name of Ninib translated by Canaanites as, 326
E'NOCH, BOOK OF. Quoted, 294
E'NOS. Son of Seth, 232
EPH'ES-US. Patroness of, and Diana, 235
EP-I-PHA'NI-US. His allegations _re_ Nimrod, 49
ER'ECH. Part of Nimrod's kingdom, 49;
temple of, 82;
Dibarra plunders, 106-109;
centre of Ishtar's cult, 124;
Gilgamesh, prince of, 154;
temple of Ishtar at, 248
ER'ESH-KI-GAL (Allatu). The mistress of Hades, 129
ER-I-DU. Babylonian civilization grouped round, 14;
the home of Ea, or Oannes, the god of light and wisdom, 14;
Ur a near neighbour of, 15;
culture of, and Babylon, 15;
'magical' hymns emanated from, 68;
worshippers of Ea at, 72;
temple of Ea at, 111;
the deluge and, 116;
supremacy of, passes to Babylon, 199;
Merodach originated at, 200
E-SAG-I'LA. Nabonidus and the priests of, 41;
Nebo's shrine, E-Zila, in temple of, 185;
name of Merodach's temple at Babylon, 200;
temples of E-Kur and, 249;
temple of, 250, 368, 374, 375
E-SAGILA. Tower in Babylon, 47, 374, 375
E'SAR-HAD'DON. Son of Sennacherib, 31;
Assur-bani-pal succeeded, as King of Assyria, 34;
Ishtar and, 212;
'the most likeable' of the Assyrian kings, 306, 307;
palace built by, unearthed by Layard, 343
ESHMÛN. The god of force and healing, 328, 330
ESHMUN-MEL'KARTH. Phœnician combination, 328
ES'THER. Ishtar and, 124, 140-144;
Book of, why written, 141;
equivalent, Ishtar, 142;
Lang, on story of, 142, 143;
Xerxes and, 143;
variant, Hadassah, 143;
Dr Jastrow on Book of, 143
ET-A'NA. The legend of, 195
ETHICS. Babylonian and Assyrian, 337, 338
ETHNOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES. Between the peoples of the northern and
southern culture-groups, 203
EUPHRATES,
1. River, 177, 368, 369;
2. Bridge, 375
EUPH-RA'TES-TIG'RIS. Valley;
civilization of, influenced Semitic field, 92
EU-SE'BI-US. Sanchuniathon, Philo, and, 329
EXCAVATION-S. Modern, in Babylonia and Assyria, 339-366;
in Egypt, 339;
map relating to, in Babylonia and Assyria, 341;
at Nineveh by George Smith, 347-354;
at Kouyunjik by Rassam, 354, 355;
of de Sarzec at Tellô, 355, 356;
Babylonian Exploration Fund instituted in America, 356-366;
under control of the University of Pennsylvania, 360-366;
recent, by German Oriental Society, 367-377
E-ZI'DA.
1. Temple of Nabu at, 250;
discovered by Rawlinson 346;
2. Great tower of Nabu, 375
E-ZILA. 'The firm house'; Nebo's shrine in temple of E-Sagila, 185

F

FABLE. A Babylonian, _re_ the eagle, 296-298 FATE-S. The great gods Annunaki decree, 173; the Chamber of, 185, 252, 253 FATHER-SKY. Of primitive mythologies, 196 FEAST-S. The Jewish, of Purim, 140; Babylonian, 251, 252 FESTIVAL-S. Of Adonis, 135; of the Sacæa or Zakmuk, 141; New Year; Nebo and, 185; Babylonian; _Zag-muku_, sacred to Bau, 251, 252; Scottish-Celtic, of Beltane, 317. FIELD. An expert Assyriologist, 358 FIRE-GOD. Gibil, the, 225 FIRE-WORSHIP. The central feature of Zoroastrian ritual, 335 FISHER, MR. Architect in American exploration campaign, 360 FLOOD. _See_ Deluge. FRA-VASH'I. Guardian spirit of the Persians, 336 FRAZER, SIR JAMES. On the Greek way of representing Ashurbanapal (_i.e._ Sardanapalus), 32; on the real and the mock Sardanapalus, 34; Tammuz, and his _Golden Bough_, 134; Ishtar and, 137; feast of Purim and, 140; on Vashti, 143 FRESNEL. French exploration expedition and, 347

