Chapter XVIII: Part V: Personnel (2)

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The Corps of Marine Infantry is recruited from the inscription in the same manner as the army. The headquarters are at Naples. This corps is made up of three battalions (one for each department), and the service is divided between the fleet and the dock-yards. There is no marine artillery in the Italian Navy.

The effective cadre of the Italian Navy is 1084 officers and 14,200 men, 90 officers of Marine Infantry and 3000 men. In comparison with the number of petty officers and men, there are fewer officers in this navy than in any in the world. The Italians have no cruising squadrons; single vessels do the foreign service, while the home service is confined to a single large squadron of evolutions.

JAPAN.

The navy is represented in the Council of State by a Minister and two Vice-Ministers, the central administration being carried on by a department constructed much in the same manner as in most European countries. The general administration is at present also almost entirely directed by the Navy Department. There is but one dock-yard at present completed and in operation, that of Yokoska in the Bay of Yeddo, in connection with which there is quite an extensive foundry at Yokohama.

At Nagasaki, although there is no especial dock-yard, there are repair-shops, a marine railway, and a partially completed dry-dock. At Kobi there are repair-shops, and an attempt has been made to establish a dock-yard at Tokio, but the shallow approaches render it of but little importance. Connected with the central administration there is a Hydrographic Office, Observatory, Naval School, and schools of instruction for Marine Infantry and Artillery. At present the navy is manned entirely from volunteer enlistment, but a system of inscription is being perfected by which every person following a maritime trade will be liable for service between the ages of 18 and 45. The officers heretofore have for the greater part been educated in foreign naval schools, but at present the Naval Academy at Tokio is fully equal to the task of keeping the cadre full. This Naval School is modelled after the general European plan, the course being four years. Officers, as a rule, are appointed from the Noble class. The cadre of the navy at present is 300 officers, 5138 men, and 113 cadets. The grades and corps correspond closely with those of foreign powers. But very few foreign officers are now employed in the naval service, none at all in the fleet, their duties being confined to instructional and yard superintendence.

As yet the Japanese have not instituted any squadron service whatever, keeping nearly every vessel of their fleet in constant commission for instructional service. It is the intention, however, to establish both home and foreign squadron service as soon as the naval development will permit it to be done. The cadre of the Japanese Navy is 1180 officers and 4270 men.

NORWAY AND SWEDEN.

The navies of Norway and Sweden are distinct services, each having its own complete organization and administration. The Norwegian Navy is represented in the Cabinet by a Rear-Admiral, Chief of the Marine Department, who is assisted by a second Rear-Admiral, Chief of Staff. The central control at Stockholm is divided into three main sections, with Controllers at their heads, and subdivided into bureaus. The general administration is divided in control between two dock-yards, Christiania and Stockholm. There is also a Naval Academy, Hydrographic Office, and Observatory.

The Swedish Navy is represented in the Cabinet by a Minister of Marine, the central control having two main divisions, Chancellery and Command. There is in addition a Commander-in-Chief of Personnel, a Military Department, Construction Department, Commissariat Department, Pilotage Department, Naval School, and Hydrographic Office. The general administration is divided between the two naval stations of Carlskrona and Stockholm.

The personnel of both navies is recruited by voluntary enlistment, there being a special arrangement for conscription, in case of war in the maritime districts, of all persons between the ages of 22 and 35 years.

The grades of officers of the different corps are similar to those of other services, there being no grade of Admiral. The cadre of the two navies is:

SWEDEN. NORWAY.
Officers 518 Officers 104
Men 5,051 Men 550
———
Total 6,223

The Norwegian fleet is entirely confined to coast-defence vessels, no cruisers being now sent out. The Swedish fleet is well provided with cruisers, but there are no foreign squadrons, the foreign cruising being confined to single ships.

RUSSIA.

The Russian Navy is represented in the Council of State by the Admiral-General, a prince of the blood, who is Commander-in-Chief of the naval force. The head of the central administration is a Minister chosen from the list of Vice-Admirals. There are six sections or departments of control: 1st. The Chancellery, having charge of the expenditure of the Budget. 2d. The Department of the Personnel. 3d. The Hydrographic Department. 4th. The Technical Committee, divided into three sections—Construction of Vessels, Construction of Machinery, and Construction of Ordnance. 5th. The Supreme Naval Tribunal. 6th. The Direction of the Health Service. The general administration is divided between the naval stations of St. Petersburg, Sebastopol, Odessa, and the naval stations of the Caspian and Aral seas and Petropaulovsk on the Amoor River.

The personnel of the Russian Navy is recruited by inscription throughout the maritime districts, the inscription carrying with it certain benefits to the seafaring population, as in other countries. There are two divisions, active and reserve, the time of service being seven years in the active division and three in the reserve. The grades correspond with those of other navies. The effective strength is 4219 officers and 26,683 men.

The fleet is divided into five divisions with squadron sub-divisions: 1st. The Baltic Fleet, divided into the Squadron of Evolutions, Division of School-ships, Lighthouse and Survey Squadrons, and Cruisers, the latter being engaged in long foreign cruises independently. 2d. Black Sea Fleet, Division of School-ships, Coast Guard-ships, Lighthouse Service, Hydrographic Service, Port Guard-ships, and Cruisers confined to the Black and Mediterranean seas. 3d. The Caspian Flotilla. 4th. The Siberian Flotilla. 5th. All vessels in course of construction at St. Petersburg or Odessa.

SPAIN.

The Minister of Marine is invariably chosen from the grades of Vice or Rear Admiral, having an officer of one of these grades as an Assistant Secretary and Chief of Staff. The affairs of the Ministry are controlled by bureaus and sections, with special committees for the regulation of certain special affairs. For the immediate superintendence of the naval administration the Spanish coast is divided into three departments, each commanded by an officer of high rank. The headquarters of the Department of the East are at Cartagena, those of the South at Cadiz, and those of the North at Ferrol; the Eastern Department including the Balearic Isles, and the Southern the Canaries. Cuba and Porto Rico form a fourth department, with headquarters at Havana; and the Philippine Islands a fifth, with headquarters at Manila. The Commander-in-Chief of the department is also in command of the fleet at the station.

For the purposes of naval inscription the departments are subdivided into provinces and districts, there being in all 110 districts, each of which is in charge of a naval officer so far as marine inscription is concerned. The corps and grade divisions of the active personnel correspond with those of other nations, the grades of the executive corps being as follows:

Almirante.
Vice-Almirante.
Gefe de Escuadra.
Capitän de Navio.
Capitän de Fregata.
Teniente de Navio |1ᵃ cl.
|2ᵃ cl.
Alfarece de Navio.
Guardia Marina.

The grades of the Medical Corps are:

Medical Inspector.
Medical Sub-Inspector.
Surgeon-Major.
First Surgeon.
Second Surgeon.

The grades of the Commissary Corps are:

Superintendent.
Purveyor (1st class).
(2d class).
Commissary (1st class).
(2d class).
First Asst. Commissary.
Second Asst. Commissary.
Third Asst. Commissary.
Supernumeraries.

Chaplains have their ecclesiastical rank, and also a naval grade:

Sub Vicar-General.
First Chaplain.
Second Chaplain.
Sacristan (lay official).
Chorister (lay official).

The Technical Corps embraces in one body the ship and engine constructors, called Engineers of the Fleet, and having the grades of—

General Officer.
Brigadier.
Ship-of-the-Line Captain.
Frigate Captain.
Lieutenant.
Ensign.

For service in working engines aboard ship there is a corps of machinists:

First Machinists |1st class.
|2d class.
Second Machinists.
Third Machinists.
Fourth Machinists.
Assistant Machinists.

The total active personnel of the fleet is 1792 officers (exclusive of Midshipmen, Chaplains, and the Technical Corps) and 14,000 men.

In addition to this cadre, there is a corps of Marine Artillery (Technical).

