Chapter III: Part 3

This Plant Flowers in _August_, and grows in wet Ground; it is about three or four foot in height, having a square slender stalk, chamfered, hollow and tuff, the Leaves grow at certain distances one against another, of the colour of _Egrimony_ Leaves sharpe pointed, broadest in the midst about an Inch and half, and three or four Inches in length, snipt about the edges like a Nettle Leaf, at the top of the Stalk for four or five Inches thick, set with pale green husks, out of which the Flowers grow, consisting of one Leaf, shaped like the head of a Serpent, opening at the top like a mouth, and hollow throughout, containing four crooked pointels, and on the top of every pointel a small, glistering, green button, covered with a little white woolly matter, by which they are with the pointels fastened close together and shore up the tip of the upper chap, the crooked pointels are very stiff and hard, from the bottom of the husks, wherein the Flower stands, from the top of the Seed Vessel shoots out a white thread which runs in at the bottom of the Flower, and so {80} out at the mouth; the whole Flower is milk white, the inside of the chaps reddish, the Root I did not observe.[236]

{81} (7.)

This Plant I take for a varigated Herb _Paris_, _True Love_ or _One Berry_, or rather _One Flower_, which is milk white, and made up with four Leaves, with many black threads in the middle, upon every thread grows a Berry (when the Leaves of the Flower are fallen) as big as a white pease, of a light red colour when they are ripe, and clustering together in a round form as big as a Pullets Egg, which at distance shews but as one Berry, very pleasant in taste, and not unwholsome; the Root, Leaf, and Flower differ not from our _English_ kind, and their time of blooming and ripening agree, and therefore doubtless a kind of _Herba Paris_.[237]

{82}

{83}

{84} (8.)

This Plant is taken by our Simplists to be a kind of _Golden Rod_, by others for _Sarazens Consound_. I judge it to be a kind of small _Sun Flower_, or _Marygold_ of the _West Indies_; the Root is brown and slender, a foot and half in length, running a slope under the upper face of the Earth, with some strings here and there, the stalk as big as the steal of a Tobacco pipe, full of pith, commonly brownish, sometimes purple, three or four foot high, the Leaves grow at a distance one against another, rough, hard, green above, and gray underneath, slightly snipt and the ribs appear most on the back side of the Leaf, the Flower is of a bright yellow, with little yellow cups in the midst, as in the _Marygold_ of _Peru_, with black threads in them with yellow pointels, the Flower spreads it self abroad out of a cup made up of many green beards, not unlike a Thistle; Within a handful of the top of the stalk (when the Flower is fallen), growes an excrense or knob as big as a Walnut, which being broken yieldeth a kind of _Turpentine_ or rather _Rosen_.[238]

_What Cutchenele is._

The stalk beneath and above the knob, covered with a multitude of small Bugs, about the bigness of a great flea, which I presume will make good _Cutchenele_, ordered as they should be before they come to have Wings: They make a perfect Scarlet Colour to Paint with, and durable.

{85} 4. _Of such Plants as have sprung up since the_ English _Planted and kept Cattle in_ New-England.[239]

_Couch Grass._[240]

_Shepherds Purse._[241]

_Dandelion._[242]

_Groundsel._[243]

_Sow Thistle._[244]

_Wild Arrach._[245]

_Night Shade_, with the white Flower.[246]

_Nettlestinging_, which was the first Plant taken notice of.[247]

_Mallowes._[248]

{86} _Plaintain_, which the Indians call _English-Mans Foot_, as though produced by their treading.[249]

_Black Henbane._[250]

_Wormwood._[251]

_Sharp pointed Dock._[252]

_Patience._[253]

_Bloodwort._[254]

And I suspect _Adders Tongue_.[255]

_Knot Grass._[256]

_Cheek weed._[257]

_Compherie_, with the white Flower.[258]

_May weed_, excellent for the Mother; some of our _English_ Houswives call it _Iron Wort_, and make a good Unguent for old Sores.[259]

The great _Clot Bur_.[260]

_Mullin_, with the white Flower.[261]

_Q._ What became of the influence of those Planets that produce and govern these Plants before this time!

I have now done with such Plants as grow wild in the Country in great plenty, (although I have not mentioned all) I shall now in the Fifth place give you to under{87}stand what _English_ Herbs we have growing in our Gardens that prosper there as well as in their proper Soil, and of such as do not, and also of such as will not grow there at all.

5. _Of such Garden Herbs (amongst us) as do thrive there, and of such as do not._[262]

_Cabbidge_ growes there exceeding well.

_Lettice._

_Sorrel._

_Parsley._

_Marygold._

_French Mallowes._

_Chervel._

_Burnet._

_Winter Savory._

_Summer Savory._

_Time._

_Sage._

_Carrats._

_Parsnips_ of a prodigious size.