G

GARDENS, HANGING. Of Babylon, 371
GAR'MUS. King of Babylon;
romance of Sinonis and, 56-60;
Rhodanes and, 56-60
GATHAS. The most ancient part of the Avesta, 333
GA-TUM-DUG. Goddess; allied form of Bau, 145
GA'ZA. Temple of Dagon at, 151
GAZELLE. Goat and, gods, 292-294
GEM'I-NI, SIGN. Gilgamesh and Eabani some relation to the, 182
GENESIS, BOOK OF. Reference to, _re_ Nimrod, 49;
creation story in, 70, 289;
Abbé Loisy and, 322, 323;
term _elohim_ in, 327
GERMANY. Goat-demon adored in, 293
GHOSTS. Assyrian, 277, 278
GI'BI. Prayer and the god, 68
GIB'IL. The god of fire;
Nusku and, 225
GILGAMESH. Hero;
Nimrod identified with, 50, 156;
epic; goddess Aruru figures in, 86;
prince of Erech, 154-183;
provisional name _Gisdhubar_, or _Izdubar_, 156;
Shamash and, 156;
birth of, related by Ælian, 156;
Rimatbelit, mother of, 158;
shade of Eabani appears to, 160;
Ishtar's love for, 167, 168;
mourning the loss of Eabani, 170;
his quest for the secret of perpetual life, 170-173;
his ancestor, Ut-Napishtim, 170;
Sin delivers, 170;
seeks from Ut-Napishtim the secret of perpetual life, 173-180;
Adad-Ea and, 178, 179
GIL-GA'MESH EPIC, THE. Account of deluge in, reference to, 42;
one of the greatest literary productions of ancient Babylonia, 154-183;
Ishtar in, 213
GIR'SU. Beltis' sanctuary at, 101
GIS-DHU'BAR or IZDU'BAR. Gilgamesh's provisional name, 156
GISH-ZI'DA. One of the guardians of the gates of heaven, 118
GOATS. Gazelle and, gods, 292-294
GOD-S. Ea, or Oannes, 14, 25, 72, 73, 76, 79, 86, 87, 93, 94, 102,
111-116, 216, 229;
En-lil, 14, 47, 84, 95-97, 101;
Babylonian kings the direct vice-regents of the, on earth, 17;
Babylonian, Merodach, 41, 47, 50, 68, 76-82, 81, 84, 86, 93, 94,
103, 106, 184-198, 199-202;
Bel, Babylonian sun-, 41, 196, 197;
the birth of the, 71-87;
Tiawath, Apsu, and Mummu, a trinity of, 74;
Horus, reference to, 75;
Kingu; Tiawath and, 75;
Merodach, the creator of the, 82;
Semites and, 89;
spirits and, in ancient Babylonia, 89-91;
Anu, most ancient of Babylonian, 90, 121-123, 197, 198, 217;
invoked by Assyrian kings, 90;
Kis, the sun-, 93, 294;
under animal forms, 92, 93;
the great, 93-153;
Sin, moon-, 94, 109, 128, 170, 325;
tribal divinities, 94;
pantheon that held sway prior to Khammurabi, 94, 95;
description of Bel, 96;
a trinity of (Bel, Ea, and Anu), 97;
Sibi, 108;
Shamash, the sun-, 41, 94, 109, 187, 222, 223, 325;
Nergal, 82, 94, 105, 106, 151, 180, 235, 326, 328, 329;
Adapa, 116-121;
Ishtar, 123-144;
Tammuz, sun-god of Eridu, 126-144;
Ishtar and Persephone, 131-135;
Nin-Girsu, 144;
Bau, 144;
Pap-sukal, messenger of the, 130;