1 General Officer.
3 Colonels.
7 Lieutenant-Colonels.
16 Captains.
20 Lieutenants.

And a corps of Marine Infantry which is divided into two half brigades of two battalions each, besides two companies of native infantry at the Philippines. The strength of this corps is 170 officers and 6256 men, making a grand total of 1962 officers and 20,256 men.

For the administration of justice each department has a district court, the maritime superior court being at Madrid.

The Naval Academy, situated at Ferrol, furnishes all the officers of the executive corps of the service. The age of entrance to the Academy is between 12 and 14 years, the length of the course at the school being two years and a half. At the expiration of this time they pass to a school-ship as second-class midshipmen, where they remain one or two years according to the needs of the cadre, when they pass to active service as midshipmen of the first-class, and after one year are commissioned Ensigns (Alfarece).

There are special schools under naval control for the education of pilots of the merchant service, another school for machinists, and an academy for the Artillery and Technical Corps.

At Madrid there is a Hydrographic Bureau and a Naval Museum, and at San Fernando a Naval Observatory.

The Spanish have five squadron cruising-grounds: the Mediterranean, South American, West Indian, Asiatic, and Atlantic, and a small African station limited to the Spanish possessions in the Gulf of Guinea.

At each of the prominent ports both of the home and colonial coasts there is a naval control under the superintendence of a Captain of the Port.

Promotion in all grades of the service except to that of Rear-Admiral is by seniority. Rear-Admirals are appointed by choice from the list of Line-Ship Captains. All persons in the maritime districts who follow a calling connected in any way with the sea are subject to the inscription, and none but those who are inscribed can engage in fishery or work upon the wharves or piers. The term of service is four years in the active and four in the reserve division. Each department has a separate school-ship and divisional formation, so that those persons who are inscribed are seldom removed from their immediate homes except for short cruises. There is a system of voluntary enlistment by which the main part of the active cadre is kept constantly full. In Spain as in Italy the merchant service is entirely under the control of the navy. In the headquarter ports of Spain, unlike those of other nations, the Commander-in-Chief has no flag-ship and does not display a broad pennant. Flag-ships represent strictly the commands afloat. This is a point of importance, as all ports visited by foreign men-of-war have a commanding naval authority of high rank, although there is no visible sign of such command.

TURKEY.

The navy is represented in the Cabinet by a Minister of Marine and in the Divan or Chancellery by an Assistant Secretary. For the central administration there is an Admiralty Council composed of Admirals and General Officers. The service is divided into four sections: 1st. Personnel. 2d. Matériel. 3d. Naval Constructions. 4th. Health. Each control has an Admiral at its head with the title of Director. The Minister has the supreme control of all naval affairs.

The fleet is recruited by inscription from the maritime districts, there being no reserve proper. The length of service is eight years.

The personnel of the navy consists of 1868 officers and 30,000 men, in addition to which there is a corps of marine infantry numbering 91 officers and 4500 men. The grades correspond with those of other countries except that there is no grade of Admiral, and the grade of Ensign corresponds closely with that of Midshipman in other services, there being no Naval Academy and no grade of Cadet.

UNITED STATES.

The navy is represented in the Cabinet by a Secretary of the Navy, who is invariably a civilian; the President of the United States being the Commander-in-Chief, but without any immediate naval executive. The central control is divided into eight bureaus under the superintendence of naval officers of the different corps having the grade of Commodore: 1st. Bureau of Navigation, subdivided into the Office of Detail, having charge of the personnel of the fleet; Hydrographic Office, Naval Observatory, and Signal Office. 2d. Bureau of Ordnance, having charge of all artillery matters, including the torpedo station at Newport. 3d. Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting, having charge of outfits, recruiting, and the apprentice service. 4th. Bureau of Yards and Docks, having charge of all naval grounds and buildings. 5th. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. 6th. Bureau of Provisions and Clothing, having charge of supplies and accounts. 7th. Bureau of Steam Engineering, having charge of the design and care of engines and boilers. 8th. Bureau of Construction and Repair. The Naval Academy is under an independent control attached directly to the superintendence of the Secretary of the Navy.

The general administration is divided into departments at the different dock-yards, each department corresponding with a bureau of the central control, and all under the superintendence of a commandant who is an officer of the executive corps having the grade of Commodore. There are no naval maritime districts in the United States, naval authority being limited strictly to the dock-yard government. There are seven dock-yards: Portsmouth (New Hampshire), Charlestown (Massachusetts), Brooklyn (New York), League Island (Pennsylvania), Norfolk (Virginia), Pensacola (Florida), and Mare Island (California). In addition to these there are three subordinate stations for coaling, recruiting, and repairing: New London (Connecticut), Port Royal (South Carolina), and Key West (Florida). The Coast Survey and Lighthouse establishments, although not under the control of the Navy Department, employ naval officers almost exclusively.

ASSIMILATED GRADES OF THE CORPS OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY.

Officers of the Executive and Engineer Corps are drawn exclusively from graduates of the Naval Academy. The other corps are drawn from civil life. Promotion is strictly by seniority in all grades. All officers except those in the Constructors’ and Professors’ Corps are obliged to pass a rigid examination in being promoted from one grade to another. The course of study at the Naval Academy is four years for both executive and engineer officers; the cadet then passes into the fleet for a period of two years for active service, at the end of which time he is eligible for promotion to the next grade. On reaching the age of 62 years or after 45 years of service, officers are retired from the active list. Officers failing twice in examination for promotion may be retired as mentally unqualified for active service.

In addition to these grades, in the regular line of promotion there are five subordinate; grades of what are called Warrant Officers namely, Boatswain, Gunner, Carpenter, Sailmaker, and Mate.

The cadre of the active list of the navy is 1678 officers, 7500 men, and 700 apprentices.

There is also a corps of Marine Infantry numbering 75 officers and 2500 men.

The method of enlistment is entirely voluntary, for periods of three years, with special inducements for re-enlistment. There is no reserve division of the service, the active cadre representing the entire disposable force. Apprentices are enlisted between the ages of 14 and 18, with obligatory service until they reach the age of 21. They are first put in training-ships, where they remain between two and three years, entering the fleet as soon as they are considered fully instructed. After entering the fleet they are eligible to advancement as seamen and petty officers.

The cruising fleet is divided into five squadrons—the North Atlantic, South Atlantic, European, Asiatic, and Pacific—with one vessel in constant commission cruising in the chain of great lakes on the northern boundary, and one in the Rio Grande on the Mexican boundary. Four ships (one steam frigate and three sailing corvettes) are also kept constantly in commission as cruisers with apprentices for instruction. The iron-clad fleet is kept in partial commission ready for service, but in fresh water, in order to prevent the fouling and corrosion of the bottoms.

DENMARK.

The navy is represented in the Cabinet by a Minister of Marine, the central administration having an officer of high rank at its head, bearing the title of Director-General. The control is divided into three sections: 1st. The Admiralty. 2d. The Commissariat. 3d. The Judiciary. The Admiralty is subdivided into departments of Personnel, Matériel, and Health. Grades of personnel are similar to those of other navies. The cadre of the navy is 120 officers and 2761 men. There are no foreign cruisers.

GREECE.

The navy is represented in the Cabinet by a Minister of Marine, and the central control is superintended by an Admiral bearing the title of Inspector-General of the Fleet. The grades of officers correspond to those of other navies. The cadre of the personnel of the fleet is 71 officers and 581 men.

PERU.

The navy is not a separate organization, being represented in the Cabinet by a Minister of War, and having at its head an Admiral Commander-in-Chief. The control is confined to the port of Callao, where in time of peace the fleet is kept almost permanently at anchor. Administration and cadre unknown.

PORTUGAL.

