Chapter VIII: Myths and Tales of the Cymry (5)

KEELTA MAC RONAN. Summoned from the dead by Mongan, 81;
warrior and reciter, one of Finn’s chief men, 261;
St. Patrick and, 265, 266, 289;
Finn whispers the tale of his enchantment to, 280;
Oisīn and, resolve to part, 282;
meets St. Patrick, 282;
assists Oisīn bury Oscar, 307

KEEVAN OF THE CURLING LOCKS. Lover of Cleena, 127

KELTCHAR (kelt´yar). A lord of Ulster;
mac Datho’s boar and, 243

KENMARE RIVER. In Co. Kerry;
ancient name “Inverskena,” so called after Skena, 133

KENVERCH´YN. The three hundred ravens of, 399

KERRY. Murna marries King of, 256

KESAIR (kes´er). Gaulish princess, wife of King Ugainy the Great, 152;
grandmother of Maon, 153

KET. Son of Maga;
rallies to Maev’s foray against Ulster, 204;
slings Conall’s “brain ball” at Conor mac Nessa which seven years after
leads to his death, 240, 241;
the Boar of mac Datho and, 241-244;
death of, told in Keating’s “History of Ireland,” 244

KEVA OF THE WHITE SKIN. Daughter of Finn, given in marriage to Goll mac
Morna, 278

KIAN. Father of Lugh, 109;
brother of Sawan and Goban, 110;
the end of, 114

KICVA. Daughter of Gwynn Gohoyw, wife of Pryderi, 365, 373

KILHWCH (kil´hugh). Son to Kilydd and Goleuddydd;
story of Olwen and, 386-392;
accompanied on his quest (to find Olwen) by Kai, Bedwyr, Kynddelig,
Bedwyr (Bedivere), Gwrhyr, Gwalchmai, and Menw, 388-392

KILLARNEY, LAKES OF. Ancient name, Locha Lein, given to, by Len, 123

KILYDD. Husband of Goleuddydd, father of Kilhwch, 386, 387

KIMBAY (CIMBAOTH). Irish king;
reign of, and the founding of Emain Macha, 150;
brother of Red Hugh and Dithorba, 151;
compelled to wed Macha, 151

KING LEAR. “Historia Regum Britaniæ” furnished the subject of, 337, 338

KINGSBOROUGH, LORD. “Antiquities of Mexico,” example of cup-and-ring
markings reproduced in his book, 68

KNOWLEDGE. Nuts of, 256;
the Salmon of, 256

KYM´IDEU KYME´IN-VOLL. Wife of Llassar Llaesgyvnewid, 368

KYMON. A knight of Arthur’s court;
the adventure of, 394-399

KYN´DDELIG. One of Arthur’s servitors;
accompanies Kilhwch on his quest for Olwen, 388-392

KYOT (GUIOT). Provençal poet;
and Wolfram von Eschenbach, 408

L

LA TÈNE CULTURE. Relics found in Austria developed into, 29

LABRA THE MARINER. See Maon, 154

LAEG (layg). Cuchulain’s friend and charioteer, 183;
sent by Cuchulain to rouse men of Ulster, 213;
visits Fairyland to report on Fand, 226;
the Grey of Macha resists being harnessed by, 230;
slain by Lewy, 232

LAERY (lay´ry). 1. Son of King Ugainy the Great;
treacherously slain by his brother Covac, 152.
2. The Triumphant;
shrinks from test for the Championship of Ireland, 196;
mac Datho’s boar and, 243.
3. Son of Neill;
sees vision of Cuchulain, 239

LAIRGNEN (lerg-nen). Connacht chief, betrothed to Deoca;
seizes the Children of Lir, 142

LAKE OF THE CAULDRON. Place where Matholwch met Llassar Llaesgyvnewid and
his wife Kymideu Kymeinvoll, 367, 368

LAKE OF THE DRAGON’S MOUTH. Resort of Caer, 121;
Angus Ōg joins his love, Caer, at, 122

LAND OF THE DEAD. “Spain” a synonymous term, 130;
the western extremity of Great Britain is, according to ancient writer
cited by Plutarch, and also according to Procopius, 131

LAND OF THE LIVING. = Land of the Happy Dead, 96;
gifts which Lugh brought from, 113

LAND OF SHADOWS. Dwelling-place of Skatha;
Cuchulain at, 187-189

LAND OF THE WEE FOLK. See Wee Folk (otherwise, Faylinn), 246, &c.

LAND OF YOUTH. Identical with “Land of the Dead,” “Land of the Living,”
_q.v._;
See Mananan, 113, 125;
Cleena once lived in, 127;
Connla’s Well in, visited by Sinend, 129;
still lives in imagination of Irish peasant, 137;
mystic country of People of Dana after their dispossession by Children
of Miled, 156;
pagan conception of, referred to, 161;
lover from, visits Messbuachalla, to whom she bears Conary, 166, 167;
Oisīn sees wonders of, 272;
Oisīn returns from, 273;
“The Lady of the Fountain” and the, 395, 396

LAYAMON. Translator. See “Historia Regum Britaniæ”

LEGEND. The cycles of Irish, 95

LEICESTER. See Llyr

LEINSTER. Book of, and de Jubainville, 24;
ancient tract, the “Dinnsenchus,” preserved in, 85;
traditional derivation of name, 154;
men of, rally to Maev’s foray against Ulster, 205;
Mesroda, son of Datho, dwelt in province of, 241

LEIX. Reavers from, slay Ailill Edge-of-Battle, 310;
Maeldūn’s voyage to, 311-331

LEN. Goldsmith of Bōv the Red;
gave ancient name, Locha Lein, to the Lakes of Killarney, 123

LEVAR´CAM. Deirdre’s nurse, 197-200;
Conor questions, _re_ sons of Usna, 199

LEWY. Son of Curoi, Cuchulain’s foe, 228-233;
slain by Conall of the Victories, 233

LIA (lee´a). Lord of Luachar, treasurer to the Clan Morna, 255;
slain by Finn, 256;
father of Conan, 258

LIA FAIL (lee´a fawl), THE. The Stone of Destiny, 121

LIAGAN (lee´a-gan). A pirate, slain by Conan mac Morna, 260

LIGHT-OF-BEAUTY. See Sgeimh Solais

LIR (leer).
1. Sea-god, father of Mananan, 113, 139;
Mananan and, referred to, 125;
identical with the Greek Oceanus, 125;
father of Lodan and grandparent of Sinend, 129;
Cymric deity Llyr corresponds with, 347.
2. The Children of, the transformation of, 139-142;
their death, 142

LISMORE. “The Dean of Lismore’s Book,” by James Macgregor.
Dean of, described, 288

LLASSAR LLAESGYV´NEWID. Husband of Kymideu Kymeinvoll, giver of magic
cauldron to Bran, 368

LLEVELYS. Son of Beli;
story of Ludd (Nudd) and, 385, 386

LLEW LLAW GYFFES. Otherwise “The Lion of the Sure Hand.”
A hero the subject of the tale “Māth Son of Māthonwy,” 347, 348;
identical with the Gaelic deity Lugh of the Long Arm, 347, 348;
how he got his name, 381, 382;
the flower-wife of, named Blodeuwedd, 382, 383;
slays Gronw Pebyr, who had betrayed him, 383, 384

LLUDD. See Nudd

LLWYD. Son of Kilcoed, an enchanter;
removes magic spell from seven Cantrevs of Dyfed, and from Pryderi and
Rhiannon, 377

LLYR. In Welsh legend, father of Manawyddan;
Irish equivalents, Lir and Mananan, 347;
Llyr-cester (now Leicester) once a centre of the worship of, 347;
house of, corresponds with Gaelic Lir, 348, 349;
Penardun, daughter of Dōn, wife of, 349;
genealogy set forth, 351

LOCH. Son of Mofebis, champion sent by Mae against Cuchulain, 212;
wounds Cuchulain, but is slain by him, 212