Ga-tum-dug, 145;
Nannar, the moon-god of Ur, 145-149;
Dagon, a fish-, 151, 152, 216, 217, 325;
Nirig, or Enu-Res-tu, 153;
Gilgamesh, a sun-, 157;
Eabani, a sun-, 159;
Later Pantheon of Babylonia, 184-198;
Nebo, 184-186, 326;
Ramman, 187-189, 195, 217-222, 325;
Hadad or Adad, 187-191, 325;
Baal, a sun-, 189, 327, 328;
Dáda, Dido, Dodo, 189-191;
Zu, a storm-, 193-195;
Merodach originally a sun-, 199;
the great, of Assyria, 205-229;
Asshur, 94, 124, 206-211;
Nin-ib, war-god and hunter-, 214-216, 326;
the moon-, 94, 109, 128, 170, 180, 223, 224;
Nusku, 224, 225;
Gibil, the fire-, 225;
Bel-Merodach, 225;
prisoner-, 225, 226;
Belit alluded to as 'Mother of the Great --', 228;
procession of--_see_ illustration, 230;
ideograph the same for 'star' and, 234;
planets identified with, 235;
Nabu and Merodach, 228;
Dibbarra, 229;
Damku and Sharru-Ilu, 229;
many Babylonian, evolved from demons, 268;
gazelle- and goat-, 292-294;
Hellenic departmental, 315;
departmental characteristics of the, of Babylonia and Assyria, 315, 316;
general equivalent, '_el_,' used by Canaanites and Hebrews, 325, 326;
of light--Uru, 325;
of the Phœnicians, 327-329;
Resheph, a Canaanite, 326, 328;
Melkarth of Tyre, 327;
Ashtart, 326, 327, 330;
Eshmun, god of vital force, 328;
Moloch, 328;
Carthaginian Moloch, 330;
Patechus, a monster, 330;
Illat, 330;
Sakon, 330;
Tsaphon, 330;
of Babylon more dignified than those of the Greeks or Norsemen, 338;
the Twilight of the, 377-380
GODDESS-ES. Ishtar, 28, 94, 101, 106, 107, 111, 123-144, 158,
165-168, 176, 211-214, 326;
'Ishtar' a generic designation for, 124;
Nanâ and Anunit, 124;
Samkhat -- of joy, 131;
Cybele, the mother-, 132;
Bau, 'mother of Lagash,' 144, 145;
Ga-tum-dug, allied form of Bau, 14;
Azalu, 149-151;
Sabitu, a sea-, 172;
Ealur, amalgamated with Zarpanitum, 186;
Innana or Ninni, 187;
Dawkina, 197;
worship of great mother, 318, 319;
Tanith, 328;
Ashtart, 326, 327, 328;
Isis (Astarte), 328;
Tanit, the moon, 330;
Rabbat Umma, 330;
Tanit, 330
GRAIN-GOD. Nebo as, 186
GREECE. Cult of Ishtar in, 124
GREEKS. Babylonia ruled over by, 378
GROTEFEND, GEORG. Cuneiform writing and, 62-64
GU-BARR'A. Prayer and god, 68
GU-DE'A. A vassal of the throne of Dungi, 19;
high-priest of Lagash, 19;
his building and architectural ability, 19, 247;
diorite statues of, found by de Sarzec, 47;
Bau alluded to in ancient inscriptions of, 144;
worship of Innana by, 187;
Nin-girsu favourite of, 251;
hepatoscopy and, 283;
de Sarzec and, 355
GU'LA. Consort of Ninib, 216
GY'GES. King of Lydia;
Assur-bani-pal and, 302, 303;
George Smith's discoveries _re_, 352