The navy of Portugal is represented in the Cabinet by a Minister of Marine, who has also the Colonial Service under his jurisdiction, as with the French. The King of Portugal is Commander-in-Chief of the navy (taking the rank of Admiral amongst his titles), the immediate executive control of the naval personnel being superintended by a Vice-Admiral Commander-in-Chief, assisted by a Board of Admiralty. Both the central and general controls are at Lisbon, where is situated the only dock-yard. The grades of the personnel of the Portuguese Navy are similar to those of other nations. The cadre is 393 officers and 3200 men.

The Portuguese fleet is distributed in squadrons at the different colonial stations, although they do but little cruising. A squadron is kept in commission at Lisbon, cruising to Madeira and the African coast in the fall of the year. In addition to the dock-yard there is a Naval School and Observatory, and a small repair-yard at Oporto. The navy is recruited by voluntary enlistment.

NAVAL BUDGETS.

TOGETHER WITH THE PROPORTION WHICH THEY BEAR TO THE ENTIRE
EXPENSES OF THE GOVERNMENT FOR THE CORRESPONDING YEAR.
(IN DOLLARS OF AMERICAN COIN.)
====+===========+====+===========+====+==========+===+===========+===
| AUSTRIA. | | BRAZIL. | | DENMARK. | | ENGLAND. |
----+-----------+----+-----------+----+----------+---+-----------+---
1875| $5,038,980|¹/₁₁|$10,737,267|¹/₇ |$1,258,180|¹/₁₀|$53,447,020|¹/₇
1876| 4,705,090|¹/₁₂| 11,992,977|¹/₆ | 1,193,700|¹/₁₂| 55,317,245|¹/₇
1877| 4,705,090|¹/₁₂| 5,467,730|¹/₁₁| 1,193,700|¹/₁₂| 56,821,915|¹/₇
1878| 4,805,480|¹/₁₂| 5,467,730|¹/₁₁| 1,323,308|¹/₉ | 54,892,960|¹/₁₁
1879| 4,354,900|¹/₁₆| 6,138,301|¹/₇ | 1,589,418|¹/₈ | 59,811,580|¹/₁₀
====+===========+====+===========+====+==========+====+===========+===
| FRANCE. | | GERMANY. | | GREECE. | | HOLLAND. |
----+-----------+----+-----------+----+----------+----+-----------+---
1875|$27,277,496|¹/₁₉| $4,511,955|¹/₂₂| $360,070|¹/₂₂| $2,617,994|¹/₈
1876| 27,277,496|¹/₁₉| 5,267,120|¹/₁₉| 391,978|¹/₂₀| 2,726,517|¹/₉
1877| 73,253,303|¹/₈ | 7,144,250|¹/₁₉| 422,941|¹/₂₀| 2,781,076|¹/₉
1878| 32,592,387|¹/₁₇| 14,672,671| ¹/₉| 426,941|¹/₂₀| 2,753,677|¹/₉
1879| 32,183,416|¹/₁₇| 11,434,197|¹/₁₂| 749,731|¹/₁₉| 2,627,732|¹/₉
====+===========+====+===========+====+==========+====+===========+===
| ITALY. | | JAPAN. | |NORWAY AND| | PORTUGAL. |
| | | | | SWEDEN. | | |
----+-----------+----+-----------+----+----------+----+-----------+---
1875| $7,468,184|¹/₃₉| $1,800,000|¹/₂₆|$1,526,275|¹/₁₈| $1,468,800|¹/₂₀
1876| 7,543,390|¹/₃₅| 2,700,000|¹/₂₅| 1,725,350|¹/₁₇| 1,554,406|¹/₁₉
1877| 8,326,156|¹/₃₄| 3,549,700|¹/₂₀| 2,204,040|¹/₁₆| 1,878,665|¹/₁₇
1878| 8,870,282|¹/₃₂| 3,217,500|¹/₁₇| 1,944,875|¹/₁₆| 1,876,264|¹/₁₇
1879| 8,864,877|¹/₃₂| 2,636,300|¹/₂₇| 1,896,750|¹/₁₇| 1,952,837|¹/₁₆
====+===========+====+===========+====+==========+====+===========+====
| RUSSIA. | | SPAIN. | | TURKEY. | | UNITED |
| | | | | | | STATES. |
----+-----------+----+-----------+----+----------+----+-----------+---
1875|$20,084,813|¹/₂₂| $6,560,355|¹/₁₈|$2,600,000|¹/₃₈|$23,000,000|¹/₁₄
1876| 20,030,705|¹/₂₃| 6,536,235|¹/₁₈| 3,200,000|¹/₃₆| 21,497,626|¹/₁₄
1877| 19,895,028|¹/₂₃| 5,739,806|¹/₂₃| 3,200,000|¹/₃₆| 18,963,310|¹/₁₆
1878| 18,839,706|¹/₂₅| 5,196,955|¹/₂₈| 2,560,000|¹/₂₂| 14,959,935|¹/₁₇
1879| 20,956,465|¹/₂₄| 5,196,955|¹/₂₈| 2,560,000|¹/₂₂| 17,365,301|¹/₁₄
----+-----------+----+-----------+----+----------+----+-----------+---

KRUPP’S CAST-STEEL COAST AND NAVAL GUNS OF
30 AND 35 CALIBRES LENGTH.
=========================================+================+================+=================
| 12 cm. | 15 cm. | 17 cm.
+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------
| Of 30 | Of 35 |Of 30 | Of 35 | Of 30 | Of 35
| calib.| calib. |calib. | calib. | calib. | calib.
|length.|length. |length.| length.| length.|length.
-----------------------------------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------
Calibre mm| 120 | 120 | 149.1 | 149.1 | 172.6 | 172.6
Total length ”| 3600 |4200 |4470 | 5220 | 5180 | 6040
Length of bore ”| 3275 |3875 |4050 | 4800 | 4695 | 5555
Weight of gun kg| 2015 |2260 |4200 | 4750 | 6700 | 7500
Weight of steel shell ”| 20 | 20 | 38.5 | 38.5 | 60 | 60
Battering charge ”| 9 | 9 | 17 | 17 | 26 | 26
Muzzle-velocity m| 575 | 605 | 575 | 605 | 575 | 605
-----------------------------------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------
total mt| 337.03| 373.12 | 649 | 718 | 1011.1 | 1119.4
Energy per cm. of circumference ”| 8.94| 9.90 | 13.85| 15.34| 18.18| 20.13
per cm². of cross section ”| 2.98| 3.30 | 3.71| 4.1 | 4.32| 4.78
per 1000 kg of weight of gun ”| 167.2 | 165 | 155 | 151 | 151 | 149
-----------------------------------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------
of 500 m m| 516.5| 543 | 526.7 | 554 | 533.3 | 560.5
Remaining ” 1000 ” ”| 464.5| 487.5 | 482 | 506.7 | 494.5 | 520
velocity ” 1500 ” ”| 418.5| 438.5 | 442 | 464 | 458.6 | 482
of steel ” 2000 ” ”| 380 | 397 | 406.7 | 426.3 | 425.5 | 447
shell ” 2500 ” ”| 348.5| 362 | 375 | 393 | 397 | 415.8
-----------------------------------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------
” 500 ” mt| 271.9| 300.5 | 544.4 | 602.3 | 869.7 | 960.8
” 1000 ” ”| 219.9| 242.2 | 455.9 | 503.8 | 747.8 | 826.9
total ” 1500 ” ”| 178.5| 196 | 383.4 | 422.5 | 643.1 | 710.5
” 2000 ” ”| 147.1| 160.7 | 324.59| 356.6 | 553.7 | 611.04
” 2500 ” ”| 123.8| 133.6 | 276 | 303.1 | 482 | 528.7
------------------------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------
” 500 ” ”| 7.21| 7.97 | 11.62| 12.86| 15.65| 17.28
per cm. ” 1000 ” ”| 5.83| 6.43 | 9.73| 10.75| 13.45| 14.87
Energy of ” 1500 ” ”| 4.74| 5.20 | 8.18| 9.02| 11.57| 12.78
circumfer- ” 2000 ” ”| 3.90| 4.26 | 6.93| 7.61| 9.96| 10.99
ence ” 2500 ” ”| 3.28| 3.54 | 5.89| 6.47| 8.67| 9.51
------------------------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------
” 500 ” ”| 2.40| 2.66 | 3.12| 3.45| 3.72| 4.11
per cm² ” 1000 ” ”| 1.94| 2.14 | 2.61| 2.89| 3.20| 3.53
of cross ” 1500 ” ”| 1.58| 1.73 | 2.20| 2.42| 2.75| 3.04
section ” 2000 ” ”| 1.30| 1.42 | 1.86| 2.04| 2.36| 2.61
” 2500 ” ”| 1.09| 1.18 | 1.58| 1.74| 2.06| 2.26
-----------------------------------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------
When striking at the muzzle at a | | | | | |
at right angles distance cm| 23.5 | 25.5 | 29.5 | 31.5 | 34 | 37
the steel shell of 500 m ” ”| 20 | 22 | 26 | 28 | 30.5 | 33
penetrates a ” 1000 ” ” ”| 17 | 18.5 | 22.5 | 24.5 | 27 | 29.5
wrought Iron-Plate ” 1500 ” ” ”| 15 | 16 | 20 | 21.5 | 24 | 26
of the following ” 2000 ” ” ”| 13 | 14 | 17.5 | 18.5 | 21.5 | 23.5
thickness ” 2500 ” ” ”| 11 | 12 | 15.5 | 16.5 | 19.5 | 21
-----------------------------------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------
at the muzzle at | | | | | |
a distance cm|10 + 18|10 + 20 |15 + 20|15 +22.5|18 + 22 |18 + 25.5
Or two plates of of 500 m ” ”|10 + 14|10 + 16 |15 + 16|15 + 18 |18 + 18 |18 + 21
the following ” 1000 ” ” ”|10 + 11|10 +12.5|15 + 12|15 + 14 |18 +14.5|18 + 17
thickness ” 1500 ” ” ”|10 + 8|10 + 9 |15 + 8|15 + 10 |18 +11 |18 + 13
” 2000 ” ” ”|10 + 5|10 + 6.5|15 + 5|15 + 7 |18 + 7 |18 + 9.5
” 2500 ” ” ”|10 + 3|10 + 4 |15 + 1|15 + 4 |18 + 3.5|18 + 6
-----------------------------------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+---------