LOCH GARA. Lake in Roscommon;
mac Cecht’s visit to, 176

LOCH RORY. Fergus mac Leda’s adventure in, 249

LOCH RYVE. Maev retires to island on, and is slain there by Forbay, 245

LODAN. Son of Lir, father of goddess Sinend, 129

LOHERANGRAIN. Knight of the Swan, son of Parzival, 408

LOUGHCREW. Great tumulus at, supposed burying-place of Ollav Fōla, 150

LOURDES. Cult of waters of, 66, 67

LUCAN. Triad of deities mentioned by, 86

LUCHAD (loo-chad). Father of Luchta, 112

LUCHTA (looch-ta). Son of Luchad, 112;
the carpenter of the Danaans, 117

LUDGATE. For derivation see Nudd

LUGH (loo), or LUGUS.
1. See Apollo, 58;
the god of Light, in Gaul and Ireland, as, 88;
2. Son of Kian, the Sun-god _par excellence_ of all Celtica, the coming
of, 109-113;
other names, Ildánach (“The All-Craftsman”) and Lugh Lamfada (Lugh of
the Long Arm), 113, 123;
his eric from sons of Turenn for murder of his father, Kian, 115-116;
slays Balor and is enthroned in his stead, 117;
fiery spear of, 121;
his worship widely spread over Continental Celtica, 123;
father, by Dectera, of Cuchulain, 123, 182;
Cymric deity Llew Llaw Gyffes corresponds with, 347, 348

LUGH OF THE LONG ARM. See Lugh.
Invincible sword of, 105, 106;
Bres, son of Balor, and, 123;
husband of Dectera and father of Cuchulain, 182;
appears to Cuchulain and protects the Ford while his son rests, 214;
fights by his son’s side, 215;
Cymric hero Llew Llaw Gyfles corresponds with, 347, 348

LUNED. Maiden who rescued Owain, 397;
Owain rescues her, 398, 399

M

“MABINŎG´ION, THE” (singular, _Mabinogi_).
Reference to story of Kilhwch and Olwen in, 343;
“The Red Book of Hergest,” the main source of the tales of, 344;
“Māth Son of Māthonwy,” tale in, 347;
Mr. Alfred Nutt’s edition, 356;
Four Branches of the Mabinogi form most important part of, 384;
Peredur’s story in, and French version, 406;
the tale of Taliesin and, 412

MABON. Son of Modron, released by Arthur, 391, 392

MACCECHT. Danaan king, husband of Fohla, 132;
member of Conary’s retinue at Da Derga’s Hostel, 175;
his search for water, 175, 176

MACCUILL (quill). Danaan king, husband of Banba, 132;
at fortress of Aileach, 132

MACGRENÉ. Danaan king, husband of Eriu, 132;
mythical name Son of the Sun, 132

MAC INDOC´, THE PLAIN OF. Laery and St. Benen on, 239

MACKERVAL, DERMOT. Rule of, in Ireland, and the cursing of Tara, 47, 48.
See Dermot

MACPHERSON. Pseudo-Ossian poetry of, 238 MAC ROTH. Maev’s steward, named, and the Brown Bull of Quelgny, 202; sent to view host of Ulster men, 223

MACEDON. Attacked by Thracian and Illyrian hordes, 23

MACHA. Daughter of Red Hugh, 151;
slays Dithorba and compels Kimbay to wed her, 151;
captures five sons of Dithorba, 151, 152;
forms an instance of the intermingling of the attributes of the Danaan
with the human race, 152;
a super-natural being, 178;
goes to dwell with Crundchu, 178;
her race against Ultonian horses, 179;
gives birth to twins and curses the Ultonians, 180;
her curse on men of Ulster, 203-221;
the curse removed from men of Ulster, 222

MAELDŪN. Son of Ailill Edge-of-Battle, 310;
departs to his own kindred, 311;
sets out on his wonderful voyage, 311-331

MAELDŪN, VOYAGE OF (mayl’-doon). Found in MS. entitled “Book of the Dun
Cow,” 309;
reference to Dr. Whitley Stokes’ translation in the “Revue Celtique,”
309;
theme of Tennyson’s “Voyage of Maeldune” furnished by Joyce’s version in
“Old Celtic Romances,” 309;
narrative of, 311-331

MAEN TYRIAWC (ma’en tyr’i-awc). Burial-place of Pryderi, 379

MAEV (mayv). Queen of Connacht, 122;
Angus Ōg seeks aid of, 122;
debility of Ultonians manifested on occasion of Cattle-raid of Quelgny,
180;
Fergus seeks aid of, 202;
her famous bull Finnbenach, 202;
her efforts to secure the Brown Bull of Quelgny, 204-246;
host of, spreads devastation through the territories of Bregia and
Murthemney, 209;
offers her daughter Findabair of Fair Eyebrows to Ferdia if he will meet
Cuchulain, 216;
Conor summons men of Ulster against, 222;
overtaken but spared by Cuchulain, 225;
makes seven years’ peace with Ulster, 225;
vengeance of, against Cuchulain, 228-233;
mac Datho’s hound and, 241-244;
retires to island on Loch Ryve, 245;
slain by Forbay, 245

MAGA. Daughter of Angus Ōg, wife of Ross the Red, 181;
wedded also to Druid Cathbad, 181

MAGI. Word magic derived from, 60;
treated by Pliny, 61

MAGIC. The religion of Megalithic People that of, 59;
origin of word, 60;
Pliny on, 61;
religion of, invented in Persia and by Zoroaster, 61;
traces of, in Megalithic monuments, 63;
Clan Calatin learn, in Ireland, Alba, and Babylon, to practise against
Cuchulain, 228-233

MAITRE, M. ALBERT. Inspector of Musée des Antiquités Nationales, 64

MALORY. Anticipated by Wace, 338, 339;
Cymric myths and, 388

MAN´ANAN. Son of the Sea-god, Lir, 113, 139;
magical Boat of, brought by Lugh, with Horse of, and sword _Fragarach_,
from the Land of the Living, 113, 121;
attributes of Sea-god mostly conferred on, 125;
the most popular deity in Irish mythology, 125;
lord of sea beyond which Land of Youth or Islands of the Dead were
supposed to lie, 125;
master of tricks and illusions, owned magical possessions—boat,
Ocean-Sweeper; steed, Aonbarr; sword, The Answerer, &c. &c.,
125;
reference to daughter of, given to Angus, a Danaan prince, 143;
his wife, Fand, sets her love on Cuchulain, 226;
Fand recovered by, 227;
shakes his cloak between Fand and Cuchulain, 228;
Cymric deity Manawyddan corresponds with, 347, 348

MANAWYDDAN (mana-wudh’en). In Welsh mythology, son of Llyr;
Irish equivalents, Mananan and Lir, 347;
Bendigeid Vran (“Bran the Blessed”), his brother, 365;
the tale of Pryderi and, 373-378;
weds Rhiannon, 373

MANÉ-ER-H´OECK. Remarkable tumulus in Brittany, 63, 64

MANÉS. Seven outlawed sons of Ailell and Maev, 169;
their rally to Maev’s foray against Ulster, 204

MANESSIER. A continuator of Chrestien de Troyes, 408

MAN´ETHO. Egyptian historian, reference to human sacrifices, 85, 86

MANRED. The ineffable Name of God pronounced, and so was formed, 333;
the primal substance of the universe, 333

MAON (may’un). Son of Ailill;
brutal treatment of, by Covac, 152-154;
has revenge on Ailill by slaying him and all his nobles, 153;
weds Moriath, and reigns over Ireland, 154;
equivalent, “Labra the Mariner,” 154

MARCELLIN´US, AMMIAN´US. Gauls described by, 42

MARIE DE FRANCE. Anglo-Norman poetess;
sources relating to the Arthurian saga in writings of, 339, 340