H

HABB'AC-UC. A prophet; sent to feed Daniel, 100 HA'DAD or ADAD. Ramman or Rimmon identified with, 187-191; resemblances between Dáda, Dido, David and, 189-191; the supreme Baal, 189; a Canaanitish god, 325 HA'DAD-NA'DIN-AKHI. Placed on throne of Babylon by Assur-nazir-pal, 23; kills the Assyrian monarch, Bel-kudur-uzur, 23 HAD-ASS'AH. Variant of Esther, 143 HA'DES. Descent of Ishtar into, 125, 126, 128-131; Eresh-ki-gal (Allatu), mistress of, 129 HAL'LA-BI. Innana's temple at, 187 HAM'AN. The Book of Esther and, 141; accepted identity with Humman or Homman, 142 HAMMURABI. Dynasty, 325 HAN'NI-BAL. Carthaginian hero, 330, 332; Baal's name in, 330 HA-O'MA. Deposited on the celestial mountain, 335 HAR-AN'. Abram's youngest brother, 52 HAR' RAN. A centre of lunar adoration, 250, 283 HAS'DRU-BAL. Carthaginian hero; Baal's name in, 330 HAUG, DR. Translator of the Gāthās, 333 HAYNES. Excavations of, at Nippur, 360-366 HAYNES, MR J.H. Sent in 1889 to excavate at Nippur, 47 HEAVEN. The _Igigi_ the spirits of, 90 HEBREW-S. 1. Symbol; the serpent the, for mischief, 285; 2. Religion; Babylonian influence upon, 321, 322 HE-PAT-OS'CO-PY. Ritual and practice of, 282-288 HER'AC-LES. Melkarth equated with, 328 HER'CU-LES. Reference to, 87 HER-O'DOT-US. Statements of, _re_ Semiramis, 28; account of, _re_ temple of Bel, 101, 103; marriage customs in Babylonia described by, 312; reference to, 367, 374 HEZ-EK-I AH. King of Judah, 30, 37; Sennacherib's campaign against, 30; praise of, sung by Byron in his _Hebrew Melodies_, 30 HI-ER-A'POL-IS. Memorials of Semiramis preserved at, 27 HILPRECHT, PROFESSOR. An expert Assyriologist, 345, 357, 360-363 HINKS, REV. EDWARD. Language found at Persepolis deciphered by, 65 HO'RUS. The Egyptian god of light; Tiawath reminds of, 75 'HOUSE OF NO RETURN.' Equivalent, Hades, 126 HUITZILOPOCHTLI (pron. _Hweet-zil-o-potch-tlee_). Reference to, 144 HUR-AK-ÂN. The storm-god alluded to in the _Popol Vuh_, 97 HYMN-S. To Adar, 68; to Nebo, 69; to Nusku, 69; 'magical,' emanated from Eridu, 68; Akkadian, in which Tammuz is addressed, 126; of Khammurabi, 219; to Ramman, 220

I

I-AM'BLI-CHUS. Author of a _Babylonica_, 56
IDOLATRY. Legend _re_ origin of, 232;
Laban's images, 266-268
_IG'I-GI_, THE. Spirits of heaven, 90
IK-SU'DA (Grasper). Attendant hound of Merodach, 202
IL-A-BRAT. Minister of Anu, 117
ILL'AT. Carthaginian deity, 330
IL-TE'HU (Holder). Attendant hound of Merodach, 202
IMAGE-S. Stars and, 233
IM-GÛR-BEL. City of, 354
'INCANTATION OF ERIDU.' The ceremony of the, 270
INDIA-NS. Semiramis makes war on Strabrobates, King of, 26, 27;
followers of Zarathustra fled to; descendants, the Parsis of, 334;
Araucanian, of Chile, 336
IN'ESH. The pilot of Eridu, 115
IN'MAR-MA'ON. City of, 108
INSCRIPTION-S. Of Shalmaneser I, 351;
of Tukulti-ninip, 351
IR'KAL-LA. The abode of;
the house of darkness, 128, 169
IR'NI-NA. A form of Ishtar, 165
IS-AI'AH. Jerusalem described by, 191;
reference to Sargon's expedition against Ashdod mentioned by, 350
ISH'NU, Ura's counsellor, 269
ISH'TAR. Goddess;
fame of Semiramis mingled with that of the, 28;
goddess of Nineveh, 94, 212;
court of Zamama and, 101;
witnesses plunder of Erech by Dibarra, 106, 107;
both male and female, 111;
significance, 123-144;
generic designation for goddess, 124;
equivalents, Ashteroth or Astarte, 124, 327;
cult of Aphrodite began in that of, 124;
Esther and, 124, 140-144;
identified with Venus, 124, 235;
identified with Nin-lil, 124;
the consort of Asshur, 125;
descent into Hades of, 125-126;
war-goddess, 127, 213, 214;
consort of Tammuz, 127;
consort of Merodach and Assur, 127;
identified with Dawkina, 137;
a goddess of vegetation, 137, 138;
slays Eabani, 158;
Ir-nina a form of, 165;
love of, for Gilgamesh, 167, 168;
Anu father of, 168;
Anatu mother of, 168;
Lady of 'the Gods,' 176;
Assyrians and, 211-214;
Assur-nazir-pal and, 214;
confusion between Belit and, 228;
Aphrodite and, connected, 235;
sixth month sacred to, 236;
temple of E-anna dedicated to, 250;
magic and, 258;
variant, Ashtart, 326, 327, 330;
great gate of, discovered by Dr Koldewey, 372
ISH'UM. Attendant of Dibarra, 106-108
I'SIS. Osiris and, 133;
journey to, as Astarte, 328
ISRAELITES. Worship of Dodo, or Dod, by the side of Yahveh, by the, 190
I'YAR. The second month, sacred to Ea, 236
IZ-DU'BAR or GISDHUBAR. Provisional name of Gilgamesh, 156

