Chapter XI: Appendix: B

VOCABULARIES

As has been pointed out already, the Negritos of Zambales seem to have lost entirely their own language and to have adopted that of the Christianized Zambal. A study of the vocabularies here given will show that in various sections of the province Zambal is to-day the language of the Negritos. Differences will be found, of course, in the dialects of regions which do not come much into contact with each other, and contact with other dialects creates different changes in different localities.

The chief difference between the Bolinao dialect and that of the region south is the substitution of the letter "r" in the former for "l"; as "arong" for "along," nose; "dira" for "dila," tongue. Yet not a few words are entirely different. These differences may arise from the use of synonyms or from misinformation, as I was able to take the Bolinao vocabulary from only two individuals. This dialect is spoken in the towns of Bolinao, Anda, Bani, and Zaragoza, although I am informed that there are even slight differences in the speech of the people of some of these towns. The towns from Infanta to Iba have the second dialect.

When the Aeta element enters the differences become more apparent, although the relationship between the differing words may often be seen; for instance, "sabot," hair, becomes "habot;" "along," nose, becomes "balongo." But the number of words which bear no relationship is greater than in the case of the first two dialects. It is possible that here we find traces of an original Negrito language, but I believe that all these words can be traced to Malay roots. It will be noticed also that the two following vocabularies taken from Negritos at Santa Fé and Subig do not differ materially from the Zambal-Aeta--in fact, they may be regarded as identical.

The writer can not vouch for the vocabularies from Bataan and Bulacan, but gives them for the sake of comparison. The words collected by Montano are mostly Tagalog and differ somewhat from Cooke's. The latter states that he verified his seven times. The two sets are probably from different parts of the province. The Dumagat vocabulary from Bulacan Province, while offering greater differences, is plainly of Malay origin like all the others.

English Man
Zambal of Bolinao la-la'-ki
Zambal of Iba la-la'-ki
Zambal--Aeta la-la'-ki
Aeta of Santa Fé la-la'-ki
Aeta of Subig ya'-ki
Aeta, Bataan Province la-la-ke'*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ta'-nun-gu'-bat

English Woman
Zambal of Bolinao ba-bay'-e
Zambal of Iba ba-bay'-e
Zambal--Aeta ba-bay'-e
Aeta of Santa Fé ba-bay'-e
Aeta of Subig ba-bay'-e
Aeta, Bataan Province ba-bay'-e*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province mow'-na

English Father
Zambal of Bolinao a'-ma
Zambal of Iba a'-ma
Zambal--Aeta a'-ma
Aeta of Santa Fé ba'-pa
Aeta of Subig ba'-pa
Aeta, Bataan Province ba'-pa, ama*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Mother
Zambal of Bolinao i'-na
Zambal of Iba i'-na
Zambal--Aeta na'-na
Aeta of Santa Fé in'-do
Aeta of Subig in'-do
Aeta, Bataan Province in'do, inang*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Brother
Zambal of Bolinao bu'-sat
Zambal of Iba ta-la-sa'-ka
Zambal--Aeta pa'-tel
Aeta of Santa Fé ka-pa-tel
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province ka'-ka, kapatid*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Sister
Zambal of Bolinao bu'-sat
Zambal of Iba ta-la-sa'-ka
Zambal--Aeta pa'-tel
Aeta of Santa Fé ka-pa-tel
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province o-pa-tel', kapatid*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Uncle
Zambal of Bolinao ba'-pa
Zambal of Iba ba'-pa
Zambal--Aeta ba'-pa
Aeta of Santa Fé da'-ra
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province ale'*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Aunt
Zambal of Bolinao da'-da
Zambal of Iba da'-ra
Zambal--Aeta in'-do
Aeta of Santa Fé da'-ra
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province mama*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Son
Zambal of Bolinao a'-nak
Zambal of Iba a'-nak
Zambal--Aeta a'-nak
Aeta of Santa Fé a'-nak
Aeta of Subig a'-nak
Aeta, Bataan Province a'-nak*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province anak

English Daughter
Zambal of Bolinao a'-nak
Zambal of Iba a'-nak
Zambal--Aeta a'-nak
Aeta of Santa Fé a'-nak
Aeta of Subig a'-nak
Aeta, Bataan Province a'-nak*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province anak na mowna

English Head
Zambal of Bolinao o'-ro
Zambal of Iba o'-lo
Zambal--Aeta o'-lo
Aeta of Santa Fé o'-lo
Aeta of Subig la'-bo
Aeta, Bataan Province o'-o, ulo*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province pun'-tuk

English Hair
Zambal of Bolinao sa-bot'
Zambal of Iba sa-bot'
Zambal--Aeta ha-bot'
Aeta of Santa Fé ha-bot'
Aeta of Subig ha-bot'
Aeta, Bataan Province la-buk', bohoc*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Mouth
Zambal of Bolinao bo-bo'-y
Zambal of Iba bo-bo'-y
Zambal--Aeta bo-bo'-y
Aeta of Santa Fé bo-bo'-y
Aeta of Subig bo-bo'-y
Aeta, Bataan Province ba-lu'-go, bebec*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province un'-suk