MĀTH SON OF MĀTHONWY. Title of tale in the “Mabinogion,” 347;
Llew Llaw Gyffes, a character in tale of, 347, 348;
brother of Penardun, 349;
the tale of, 378-384;
Gwydion and Gilvaethwy, nephews of, 378;
his strange gift of hearing, 386

MATHOLWCH (math’o-law). King of Ireland;
comes seeking Branwen’s hand in marriage, 366;
wedding of, and Branwen’s, celebrated at Aberffraw, 366;
Evnissyen mutilates his horses, 367;
Bran, among other gifts, gives a magic cauldron to, 367, 368;
father of Gwern, 368;
informed of Bran’s invasion, 369;
hands sovranty of Ireland to Gwern, 370

MĀTHONWY. Ancestor of House of Dōn, 349

MATIÈRE DE FRANCE. Source of Round Table and chivalric institutions
ascribed to Arthur’s court, 341

MAXEN WLEDIG (oo’le-dig). Emperor of Rome;
the dream of, 384, 385

MAY-DAY. Sacred to Beltené, day on which Sons of Miled began conquest of
Ireland, 133, 134;
combat every, between Gwythur ap Greidawl and Gwyn ap Nudd, 353;
strange scream heard in Britain on eve of, 385

MEATH. Fergus in his battle-fury strikes off the tops of the three _Maela_
of, 224;
St. Patrick and the folk of, 282

MEDICINE. See Magic, 60, 61;
Pliny and, 61

MEGALITHIC PEOPLE. Builders of dolmens, cromlechs, &c., 52-93;
origin of the, 54-58;
Professor Ridgeway’s contention about, 56;
their religion that of magic, 59;
representations of the divine powers under human aspect unknown to, 75;
Druidism imposed on the Celts by the, 82;
human sacrifices, practice a survival from the, 84;
conception of, regarding their deities, 86

MERCURY. Regarded as chief of the gods by Gauls, 87;
Lugh Lamfada identified with, 113

MERLIN. See Myrddin.
Reference to his magical arts, 337;
equivalent Myrddin, 354;
believed by Geoffrey of Monmouth to have erected Stonehenge, 354;
the abode of, described, 354-356

MESGED´RA. The vengeance of, fulfilled, 241

MESRO´DA, MAC DATHO. Son of Datho, 241;
the carving of the boar of, 241-244;
Conor and Maev both send to purchase his hound, 241

MESSBUACHALLA (mess-boo’hala). Only daughter of Etain Oig, 166;
significance, “the cowherd’s foster-child,” 166;
King Eterskel’s promised son and, 166;
visited by a Danaan lover, and birth of Conary, 166, 167

MEXICO. Cup-and-ring marking in, 68;
symbol of the feet found in, 77;
the cross-legged “Buddha,” frequent occurrence in religious art of, 87

MIDIR THE PROUD (mid’eer). A son of the Dagda;
a type of splendour, 124;
his appearance to King Eochy, 124;
Fuamnach, wife of, 156;
Etain, second bride of, 156;
recovers his wife from Eochy, 160-163;
yields up Etain, 163

MILED.
1. Sons of;
conquer the People of Dana, 100;
the coming of, to displace rule in Ireland of Danaans, 130;
Bregon, son of, 130;
Amergin, son of, 133;
begin conquest of Ireland on May-day, 133, 134.
2. A god, represented as, in a Celtic inscription from Hungary, son of
Bilé, 130.
3. Children of;
resolve to take vengeance for Ith’s slaying, 133;
enter upon the sovranty of Ireland, 136

MILESIAN-S. See Sons of Miled, 130;
myth, meaning of, 138-145;
the early kings, 146-148

MINORCA. Analogous structures (to represent ships) to those in Ireland
found in, 76

MOCHAEN (mo-chayn’). Hill of, and Lugh’s eric, 115

MODRED. King Arthur’s nephew;
usurps his uncle’s crown and weds his wife Guanhumara, 337;
Arthur defeats and slays, 337, 338

MONGAN. Irish chieftain, reincarnation of Finn;
wager as to place of death of King Fothad, 81

MONTEL´IUS, DR. OSCAR. And the ship symbol, 72

MOONRE´MUR. A lord of Ulster;
mac Datho’s boar and, 243

MORANN. Druid;
prophecy of, concerning Cuchulain, 183

MORC. Fomorian king, 101

MORDA. A blind man, set by Ceridwen to keep fire under the magic cauldron,
413

MOR´IATH. Daughter of Scoriath, the King of Feramore;
her love for Maon and her device to win him back to Ireland, 153, 154;
curious tale regarding his hair, 154

MORNA. Father of Goll, 257

MORR´IGAN, THE. Extraordinary goddess, embodying all that is perverse and
horrible among supernatural powers, 126;
her love and friendship for Cuchulain, 126;
her visit to Conary Mōr at Hostel of Da Derga, 172;
appears to Cuchulain and offers her love, 212;
her threat to be about his feet in bottom of the Ford, 212;
attacks Cuchulain, and is wounded by him, 213;
croaks of war and slaughter before Cuchulain, 230;
settles on the dead Cuchulain’s shoulder as a crow, 233

MOUNTAINS OF MOURNE. Cuchulain on, 193

MOYRATH. Battle of, ended resistance of Celtic chiefs to Christianity, 51

MOYSLAUGHT (“The Plain of Adoration”).
Idol of Crom Cruach erected on, 85, 149

MOYTURA, PLAIN OF.
1. Scene of First Battle (Co. Sligo) between Danaans and the Firbolgs,
106, 107.
2. Scene of Second Battle (Co. Mayo) between Danaans and Fomorians, 117,
130;
the Dagda and, 120

MUNSALVÄSCHE (MONTSALVAT), THE CASTLE OF, where, in W. von Eschenbach’s
poem, the Grail is preserved, 407

MUNSTER. Ailill Olum, King of, 127;
“Hill of Ainé” and goddess Ainé 128;
origin of name, 154

MUR´IAS, THE CITY OF (see Dana), 105, 106

MURNA OF THE WHITE NECK. Wife of Cumhal, mother of Finn, 255, 266;
takes refuge in forests of Slieve Bloom, and gives birth to Demna
(Finn), 255;
marries King of Kerry, 256

MURTAGH MAC ERC. King of Ireland, brother of Fergus the Great;
lends famous Stone of Scone to Scotland, 105

MURTHEM´NEY.
Kian killed on Plain of, 114;
Cuchulain of, seen in a vision by prophetess Fedelma, 206;
the carnage of, 214;
host of Ulster assemble on, 229;
Cuchulain at his dūn in, 230

MYCEN´Æ. Burial chamber of the Atreidæ, ancient dolmen yet stands beside,
in, 53

MYRDDIN. See Merlin.
A deity in Arthur’s mythological cycle, corresponds with Sun-god Nudd,
354;
suggestion of Professor Rhys that chief deity worshipped at Stonehenge
was, 355;
seizes the “Thirteen Treasures of Britain,” 355

MYTHOLOGICAL CYCLE, THE, 95, 96

MYTHOLOGY. Comparison between Gaelic and Cymric, 346-348;
compared with folklore, 418

MYTHS. Danaan, meaning of, 137;
Milesian, meaning of, 138, 139;
Invasion, of Ireland, 138-145

N

NAISI (nay’see). Son of Usna, loved by Deirdre, 198;
abducts Deirdre, 198;
Ardan and Ainlé, his brothers, 198;
Conor invites return of, 198;
his return under care of Fergus, 199;
slain by Owen son of Duracht, 201

NAQADA (nak’a-da). Signs on ivory tablets discovered by Flinders Petrie in
cemetery at, 78

NARBERTH. Castle where Pwyll had his court, 359;
Pwyll’s adventure on the Mound of Arberth, near, 359-365;
Pryderi and Manawyddan and their wives left desolate at palace of, 373

NATCHRANTAL (na-chran’tal). Famous champion of Maev;
assists to capture Brown Bull, 211

NECHTAN. Dūn of the sons of, 193;
Cuchulain provokes a fight with sons of, 193, 194;
sons of, slain, 194