_Red Beetes._

{88} _Radishes._

_Turnips._

_Purslain._[263]

_Wheat._[264]

_Rye._

_Barley_, which commonly degenerates into _Oats_.

_Oats._

_Pease_ of all sorts, and the best in the World; I never heard of, nor did see in eight Years time, one Worm eaten Pea.

_Garden Beans._[265]

_Naked Oats_,[266] there called _Silpee_, an excellent grain used insteed of Oat Meal, they dry it in an Oven, or in a Pan upon the fire, then beat it small in a Morter.

_Another standing Dish in New-England._

And when the Milk is ready to boil, they put into a pottle of Milk about ten or twelve spoonfuls of this Meal, so boil it leasurely, stirring of it every foot, least it burn too; when it is almost boiled enough, they hang the Kettle up higher, and let it stew only, in short time it will thicken like a Custard; they season it {89} with a little Sugar and Spice, and so serve it to the Table in deep Basons, and it is altogether as good as a White-pot.

_For People weakned with long Sickness._

It exceedingly nourisheth and strengthens people weakned with long Sickness.

Sometimes they make Water Gruel with it, and sometimes thicken their Flesh Broth either with this or _Homminey_, if it be for Servants.

_Spear Mint._[267]

_Rew_, will hardly grow.

_Fetherfew_ prospereth exceedingly.

_Southern Wood_, is no Plant for this Country. Nor,

_Rosemary_. Nor

_Bayes_.[268]

_White Satten_ groweth pretty well, so doth

_Lavender Cotton_.[269] But

_Lavender_ is not for the climate.

_Penny Royal._

_Smalledge._

_Ground Ivy_, or _Ale Hoof_.[270]

_Gilly Flowers_ will continue two Years.[271]

{90} _Fennel_ must be taken up, and kept in a warm Cellar all Winter.

_Housleek_ prospereth notably.

_Holly hocks._

_Enula Campana_, in two Years time the Roots rot.[272]

_Comferie_, with white Flowers.

_Coriander_, and

_Dill_, and

_Annis_ thrive exceedingly, but _Annis Seed_, as also the Seed of _Fennel_ seldom come to maturity; the Seed of _Annis_ is commonly eaten with a fly.

_Clary_ never lasts but one Summer, the Roots rot with the Frost.

_Sparagus_ thrives exceedingly, so does

_Garden Sorrel_, and

_Sweet Bryer_, or _Eglantine_.[273]

_Bloodwort_ but sorrily, but

_Patience_,[274] and

_English Roses_, very pleasantly.[275]

_Celandine_, by the West Country men called _Kenning Wort_, grows but slowly.[276]

_Muschata_, as well as in _England_.

_Dittander_, or _Pepper Wort_, flourisheth notably, and so doth

_Tansie._[277]

_Musk Mellons_ are better than our _English_, and

{91} _Cucumbers._

_Pompions_, there be of several kinds, some proper to the Country,[278] they are dryer then our _English_ Pompions, and better tasted; you may eat them green.

_The ancient New-England standing Dish._

But the Houswives manner is to slice them when ripe, and cut them into dice, and so fill a pot with them of two or three Gallons, and stew them upon a gentle fire a whole day, and as they sink, they fill again with fresh Pompions, not putting any liquor to them; and when it is stew’d enough, it will look like bak’d Apples; this they Dish, putting Butter to it, and a little Vinegar, (with some Spice, as Ginger, &c.) which makes it tart like an Apple, and so serve it up to be eaten with Fish or Flesh: It provokes Urin extreamly and is very windy.

{92} Sixthly and lastly,

_Of Stones, Minerals, Metals and Earths_.[279]

As first, the _Emrald_ which grows in flat Rocks, and is very good.

_Rubies_, which here are very watry.

I have heard a story of an _Indian_, that found a stone, up in the Country, by a great Pond as big as an Egg, that in a dark Night would give a light to read by; but I take it to be but a story.

_Diamond_, which are very brittle, and therefore of little worth.

_Crystal_, called by our West Country Men the _Kenning Stone_; by _Sebegug_ Pond is found in considerable quantity, not far from thence is a Rock of Crystal called the _Moose_ Rock, because in shape like a _Moose_, and

_Muscovy Glass_, both white and purple of reasonable content.

_Black Lead._[280]

_Bole Armoniack._

{93} Red and Yellow _Oker_.

_Terra Sigilla._

_Vitriol._

_Antimony._

_Arsnick_, too much.

_Lead._[281]

_Tin._

_Tin Glass._

_Silver._

_Iron_, in abundance, and as good bog Iron as any in the World.

_Copper._ It is reported that the French have a _Copper_ Mine at _Port Royal_, that yieldeth them twelve Ounces of pure _Copper_ out of a Pound of _Oar_.