English Eye
Zambal of Bolinao ma'-ta
Zambal of Iba ma'-ta
Zambal--Aeta ma'-ta
Aeta of Santa Fé ma'-ta
Aeta of Subig ma'-ta
Aeta, Bataan Province ma'-ta*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Nose
Zambal of Bolinao a'-rong
Zambal of Iba a'-long
Zambal--Aeta ba-loñg'-o
Aeta of Santa Fé ba-long'-o
Aeta of Subig ba-long'-o
Aeta, Bataan Province ba-tong', ilong*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province an-gut

English Teeth
Zambal of Bolinao ni'-pen
Zambal of Iba ni'-pen
Zambal--Aeta ni'-pin
Aeta of Santa Fé n-i'-pen
Aeta of Subig ni'-pen
Aeta, Bataan Province nil-pul
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ni'-pon

English Tongue
Zambal of Bolinao di'-ra
Zambal of Iba di'-la
Zambal--Aeta di'-la
Aeta of Santa Fé di'-la
Aeta of Subig di'-la
Aeta, Bataan Province gi'-lo
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Ear
Zambal of Bolinao to-tor'-yan
Zambal of Iba to-tol'-yan
Zambal--Aeta tu'-li
Aeta of Santa Fé tu'-li
Aeta of Subig to'-ok
Aeta, Bataan Province tu'-uk, taenga*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ta-ling'-a

English Arm
Zambal of Bolinao ta-ki-ay'
Zambal of Iba ta-ki-ay'
Zambal--Aeta ta-ki-ay'
Aeta of Santa Fé ta-ki-ay'
Aeta of Subig ta-ki-ay'
Aeta, Bataan Province tu-ki-ay', camay*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province co-mot'

English Leg
Zambal of Bolinao pa'-a
Zambal of Iba pa'-a
Zambal--Aeta pa'-a
Aeta of Santa Fé pa'-a
Aeta of Subig pa'-a
Aeta, Bataan Province pam'-pa, paa'
Dumagat, Bulacan Province pa'-a

English Chest
Zambal of Bolinao ke-rep'
Zambal of Iba ke-lep'
Zambal--Aeta nib'-nib
Aeta of Santa Fé nib'-nib
Aeta of Subig dub'-dub
Aeta, Bataan Province dub'-dub, debdeb*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province dib'-dib

English Back
Zambal of Bolinao gu-rot'
Zambal of Iba bo-kot'
Zambal--Aeta bo-kot'
Aeta of Santa Fé bo-kot'
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province li'-kul
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Foot
Zambal of Bolinao ay'-e
Zambal of Iba ay'-e
Zambal--Aeta bi'-ti
Aeta of Santa Fé bi'-ti
Aeta of Subig ta-lim-pa-pa'-kan
Aeta, Bataan Province ta-lan-pa'-kin
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Hand
Zambal of Bolinao ga'-met
Zambal of Iba ga'-met
Zambal--Aeta ga'-met
Aeta of Santa Fé ga'-met
Aeta of Subig ga'-met
Aeta, Bataan Province a'-ma-kam'-a-ha
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Finger
Zambal of Bolinao ga-ra-may'-e
Zambal of Iba ga-la-may'-e
Zambal--Aeta ga-la-may'-e
Aeta of Santa Fé ga-la-may'-e
Aeta of Subig da-le'-di
Aeta, Bataan Province da-li-ri, dalin*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Earth
Zambal of Bolinao lu'-ta
Zambal of Iba lu'-ta
Zambal--Aeta lu'-ta
Aeta of Santa Fé lu-ta
Aeta of Subig lu'-ta
Aeta, Bataan Province lul-ta
Dumagat, Bulacan Province pu'-tok

English Sky
Zambal of Bolinao rañg'-it
Zambal of Iba lañg-it
Zambal--Aeta lañg'-it
Aeta of Santa Fé lang'-it
Aeta of Subig lang'-it
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province lang'-ot

English Sun
Zambal of Bolinao au'-ro
Zambal of Iba au'-lo
Zambal--Aeta al'-lo
Aeta of Santa Fé al'-lo
Aeta of Subig al'-lo
Aeta, Bataan Province u'-lo
Dumagat, Bulacan Province a-da'-o

English Moon
Zambal of Bolinao bu'-ran
Zambal of Iba bu'-lan
Zambal--Aeta bu'-an
Aeta of Santa Fé bu'-an
Aeta of Subig bu'-yan
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ina-tal'-lung

English Star
Zambal of Bolinao bi-tu'-un
Zambal of Iba bi-tu'-un
Zambal--Aeta bi-tu'-in
Aeta of Santa Fé bi'-tu-in
Aeta of Subig bi'-tu-in
Aeta, Bataan Province ba'-tu-in
Dumagat, Bulacan Province bu'-ta-tul'-ya