J

JA'COB. Laban and, 267
JE-HO'IA-KIM. King of Jerusalem; Nebuchadrezzar puts to death, 37
JE'HU. Son of Omri (_sic_);
obelisk of Shalmaneser and, 343
JEN'SEN. View of, _re_ Hamon, 142, 143;
explanation of, _re_ Ninib, 216
JERUSALEM. Reference to deliverance of, from Sennacherib, 30;
King Nebuchadrezzar wars against, 37;
Isaiah describes, 191
JEW-S. Nebuchadrezzar leads into captivity, 37;
feast of Purim and, 140;
Mordecai name of a real, 143
JEWISH. Religion;
Babylonian influence on, 319-329
JO'NAH. Story of, and supposed allusion to Babylonian cosmology, 86;
Tiawath and the 'fish' of, 87
JOP'PA. Place, 86
JUDAISM. Initiated by the Semitic race, 313
JU'PIT-ER. The planet;
represented Merodach, 202, 235;
controlled stars under name Nibir, 235;
the 'Planet of the Bull of Light,' 290

K

KAA'BA (Temple). The celebrated, at Mecca, 52
KAN'DIS. A Kassite dynasty founded by, 21
_Kas'sa-pu_ or _Kas'sap-tu_. Names by which the wizard and
the witch were known, 261
KASS'ITE. Dynasty;
founded by Kandis, 21;
King of Babylonia marries daughter of Assur-yuballidh of Assyria, 22;
dynasty, reference to, 248;
rulers and temple at Nippur, 248;
votive objects found by Dr Peters, 358, 359, 364, 365
KHAM-MUR-A'BI THE GREAT.
Most famous name in Babylonian history, 20;
art and literature blossomed under care of, 20;
is to be regarded as the Babylonian Alfred, 21;
pantheon that held sway prior to, 94;
worship of Merodach and, 184;
Nebo, Tashmit, and, 186;
Shamash and, 187;
goddess Innana or Ninni and, 187;
age of, fertile in writers, 192;
Hymn of--Ramman and Shamash appealed to in, 219;
builder of sanctuaries, 247;
city of, discovered, 376
KHARSAG-KURKURA. 'Mountain of the World,' 362
KHI-KHI. Mountain of, 108
KHOR'SA-BAD. City;
residence of Asshur, 207;
M. Botta and mounds of, 339;
Victor Place's work at, 340
KHUM'BA-BA. Monster, overcome by Gilgamesh and Eabani, 158, 160, 166, 167
KHUR'SAG KUR'KUR-A. The birthplace of the gods, 242
KID'MU-RU. Ishtar's shrine in, 212
KING, PROFESSOR, 371, 376
KING-S. Of Babylonia and Assyria--Sargon of Akkad, 16-21, 47, 210,
211, 340, 350, 352;
'of the Four Zones'--Naram-Sin, 17;
of Ur--Dungi, 19;
of Lagash--Gudea, 19;
of Babylonia--Khammurabi the Great, 20, 21, 109;
of Babylonia (Kassite dynasty)--Kandis, 21;
of Egypt--Amen-hetep IV, 22;
of Babylonia--Burna-buryas, 22;
of Assyria--Shalmaneser I, 22, 351;
of Assyria--Tukulti-in-Aristi, 22;
of Babylon--Bitilyasu, 22;
of Babylon--Hadad-nadin-akhi, 23;
of Assyria--Bel-kudur-uzur, 23;
of Assyria--Tiglath-pileser I, 23, 346;
of Assyria--Assur-nazir-pal III, 23, 214-216, 223, 343, 351;
of Assyria--Shalmaneser II, 24, 343, 351;
of Israel--Ahab, 24;
of Assyria--Samsi-Rammon, 24;
of Assyria--Ninus, 25;
of Armenia--Barsanes, 25;
of India--Strabrobates, 26;
'of the World, etc., etc.'--Semiramis, 29;
of Assyria--Tiglath-pileser III, 29;
of Assyria--Shalmaneser IV, 30;
of Judah--Hezekiah, 30, 37;
of Assyria--Sennacherib, 30;
of Assyria--Esar-haddon, 31, 306, 307, 343, 350;
of Assyria--Assur-bani-pal (Sardanapalus), 31, 32, 301-306, 346;
of Assyria--Ashurbanapal, 33;
of Assyria--Sin-sar-iskin, 36;
of Ecbatana--Cyaxares, 36;
of Babylonia--Nebuchadrezzar II, 36-40, 47, 104;
of Babylonia--Nabonidus, 40, 249;
Cyrus the Persian, 41;
of Babylon--Cambyses, 41;
Alexander the Great, 42;
of Chaldea--Nimrod, 52;
Rammannirari I, 90;
of Persia--Cyrus, 98;
Daon, the shepherd, of Pantibiblon, 112;
of Persia--Xerxes, 141;
of Babylonia--Sokkaros, 157;
of Babylonia--Mili-Shikhu, 187;
the Moabite--Mesha, 190;
of Ashdod--Azuri, 210, 211;
of Babylonia, and soothsayers, 260;
tales of Babylonian and Assyrian, 299-312;
Nabu-Usabi, King of Sarrapanu, 300;
Gyges, King of Lydia, 302;
Tiglath-pileser II, 299-301;
of Assyria--Assur-Dan III, 308;
of Assyria--Adad-Narari IV, 308;
a royal 'day,' 309-312;
of Assyria--Ur-Gur, 359, 366;
of Assyria--Ur-Ninib, 366
KIN'GU. God;
'only husband' of Tiawath, 75;
bound by Merodach, 78;
son of Tiawath, 194
KIS. The Babylonian sun-god, 93, 294
KI'SAR. God;
birth of, 71
KOLDEWEY, DR. German explorer, 356, 367;
great gate of Ishtar discovered by, 372;
temple of E-Sagila and, 374, 375
_Kosmologie_. Jensen's, 216
KOU-YUN-JIK. M. Botta and mound of, 339;
Layard's searches in mound of, 344, 345;
George Smith's excavations at, 351;
Rassam's excavations at, 354, 355
KUK-UL-CAN. Reference to the god, 224