I shall conclude this Section with a strange Cure effected upon a Drummers Wife, much afflicted with a Wolf in her Breast; the poor Woman lived with her Husband at a Town called by the _Indians_, _Casco_, but by the _English_, _Famouth_; where for some time she swaged the Pain of her Sore, by bathing it with strong Malt Beer, which it would {94} suck in greedily, as if some living Creature: When she could come by no more Beer, (for it was brought from _Boston_, along the Coasts by Merchants,) she made use of _Rhum_, a strong Water drawn from Sugar Canes, with which it was lull’d a sleep; at last, (to be rid of it altogether) she put a quantity of _Arsnick_ to the _Rhum_, and bathing of it as formerly, she utterly destroyed it, and Cured her self; but her kind Husband, who sucked out the Poyson as the Sore was healing, lost all his Teeth, but without further danger or inconvenience.

{95} _An_ ADDITION _of some RARITIES overslipt_.

The _Star Fish_,[282] having fine points like a Star, the whole Fish no bigger than the Palm of a Mans hand, of a tough substance like leather, and about an Inch in thickness, whitish underneath, and of the Colour of a Cucumber above, and somewhat ruff: When it is warm in ones hand, you may perceive a stiff motion, turning down one point, and thrusting up another: It is taken to be poysonous; they are very common, and found thrown up on the Rocks by the Sea side.

_Sea Bream_, which are plentifully taken upon the Sea Coasts, their Eyes are accounted rare Meat, whereupon the proverbial comparison, _It is worth a Sea Breams Eye_.[283]

{96} _Blew Fish_, or _Horse_, I did never see any of them in _England_; they are as big usually as the _Salmon_, and better Meat by far: It is common in _New-England_ and esteemed the best sort of Fish next to _Rock Cod_.

_Cat Fish_, having a round Head, and great glaring Eyes like a Cat: They lye for the most part in holes of Rocks, and are discovered by their Eyes: It is an excelling Fish.

_Munk Fish_, a flat Fish like scate, having a hood like a Fryers Cowl.

_Clam_, or _Clamp_, a kind of _Shell Fish_, a white Muscle.

_An Achariston, For Pin and Web._

_Sheath Fish_, which are there very plentiful, a delicate Fish, as good as a _Prawn_, covered with a thin Shell like the sheath of a Knife, and of the colour of a _Muscle_.

Which shell Calcin’d and Pulveriz’d, is excellent to take off a Pin and Web, or {97} any kind of Filme growing over the Eye.

_Morse_, or _Sea Horse_, having a great Head, wide Jaws, armed with Tushes as white as Ivory, of body as big as a Cow, proportioned like a Hog, of brownish bay, smooth skin’d and impenetrable; they are frequent at the Isle of _Sables_, their Teeth are worth eight Groats the Pound; the best Ivory being Sold but for half the Money.[284]

_For Poyson._

It is very good against Poyson.

_For the Cramp._

As also for the Cramp, made into Rings.

_For the Piles._

And a secret for the _Piles_, if a wise Man have the ordering of it.

The _Manaty_, a Fish as big as a Wine pipe, most excellent Meat; bred in the Rivers of _Hispaniola_ in the _West Indies_; it hath Teats, and nourisheth its young ones with Milk; it is of a green Colour, and tasteth like Veal.

{98} _For the Stone Collick._

There is a Stone taken out of the Head that is rare for the _Stone_ and _Collect_.

_To provoke Urine._

Their Bones beat to a Powder and drank with convenient Liquors, is a gallant Urin provoking Medicine.

_For Wound and Bruise._

An _Indian_, whose Knee was bruised with a fall, and the Skin and Flesh strip’d down to the middle of the Calf of his Leg; Cured himself with _Water Lilly_ Roots boyled and stamped.[285]

_For Swellings of the Foot._

An _Indian_ Webb, her Foot being very much swell’d and inflamed, asswaged the swelling, and took away the inflamation with our Garden or _English Patience_, the Roots roasted. _f. Cataplas. Anno 1670. June 28._

_To dissolve a Scirrhous Tumour._

An _Indian_ dissolv’d a _Scirrhous Tumour_ in the Arm and Hip, with a fomentation of Tobacco, applying afterwards the Herb stamp’d betwixt two stones.

{99}

A

DESCRIPTION

OF AN

_INDIAN SQUA_.[286]

Now (gentle Reader) having trespassed upon your patience a long while in the perusing of these rude Observations, I shall, to make you amends, present you by way of Divertisement, or Recreation, with a Coppy of Verses made sometime since upon the Picture of a young and handsome _Gypsie_, not improperly transferred upon the _Indian SQUA_, or Female _Indian_, trick’d up in all her bravery.