English Cloud
Zambal of Bolinao re'-rem
Zambal of Iba a-la-pa'-ap
Zambal--Aeta da'-yim
Aeta of Santa Fé lo'-om
Aeta of Subig ta'-la
Aeta, Bataan Province u'-wip
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Rain
Zambal of Bolinao ra'-peg
Zambal of Iba a-ba-gat'
Zambal--Aeta u'-ran
Aeta of Santa Fé u'-ran
Aeta of Subig a-ba'-gat
Aeta, Bataan Province ulan*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Thunder
Zambal of Bolinao ko'-dor
Zambal of Iba
Zambal--Aeta cu'-rol
Aeta of Santa Fé ku'-rol
Aeta of Subig ki'-lot
Aeta, Bataan Province da-ug-dug'
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Lightning
Zambal of Bolinao ki'-mat
Zambal of Iba
Zambal--Aeta ki'-mat
Aeta of Santa Fé ki'-mat
Aeta of Subig ki'-mat
Aeta, Bataan Province ma-la'-wut
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Water
Zambal of Bolinao ra'-nom
Zambal of Iba la'-nom
Zambal--Aeta la'-nom
Aeta of Santa Fé la'-nom
Aeta of Subig la'-num
Aeta, Bataan Province la'-num, tubig*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province o'-rat

English Fire
Zambal of Bolinao a-po'-y
Zambal of Iba a-po'-y
Zambal--Aeta a-po'-y
Aeta of Santa Fé a'-po-y
Aeta of Subig a'-po-y
Aeta, Bataan Province a'-po-y*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province a'-po-y

English White
Zambal of Bolinao ma-pu'-ti
Zambal of Iba ma-pu'-ti
Zambal--Aeta ma-pu'-ti
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-pu'-ti
Aeta of Subig ma-pu'-ti
Aeta, Bataan Province maputi*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ma-lup'-say

English Black
Zambal of Bolinao mañg-i'-sit
Zambal of Iba mañg-í'-tit
Zambal--Aeta mañg-i'-tit
Aeta of Santa Fé mang-i'-tit
Aeta of Subig ma'-o-lin
Aeta, Bataan Province maltim*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province mal-a-ton'

English Red
Zambal of Bolinao ma-o-dit'
Zambal of Iba ma-ti-bi'-a
Zambal--Aeta ma-o-rit'
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-o-rit'
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province mapula*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province mat-la

English Yellow
Zambal of Bolinao ma-sil-ya'-o
Zambal of Iba ma-hol-ya'-o
Zambal--Aeta ma-hol-ya'-o
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-hol-ya'-o
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province sa-la-kut'

English Cooked rice
Zambal of Bolinao ka'-nen
Zambal of Iba ka'-nen
Zambal--Aeta ka'-nin
Aeta of Santa Fé ka'-un
Aeta of Subig ka'-nen
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Uncooked rice
Zambal of Bolinao bu'-yas
Zambal of Iba bu'-yas
Zambal--Aeta bu'-ya
Aeta of Santa Fé bu'-ya
Aeta of Subig bu'-ya
Aeta, Bataan Province bigas*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province a'-moy

English Day
Zambal of Bolinao au'-ro
Zambal of Iba au'-lo
Zambal--Aeta al'-lo
Aeta of Santa Fé al'-lo
Aeta of Subig al'-lo
Aeta, Bataan Province u'-lo
Dumagat, Bulacan Province adio

English Night
Zambal of Bolinao ya'-bi
Zambal of Iba ya'-bi
Zambal--Aeta ya'-bi
Aeta of Santa Fé ya'-bi
Aeta of Subig ya'-bi
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province du'-mong

English Cold
Zambal of Bolinao ma-ra-yep'
Zambal of Iba ma-la-yep'
Zambal--Aeta ma-la-yip'
Aeta of Santa Fé mal-a-yep'
Aeta of Subig mal-a-yep'
Aeta, Bataan Province ma-lam'-ig, maginao*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province mag'-id-non

English Hot
Zambal of Bolinao ma-mot'
Zambal of Iba ma-mot'
Zambal--Aeta ma-mot'
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-o-mot'
Aeta of Subig ma-o-mot'
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province may-a-nit'

English Large
Zambal of Bolinao a-la-ki'
Zambal of Iba ma-hi-ban'
Zambal--Aeta mal-hay'
Aeta of Santa Fé mal-hay'
Aeta of Subig mal-hay'
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province hun'-ga

English Small
Zambal of Bolinao da-i-te'
Zambal of Iba ma-ca-lug'
Zambal--Aeta may-a'-mo
Aeta of Santa Fé may-a-mo'
Aeta of Subig may-a-mo'
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ma-sa-ninp'

English Good
Zambal of Bolinao ma-ong'
Zambal of Iba la'-bas
Zambal--Aeta ma'-ham-pat'
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-ham'-pat
Aeta of Subig ma-ham'-pat
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ma-sam'-pat