NEIT (nayt).
Danaan king, slain in battle with the Fomorians, 132

NEMED. Son of Agnoman;
takes possession of Ireland, 98;
fights victoriously against Fomorians, his death, 101

NEMEDIANS. Sail for Ireland, 99;
akin to the Partholanians, 101;
revolt of, against Fomorians, 101, 102;
routed by Fomorians, 102

NEMGLAN. Commands Conary go to Tara, 168;
he declares Conary’s _geise_, 168

NENNIUS. British historian in whose “Historia Britonum” (A.D. 800) is
found first mention of Arthur, 336

NESSA. Daughter of Echid Yellow-heel, wife of Fachtna, mother of Conor,
180;
loved by Fergus, 180

NETHERLANDS. Place-names of, Celtic element in, 27

NEW GRANGE. Tumulus at, regarded as dwelling-place of Fairy Folk, 69, 70;
symbolic carvings at, 70, 71;
the ship symbol at, 71-73;
Angus Ōg’s palace at, 121;
Angus’ fairy palace at Brugh na Boyna identical with, 143

NIAM (nee’am).
1. Wife of Conall of the Victories;
tends Cuchulain, 229;
Bave puts a spell of straying on her, 230
2. Of the Golden Hair;
daughter of the King of the Land of Youth, 270;
Oisīn departs with, 271, 272;
permits Oisīn to visit the Land of Erin, 273

NISS´YEN. Son of Eurosswyd and Penardun, 366

NODENS. See Nudd

NUADA OF THE SILVER HAND (noo’ada). King of the Danaans, 107-108;
his encounter with Balor, champion of the Fomorians, 117;
belongs to Finn’s ancestry, 255;
identical with solar deity in Cymric mythology, viz., Nudd or Lludd,
346, 347

NUDD, or LLUDD. Roman equivalent, Nodens.
A solar deity in Cymric mythology, 346, 347;
identical with Danaan deity, Nuada of the Silver Hand, 347;
under name Lludd, said to have had a temple on the site of St. Paul’s,
347;
entrance to Lludd’s temple called _Parth Lludd_ (British), which Saxons
translated _Ludes Geat_—our present Ludgate, 347;
story of Llevelys and, 385, 386;
Edeyrn, son of, jousts with Geraint for Enid, 399, 400

NUTS OF KNOWLEDGE. Drop from hazel-boughs into pool where Salmon of
Knowledge lived, 256

NUTT, MR. ALFRED. Reference to, in connexion with the “Hill of Ainé,” 128,
129;
reference to, in connexion with Oisīn-and-Patrick dialogues, 288, 289;
reference to object of the tale of Taliesin in his edition of the
“Mabinogion,” 412

NYNNIAW. Peibaw and, brothers, two Kings of Britain, their quarrel over
the stars, 355, 356

O

O’DONOVAN. A great Irish antiquary;
folk-tale discovered by, 109-119

O’DYNA, CANTRED OF. Dermot’s patrimony, 300

O’GRADY.
1. STANDISH.
References to his “Critical History of Ireland” on the founding of
Emain Macha, 119, 120, 151, 152;
his “Masque of Finn” referred to, 280, 281
2. STANDISH HAYES.
Reference to his “Silva Gadelica,” 250, 276, 281

OCEAN-SWEEPER. Mananan’s magical boat, 125

ODYSSEY, THE. Mr H.B. Cotterill’s hexameter version, quotation from, 79,
80

OGMA. Warrior of Nuada of the Silver Hand, 112, 118

OISĪN (ush’een). Otherwise Little Fawn.
Son of Finn, greatest poet of the Gael, 261;
father of Oscar, 261;
buries Aideen, 261;
birth of, from Saba, 266-270;
loved by Niam of the Golden Hair, 270-272;
returns from Land of Youth, 273;
Keelta and, resolve to part, 282;
assists Keelta bury Oscar, 307

OLD CELTIC ROMANCES. Reference to Dr. P.W. Joyce’s, 303, 309, 312

OLLAV. Definition of the term, 149

OLLAV FŌLA. Eighteenth King of Ireland from Eremon, the most distinguished
Ollav of Ireland, 149-150;
compared with Goban the Smith and Amergin the Poet, 150

OLWEN. The story of Kilhwch and, 386-392;
daughter of Yspaddaden, 387;
how she got the name “She of the White Track,” 390;
bride of Kilhwch, 392

ORLAM. Slain by Cuchulain, 209

OSCAR. Son of Oisīn;
slays Linné, 261;
Aideen, wife of, 261;
her death after battle of Gowra, 261;
type of hard strength, 262;
reference to death at battle of Gowra, 275;
his death described, 306, 308

OSI´RIS. Feet of, symbol of visitation, in Egypt, 77

OSSIANIC SOCIETY. “Transactions” of, 278-280;
battle of Gowra (Gabhra) described in, 305

OS´THANES. Earliest writer on subject of magic, 62

OTHER-WORLD. Keelta summoned from, 81;
faith of, held by Celts, 82;
Mercury regarded by Gauls as guide of dead to, 87

OWAIN. Son of Urien;
plays chess with King Arthur, 393;
the Black Knight and, 396-399;
seen by Peredur, 401

OWEL. Foster-son of Mananan and a Druid, father of Ainé, 127

OWEN. Son of Duracht;
slays Naisi and other sons of Usna, 201

OWENS OF ARAN. Ailill, of the sept of, 311;
Maeldūn goes to dwell with, 311

OWL OF CWM CAWLWYD (coom cawl´wŭd), THE, 392

P

PATRICK, ST. Ireland apostolised by, 51;
symbol of the feet and, 77

PASTH´OLAN. His coming into Ireland from the West;
his origin, 96

PARTHOLANIANS. Battle between the Fomorians and, 97;
end of race by plague on the Old Plain, 97;
Nemedians akin to, 101

PEIBAW. Nynniaw and, two brothers, Kings of Britain, their quarrel over
the stars, 355, 356

PENAR´DUN. Daughter of Dōn, wife of Llyr, and also of Eurosswyd, sister of
Māth, 349, 366;
mother of Bran, also of Nissyen and Evnissyen, 366

PEOPLE OF THE SIDHE (shee).
Danaans dwindle into fairies, otherwise the, 137

PER´DICCAS II. Son of Amyntas II., killed in battle, 23

PER´EDUR. The tale of, and the origin of the Grail Legend, 400, 407;
corresponds to Perceval of Chrestien de Troyes, 400

PER´GAMOS. Black Stone of, subject of embassy from Rome during Second
Punic War, 66

PERILOUS GLEN. Cuchulain escapes beasts of, 187

“PERONNIK” folk tale, 400, _note_

PERSIA. Religion of magic invented in, by Zoroaster, 61

PETRIE, FLINDERS. Discoveries by, 78;
on Egyptian origin of symbol of mother and child, 79

PHILIP. Younger brother of Perdiccas, 23

PHILO´STRATUS. Reference of, to enamelling by Britons, 30

PLAIN OF ILL-LUCK. Cuchulain crosses, 187

PLATO. Celts and, 17;
evidence of, to Celtic characteristics, 36

PLINY. Religion of magic discussed by, 61

PLUTARCH. Land of the Dead referred to by, as the western extremity of
Great Britain, 131

PLUTO (Gk. Pluton). Dis, equivalent;
god of the Underworld, 88;
associated with wealth, like Celtic gods of the Underworld, 349

POLYB´IUS. Description of the Gæsati in battle of Clastidium, 41

POLYNESIAN, the practice named “tabu” and the Irish _geis_, similarity
between, 165

PORTUGAL. Place-names of, Celtic element in, 27

POSIDON´IUS. On bardic institution among Celts, 57

PROCOP´IUS. Land of the Dead referred to by as the western extremity of
Great Britain, 131