KRUPP’S CAST-STEEL COAST AND NAVAL GUNS OF
30 AND 35 CALIBRES LENGTH.—(Continued.)
========================================+=================+=================+==================
| 20 cm. | 21 cm. | 24 cm.
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
| Of 30 | Of 35 | Of 30 | Of 35 | Of 30 | Of 35
| calib. | calib. | calib. | calib. | calib. | calib.
|length. | length.| length.| length.| length.|length.
----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
Calibre mm| 200 | 200 | 209.3 | 209.3 | 240 | 240
Total length ” | 6000 | 7000 | 6280 | 7330 | 7200 | 8400
Length of bore ” | 5425 | 6425 | 5670 | 6720 | 6480 | 7680
Weight of gun kg|11000 |12500 |12500 |14000 |19000 |21500
Weight of steel shell ” | 95 | 95 | 108 | 108 | 160 | 160
Battering charge ” | 40 | 40 | 45 | 45 | 65 | 65
Muzzle-velocity m | 575 | 605 | 575 | 605 | 575 | 605
----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
total mt| 1600 | 1773 | 1820 | 2014.8 | 2700 | 2985
Energy per cm. of circumference ” | 25.5 | 28.25| 27.68| 30.64| 35.8 | 39.6
per cm². of cross section ” | 5.1 | 5.65| 5.29| 5.86| 5.96| 6.6
per 1000 kg of weight of gun ” | 145.5 | 142 | 145.6 | 144 | 142 | 139
----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
of 500 m m | 539.5 | 567.5 | 541 | 568.8 | 544 | 572.5
Remaining velocity ” 1000 ” ” | 505 | 532 | 509 | 535.2 | 514.7 | 541.5
of steel ” 1500 ” ” | 474.5 | 498.7 | 479 | 503.3 | 487 | 512.6
shell ” 2000 ” ” | 445.5 | 468 | 451.5 | 473.8 | 461 | 485
” 2500 ” ” | 419 | 439.7 | 426.4 | 447 | 437.5 | 459.3
----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
” 500 ” mt| 1409.4 | 1559.5 | 1611.1 |1780.9 | 2415 | 2673
” 1000 ” ” | 1237.4 | 1370.5 | 1426.1 |1576.7 | 2165 | 2391.4
total ” 1500 ” ” | 1090.3 | 1204.3 | 1263 |1394.4 | 1934.2 | 2143
” 2000 ” ” | 961.1 | 1060.6 | 1122.2 |1235.7 | 1732 | 1918.4
” 2500 ” ” | 850.1 | 936.2 | 1000.8 |1099.8 | 1561 | 1720.5
--------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
” 500 ” ” | 22.43| 24.82| 24.50| 27.09 | 32.01| 35.45
per cm. ” 1000 ” ” | 19.69| 21.81| 21.69| 23.98 | 28.65| 31.72
Energy of ” 1500 ” ” | 17.35| 19.17| 19.21| 21.26 | 25.65| 28.42
circumference ” 2000 ” ” | 15.30| 16.88| 17.07| 18.79 | 22.99| 25.44
” 2500 ” ” | 13.53| 14.90| 15.22| 16.73 | 20.71| 22.82
--------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
” 500 ” ” | 4.49| 4.96| 4.68| 5.18 | 5.34| 5.91
per cm² ” 1000 ” ” | 3.94| 4.36| 4.15| 4.58 | 4.78| 5.29
of cross ” 1500 ” ” | 3.47| 3.83| 3.67| 4.05 | 4.28| 4.74
section ” 2000 ” ” | 3.06| 3.38| 3.26| 3.59 | 3.83| 4.24
” 2500 ” ” | 2.71| 2.98| 2.91| 3.20 | 3.45| 3.80
----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
at the muzzle at | | | | | |
When striking a distance cm| 40.5 | 43.5 | 42 | 45 | 47.5 | 51
at right angles of 500 m ” ”| 36.5 | 39.5 | 38 | 41 | 43.5 | 47
the steel shell ” 1000 ” ” ”| 33 | 36 | 35 | 37.5 | 40 | 43.5
penetrates a ” 1500 ” ” ”| 30 | 32.5 | 31.5 | 34 | 37 | 40
wrought Iron-Plate ” 2000 ” ” ”| 27.5 | 29.5 | 29 | 31 | 34 | 36.5
of the following ” 2500 ” ” ”| 25 | 27 | 26.5 | 28.5 | 31.5 | 34
thickness | | | | | |
----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
at the muzzle at | | | | | |
a distance cm|25 + 23 |25 +26.5|25 +24.5|25 +28.5|30 +26.5|30 + 31
Or two plates of of 500 m ” ”|25 +18.5|25 + 22 |25 + 20 |25 +23.5|30 +21.5|30 + 26
the following ” 1000 ” ” ”|25 + 14 |25 + 18 |25 + 16 |25 +19.5|30 +17.5|30 + 21.5
thickness ” 1500 ” ” ”|25 + 10 |25 + 13 |25 + 12 |25 + 15 |30 + 13 |30 + 17
” 2000 ” ” ”|25 + 5.5|25 + 9 |25 + 8 |25 + 11 |30 + 8.5|30 + 12.5
” 2500 ” ” ”|25 + 0 |25 + 4.5|25 + 4 |25 + 4 |30 + 3.5|30 + 8
----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------