English Bad
Zambal of Bolinao ma-ra-yet'
Zambal of Iba ma-la-yet'
Zambal--Aeta ma-la-yit'
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-la-yit'
Aeta of Subig ma-la-yit'
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ma-lot'

English Rich
Zambal of Bolinao may-a-man'
Zambal of Iba may-a-man'
Zambal--Aeta may-a-man'
Aeta of Santa Fé may-a-man'
Aeta of Subig may-a-man'
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province may-a-man'

English Poor
Zambal of Bolinao ma-i-dap'
Zambal of Iba ma-i-rap'
Zambal--Aeta ma-i-rap'
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-i-rap'
Aeta of Subig ma'-i-rap'
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Sick
Zambal of Bolinao ma-sa-kit'
Zambal of Iba ma-sa-kit'
Zambal--Aeta ma-ha-kit'
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-ha-kit'
Aeta of Subig ma-in-ha'-kit
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province teoram

English Dead
Zambal of Bolinao na'-ti
Zambal of Iba na'-ti
Zambal--Aeta na'-ti
Aeta of Santa Fé na'-ti
Aeta of Subig na'-ti
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province nalebon

English Here
Zambal of Bolinao i'-ti
Zambal of Iba i'-ti
Zambal--Aeta a-ka-lung'-un
Aeta of Santa Fé bi-er'-i
Aeta of Subig a-ri'-di
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province dian

English There
Zambal of Bolinao i'-sen
Zambal of Iba i'-sen
Zambal--Aeta ba'-hen
Aeta of Santa Fé bay'-hen
Aeta of Subig a-ri'-do
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province dedeyaya

English No
Zambal of Bolinao ka'-i
Zambal of Iba ka'-i
Zambal--Aeta a'-he
Aeta of Santa Fé a'-he
Aeta of Subig a'-he
Aeta, Bataan Province ayaw*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ayenok

English Yes
Zambal of Bolinao ó
Zambal of Iba ya
Zambal--Aeta a'-o
Aeta of Santa Fé a'-o
Aeta of Subig a-o
Aeta, Bataan Province o-o'*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province abu-kogid

English To sleep
Zambal of Bolinao ma'-rek
Zambal of Iba ma'-lek
Zambal--Aeta ma-to-lo'-i
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-to-lo'-i
Aeta of Subig ma-to-lo'-i
Aeta, Bataan Province matulog*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province napediak

English To jump
Zambal of Bolinao ru-mok'-zo
Zambal of Iba lu-mok'-zo
Zambal--Aeta mi-tok-tok-pa'-o
Aeta of Santa Fé mag-tok-pa'-o
Aeta of Subig lu-mo'-ko
Aeta, Bataan Province lemokso
Dumagat, Bulacan Province lumowat

English To run
Zambal of Bolinao mo-ray'-o
Zambal of Iba mo-lay'-o
Zambal--Aeta may'-o
Aeta of Santa Fé may'-o
Aeta of Subig may'-o
Aeta, Bataan Province takumbao*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province gumekan

English To fight
Zambal of Bolinao mi-a-wa'-y, raban
Zambal of Iba la'-ban
Zambal--Aeta mi-a-wa'-y
Aeta of Santa Fé mi-awa'-y
Aeta of Subig ina-ki'-a-wa'-y
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province sullo-sum-to-yan

English To eat
Zambal of Bolinao mañg'-an
Zambal of Iba mañg'-an
Zambal--Aeta mañg'-an
Aeta of Santa Fé mañg'-an
Aeta of Subig mañg-an
Aeta, Bataan Province caïn*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province mumungan

English To drink
Zambal of Bolinao mi'-nom
Zambal of Iba mi'-nom
Zambal--Aeta mi'-nom
Aeta of Santa Fé mi'-nom
Aeta of Subig mi'-nom
Aeta, Bataan Province minum*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province neniomok

English Tree
Zambal of Bolinao ka'-yo
Zambal of Iba kay'-yo
Zambal--Aeta kay'-yo
Aeta of Santa Fé kay'-yo
Aeta of Subig kay'-yo
Aeta, Bataan Province ka-hoy* kayo
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Mountain
Zambal of Bolinao ba'-ker
Zambal of Iba ba'-kil
Zambal--Aeta ba'-kil
Aeta of Santa Fé ba'-kil
Aeta of Subig ba'-kil
Aeta, Bataan Province bu'-kil
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English River
Zambal of Bolinao i'-log
Zambal of Iba i'-lug
Zambal--Aeta ka-bu-la-san'
Aeta of Santa Fé ba'-la
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province sa'-num
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Stone
Zambal of Bolinao ba'-to
Zambal of Iba ba'-to
Zambal--Aeta ba'-to
Aeta of Santa Fé ba'-to
Aeta of Subig ba'-to
Aeta, Bataan Province ba-to*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Grass
Zambal of Bolinao di'-kot
Zambal of Iba di'-kot
Zambal--Aeta di'-kot
Aeta of Santa Fé di'-kot
Aeta of Subig di'-kot
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Dog
Zambal of Bolinao a'-so
Zambal of Iba a'-so
Zambal--Aeta a'-ho
Aeta of Santa Fé a'-ho
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Rooster
Zambal of Bolinao ma-nuk'
Zambal of Iba ma-nook'
Zambal--Aeta ma-nook'
Aeta of Santa Fé ma-nok'
Aeta of Subig ma-nook'
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Hen
Zambal of Bolinao o'-pa
Zambal of Iba tu'-a
Zambal--Aeta tu'-a
Aeta of Santa Fé
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English One
Zambal of Bolinao sa'-ya
Zambal of Iba a'-sa
Zambal--Aeta mi'-ha
Aeta of Santa Fé mi'-ha
Aeta of Subig mi'-ha
Aeta, Bataan Province isa
Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin

English Two
Zambal of Bolinao ru'-a
Zambal of Iba lu'-a
Zambal--Aeta lu'-a
Aeta of Santa Fé lu'-a
Aeta of Subig lu'-a
Aeta, Bataan Province delawa*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province adua

English Three
Zambal of Bolinao ta'-ro
Zambal of Iba to'-lo
Zambal--Aeta tat'-lo
Aeta of Santa Fé tat'-lo
Aeta of Subig tat'-lo
Aeta, Bataan Province tatlo*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province telewan

English Four
Zambal of Bolinao a'-pat
Zambal of Iba a'-pat
Zambal--Aeta a'-pat
Aeta of Santa Fé a'-pat
Aeta of Subig a'-pat
Aeta, Bataan Province apat*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Five
Zambal of Bolinao ri'-ma
Zambal of Iba li'-ma
Zambal--Aeta li'-ma
Aeta of Santa Fé li'-ma
Aeta of Subig li'-ma
Aeta, Bataan Province lima*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Six
Zambal of Bolinao a'-nem
Zambal of Iba a'-nem
Zambal--Aeta a'-nam
Aeta of Santa Fé a'-nem
Aeta of Subig a'-nem
Aeta, Bataan Province anem*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Seven
Zambal of Bolinao pi'-to
Zambal of Iba pi'-to
Zambal--Aeta pi'-to
Aeta of Santa Fé pi'-to
Aeta of Subig pi'-to
Aeta, Bataan Province pito*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Eight
Zambal of Bolinao ca'-ro
Zambal of Iba ca'-lo
Zambal--Aeta ca'-lo
Aeta of Santa Fé oa'-lo
Aeta of Subig oa'-lo
Aeta, Bataan Province oalo*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Nine
Zambal of Bolinao si'-am
Zambal of Iba si'-am
Zambal--Aeta si'-am
Aeta of Santa Fé si'-am
Aeta of Subig si-am
Aeta, Bataan Province siam*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Ten
Zambal of Bolinao ma-pu'-ro
Zambal of Iba ma-po'-lo
Zambal--Aeta ma'-po
Aeta of Santa Fé ma,-po
Aeta of Subig ham'-po
Aeta, Bataan Province sampo*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin-a-mapolo

English Eleven
Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-sa'-ya
Zambal of Iba la'-bin-a'-sa
Zambal--Aeta la'-bin-mi'-ha
Aeta of Santa Fé la'-bin-mi-ha
Aeta of Subig la'-bin-mi'-ha
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin-a-mopolo-a-isin

English Twelve
Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-ru'-a
Zambal of Iba la'-bin-lu'-a
Zambal--Aeta la'-bin-lu'-a
Aeta of Santa Fé la'-bin-lu'-a
Aeta of Subig la-bin-lu'-a
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province isin-o-mopolo-adua

English Thirteen
Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-ta'-ro
Zambal of Iba la'-bin-to'-lo
Zambal--Aeta la'-bin-tat'-lo
Aeta of Santa Fé la'-bin-tat'-lo
Aeta of Subig la-bin-tat'-lo
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Fourteen
Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-a'-pat
Zambal of Iba la'-bin-a'-pat
Zambal--Aeta lal-bin-a'-pat
Aeta of Santa Fé la'-bin-a'-pat
Aeta of Subig la-bin-a'-pat
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Twenty
Zambal of Bolinao ru'-an-pu'-ro
Zambal of Iba lu'-am-po'-lo
Zambal--Aeta lu-am'-po
Aeta of Santa Fé lu-am'-po
Aeta of Subig lu-am'-pa
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province aduamapolo