L

LAB'AN. Jacob and, 267
LAB'AR-TU. The hag-demon, 271, 277
LADY OF THE GODS. Ishtar the, 176
LAG'ASH. The modern Tel-lo, earliest Semite monuments come from, 16;
the priests of became kings, 16;
Gudea high-priest of, 19, 355;
Bau 'mother of,' 145
LA'HA-MÉ. God;
birth of, 71
LAH'MU. God;
birth of, 71
LAM-AS'SU. A spirit of similar type to the Sedu, 277
LAMENTATION-S. For Tammuz, 135, 136, 140;
Rituals, 253-255
LANGUAGE. The Akkadian, 13, 14;
Babylonian priesthood preserved old Akkadian tongue as a sacred, 14;
Sumerians borrowed from rich Semitic tongue, 15;
cuneiform writing, 60-66, _see_ Writing;
Median, 65;
Susian, 65;
Assyrian, 65;
Longpérier's translation of Assyrian, 66;
of Babylonia and Assyria, compared, 205
LAR'SA. Shamash worshipped at, 109;
Khammurabi's improvements at, 187
LA'YARD, Sir HENRY. Assur-bani-pal's library at Nineveh and, 35, 46;
archæological researches at Nineveh, 46, 155, 344, 346;
researches of, at Nimrûd, 340, 342-344, 346
LEGEND-S. Jewish, _re_ Abram and Nimrod, 51;
Persian, _re_ Abram and Nimrod, 52, 53;
the creation, 193-195;
of Etana, 195;
of the origin of star-worship, 232-3;
the, of Ura, 268-270;
of a dog, 291, 292;
'Cuthæan, of creation,' 294-6
LENORMANT. Hebrew and Assyrian poetry and, 322
LEO, SIGN OF. Recalls the slaying of Khumbaba, 182
LETTER-S. Franked by clay seals bearing name of Sargon, 18
LEVI, ELIPHAS. The Baphomet goat and, 293
LIA FAIL, THE. The Stone of Destiny; reference to, 248
LIBRARY. Assur-bani-pal's, 35, 46, 71, 261, 282, 346;
the temple in 'Tablet Hill,' 363
LIGHT. Merodach and Tiawath, and the primal strife between darkness and, 79
LITERATURE. Babylonian art and, under Khammurabi the Great, 20;
Assur-bani-pal and Babylonian, 35;
sacred, of Babylonia, 67-69
LIVER-READING. By priests, 281-283
LOFTUS, WILLIAM KENNET. Successor of Mr Hormuzd Rassam, 346, 347
LO'KI. God of fire; Nergal not unlike, 106
LU'GAL-BAN'DA. Storm-bird god; like Prometheus, 93
LU'GAL-ZUG-GI'SI. King of Erech; famous text of, found by Hilprecht, 366