PROVINCE OF THE SPEARMEN (Irish, _Laighin_—“Ly-in”). See Leinster, 154

PRYDERI (pri-dair’y) (Trouble). Son of Pwyll and Rhiannon;
his loss 363;
his restoration by Teirnyon, 365;
Kicva, the wife of, 365;
the tale of Manawyddan and, 373-378;
Gwydion and the swine of, 378;
his death, 379

PWYLL (poo-till; modern Powell). Prince of Dyfed;
how he got his title _Pen Annwn_, or “Head of Hades,” 336-359;
his adventure on the Mound of Arberth, near the Castle of Narberth,
359-365;
fixes his choice on Rhiannon for wife, 360;
Gwawl’s trick on him, 361;
Rhiannon’s plan to save Pwyll from Gwawl’s power, 361;
weds Rhiannon, 362;
imposes a penance on his wife, 363;
his son Pryderi (Trouble) found, 365

PYTHAG´ORAS. Celtic idea of transmigration and, 80

PYTH´EAS. The German tribes about 300 B.C. mentioned by, 31

Q

QUELGNY, or CUAILGNÉ. Cattle-raid of, made by Queen Maev, 180;
Brown Bull of, owned by Dara, 202;
the theme of the “Tain Bo Cuailgné” is the Brown Bull of, 203;
Brown Bull of, is Celtic counterpart of Hindu sky-deity, Indra, 203;
Brown Bull of, captured at Slievegallion, Co. Armagh, by Maev, 211;
white-horned Bull of Ailell slain by Brown Bull of, 225;
reputed author of, Fergus mac Roy, 234;
Sanchan Torpest searches for lost lay of, 234-238

R

RĀ. Egyptian Sun god;
ship symbol in sepulchral art of Egypt connected with worship of, 74-76

RATH GRANIA. King Cormac and Finn feasted at, 300

RATH LUACHAR. Lia keeps the Treasure Bag at, 255

RATHCROGHAN. Maev’s palace in Roscommon, 202

RED BRANCH. Order of chivalry which had its seat in Emain Macha, 178;
the time of glory of, during Conor’s reign, 181;
heroes of, and Cuchulain strive for the Championship of Ireland, 195,
196;
Hostel, Naisi and Deirdre at, 199, 200;
with Cuchulain and Conor passes away the glory of, 241

RED HUGH. Ulster prince, father of Macha, brother of Dithorba and Kimbay,
151

RED RIDERS. Conary’s journey with, 170, 171

RELIGION. The Celtic, 46;
Megalithic People’s, that of Magic, 58;
of Magic, invented in Persia and by Zoroaster, 61

REVUE CELTIQUE. Dr. Whitley Stokes’ translation of the “Voyage of Maeldūn”
in, 309

RHIANNON (ree’an-non). Daughter of Hevydd Hēn;
sets her love on Pwyll, 360;
marries Pwyll, 362;
her penance for slaying her son, 363;
her son Pryderi (Trouble) found, 365;
wedded to Manawyddan, 373

RHONABWY (rōne’a-bwee). The dream of, 392, 393

RHUN. Sent from King Arthur’s court to Elphin’s wife, 415

RHYS AP TEWDWR. South Welsh prince;
brought knowledge of Round Table to Wales, 343

RHYS, SIR J. His views on origin of population of Great Britain and
Ireland, 78;
on Myrddin and Merlin, 354, 355

RIDGE OF THE DEAD WOMAN. Vivionn buried at, 287, 288

ROC. Angus’ steward, 290;
his son crushed to death by Donn, 291;
then changed into a boar and charged to bring Dermot to death at length,
291

ROMANCE. Gaelic and Continental, 345

ROMANS. Arthur resists demand for tribute by the, 337

ROME. Celts march on and sack, 25, 26;
Britain and Gaul under yoke of, 35;
the empire of Maxen Wledig in, usurped, 385

ROSS THE RED. King of Ulster, husband of Maga, a daughter of Angus Ōg,
181;
Roy, his second wife, 181;
originator of the Red Branch, 181

ROUND TABLE, THE. References to, 338, 339, 341, 343

ROY. Second wife of Ross the Red, 181

RU´ADAN, ST. Tara cursed by, 47, 49

RUSSELL, MR. G.W. Irish poet;
fine treatment of myth of Sinend and Connla’s Well, 129, 130

S

SABA. Wife of Finn, mother of Oisīn, 266-270

SACRIFICES. Practice of human, noted by Cæsar among Celts, 84;
human, in Ireland, 85;
Celtic practice of human, paralleled in Mexico and Carthage, 85;
of children, to idol Crom Cruach, by Gaels, 85;
in Egypt, practice of human, rare, 85, 86

ST. BENEN. A companion of St. Patrick, 239

ST. FINNEN. Irish abbot;
legend concernin Tuan mac Carell and, 97

ST. PATRICK. Record of his mission to Ireland, 51;
Cascorach and, referred to in the “Colloquy of the Ancients,” 119;
Brogan, the scribe of, 119;
Ethné aged fifteen hundred years old at coming of, 144;
Ethné baptized by, 144;
summons Cuchulain from Hell, 238, 239;
name Talkenn given by Irish to, 275;
met by Keelta, 282;
Irish legend and, 283

SALMON OF KNOWLEDGE. See Fintan

SALMON OF LLYN LLYW (lin li-oo’), THE, 392

SAMNITE WAR, THIRD. Coincident with breaking up of Celtic Empire, 26

SANCHAN TORPEST. Chief bard of Ireland;
and the “Tain,” 234-238

SA´WAN. Brother of Kian and Goban, 110

SCANDINAVIA. Dolmens found in, 53;
symbol of the feet found in, 77

SEM´ION. Son of Stariat, settlement in Ireland of;
Firbolgs descended from, 100

SERA. Father of Partholan, 96;
father of Starn, 98

SETAN´TA. Earliest name of Cuchulain, 183;
“the little pupil,” harries Maev’s hosts, 208

SGEIMH SOLAIS (skayv sulish) (Light of Beauty).
Daughter of Cairbry, wooed by son of King of the Decies, 304

SHANNON, THE RIVER. Myth of Sinend and the Well of Knowledge accounts for
name of, 129;
Dithorba’s five sons flee over, 151;
mac Cecht visits, 175;
Dermot and Grania cross Ford of Luan on the, 299

SHIP SYMBOL, THE. 71-76

SIC´ULUS, DIODORUS. A contemporary of Julius Cæsar;
describes Gauls, 41, 42

SIDHE (shee), or FAIRY FOLK. Tumulus at New Grange (Ireland) regarded as
dwelling-place of, 69

SILVA GADELICA. Reference to Mr. S.H. O’Grady’s work, 250, 276, 281

SIN´END. Goddess, daughter of Lir’s son, Lodan;
her fatal visit to Connla’s Well, 129

SIGN, LLEWELLYN. Welsh bard, compiler of “Barddas,” 332

SKATHA. A mighty woman-warrior of Land of Shadows, 187;
instructs Cuchulain, 187-189;
her two special feats, how to leap the Bridge of the Leaps and to use
the Gae Bolg, 188

SKENA. Wife of the poet Amergin;
her untimely death, 133

SLAYNEY, THE RIVER. Visited by mac Cecht, 175

SLIEVB BLOOM. Murna takes refuge in forests of, and there Demna (Finn) is
born, 255

SLIEVE FUAD (sleeve foo’ad) (afterwards Slievegallion).
Invisible dwelling of Lir on, 125;
Cuchulain finds his foe on, 232;
Finn slays goblin at, 258

SLIEVEGALL´ION. A fairy mountain;
the Chase of, 278-280.
See Slieve Fuad

SLIEVENAMON (sleeve-na-mon’). The Brugh of, Finn and Keelta hunt on,
284-286

SOHRAB AND RUSTUM. Reference to, 192

SPAIN. Celts conquer from the Carthaginians, 21;
Carthaginian trade with, broken down by Greeks, 22;
place-names of Celtic element in, 27;
dolmens found round the Mediterranean coast of, 53;
equivalent, Land of the Dead, 102