English Twenty-one
Zambal of Bolinao rul-an-pu'-ro-sa'-ya
Zambal of Iba lu'-am-po'-lo-a'-sa
Zambal--Aeta lu-am-po-mi'-ha
Aeta of Santa Fé lu-am'-po-mi'-ha
Aeta of Subig lu-am'-po-mi'-ba
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Thirty
Zambal of Bolinao ta-ron-pu'-ro
Zambal of Iba to'-lom-po'-lo
Zambal--Aeta tat-lom-po'
Aeta of Santa Fé tat-lom'-po
Aeta of Subig tat-lom'-po
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Forty
Zambal of Bolinao a'-pat-a-pu'-ro
Zambal of Iba a'-pat-a-po'-lo
Zambal--Aeta a'-pat-a-po'
Aeta of Santa Fé a'-pat-a-po'
Aeta of Subig a'-pat-a-po'
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English One hundred
Zambal of Bolinao san-ya'-sot
Zambal of Iba say-a-tos'
Zambal--Aeta mi'-hun-ga'-to
Aeta of Santa Fé mi-hun-ga'-to
Aeta of Subig ma-ga'-to
Aeta, Bataan Province sandaan*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province isinadian

English I
Zambal of Bolinao si'-ko
Zambal of Iba si'-ko
Zambal--Aeta hi'-ko
Aeta of Santa Fé hi'-co
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province a'-co*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English You
Zambal of Bolinao si'-ka
Zambal of Iba kay'-o
Zambal--Aeta kay'-o
Aeta of Santa Fé hi'-ca
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province icao
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English He
Zambal of Bolinao si-tao'
Zambal of Iba hi'-a
Zambal--Aeta
Aeta of Santa Fé
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English We
Zambal of Bolinao si-ka'-mi
Zambal of Iba hi-ta'-mo
Zambal--Aeta hi-ta'-mo
Aeta of Santa Fé
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English They
Zambal of Bolinao sa'-ra
Zambal of Iba hi'-la
Zambal--Aeta hi'-la
Aeta of Santa Fé
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Our
Zambal of Bolinao i'-ko-mi
Zambal of Iba i-kun'-ta-mo
Zambal--Aeta i-kun-ta'-mo
Aeta of Santa Fé
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English My
Zambal of Bolinao i-kon'-ko
Zambal of Iba i-kon'-ko
Zambal--Aeta i-kon'-ko
Aeta of Santa Fé
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Near
Zambal of Bolinao a'-dam
Zambal of Iba ma-ra'-mi
Zambal--Aeta ma-ra'-mi
Aeta of Santa Fé
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Far
Zambal of Bolinao a-day'-o
Zambal of Iba ma-day'-yo
Zambal--Aeta ma-ro'-yo
Aeta of Santa Fé
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

The words marked (*) were taken from Montano's vocabulary in his Mission aux Philippines. The others were collected by C. J. Cooke, MS. of The Ethnological Survey, and E. J. Simons, MS. of The Ethnological Survey.

NOTES

[1] Les Pygmées, 1887.

[2] However, when one attempts to fathom the mysteries surrounding the origin and migrations of the Negrito race he becomes hopelessly involved in a labyrinth of conjecture. Did the Negritos come from somewhere in Asia, some island like New Guinea, or is their original home now sunk beneath the sea? In the present state of our knowledge we can not hope to know. We find them in certain places to-day; we may believe that they once lived in certain other places, because the people now living there have characteristics peculiar to the little black men. But the Negrito has left behind no archaeological remains to guide the investigator, and he who attempts seriously to consider this question is laying up for himself a store of perplexing problems.

It may be of interest to present here the leading facts in connection with the distribution of the Negrito race and to summarize the views set forth by various leading anthropologists who have given the subject most study.

The deduction of the French scientists De Quatrefages and Hamy have been based almost entirely on craniological and osteological observations, and these authors argue a much wider distribution of the Negritos than other writers hold. In fact, according to these writers, traces of Negritos are found practically everywhere from India to Japan and New Guinea.

De Quatrefages in Les Pygmées, 1887, divides what he calls the "Eastern pygmies," as opposed to the African pygmies, into two divisions--the Negrito-Papuans and the Negritos proper. The former, he says, have New Guinea as a center of population and extend as far as Gilolo and the Moluccas. They are distinguished from the true Papuans who inhabit New Guinea and who are not classed by that writer as belonging to the Negrito race.

On the other hand, Wallace and Earl, supported by Meyer, all of whom have made some investigations in the region occupied by the Papuans, affirm that there is but a single race and that its identity with the Negritos is unmistakable. Meyer (Distribution of Negritos, 1898, p. 77) says that he and Von Maclay in 1873 saw a number of Papuans in Tidore. He had just come from the Philippines and Von Maclay had then come from Astrolabe Bay, in New Guinea. With these Papuans before them they discussed the question of the unity of the races, and Von Maclay could see no difference between these Papuans and those of Astrolabe Bay, while Meyer declared that the similarities between them and the Negritos of the Philippines was most striking. He says: "That was my standpoint then regarding the question, neither can I relinquish it at present."