M

MAAT. Reference to, 222
MAGI. Confounded by Zoroaster, 333
MAGICAL TEXTS. Dawkina alluded to in the, 197;
Anu mentioned in, 198;
of Babylonia and Assyria, 257, 288;
alluded to in Bible, 266, 267;
circle, the, 275, 276
MAGICIAN-S. The word of power and, 263;
Ea, the great, of the gods, 268
MAHOMET-AN. 'Baphomet' a corruption of, 293;
conquest, 333
MAI-MON'I-DES. Jewish rabbi, friend of Averroes;
his commentary on the _Mischnah_, 232
'MAK'LU.' A series of texts known as, 261
_Mam'it_. Equivalent for taboo, 278
MAM-MET'UM. The maker of destiny, 173
MAN-KIND. Creation of, by Merodach, 80, 81;
goddess Aruru assists in the creation of, 82, 86;
humanizing of, 112, 113
MARAZION. Signifies in Semitic, 'Hill by the Sea,' 331
MAR-CHESH-UAN. Merodach's month, 251
MAR'DUK. _See_ Merodach, 175, 200
MARRIAGE. Customs in Babylonia, 312
MARS. Identified with Nergal, 235
MAS'HU. The Mountain of Sunset, 171
MAZ'DA. One of the spiritual powers in Zoroaster's religion, 337
MEC'CA. Reference to the celebrated Kaaba (temple) at, 52
MEDE. Zoroaster a, 333
ME'DI-A. Subdued by Ninus, 25
MEDICINE. Ea, a god of, 192
MEG-ID'DO. The Canaanitish fortress of, 189
ME-LI'LI
1. Queen; wife of Benani, 82;
2. Mother of the monsters, 295, 296
MEL'I-SHIP'OK II. Houses found dating from period of, 376
MELK ('KING'). Variant of Moloch, 328
MEL'KARTH. Phœnician god of Tyre, 327, 328;
worship of, in Carthage, 330
MEL'KARTH-RESH'EF. Phœnician combination, 328
MEM-AN-GAB. Leader of the monsters, 295, 296
MEM'PHIS. Assyrians enter, 31
MEN'KES MOUND, 376
MER-AG-A'GA. Variant of Merodach, 202
MER'CURY. Identified with Nabu, 235
MER'OC. Yaran flees to, 210, 211
MER'O-DACH. Babylonian god, 41;
temple of, 47, 374;
Nimrod identified with, 50;
prayer and god, 68;
Tiawath and, 76-82;
creates man, 81;
the central figure of a popular myth, 84;
god Ea displaced by, 86, 199;
may have been a bull-god, 93;
worshipped at Babylon, 94;
Asshur identified with, 94;
Nebuchadrezzar and, 104;
Diabarra and, 106;
the name Mordecai a form of, 142;
great festival of, the Zakmuk, 141;
worship of, first prominent in days of Khammurabi, 184-198;
association with Nebo, 184-186;
the Chamber of Fates in temple of, 185;
Zarpanitum, wife of, 186, 202;
supremacy of, 192;
variant Marduk, 194, 200;
Shamash and, 200;
variants, Amaruduk, Asari, Saragagam, and Mer-agaga, 202;
attendant hounds of, 202;
usurped place of Bel, 227;
Bel paired with, 228;
Jupiter, identified with, 235;
eighth month ruled over by, 237;
month Marcheshuan belonged to, 251;
eclipses and, 256;
demons and the name of, 263;
four dogs of, 291;
head of the Babylonian Pantheon, 377;
Nabonidus, 377
MER'O-DACH-BAL-A-DAN I. Houses found dating from period of, 376
MESH'A. The Moabite king; Chemosh, god of, 190
MESH'ACH. One of Daniel's companions, 38
MES-O-POT-A'MI-A. Elam and Northern --, overcome by Sargon, 17;