KRUPP’S CAST-STEEL COAST AND NAVAL GUNS OF
30 AND 35 CALIBRES LENGTH.—(Continued.)
=======================================+==================+=================+==================
| 26 cm. | 28 cm. | 30½ cm.
+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
| Of 30 | Of 35 | Of 30 | Of 35 | Of 30 | Of 35
| calib. | calib. | calib. | calib. | calib. | calib.
|length. | length.|length. | length.| length.|length.
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
Calibre mm| 260 | 260 | 280 | 280 | 305 | 305
Total length ”| 7800 | 9100 | 8400 | 9800 | 9150 |10700
Length of bore ”| 7020 | 8320 | 7560 | 8960 | 8220 | 9770
Weight of gun kg|25000 |28100 |33200 |37300 |42900 |48400
Weight of steel shell ”| 205 | 205 | 255 | 255 | 329 | 329
Battering charge ”| 83 | 83 | 103 | 103 | 132 | 132
Muzzle-velocity m| 575 | 605 | 575 | 605 | 575 | 605
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
total mt| 3454.5 | 3824.4 | 4297 | 4757.3 | 5544.2 | 6137.9
Energy per cm. of circumference ”| 42.29 | 46.82| 48.85| 54.08| 57.86| 64.05
per cm². of cross section ”| 6.51 | 7.20| 6.98| 7.73| 7.59| 8.40
per 1000 kg of weight of gun ”| 138 | 136 | 129.5 | 127.5 | 129 | 127
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
of 500 m m| 546.8 | 575.3 | 548.6 | 577.3 | 550.7 | 579.4
Remaining velocity ” 1000 ” ”| 519.9 | 547 | 523.5 | 550.8 | 527.4 | 554.9
of steel ” 1500 ” ”| 494.4 | 520.1 | 499.4 | 525.5 | 505.1 | 531.5
shell ” 2000 ” ”| 470.1 | 494.6 | 476.5 | 501.4 | 483.8 | 509
” 2500 ” ”| 447 | 470.3 | 454.7 | 478.4 | 463.3 | 487.5
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
” 500 ” mt| 3123.5 | 3458 | 3912 | 4330.8 | 5085.3 | 5629.9
” 1000 ” ”| 2824.1 | 3126.5 | 3561.2 | 3942.5 | 4664.5 | 5164
total ” 1500 ” ”| 2553.5 | 2826.8 | 3242 | 3589.1 | 4278.5 | 4736.7
” 2000 ” ”| 2308.7 | 2556 | 2951.3 | 3267.3 | 3924.4 | 4334.7
” 2500 ” ”| 2087.5 | 2311.3 | 2686.7 | 2974.4 | 3599.6 | 3083
-------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
per cm. ” 500 ” ”| 38.24 | 42.33| 44.47| 49.23| 49.23| 58.75
of ” 1000 ” ”| 34.57 | 38.28| 40.48| 44.82| 48.68| 53.89
Energy circumfer- ” 1500 ” ”| 31.26 | 34.61| 36.85| 40.80| 44.65| 49.43
ence ” 2000 ” ”| 28.26 | 31.29| 33.55| 37.14| 40.96| 45.34
” 2500 ” ”| 25.56 | 28.29| 30.62| 33.81| 37.57| 41.59
-------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
” 500 ” ”| 5.88 | 6.51| 6.35| 7.03| 6.96| 7.71
per cm² ” 1000 ” ”| 5.32 | 5.89| 5.78| 6.40| 6.38| 7.07
of cross ” 1500 ” ”| 4.81 | 5.32| 5.27| 5.83| 5.86| 6.48
section ” 2000 ” ”| 4.35 | 4.81| 4.79| 5.31| 5.37| 5.95
” 2500 ” ”| 3.93 | 4.35| 4.37| 4.83| 4.82| 5.45
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
at the muzzle at | | | | | |
When striking a distance cm| 51.5 | 56 | 55.5 | 60 | 60.5 | 65
at right angles of 500 m ” ”| 48 | 51.5 | 51.5 | 56 | 56.5 | 61
the steel shell ” 1000 ” ” ”| 44.5 | 48 | 48 | 52 | 53 | 56.5
penetrates a ” 1500 ” ” ”| 41.5 | 44.5 | 44.5 | 48.5 | 49.5 | 53.5
wrought Iron-Plate ” 2000 ” ” ”| 38 | 41.5 | 41.5 | 45 | 46.5 | 50
of the following ” 2500 ” ” ”| 35.5 | 38 | 38.5 | 42 | 43 | 47
thickness | | | | | |
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
at the muzzle at | | | | | |
a distance cm|35 + 26.5|35 +31.5|38 +26.5|38 +32.5|40 + 34 |40 + 37
Or two plates of of 500 m ” ” |35 + 21.5|35 +26.5|38 + 23 |38 + 27 |40 +26.5|40 + 32.5
the following ” 1000 ” ” ” |35 + 17 |35 +21.5|38 + 18 |38 +23.5|40 +21.5|40 + 27.5
thickness ” 1500 ” ” ” |35 + 12.5|35 +17 |38 + 13 |38 +18.5|40 + 17 |40 + 23
” 2000 ” ” ” |35 + 7.5|35 +12.5|38 + 8 |38 +13.5|40 + 13 |40 + 18
” 2500 ” ” |35 + 2 |35 + 7.5|38 + 2.5|38 + 8.5|40 + 7 |40 + 13.5
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+----------

KRUPP’S CAST-STEEL COAST AND NAVAL GUNS OF
30 AND 35 CALIBRES LENGTH.—(Continued.)
=======================================+==================+==================
| 35½ cm. | 40 cm.
+---------+--------+--------+--------
| Of 30 | Of 35 | Of 30 | Of 35
| calib. | calib. | calib. | calib.
|length. | length.|length. | length.
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+---------
Calibre mm| 355 | 355 | 400 | 400
Total length ”|10650 |12400 |12000 | 14000
Length of bore ”| 9510 |11260 |10700 | 12700
Weight of gun kg|68000 |76500 |97200 |109500
Weight of steel shell ”| 525 | 525 | 740 | 740
Battering charge ”| 210 | 210 | 295 | 295
Muzzle-velocity m| 575 | 605 | 575 | 605
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+---------
total mt| 8847 | 9794.5 |12470 | 13805
Energy per cm. of circumference ”| 79.33 | 87.82| 99.23| 109.86
per cm². of cross section ”| 8.94 | 9.90| 9.92| 10.99
per 1000 kg of weight of gun ”| 129 | 127 | 128.5 | 126.5
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+---------
of 500 m m| 554.3 | 583.2 | 556.3 | 585.4
Remaining velocity ” 1000 ” ”| 534.3 | 562.2 | 538.2 | 566.3
of steel ” 1500 ” ”| 515.1 | 542 | 520.8 | 547.9
shell ” 2000 ” ”| 496.6 | 522.5 | 503.8 | 530.1
” 2500 ” ”| 478.7 | 503.6 | 487.5 | 512.9
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+---------
” 500 ” mt| 8221.5 | 9101.8 |11673 | 12923
” 1000 ” ”| 7640.2 | 8458.2 |10927 | 12097
total ” 1500 ” ”| 7099.8 | 7860.2 |10228 | 11323
” 2000 ” ”| 6598 | 7304.3 | 9574.6 | 10599
” 2500 ” ”| 6131.3 | 6787.8 | 8962.6 | 9922.3
-------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+---------
” 500 ” ”| 73.72 | 81.61| 92.89| 102.84
per cm. ” 1000 ” ”| 68.50 | 75.84| 86.95| 96.26
of ” 1500 ” ”| 63.66 | 70.48| 81.40| 90.11
Energy circumfer- ” 2000 ” ”| 59.16 | 65.49| 76.19| 84.35
ence ” 2500 ” ”| 54.97 | 60.86| 71.32| 78.96
-------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+---------
” 500 ” ”| 8.31 | 9.20| 9.29| 10.28
per cm² ” 1000 ” ”| 7.72 | 8.55| 8.70| 9.63
of cross ” 1500 ” ”| 7.17 | 7.94| 8.14| 9.01
section ” 2000 ” ”| 6.67 | 7.38| 7.62| 8.44
” 2500 ” ”| 6.19 | 6.86| 7.13| 7.90
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+---------
at the muzzle at | | | |
When striking a distance cm| 70.5 | 76.5 | 79 | 85.5
at right angles of 500 m ” ”| 67 | 72.5 | 75 | 81
the steel shell ” 1000 ” ” ”| 63.5 | 68.5 | 71.5 | 77
penetrates a ” 1500 ” ” ”| 60 | 64.5 | 68 | 73
wrought Iron-Plate ” 2000 ” ” ”| 57 | 61 | 65 | 70
of the following ” 2500 ” ” ”| 54 | 58 | 62 | 66.5
thickness | | | |
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+---------
at the muzzle at | | | |
a distance cm|50 + 34 |50 +40.5|60 +32.5|60 + 41
of 500 m ” ”|50 + 29 |50 +35.5|60 +27.5|60 + 35.5
Or two plates of ” 1000 ” ” ”|50 + 24 |50 +30.5|60 +22.5|60 + 30.5
the following ” 1500 ” ” ”|50 + 19 |50 + 26 |60 +17.5|60 + 25.5
thickness ” 2000 ” ” ”|50 + 14.5|50 + 21 |60 + 12 |60 + 20
” 2500 ” ” ”|50 + 9 |50 + 16 |60 + 5.5|60 + 15
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+---------