Although they defended the unity of the Negritos and the Papuans they recognized that the Papuans were diversified and presented a variety of types, but Meyer regards this not as pointing to a crossing of different elements but as revealing simply the variability of the race. He continues (p. 80): "As the external _habitus_ of the Negritos must be declared as almost identical with that of the Papuans, differences in form of the skull, the size of the body, and such like have the less weight in opposition to the great uniformity, as strong contrasts do not even come into play here, and if the Negritos do not show such great amount of variation in their physical characters as the Papuans--which, however, is by no means sufficiently attested--it is no wonder in the case Of a people which has been driven back and deprived of the opportunity of developing itself freely."

Thus it remains for future investigations to establish beyond doubt the identity of the Papuans.

De Quatrefages divides all other Eastern pygmies into two divisions--insular and continental--and no authors find fault with this classification. Only in fixing the distribution of the Negritos do the authorities differ. The islands admitted by everybody to contain Negritos to-day may be eliminated from the discussion. These are the Philippines and the Andamans. In the latter the name "Mincopies" has been given to the little blacks, though how this name originated no one seems to know. It is certain that the people do not apply the name to themselves. Extensive study of the Andamans has been made by Flower and Man.

The Moluccas and lesser Sunda Islands just west of New Guinea were stated by De Quatrefages in 1887 (Les Pygmées) to be inhabited by Negritos, although three years previously, as recorded in Hommes Fossiles, 1884, he had doubted their existence there. He gave no authority, and assigned no reason in his later work for this change of opinion. Meyer thinks this sufficient reason why one should not take De Quatrefages too seriously, and states that proofs of the existence of the Negritos in this locality are "so weak as not to be worth discussing them in detail." From deductions based on the examination of a single skull Hamy inferred that pure Negritos were found on Timor, but the people of Timor were found by Meyer to be mixed Papuans and Malays, resembling the latter on the coasts and the former in the interior.

Likewise in Celebes, Borneo, and Java the French writers think that traces of an ancient Negrito population may be found, while Meyer holds that there is not sufficient evidence to warrant such an assumption. In Sumatra he admits that there is an element not Malayan, which on account of the nearness of Malacca may be _Negritic,_ but that fact is so far by no means proved.

In regard to Formosa Meyer quotes Scheteleg (Trans. Ethn. Soc., n.s., 1869, vii): "I am convinced * * * that the Malay origin of most of the inhabitants of Formosa is incontestable." But Hamy holds that the two skulls which Scheteleg brought were Negrito skulls, an assumption which Meyer (Distribution of Negritos, 1898, p. 52) disposes of as follows: "To conclude the occurrence of a race in a country from certain characters in two skulls, when this race has not been registered from that country, is, in the present embryonic state of craniology, an unwarrantable proceeding."

In like manner Hamy has found that a certain Japanese skull in the Paris Museum resembles a Negrito skull, and he also finds traces of Negritos in Japan in the small stature, crisp hair, and darker color of the natives of the interior of the Island of Kiusiu. But Meyer holds that the facts brought forward up to the present time are far from being established, and objects to the acceptance of surmises and explanations more or less subjective as conclusive.

There is no doubt of the occurrence of Negritos in the peninsula of Malacca, where both pure and mixed people have been found. These are reported under a variety of names, of which Semang and Sakaí are perhaps the best known. Meyer (Distribution of Negritos, p. 62, footnote 2) says: "Stevens divides the Negritos of Malacca into two principal tribes--the Belendas, who with the Tumiors branched off from the Kenis tribe, and the Meniks, who consist of the Panggans of Kelantan and Petani and the Semangs of the west coast. Only the Panggans * * * and the Tumiors are pure Negritos. A name often recurring for the Belendas is Sakeis (Malay: 'bondman,' 'servant'), a designation given them in the first instance by the Malays but which they often also apply to themselves when addressing strangers."

In their efforts to find Negrito traces in the Mao-tse, the aboriginal peoples of the Chinese Empire, De Lacouperie and De Quatrefages have, in the opinion of Meyer, even less to stand on than had Hamy in the case of Japan. In like manner it remains to be proved whether the Moií of Annam are related to Negritos, as the two French writers have stated, but whose opinions have been vigorously opposed by Meyer and others.

The question of the aboriginal inhabitants of India is one of even greater importance and presents greater difficulties. If it can be shown that this aboriginal population was Negrito, and if the relations which researches, especially in philology, have indicated between the peoples of India and those of Australia can be proved, a range of possibilities of startling importance, affecting the race question of Oceania in general and the origin and distribution of the Negritos in particular, will be opened up. In regard to the Indian question there is much diversity of opinion. De Quatrefages and Hamy, as usual, regard the Negritos as established in India, but Topinard and Virchow are opposed to this belief. Meyer holds that "this part of the Negrito question is in no way ripe for decision, and how much less the question as to a possible relationship of this hypothetical primitive population with the Negroes of Africa." (Distribution of Negritos, 1899, p. 70.)

In anthropology a statement may be regarded as proved for the time being so long as no opposition to it exists. With the exception of the Philippine and the Andaman Islands and the Malay Peninsula, as we have seen, the presence of traces of Negritos is an open question. The evidence at hand is incomplete and insufficient, and we must therefore be content to let future investigators work out these unsolved problems.