Semitic religion in, 331;
excavations in, 339, ff.;
George Smith dispatched to, 351;
recent research in, 366-376
MEXICO. Reference to religious system of ancient, 204;
reference to temples, on, 243
MIC'AH. Reference to his teraphim, 268
MIDDLE AGES. The Sabbatic goat of the witchcraft of the, 293
MI-LI-SHIK'HU. Babylonian monarch; Shamash and, 187
_Misch'nah_. Commentary on the, 232
MITANI. Provinces of, conquered by Shalmaneser I, 308
MITH'RA. Rashnu and, 337
MIT-RA-PHER'NES. Artaios' eunuch, 149
MOFFLAINES. Wood of, 293
MOHAMMEDANISM. Initiated by the Semitic race, 313, 332
MOLOCH. Magic and, 258;
worship of, in Phœnicia, 328;
worship of, in Carthage, as Baal-ammon, 330;
children sacrificed to, 331
MOMMU TI-A-WATH. The primeval ocean, 71. _See_ Moumis
MONSTER-S. Mythological animals and, of Chaldea, 289-298;
the dog, 290, 291;
invasion of the, 294-296;
Patechus, 330
MONTH-S. Titles of, by Babylonians, 236-238
MOON. Babylonian religion and, 236;
city; Ur, the, 249, 250;
Abram, probably a moon-worshipper, 249;
eclipses and the, 256
MOON-DEITIES. Osiris, 138;
Aphrodite, 138;
Proserpine, 138;
Phœnician Ashtoreth, 138;
Nannar, moon-god of Ur, 145-149;
Sin, 94, 109, 128, 170, 223, 224, 250;
Tanit, 330
MOR'DE-CA-I. The Book of Esther and, 141;
a form of Marduk or Merodach, 142
MOSÛL. M. Botta French Consul at, 339;
Layard's researches at, 340-344
MOTHER-EARTH. Of primitive mythologies, 197
MOTHER-GODDESS. Theory, 318, 319;
compounded of various types, 326
'MOTHER OF THE GREAT GODS,' Belit alluded to as, 228
MOU'MIS or MUM'MU. Son of Tiawath and Apsu, 73;
name at one time given to Tiawath, 73
MOUNTAIN. Of the Sunset, Gilgamesh journeys to, 158, 159, 171;
of the Sunrise, 253;
of the Earth, 305;
of the Wind, 362;
of the World, 362
MUL-LIL. The 'gazelle god' of Nippur, 292
MU-RASH'U AND SONS. Bankers and brokers at Nippur, 366
MU'RO. Worship of Ramman originated at, 220
MEYER, JOSEPH A. An American architect who assisted Haynes at Nippur, 365
MYRRH. Used at the Adonia festival, 136;
-tree and Adonis, 137
MYTH-S. Of Sardanapalus, reference to, 32;
analogies with Flood-, 45;
North American Indian, reference to, 46, 122;
Algonquin, reference to, 46;
Babylonian, of creation, 70-87;
confusing, connected with Ea, 112;
of deluge, 111, 173-178;
of Merodach and Tiawath, reference to, 78, 114, 199;
Mexican, reference to, 115;
Greek, reference to, 122, 315;
of Tammuz, 126-129;
Tammuz and Ishtar, groundwork of those of Greece and Rome, 131;
of Adonis, 131-133;
Egyptian, _re_ quest of Isis, 133;
Tammuz-Ishtar, 135;
various strata underlying the Gilgamesh, 159, 160;
of the slaughter of Tiawath, 201;
of Persephone and of Osiris, 201;
a toothache-, 262, 263;
Phœnician, little known _re_, 328;
Indo-Germanic, reminiscences in Zarathustra's religion, 334;
character of Babylonian, compared with that of Hellenic and
Scandinavian, 338

N