INDEX.

Alabama and Hatteras, duel, 170
Kearsarge, ” , 171
Architectural Development—Unarmored fleets, 361
Conditions affecting English, 361
French, 362
United States, 362
Chart of, 372
Armored fleets, 386
Argentine Confederation Fleets, Table of, 3
Description of, 4
Ordnance, Description of, 180
Type of small-arms used, 311
Personnel, 399
Armor—Table of penetration of English guns, 319
French ” , 321
German ” , 320
Krupp’s new long guns, 435
Application of, 395
Armstrong Breech-loaders, Table of measurements of, 182
Description of, 193, 194
Muzzle-loaders, Description of, 192-194
Projectiles, 209
Fuses, 211
Grooves, 192
Assaults—Fort Sumter, 160
” Fisher, 160
Corean Forts, 161
Assimilated Rank—Grades of Austrian officers, 402
Brazilian officers, 406
English officers, 410
French officers, 416
United States officers, 431
Atlanta and Weehawken, duel, 171
Austrian Fleets, Armored, Table of, 5
General-service, Table of, 9
Armored vessels, Ratios of elements, 390
Ordnance, Table of, 177
Description of, 180
Types and calibres of, 317
Personnel, Departmental organization of, 400
Names of grades, 400
Inscription and instruction, 401
Relative rank, 402
Cadre, 400
Austrian cruising stations, 405
Budgets, 434

Bellerophon, Construction of iron hull of, 382
Boat-carriages—English, 197
French, 235
German, 263
United States, 289
Bombardments—Callao, 149
Danube Earthworks, 149
Fort Darling, 142
Donelson, 142
Fisher, 147
Henry, 140
Hindman, 144
Jackson and St. Philip, 152
McAllister, 147
Sumter, 151
Wagner, 146
Grand Gulf Earthworks, 144
Hatteras Inlet, 139
Hilton Head, 140
Kagosima, 146
Roanoke Island, 141
Simonoseki, 145
Bouvet and Meteor, duel, 172
Brazil, Construction of iron hull of, 380
Brazilian Fleet, Armored, Table of, 10
Description of, 11
Unarmored, Table of, 12
Ordnance, Description of, 180
Types and calibres of, 317
Personnel, Departmental organization of, 405
Grades and relative rank, 406
Cadre, 407
Cruising stations, 407
Budget, 434
Breech-loaders—Armstrong, 193
French, model 1870, 225
model 1864, 228
Finspong, 276
German, 244
Krupp’s new long guns,
table of measurements, 435
United States, 285
Whitworth, 218
Breech Mechanism—Armstrong, original, 193
improved, 195
French, model 1870, 226
model 1864, 229
Hotchkiss revolving cannon, 306
Gatling machine-gun, 309
Krupp cylindro-prismatic, 246
Small-arms, 311
United States, 287
Whitworth, 218
Brooks’s torpedo for harbor defence, 345
Brookwell broadside gun-carriage, 250

Cadre—Argentine Navy, 399
Austrian ” , 400
Brazilian ” , 407
Chilian ” , 407
Danish ” , 433
Dutch ” , 422
English ” , 411
French ” , 417
German ” , 419
Greek ” , 433
Italian ” , 424
Japanese ” , 425
Norwegian ” , 426
Portuguese ” , 433
Russian ” , 426
Spanish ” , 428
Swedish ” , 426
Turkish ” , 429
United States ” , 432
Cartridges—English, 207
French, 236
Charleston blockaders, Dash at, 166
Chart of architectural development, 372
Chilian Fleet, Armored, Table of, 13
Description of, 13
General-service, Table of, 13
Ordnance, Description of, 181
Types and calibres of, 317
Personnel, Departmental organization of, 407
Cadre, 407
Chinese Fleet, Table of, 16
Description of, 16
Ordnance, Description of, 181
Types and calibres of, 317
Personnel, 408
Compressors—Elswick, 201
Bow, 202
English hydraulic, 203-206
French friction, 231
Brookwell, 250
Vavasseur, 220
German hydraulic, 257-263
United States boat-carriage, 289
central recoil-check, 295
hydraulic, 296
Ericsson’s friction, 296
turret-carriage, 298
English wooden slide-carriage, 196
German boat-carriage, 264
Construction, Ship, Development of, 373
Wooden, 374
Diagonal, 375
Composite, 377
Iron, 379
Iron sheathed with wood, 384
Iron hull of Brazil, 380
Warrior, 381
Bellerophon, 382
Hercules, 383
Invincible, 383
Gun—Palliser, 217
Armstrong, 192
Whitworth, 218
Vavasseur, 219
Woolwich, 186
Krupp, 244
Finspong, 276
American smooth-bore, 283
Uchatius, 180
American converted, 285
French, 225
Cruising Stations, Squadron—Argentine, 400
Austrian, 405
Brazilian, 407
Dutch, 422
English, 412
French, 417
Italian, 424
Russian, 426
Spanish, 429
United States, 432

Dashes—Passes of the Mississippi, 165
Vicksburg (Arkansas passing
Farragut’s fleet), 166
Charleston blockading fleet, 166
Monitor and Merrimac, 170
Alabama and Hatteras, 170
Weehawken and Atlanta, 171
Kearsarge and Alabama, 171
Meteor and Bouvet, 172
Denmark Fleet, Armored, 17
General-service, 18
Ordnance, Description of, 181
Types and calibres of, 317
Personnel, Departmental organization of, 433
Budgets, 434
Directing-bar Carriage—French, 234
United States, 293
Distinguishing marks of English projectiles, 216
Distribution of armor, 395
Elevating-gear—Woolwich rack and pinion, 201
boat-gun, 197
hydraulic, 205
French, 231, 233, 234
German rack and pinion, 252
boat-gun, 250
United States boat-gun, 289
breech-loader, 293
smooth-bore, 293
Hotchkiss revolving cannon, 306
Gatling machine-gun, 308
English Fleet, Armored, Table of, 20
Description of, 23
Fast cruisers, Table of, 36
Description of, 42
General-service, Table of, 48
Ordnance, Table of measurements of, 182
Description of, 186
Types and calibres of, 317
Revolving turret, 358
Conditions affecting architectural development, 361
Ratios of elements of iron-clad vessels, 390
English Personnel—Departmental organization, 408
Dock-yards, 409
Enlistment, 409
Grades and relative rank, 410
Coast-guard, 411
Cadre, 411
Royal Naval College, 411
Gunnery and torpedo instruction, 411
Naval reserve, 411
Probationary course of young officers, 412
Indian navy, 412
Cruising stations, 412
Budgets, 434
Ericsson—Torpedo vessel, 338
Development of Monitor, 386
Turret gun-carriage, 298
Broadside slide-carriage, 297
Revolving turret, 357