SQUIRE, MR. Author of “Mythol. of Brit. Islands,” 348, 353, 411

SRENG. Ambassador sent to People of Dana by Firbolgs, 106

STAG OF REDYNVRE (red-in’vry), THE, 392

STARN. Son of Sera, brother of Partholan, 97

STOKES, DR. WHITLEY. Reference to, 166, 167;
reference to his translation of the “Voyage of Maeldūn” in “Revue
Celtique,” 309

STONE, CORONATION. At Westminster Abbey, identical with Stone of Scone,
105

STONE OF ABUNDANCE. Equivalent, Cauldron of Abundance.
The Grail in Wolfram’s poem as a, 409;
similar stone appears in the Welsh “Peredur,” 409;
correspondences, the Celtic Cauldron of the Dagda, 410;
in the Welsh legend Bran obtained the Cauldron, 410;
in a poem by Taliesin the Cauldron forms part of the spoils of Hades,
410

STONE OF DESTINY. Otherwise _Lia Fail_.
One of the treasures of the Danaans, 105

STONE OF SCONE. Fabulous origin of, and present depository, 105

STONE-WORSHIP. Supposed reason of, 65, 66;
denounced by Synod of Arles, 66;
denounced by Charlemagne 66;
black stone of Pergamos and Second Punic War, 66;
the Grail a relic of ancient, 409

STONEHENGE. Dressed stones used in megalithic monument at, 54;
Professor Rhys’ suggestion that Myrddin was worshipped at, 354;
Geoffrey of Monmouth and, 354

STRABO. Characteristics of Celts, told by, 39, 46

STRAITS OF MOYLE (between Ireland and Scotland).
Aoife’s cruelty to her step-children on the, 140

STRAND OF THE FOOTPRINTS. How name derived, 191

SUALTAM (soo’al-tam). Father of Cuchulain (see Lugh), 206;
his attempts to arouse Ulster, 221;
his death, 222

SWEDEN. The ship symbol on rock-sculptures of, 72, 73

SWITZERLAND. Place-names of, Celtic element in, 27;
lake-dwellings in, 56

T

“TAIN BO CUAILGNÉ” (thawn bo quel’gny). Significance, 203;
tale of, all written out by Finn mac Gorman, Bishop of Kildare, in 1150,
225;
the recovery of, 234;
reputed author, Fergus mac Roy, 234;
Sir S. Ferguson treats of recovery of, in “Lays of the Western Gael,”
234;
Sanchan Torpest, taunted by High King Guary, resolves to find the lost,
234-236;
early Celtic MSS. and, 296

TALIESIN (tal-i-es’in). A mythical bard;
his prophecy regarding the devotion of the Cymry to their tongue, 385;
the tale of, 412-417;
found by Elphin, son of Gwyddno, 414;
made prime bard of Britain, 415-417

TALKENN. (Adze-head). Name given by the Irish to St. Patrick, 275

TALTIU, or TELTA. Daughter of the King of the “Great Plain” (the Land of
the Dead), wedded by Eochy mac Erc, 103

TARA. Seat of the High Kings of Ireland;
the cursing of, 47, 48-49;
Stone of Scone sent to Scotland from, 105;
Lugh accuses sons of Turenn at, of his father’s murder, 115;
appearance of Midir the Proud to Eochy on Hill of, 124, 161;
Milesian host at, 135;
institution of triennial Festival at, 149-150;
bull-feast at, to decide by divination who should be king in Eterskel’s
stead, 167, 168;
Conary commanded to go to, by Nemglan, 168;
proclaimed King of Erin at, 168;
pointed out to Cuchulain, 193;
Cuchulain’s head and hand buried at, 233;
Finn at, 257, 258

TAR´ANUS (? Thor). Deity mentioned by Lucan, 86, 87

TEGID VOEL. A man of Penllyn, husband of Ceridwen, father of Avagddu, 413

TEIRNYON (ter’ny-on). A man of Gwent Is Coed;
finds Pryderi, 364;
restores Pryderi, 365

TELLTOWN (TELTIN). Palace at, of Telta, Eochy mac Erc’s wife, 103;
great battle at, between Danaans and Milesians, 136;
Conall of the Victories makes his way to, after Conary’s death, 176;
pointed out to Cuchulain, 193

TENNYSON, LORD. Reference to source of his “Voyage of Maeldune,” 309;
Cymric myths and, 388;
reference to his “Enid,” 400

TEUTAT´ES. Deity mentioned by Lucan, 86

TEUTONIC. Loyalty of races, 45, 46

TEZCATLIPOCA. Sun-god;
festival of, in Mexico, 77

THE TERRIBLE. A demon who by strange test decides the Championship of
Ireland, 196

THOMAS OF BRITTANY. See Bleheris

TIBERIUS, EMPEROR. Druids, prophets, and medicine-men suppressed by, 62

TIERNA (Teer’na). Abbot of Clonmacnois, eleventh-century historian, 150

TIERNMAS (teern’mas). Fifth Irish king who succeeded Eremon, 148;
idol Crom Cruach and, 148, 149;
his death, 149

TONN CLIODHNA (thown cleena). Otherwise “Wave of Cleena.”
One of the most notable landmarks of Ireland, 127

TOR MŌR. Precipitous headland in Tory Island;
Ethlinn imprisoned by Balor in tower built on, 110

TORY ISLAND. Stronghold of Fomorian power, 101;
invaded by Nemedians, 101

TRADABAN´, THE WELL OF. Keelta’s praises of, 282, 283

TRANSMIGRATION. The doctrine of, allegation that Celtic idea of
immortality embodied Oriental conception of, 80;
doctrine of, not held by Celts in same way as by Pythagoras and the
Orientals, 81;
Welsh Taliessin who became an eagle, 100.
See Tuan mac Carell

TRENDORN. Conor’s servant, 199;
spies on Deirdre, 200;
is blinded in one eye by Naisi, 200;
declares Deirdre’s beauty to Conor, 200

TREON (tray’on). Father of Vivionn, 287

TRISTAN AND ISEULT. Tale of Dermot and Grania paralleled in story as told
by Heinrich von Freiberg, 299

TROYES. See Chrestien de Troyes

TUAN MAC CARELL. The legend of, recorded in MS. “Book of the Dun Cow,” 97;
king of all deer in Ireland, 99;
name of “gods” given to the People of Dana by, 104

TUATHA DE DANANN (thoo’a-haw day danawn’). Literal meaning, “the folk of
the god whose mother is Dana,” 103

TUMULI. See Dolmens, 53

TURENN. The quest of the Sons of, 113-116;
reference to Lugh in the quest of the Sons of, 123

TWRCH TRWYTH (toorch troo’-with). A king in shape of a monstrous boar, 391

TYLER. Reference of, in his “Primitive Culture,” to festival of Sun-god,
Tezcatlipoca, 77

TYLWYTH TEG. Welsh fairies;
Gwyn ap Nudd, King of the, 353

TYREN. Sister to Murna, 266;
Ullan, husband of, 266;
changed by a woman of the Fairy Folk into a hound, 266

U

UGAINY THE GREAT (oo’gany). Ruler of Ireland, &c., husband of Kesair,
father of Laery and Covac, 152

ULSTER. Kingdom of, founded in reign of Kimbay, 150;
Dithorba’s five sons expelled from, 151;
Dectera’s gift of Cuchulain to, 182;
Conor, King of, 180, 190, 191;
Felim, son of Dall, a lord of, 196;
Maev’s war against province of, to secure Brown Bull of Quelgny,
202-251;
under the Debility curse, 205;
passes of, guarded by Cuchulain of Murthemney, 206;
aroused by Sualtam, 221, 222;
Macha’s curse lifted from men of, 222;
Ailell and Maev make a seven years’ peace with, 225;
curse of Macha again on the men of, 229;
Wee Folk swarm into 248, 249