[3] English edition of Stanley, 1874, p. 106.

[4] Distribution of Negritos, 1899, p. 6, footnote.

[5] Zúñiga, Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas. Reprint by Retana, vol. I, p. 422.

[6] By this is meant Fr. San Antonio's Chronicas de la Apostolica, Provincia de San Gregorio, etc., 1738-1744.

[7] Relación de las Islas Filipinas, 1604; 2d ed., 1890, p. 38.

[8] Meyer, Distribution of Negritos, 1899, p. 4.

[9] See sketch map, Pl. I.

[10] Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas. Ed. Retana, 1893, I, p. 421.

[11] Ca-ing-in is a Malayan word for cultivated clearing.

[12] The province has recently been divided by act of the Philippine Commission, the northern part above Santa Cruz being joined to Pangasinan.

[13] Francisco Cañamaque, Boletin de la Sociedad Geografica de Madrid, vol IX, 1880.

[14] Diccionario Geográfico, etc., de las Islas Filipinas, vol. II, 1850.

[15] Cañamaque.

[16] Zúñiga, Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas, 1803.

[17] This was evidently the belief of some of the old voyagers. Navarette, whose account of his travels in 1647 is published in Churchill's Collection of Voyages, 1704, said that the people called "Zambales" were great archers and had no other weapons than the bow and arrow. Dr. John Frances Gemelli Careri, who made a voyage around the world, 1693-1697, says in his report (Churchill's Voyages, vol. IV): "This mixing [that is, of Negritos] with the Wild _Indians_ produced the Tribe of _Manghian_ who are Blacks dwelling in the Isles of Mindoro and Mundos [probably Panay], and who peopled the Islands _de los Negros,_ or of Blacks. Some of them have harsh frisled hair like the _African_ and _Angola_ blacks. * * *

"The _Sambali,_ contrary to the others, tho' Wild have long Hair, like the other Conquer'd _Indians._ The Wives, of these Savages are deliver'd in the Woods, like She Goats, and immediately wash themselves and the Infants in the Rivers, or other cold Water; which would be immediate Death to _Europeans._ These Blacks when pursu'd by the _Spaniards,_ with the sound of little Sticks, give notice to the rest, that are dispers'd about the Woods, to save themselves by Flight. Their Weapons are Bows and Arrows, a short Spear, and a short Weapon, or Knife at their Girdle. They Poison their Arrows, which are sometimes headed with Iron, or a sharp Stone, and they bore the Point, that it may break in their Enemies Body, and so be unfit to be shot back. For their defense, they use a Wooden Buckler, four Spans long, and two in breadth, which always hangs at their Arm.

"Tho' I had much discourse about it, with the Fathers of the Society, and other Missioners, who converse with these Blacks, _Manghians, Mandi_ and _Sambali,_ I could never learn any thing of their Religion; but on the contrary, all unanimously agree they have none, but live like Beasts, and the most that has been seen among the Blacks on the Mountains, has been a round Stone, to which they pay'd a Veneration, or a Trunk of a Tree, or Beasts, or other things they find about, and this only out of fear. True it is, that by means of the Heathen _Chineses_ who deal with them in the Mountains, some deformed Statues have been found in their Huts. The other three beforemention'd Nations, seem'd inclin'd to observing of Auguries and _Mahometan_ Superstitions, by reason of their Commerce, with the _Malayes_ and _Ternates._ The most reciev'd Opinion is, that these Blacks were the first Inhabitants of the Islands; and that being Cowards, the Sea Coasts were easily taken from them by People resorting from _Sumatra, Borneo, Macassar_ and other Places; and therefore they retir'd to the Mountains. In short, in all the Islands where these Blacks, and other Savage Men are, the _Spaniards_ Possess not much beyond the Sea Coasts; and not that in all Parts, especially from _Maribeles,_ to Cape _Bolinao_ in the Island of _Manila,_ where for 50 Leagues along the Shoar, there is no Landing, for fear of the Blacks, who are most inveterate Enemies to the _Europeans._ Thus all the in-land Parts being possess'd by these Brutes, against whom no Army could prevail in the thick Woods, the King of _Spain_ has scarce one in ten of the Inhabitants of the Island, that owns him, as the _Spaniards_ often told me."

[18] Journal Anth. Inst. Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 15.

[19] Pygmies, p. 111.

[20] Montano, Mission aux Philippines, p. 316.

[21] MS. Coll. of The Ethnological Survey.

[22] Voyage aux Philippines, p. 71; Mission aux Philippines, p. 315.

[23] MS. Coll. of The Ethnological Survey.

[24] In the footnote on page 29 is given an extract from Careri's Voyages, in which the following occurs: "True it is, that by means of the heathen Chinese who deal with them in the mountains, some deformed statues have been found in their huts."

End of Project Gutenberg's Negritos of Zambales, by William Allan Reed