Field-carriages—United States, 289
English, 196
French, 236
German, 264
Finspong breech-loader, 276
Fleets—Architectural development of armored, 389
unarmored, 361
Argentine, 3
Austrian, 5
Brazilian, 10
Chilian, 13
Chinese, 16
Danish, 17
Dutch, 84
English, 20
French, 51
German, 73
Greek, 82
Italian, 90
Japanese, 96
Norwegian, 99
Peruvian, 103
Portuguese, 104
Russian, 106
Spanish, 116
Swedish, 99
Turkish, 121
United States, 128
French Fleet, Armored, Table of, 51
Description of, 55
Rapid cruisers, Table of, 62
Description of, 65
General-service, Table of, 70
Ordnance, Table of measurements of, 221
Description of, 225
Types and calibres of, 317
Towing torpedo, 333
Revolving turret, 359
Barbette fixed turret, 360
Conditions affecting architectural development, 362
Ratio of elements of iron-clad vessels, 390
Wooden hulls, superiority over English iron ones, 392
Personnel—Departmental organization, 412
Maritime prefectures, 414
Enlistment and inscription, 415
Grades and assimilated rank, 416
Official reports, 416
Promotion, 417
Cadre, 417
Cruising stations, 417
Budgets, 434
Fuses—Boxer time, 211
Armstrong time, 211
Pettman percussion, 212
French percussion, 238
time, 238
German percussion, 266
Krupp time, 267
United States Navy time, 302
Bormann time, 303
Boxer time, 303
Schenkl percussion, 304
Torpedo time, 347
McEvoy’s time, 347
percussion, 348
Hill’s chemical, 348
friction, 348
sulphuric-acid, 349
Harvey’s chemical, 349
electric, 349

Gas-checks—Woolwich projectile, 210
French, 227-229
Armstrong, original, 194
improved, 195
Broadwell, 246-248
Gatling machine-gun, 308
General Actions—Memphis, 163
Heligoland, 163
Lissa, 164
Point Tetas, 173
German Fleets, Armored, Table of, 73
Description of, 75
Fast cruisers, Table of, 80
General-service, Table of, 81
Ordnance, Table of measurements, 241
Description of, 244
Types and calibres of, 317
Ratios of elements of iron-clad vessels, 390
Personnel—Departmental organization, 418
Inscription, 419
Cadre, 419
Grades, 419
Fleet divisions, 421
Budgets, 434
Grades—Officers of navy of Argentine Confederation, 399
Austria, 400
Brazil, 406
England, 410
France, 416
Germany, 419
Holland, 421
Italy, 422
Spain, 427
United States, 431
Grand Gulf, Bombardment of earthworks of, 144
Greek Fleet, Table of, 82
Description of, 83
Ordnance, Description of, 272
Types and calibres of, 317
Departmental organization, 433
Budgets, 434
Grooves—French, 187
French modified, 187
Woolwich, 187
English plain, 187
Armstrong, for breech-loader, 192
shunt, 192
French, model 1870, 228
Krupp, 245
Parrott, 288
Dahlgren, 288
Whitworth, 219
Guns—Muzzle-loaders: Woolwich, 186
English converted, 189
Armstrong, 192-194
French, 229
United States smooth-bore, 283
converted, 285
Parrott, 285
Breech-loaders: Armstrong, original, 193
improved, 195
French, model 1870, 225
model 1864-1871, 228
Krupp, government pattern, 244
new long, 435
Finspong, 276
United States, 287
Penetration of English, in armor targets, 319
German, ” ” , 320
French, ” ” , 321
Krupp’s new long, 435
Gun-carriages—Field: English, 196
French, 236
German, 264
United States, 289
Boat: English, 197
French, 235
German, 263
United States, 289
Turret: English, 203
French, 232
German, 263
Razkazoff depression, 279
Ericsson’s, 298
Broadside: French slide, 230
directing-bar, 234
Vavasseur, 220
German Brookwell, 249
slide, 254
German half-slide, 259
United States Marsilly, 292
directing-bar, 293
slide, 296
Ericsson’s slide, 296
United States friction-drum, 299
Mitrailleuse: French, 236
Hotchkiss, 306
Gatling, 308
French centre pivot, 233
German ” ” , 260
United States pivot, 295
Gun-locks—United States cannon, 305
Gatling, 309
Gunpowder—English, 206
French, 236
German, 265
United States, 299

Harvey towing torpedo, 331
Hatteras Inlet, Bombardment of, 139
Heligoland, Action off, 163
Hercules, Construction of iron hull of, 383
Herreshoff torpedo-boat, 341
Hilton Head, Bombardment of, 140
Holland Fleet, Armored, Table of, 84
Description of, 86
Unarmored, Table of, 88
Ordnance, Description of, 272
Types and calibres of, 317
Personnel—Departmental organization, 421
Grades, 421
Cadre, 422
Cruising stations, 422
Budgets, 434
Hotchkiss machine-gun, 305
projectiles, 306
magazine rifle, 315
Hydraulic Compressors—English, 203-206
German, 257-263
United States, 296

Loading apparatus, English, 205
Gun-lift, English, 205

Inscription, Maritime—Austrian, 401
French, 415
German, 419
Italian, 423
Japanese, 425
Spanish, 429
Invincible, Construction of iron hull of, 383
Iron-clads _versus_ wooden vessels
Hampton Roads, 167
Roanoke River, 167
Albemarle Sound, 168
Black Sea, 168
Ylo, 169
Iquique Harbor, 169
Italian Fleet, Armored, Table of, 90
Description of, 91
Fast cruisers, Table of, 94
General-service, Table of, 95
Italian Ordnance, Table of measurements of, 269
Description of, 272
Types and calibres of, 317
Personnel—Departmental organization, 422
Grades, 422
Inscription, 423
Cadre, 424
Budgets, 434

Japanese Fleets, Armored, Table of, 96
Description of, 97
Unarmored, Table of, 97
Ordnance, Description of, 272
Types and calibres of, 318
Personnel—Departmental organization, 424
Dock-yards, 424
Cadre, 425
Inscription and enlistment, 425
Budgets, 434

Kagosima, Bombardment of, 146
Kearsarge and Alabama, duel, 171
Krupp Guns—Standard German, Measurements of, 242
New long guns of 30 to 35 calibres, 435
Description of standard German, 244
Groove, 245

Lay’s torpedo, 329
Lewis’s torpedo, 343
Lissa, Battle of, 164
Loading-gear, English hydraulic, 205
Loading-plate—French, 239
German, 249
United States, 287

Machine-guns—Gatling, 308
Hotchkiss, 305
Nordenfeldt, 276
Palmcrantz, 276
Marine Infantry and Artillery—Argentine, 399
Brazilian, 407
Chilian, 407
Dutch, 422
English, 411
French, 417
German, 420
Italian, 424
Spanish, 428
Turkish, 429
United States, 432
Memphis, Action off, 163
Menzing towing-torpedo, 333
Meteor and Bouvet, duel, 172
Mitrailleuse, French, 230
Monitor and Merrimac, duel, 170
Muzzle-loading Guns—Woolwich, 186
Armstrong, 192
Whitworth, 218
Vavasseur, 219
French, 229
United States smooth-bore, 283
rifles, 285