ULTONIAN-S. Great fair of, visited by Crundchu, 178;
his boast of Macha’s swiftness, 179;
the debility of, caused by Macha’s curse, 179, 180;
the debility of, descends on Ulster, 205;
Cycle, events of, supposed to have happened about time of Christ, 252

UNDERWORLD. The cult of, found existing by Celts when they got to Western
Europe, 82;
Dis, or Pluto, god of, 88;
Māth, god of, 349;
identical with Land of the Dead, 130

USNA. Father of Naisi, 198;
sons of, inquired for by Conor, 199

UTHER PENDRAGON. Father of Arthur, 337

V

VALLEY OF THE THRUSHES. Oisīn’s spell broken in, 274

VEIL OF ILLUSION, THE. Thrown over Caradawc by Caswallan, 372

VERCINGETORIX. Celtic chief;
his defeat by Cæsar, his death, 40

VERGIL. Evidence of Celtic ancestry in name, 21.
See Feryllt, 413

VITRA. The God of Evil in Vedantic mythology, related to _Cenchos_, the
Footless, 97

VIVIONN (BEBHIONN). A young giantess, daughter of Treon, from the Land of
Maidens, 287;
slain by Æda, and buried in the place called the Ridge of the Dead, 288

VOYAGE OF MAELDŪN. See Maeldūn

W

WACE. Author of “Li Romans de Brut,” 338

WALES. Arthurian saga in, 343, 344;
prophecy of Taliesin about, 385

WAVE OF CLEENA. See Tonn Cliodhna

WEE FOLK, THE. Fergus mac Leda and, 246-249;
Iubdan, King of, 246

WELL OF KESAIR. Mac Cecht visits, 175

WELL OF KNOWLEDGE. Equivalent, Connla’s Well.
Sinend’s fatal visit to, 129

WELSH FAIRIES. See Tylwyth Teg

WELSH LITERATURE. The Arthur in the Arthurian saga wholly different from
the Arthur in, 336;
compared with Irish, 344;
tales of Arthur in, 386

WELSH MS. SOCIETY. Llewellyn Sion’s “Barddas” edited by J.A. Williams ap
Ithel for, 332

WELSH ROMANCE. The character of, 395, 396

WESTON, MISS JESSIE L. Reference to her studies on the Arthurian saga, 341

WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR. Reference to, in connexion with Arthurian saga, 343

WOLFRAM VON ESCHENBACH. His story of the Grail, 407

Y

YELLOW BOOK OF LECAN. Tale of Cuchulain and Connla in, 192

YOUTH. The maiden who gave the Love Spot to Dermot, 292

YSPADDADEN PENKAWR (is-pa-dhad’en). Father of Olwen, 387;
the tasks he set Kilhwch, 390-392;
slain by Goreu son of Custennin, 392

Z

ZIMMER, DR. HEINRICH. On the source of the Arthurian saga, 343

ZOROASTER. Religion of magic invented by, 61

1 In reference to the name “Freeman,” Mr. Nicholson adds: “No one was
more intensely ‘English’ in his sympathies than the great historian
of that name, and probably no one would have more strenuously
resisted the suggestion that he might be of Welsh descent; yet I
have met his close physical counterpart in a Welsh farmer (named
Evans) living within a few minutes of Pwllheli.”

2 He speaks of “Nyrax, a Celtic city,” and “Massalia [Marseilles], a
city of Liguria in the land of the Celts” (“Fragmenta Hist. Græc.”).

3 In his “Premiers Habitants de l’Europe,” vol. ii.

4 “Cæesar’s Conquest of Gaul,” pp. 251-327.

5 The ancients were not very close observers of physical
characteristics. They describe the Celts in almost exactly the same
terms as those which they apply to the Germanic races. Dr. Rice
Holmes is of opinion that the real difference, physically, lay in
the fact that the fairness of the Germans was blond, and that of the
Celts red. In an interesting passage of the work already quoted (p.
315) he observes that, “Making every allowance for the admixture of
other blood, which must have considerably modified the type of the
original Celtic or Gallic invaders of these islands, we are struck
by the fact that among all our Celtic-speaking fellow subjects there
are to be found numerous specimens of a type which also exists in
those parts of Brittany which were colonised by British invaders,
and in those parts of Gaul in which the Gallic invaders appear to
have settled most thickly, as well as in Northern Italy, where the
Celtic invaders were once dominant; and also by the fact that this
type, _even among the more blond representatives of it, is
strikingly different, to the casual as well as to the scientific
observer, from that of the purest representatives of the ancient
Germans_. The well-known picture of Sir David Wilkie, ‘Reading of
the Waterloo Gazette,’ illustrates, as Daniel Wilson remarked, the
difference between the two types. Put a Perthshire Highlander side
by side with a Sussex farmer. Both will be fair; but the red hair
and beard of the Scot will be in marked contrast with the fair hair
of the Englishman, and their features will differ still more
markedly. I remember teeing two gamekeepers in a railway carriage
running from Inverness to Lairey. They were tall, athletic, fair
men, evidently belonging to the Scandinavian type, which, as Dr.
Beddoe says, is so common in the extreme north of Scotland; but both
in colouring and in general aspect they were utterly different from
the tall, fair Highlanders whom I had seen in Perthshire. There was
not a trace of red in their hair, their long beards being absolutely
yellow. The prevalence of red among the Celtic-speaking people is,
it seems to me, a most striking characteristic. Not only do we find
eleven men in every hundred whose hair is absolutely red, but
underlying the blacks and the dark browns the lame tint is to be
discovered.”

6 See the map of comparative nigrescence given in Ripley’s “Races of
Europe,” p. 318. In France, however, the Bretons are not a dark race
relatively to the rest of the population. They are composed partly
of the ancient Gallic peoples and partly of settlers from Wales who
were driven out by the Saxon invasion.

7 See for these names Holder’s “Altceltischer Sprachschatz.”

8 Vergil might possibly mean “the very-bright” or illustrious one, a
natural form for a proper name. _Ver_ in Gallic names
(Vercingetorix, Vercassivellasimus, &c.) is often an intensive
prefix, like the modern Irish _fior_. The name of the village where
Vergil was born, Andes (now Pietola), is Celtic. His love of nature,
his mysticism, and his strong feeling for a certain decorative
quality in language and rhythm are markedly Celtic qualities.
Tennyson’s phrases for him, “landscape-lover, lord of language,” are
suggestive in this connexion.

9 Ptolemy, a friend, and probably, indeed, half-brother, of Alexander,
was doubtless present when this incident took place. His work has
not survived, but is quoted by Arrian and other historians.

10 One is reminded of the folk-tale about Henny Penny, who went to tell
the king that the sky was falling.

11 The Book of Leinster is a manuscript of the twelfth century. The
version of the “Táin” given in it probably dates from the eighth.
See de Jubainville, “Premiers Habitants,” ii. 316.

12 Dr. Douglas Hyde in his “Literary History of Ireland” (p. 7) gives a
slightly different translation.

13 It is also a testimony to the close accuracy of the narrative of
Ptolemy.

14 Roman history tells of various conflicts with the Celts during this
period, but de Jubainville has shown that these narratives are
almost entirely mythical. See “Premiers Habitants,” ii. 318-323.

_ 15 E.g.,_ Moymell (_magh-meala_), the Plain of Honey, a Gaelic name
for Fairyland, and many place-names.

16 For these and many other examples see de Jubainville’s “Premiers
Habitants,” ii. 255 _sqq._

17 Quoted by Mr. Romilly Allen in “Celtic Art,” p. 136.

18 “Premiers Habitants,” ii. 355, 356.

