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Chapter II: Naturalism in Pictorial and Glyptic Art

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An inquiry into the influence of the study of Nature on Art 28

Egyptian Art 30

Monarchies of Western Asia 32

Ancient Greek and Italian Art 33

Early Christian Art 44

Mediæval Art 47

Eastern Art—Mohammedan 52

Chinese and Japanese Art 54

The Renascence 59

From the Renascence to Modern Times 67

A. Spanish Art 67

B. German Art 68

C. Flemish Art 69

D. English Art 69

E. American Art 78

F. Dutch Art 80

G. French Art 84

H. Sculpture 92

Retrospect 94

CHAPTER III.

PHENOMENA OF SIGHT, AND ART PRINCIPLES DEDUCED THEREFROM.

Introduction and Argument 97

Optic Nerves 97

Le Conte’s Classification of the subject 98

Physical characters of the eye as an optical instrument 98

Direction of Light 102

Intensity of Light 103

Colour 108

Psychological data, and binocular vision 111

Perspective, depth, size, and solidity 112

Art principles deduced from the above data 114

BOOK II.

TECHNIQUE AND PRACTICE.

CHAPTER I.

THE CAMERA AND TRIPOD.

The Camera 125

Choice of a camera; tripod and bags 125

Manipulating the Camera 129

Pin-hole Photography 131

Accidents to the Camera 132

Hand Cameras 132

CHAPTER II.

LENSES.

Optics 134

Dallmeyer’s long-focus rectilinear landscape lens 135

False drawing of photographic lenses 136

Hints on the correct use of the lens 136

Lenses for special purposes 137

Diaphragms or “stops” 138

Physical qualities of Lenses 138

Hints on lenses 140

CHAPTER III.

DARK ROOM AND APPARATUS.

Dark Room 141

A developing rule 141

Ventilation of dark room 141

Apparatus 141

CHAPTER IV.

STUDIO AND FURNITURE.

Studio 144

Studio Furniture 145

Studio effects. A rule for studio lighting 147

CHAPTER V.

FOCUSSING.

How to focalize 148

The ground-glass picture 149

Examples and Illustration in point 150

CHAPTER VI.

EXPOSURE.

Ways of Exposing 154

Rule for Exposing 154

Classification of Exposures 154

A. Quick Exposures 155

B. Time Exposures 155

Exposure Shutters 156

Variation of exposure, and conditions causing them 157

On Exposure Tables 160

CHAPTER VII.

DEVELOPMENT AND NEGATIVE FINISHING.

Study of Chemistry 162

On Plate making 163

Wet-plate process 163

Tonality and development 166

On developing 170

On developers 171

Local development 171

On the study of tone 173

Accidents and faults, and their remedies 174

Varnishing the negative 179

Roller slides and paper negatives 180

Orthochromatic photography 181

CHAPTER VIII.

RETOUCHING.

Definition of retouching 184

On working up photographs 184

On retouching 186

Adam Salomon and Rejlander on retouching 187

CHAPTER IX.

PRINTING.

Various printing processes 191

The Platinotype process 195

Vignetting 196

Combination printing 197

On cloud negatives and printing in of clouds 198

CHAPTER X.

ENLARGEMENTS.

On enlarging 200

CHAPTER XI.

TRANSPARENCIES, LANTERN AND STEREOSCOPIC SLIDES.

Transparencies 202

Lantern Slides 202

Stereoscopic Slides 202

CHAPTER XII.

PHOTO-MECHANICAL PROCESSES.

Photo-mechanical processes 204

A. For diagrams and topographical work 204

B. For pictures 204

Photo-etching 207

The Typographic Etching Co. 208

Hints for those having plates reproduced by photo-etching 210

W. L. Colls on “Methods of reproducing negatives from 212
Nature for the copper-plate press”

CHAPTER XIII.

MOUNTING AND FRAMING.

Mountants 218

Mounts 219

Frames 219

Albums 220

CHAPTER XIV.

COPYRIGHTING.

On copyrighting 221

Method of copyright 221

Law of copyright 222

CHAPTER XV.

EXHIBITING AND EXHIBITION.

Exhibitions 225

Medals 226

Judges 227

CHAPTER XVI.

CONCLUSION.

Conclusion 229

BOOK III.

PICTORIAL ART.

CHAPTER I.

EDUCATED SIGHT.

Men born blind 233

Education of Sight 234

CHAPTER II.

COMPOSITION.

On Composition 237

Burnet’s “Treatise on Painting” 238

CHAPTER III.

OUT-DOOR AND IN-DOOR WORK.

Out-door portraiture 243

Landscape 245

On picture-making 250

Figure and Landscape 251

Studio-portraiture 252

CHAPTER IV.

HINTS ON ART.

Practical hints 254

CHAPTER V.

DECORATIVE ART.

Decorative art 260

Naturalism in decorative art 260

Photography as applied to decorative art 261

Principles of decorative art 261

Practice of decorative art 261

_L'ENVOI._

PHOTOGRAPHY—A PICTORIAL ART.

On different art methods of expression 269

Answers to criticism on “Photography a pictorial Art” 278

Artists on Photography 279

Some masters of the minor arts 289

APPENDIX I.

ON PHOTOGRAPHIC LIBRARIES.

Art books 293

Art-teaching 293

Books recommended 293

Photographic Libraries 294

APPENDIX II.

“Science and Art,” a paper read at the Camera Club 295
Conference, held in the rooms of the Society of Arts in
London on March 26th, 1889

INDEX 303

NATURALISTIC PHOTOGRAPHY.

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Naturalistic Photography for Students of the Art.Chapter II: Naturalism in Pictorial and Glyptic Art

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