Nipping-gear, Scott’s, 202
French, 233
German, 255
Vavasseur, 220

Nordenfeldt machine-gun, 276
Norwegian Fleet, Armored, Table of, 99
Description of, 100
Unarmored, Table of, 101
Ordnance, Table of measurements of, 273
Description of, 276
Types and calibres of, 318
Personnel—Departmental organization, 425
Enlistment, 425
Cadre, 426
Budgets, 434

Ordnance—Argentine, 180
Austrian, 177, 317
Brazilian, 180, 317
Chilian, 181, 317
Chinese, 181, 317
Danish, 181, 317
Dutch, 272, 317
English, 182, 317
French, 221, 317
German, 241, 317
Greek, 272, 317
Italian, 269, 317
Japanese, 272, 318
Norwegian, 273, 318
Peruvian, 279, 318
Portuguese, 279, 318
Russian, 277, 318
Spanish, 280, 318
Swedish, 273, 318
Turkish, 280, 318
United States, 281, 318

Palliser gun-construction, 217
projectiles, 208
Palmcrantz machine-gun, 276
Passage of Forts—Jackson and St. Philip, 154
Vicksburg (up stream), 156
(down stream), 159
Port Hudson Earthworks, 156
Morgan, 157
Passes of the Mississippi, dash, 165
Penetration of Armor—English guns, 319
French ” , 321
German ” , 320
Krupp’s new 30 and 35 calibre guns, 435
Personnel—Argentine Confederation, 399
Austrian, 400
Brazilian, 405
Chilian, 407
Chinese, 408
Danish, 433
Dutch, 421
English, 408
French, 412
German, 418
Greek, 433
Italian, 422
Japanese, 424
Norwegian, 425
Peruvian, 433
Portuguese, 433
Russian, 426
Spanish, 427
Swedish, 425
Turkish, 429
United States, 430
Peruvian Fleet, Description of, 103
Ordnance, Description of, 279
Types and calibres of, 318
Personnel, Departmental organization of, 433
Point Tetas, Action off, 173
Portuguese Fleet—Armored corvette, 104
Unarmored fleet, Table of, 105
Ordnance, Description of, 279
Types and calibres of, 318
Personnel—Departmental organization, 433
Cadre, 433
Cruising stations, 433
Budgets, 434
Primers—English friction, 212
electric, 213
French percussion, 239
friction, 239
German friction, 267
United States percussion, 304
friction, 304
Projectiles—Distinguishing marks of English, 216
Woolwich, 208
Palliser, 209
Armstrong segment, 209
German ” , 265
Whitworth, 219
French, 237
German, 265
United States, 299
Hotchkiss, 306

Ratios of elements of iron-clad vessels, Table of, 390
Razkazoff depression gun-carriage, 279
Roanoke Island, Bombardment of, 141
Russian Fleet, Armored, Table of, 106
Description of, 108
General-service, Table of, 112
Ordnance, Table of measurements of, 277
Description of, 279
Types and calibres of, 318
Personnel—Departmental organization, 426
Inscription, 426
Fleet divisions, 426
Budgets, 434

Scott’s gun-carriage, 200
nipping-gear, 202
Sights—English, 213
French, 239
German, 267
United States, 305
Simonoseki, Bombardment of, 145
Singer’s torpedo for harbor defence, 346
Slides—English upper-deck gun, 198
ordinary broadside, 199
heavy broadside, 200
turret, 205
French ordinary broadside, 232
heavy broadside, 231
barbette turret, 232, 360
centre pivot, 234
German broadside, 251
heavy pivot, 257
half ” , 259
centre ” , 260
United States ordinary pivot, 295
heavy broadside, 296
turret, 298
Slide-rollers—French, 232
German, 255
Small-arms—Snider, 311
Tabatière, 311
Krnka, 312
Springfield, 312
Peabody-Martini, 313
Werndl, 313
Mauser, 314
Le Gras, 314
Berdan, 315
Hotchkiss magazine, 315
Remington, 315
Spanish Fleet, Armored, Table of, 116
Description of, 117
Unarmored, Table of, 118
Description of, 120
Ordnance, Description of, 280
Types and calibres of, 318
Personnel—Departmental organization, 427
Grades, 427
Cadre, 428
Inscription, 429
Cruising stations, 429
Budgets, 434
Sumter, Bombardment of, 151
Assault of, 160
Swedish Fleet, Armored, Table of, 99
Description of, 100
Unarmored, Table of, 101
Ordnance, Table of measurements of, 273
Description of, 276
Types and calibres of, 318
Personnel—Departmental organization, 425
Enlistment, 425
Cadre, 426
Budgets, 434

Thorneycroft torpedo-boat, 339
Torpedoes—Whitehead, 325
Lay, 329
Harvey towing, 331
Menzing ” , 333
French towing, 333
American spar, 334
Wood and Lay’s spar, 335
Lewis’s drifting, 343
Frame, 345
Brooks’s channel, 345
Singer’s ” , 346
Barrel ” , 346
Clearing channels of, 350
Torpedo Boats—Thorneycroft, 339
Yarrow, 340
Herreshoff, 341
Submarine, 343
Launches, 342
Vessels—Pietro Micca, 94, 336
Rau, 102, 337
Vesuvius, 47, 337
Ziethen, 337
Uzreef, 337
Alarm, 130, 337
Intrepid, 129, 338
Destroyer, 338
Uhlan, 339
Fuses—Time, 347
McEvoy’s time, 347
Hill’s, 348
McEvoy’s percussion, 348
Friction, 348
Sulphuric-acid, 349
Harvey’s, 349
Electric, 349
Actions—Shah and Huascar, 351
Russian boats off Batoum, 351
Constantine and Turkish vessel, 352
Cushing’s attack on Albemarle, 352
Russian attack on Duba Saife, 352
at Sulina, 352
Rustchuk, 353
Soukum Kaleh, 353
Confederate attack on Minnesota, 353
Housatonic, 353
Training-gear—German windlass, 253
for cabin carriage, 254
heavy slides, 256
English windlass, 200
rack and pinion, 200
French rack and pinion, 231
barbette slide, 232
centre pivot, 234
United States rack and pinion, 296
Turkish Fleet, Armored, Table of, 121
Description of, 123
Unarmored, Table of, 125
Ordnance, Description of, 280
Types and calibres of, 318
Personnel—Departmental organization, 429
Inscription, 429
Cadre, 429
Budget, 434
Turret—United States monitor, 357
English revolving, 358
French ” , 359
barbette, 360
Carriages: French, 232
English, 203
German, 263
United States, 298

Uchatius gun-construction, 180
United States Fleet, Armored, Table of, 128
Description of, 129
Unarmored, Table of, 131
Description of, 134
Ordnance, Table of measurements of, 281
Description of, 283
Types and calibres of, 318
Conditions affecting architectural development, 362
Ratios of elements of monitor Onondaga, 391
Monitor turret, 357
Personnel—Departmental organization, 430
Dock-yards, 430
Grades and assimilated rank, 431
Cadre, 432
Enlistment, 432
Cruising station, 432
Budgets, 434
Spar-torpedo, 334

Vavasseur construction, 219
compressor, 220
nipping-gear, 220
Vents—French, 227
Armstrong B. L., 193
German, 248
United States, 287
Vent-guards, French, 240
Vicksburg, Dash of the Arkansas past Farragut’s fleet, 166

Wads—English papier maché, 210
French sea-weed, 238
Warrior, Construction of iron hull of, 381
Weehawken and Atlanta, duel, 171
Whitehead torpedo, 325
Whitworth gun-construction, 218
groove, 219
projectiles, 219
breech mechanism, 218
Windlass for in and out gear—English, 200
German, 253
Wood scale, English, 213, 216
Woolwich—Description of guns, 186
Measurements of guns, 182
Groove, 187
Projectiles, 208

Yarrow torpedo-boat, 340

Comments

Navies of the worldChapter XVIII: Part V: Personnel (2)

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