19 Irish is probably an older form of Celtic speech than Welsh. This is
shown by many philological peculiarities of the Irish language, of
which one of the most interesting may here be briefly referred to.
The Goidelic or Gaelic Celts, who, according to the usual theory,
first colonised the British Islands, and who were forced by
successive waves of invasion by their Continental kindred to the
extreme west, had a peculiar dislike to the pronunciation of the
letter _p_. Thus the Indo-European particle _pare_, represented by
Greek _παρά_, beside or close to, becomes in early Celtic _are_, as
in the name _Are-morici_ (the Armoricans, those who dwell _ar muir_,
by the sea); _Are-dunum_ (Ardin, in France); _Are-cluta_, the place
beside the Clota (Clyde), now Dumbarton; _Are-taunon,_ in Germany
(near the Taunus Mountains), &c. When this letter was not simply
dropped it was usually changed into _c (k, g)_. But about the sixth
century B.C. a remarkable change passed over the language of the
Continental Celts. They gained in some unexplained way the faculty
for pronouncing _p_, and even substituted it for existing _c_
sounds; thus the original _Cretanis_ became _Pretanis_, Britain, the
numeral _qetuares_ (four) became _petuares_, and so forth. Celtic
place-names in Spain show that this change must have taken place
before the Celtic conquest of that country, 500 B.C. Now a
comparison of many Irish and Welsh words shows distinctly this
avoidance of _p_ on the Irish side and lack of any objection to it
on the Welsh. The following are a few illustrations:

_Irish_ _Welsh_ _English_
crann prenn tree
mac map ton
cenn pen head
clumh (cluv) pluv feather
cúig pimp five

The conclusion that Irish must represent the older form of the
language seems obvious. It is remarkable that even to a
comparatively late date the Irish preserved their dislike to _p_.
Thus they turned the Latin _Pascha_ (Easter) to _Casg; purpur_,
purple, to _corcair, pulsatio_ (through French _pouls_) to _cuisle_.
It must be noted, however, that Nicholson in his “Keltic Researches”
endeavours to show that the so-called Indo-European _p_—that is, _p_
standing alone and uncombined with another consonant—was pronounced
by the Goidelic Celts at an early period. The subject can hardly be
said to be cleared up yet.

20 The Irish, says Edmund Spenser, in his “View of the Present State of
Ireland,” “use commonyle to send up and down to know newes, and yf
any meet with another, his second woorde is, What newes?”

21 Compare Spenser: “I have heard some greate warriors say, that in all
the services which they had seen abroad in forrayne countreys, they
never saw a more comely horseman than the Irish man, nor that cometh
on more bravely in his charge ... they are very valiante and hardye,
for the most part great endurours of cold, labour, hunger and all
hardiness, very active and stronge of hand, very swift of foote,
very vigilaunte and circumspect in theyr enterprises, very present
in perrils, very great scorners of death.”

22 The scene of the surrender of Vercingetorix is not recounted by
Cæsar, and rests mainly on the authority of Plutarch and of the
historian Florus, but it is accepted by scholars (Mommsen, Long,
&c.) as historic.

23 These were a tribe who took their name from the _gæsum_, a kind of
Celtic javelin, which was their principal weapon. The torque, or
twisted collar of gold, is introduced as a typical ornament in the
well-known statue of the dying Gaul, commonly called “The Dying
Gladiator.” Many examples are preserved in the National Museum of
Dublin.

24 “Cæsar’s Conquest of Gaul,” pp. 10, 11. Let it be added that the
aristocratic Celts were, like the Teutons, dolichocephalic—that is
to say, they had heads long in proportion to their breadth. This is
proved by remains found in the basin of the Marne, which was thickly
populated by them. In one case the skeleton of the tall Gallic
warrior was found with his war-car, iron helmet, and sword, now in
the Music de St.-Germain. The inhabitants of the British Islands are
uniformly long-headed, the round-headed “Alpine” type occurring very
rarely. Those of modern France are round-headed. The shape of the
head, however, is now known to be by no means a constant racial
character. It alters rapidly in a new environment, as is shown by
measurements of the descendants of immigrants in America. See an
article on this subject by Professor Haddon in “Nature,” Nov. 3,
1910.

25 In the “Tain Bo Cuailgne,” for instance, the King of Ulster must not
speak to a messenger until the Druid, Cathbad, has questioned him.
One recalls the lines of Sir Samuel Ferguson in his Irish epic poem,
“Congal”:

“... For ever since the time When Cathbad smothered Usnach’s sons in
that foul sea of slime Raised by abominable spells at Creeveroe’s
bloody gate, Do ruin and dishonour still on priest-led kings await.”

_ 26 Celtice_, Diarmuid mac Cearbhaill.

27 It was the practice, known in India also, for a person who was
wronged by a superior, or thought himself so, to sit before the
doorstep of the denier of justice and fast until right was done him.
In Ireland a magical power was attributed to the ceremony, the
effect of which would be averted by the other person fasting as
well.

28 “Silva Gadelica,” by S.H. O’Grady, p. 73.

29 The authority here quoted is a narrative contained in a
fifteenth-century vellum manuscript found in Lismore Castle in 1814,
and translated by S.H. O’Grady in his “Silva Gadelica.” The
narrative is attributed to an officer of Dermot’s court.

30 From Greek _megas_, great, and _lithos_, a stone.

31 See p. 78.

32 See Borlase’s “Dolmens of Ireland,” pp. 605, 606, for a discussion
of this question.

33 Professor Ridgeway (see Report of the Brit. Assoc. for 1908) has
contended that the Megalithic People spoke an Aryan language;
otherwise he thinks more traces of its influence must have survived
in the Celtic which supplanted it. The weight of authority, as well
as such direct evidence as we possess, seems to be against his view.

34 See Holder,“Altceltischer Sprachschatz.” _sulb voce_ “Hyperboreoi.”

35 Thus the Greek _pharmakon_=medicine, poison, or charm; and I am
informed that the Central African word for magic or charm is
_mankwala_, which also means medicine.

36 If Pliny meant that it was here first codified and organised he may
be right, but the conceptions on which magic rest are practically
universal, and of immemorial antiquity.

37 Adopted 451 B.C. Livy entitles them “the fountain of all public and
private right.” They stood in the Forum till the third century A.D.,
but have now perished, except for fragments preserved in various
commentaries.

38 See “Revue Archeologique,” t. xii., 1865, “Fouilles de René Galles.”

39 Jade is not found in the native state in Europe, nor nearer than
China.

40 Small stones, crystals, and gems were, however, also venerated. The
celebrated Black Stone of Pergamos was the subject of an embassy
from Rome to that city in the time of the Second Punic War, the
Sibylline Books having predicted victory to its possessors. It was
brought to Rome with great rejoicings in the year 205. It is stated
to have been about the size of a man’s fist, and was probably a
meteorite. Compare the myth in Hesiod which relates how Kronos
devoured a stone in the belief that it was his offspring, Zeus. It
was then possible to mistake a stone for a god.

41 Replaced by a photograph in this edition.

42 See Sir J. Simpson’s “Archaic Sculpturings” 1867.

43 The fact is recorded in the “Annals of the Four Masters” Under the
date 861, and in the “Annals of Ulster” under 862.

44 See “Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy,” vol. xxx. pt. i.,
1892, and “New Grange,” by G. Coffey, 1912.

45 It must be observed, however, that the decoration was, certainly, in
some, and perhaps in all cases, carried out before the stones were
placed in position. This is also the case at Gavr’inis.

46 He has modified this view in his latest work, “New Grange,” 1912.

47 “Proc. Royal Irish Acad.,” vol. viii. 1863, p. 400, and G. Coffey,
_op. cit._ p. 30.

48 “Les Sculptures de Rochers de la Suède,” read at the Prehistoric
Congress, Stockholm, 1874; and see G. Coffey, _op. cit._ p. 60.

49 “Dolmens of Ireland,” pp. 701-704.

50 “The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria.”

51 A good example from Amaravati (after Fergusson) is given by
Bertrand, “Rel. des G.,” p. 389.

52 Sergi, “The Mediterranean Race,” p. 313.

53 At Lökeberget, Bohuslän; see Monteiius, _op. cit._

54 See Lord Kingsborough’s “Antiquities of Mexico,” _passim_, and the
Humboldt fragment of Mexican painting (reproduced in Churchward’s
“Signs and Symbols of Primordial Man”).