The Men are somewhat Horse Fac’d, and generally Faucious, _i.e._ without Beards; but the Women many of them {100} have very good Features; seldome without a _Come to me_, or _Cos Amoris_, in their Countenance; all of them black Eyed, having even short Teeth, and very white; their Hair black, thick and long, broad Breasted; handsome streight Bodies, and slender, considering their constant loose habit: Their limbs cleanly, straight, and of a convenient stature, generally, as plump as Partridges, and saving here and there one, of a modest deportment.

Their Garments are a pair of Sleeves of Deer, or Moose skin drest, and drawn with lines of several Colours into Asiatick Works, with Buskins of the same, a short Mantle of Trading Cloath, either Blew or Red, fastened with a knot under the Chin, and girt about the middle with a Zone, wrought with white and blew Beads into pretty Works; of these Beads they have Bracelets for their Neck and Arms, and Links to hang in their Ears, and a fair Table curiously made up with Beads likewise, to wear before their Breast; their Hair they Combe backward, and tye it up short with a Border, about two handfulls broad, {101} wrought in Works as the other with their Beads: But enough of this.

The _POEM_.

_Whether White or Black be best
Call your Senses to the quest;
And your touch shall quickly tell
The Black in softness doth excel,
And in smoothness; but the Ear,
What, can that a Colour hear?
No, but ’tis your Black ones Wit
That doth catch, and captive it.
And if Slut and Fair be one,
Sweet and Fair, there can be none:
Nor can ought so please the tast
As what’s brown and lovely drest:
And who’ll say, that that is best
To please ones Sense, displease the rest?
{102} Maugre then all that can be sed
In flattery of White and Red:
Those flatterers themselves must say
That darkness was before the Day:
And such perfection here appears
It neither Wind nor Sun-shine fears._

A

{103} Chronological TABLE

_Of the most remarkable passages in that part of_ America, _known
to us by the name of_ NEW-ENGLAND.[287]

_Anno Dom._ 1492. _Christ. Columbus_ discovered _America_.

1516. The Voyage of Sir _Thomas Pert_, Vice Admiral of _England_, and Sir _Sebastian Cabota_ to _Brazile, &c._

1527. _New-found-Land_, discovered by the _English_.

1577. Sir _Francis Drake_ began his Voyage about the _World_.

{104} 1585. _Nova Albion_ discovered by Sir _Francis Drake_, and by him so Named.

1585. _April 9._ Sir _Richard Greenevile_ was sent by Sir _Walter Rawleigh_ with a Fleet of Seven Sail to _Virginia_, and was stiled the General of _Virginia_.

1586. Captain _Thomas Candish_, a _Suffolk_ Gentleman, began his Voyage round about the World, with three Ships past the Streights of _Magellan_, burn’d and ransack’d in the entry of _Chile_, _Peru_, and _New-Spain_, near the great Island _Callifornia_ in the South Sea; and returned to _Plymouth_ with a precious Booty _Anno Dom. 1588_. _September_ the _8th_; being the third since _Magellan_ that circuited the Earth.

1588. Sir _Walter Rawleigh_ first discovered _Virginia_, by him so Named, in honour of our Virgin Queen.

1595. Sir _Walter Rawleigh_ discovered _Guiana_.

{105} 1606. A Collony sent to _Virginia_.

1614. _Bermudas_ Planted.

1618. The blazing Star; then _Plymouth_ Plantation began in _New-England_.[288]

1628. The _Massachusets_ Colony Planted, and _Salem_ the first Town therein Built.[289]

1629. The first Church gathered in this Colony was at _Salem_; from which Year to this present Year, is 43 Years.

In the compass of these Years, in this Colony, there hath been gathered Fourty Churches, and 120 Towns built in all the Colonies of _New-England_.

The Church of Christ at _Plymouth_, was Planted in _New-England_ Eight Years before others.

1630. The Governour and Assistants {106} arrived with their Pattent for the _Massachusets_.

1630. The Lady _Arabella_ in _New-England_.

1630. When the Government was established, they Planted on _Noddles_ Island.[290]

1631. Captain _John Smith_ Governour of _Virginia_, and Admiral of _New-England_, Dyed.

1631. Mr. _Mavericke_ Minister at _Dorchester_ in _New-England_.[291]

1631. _John Winthorpe_ Esq; chosen the first time Governour, he was eleven times Governour; some say Nineteen times; eleven Years together; the other Years by intermission.

1631. _John Wilson_ Pastor of _Charles_ Town.[291]

{107} 1631. Sir _R. Saltingstall_ at _Water Town_ came into _New-England_.[291]

1631. Mr. _Rog. Harlackinden_ was a Majestrate, and a Leader of their Military Forces.[292]

Dr. _Wilson_ gave 1000 _l._ to _New-England_, with which they stored themselves with great Guns.[293]

1633. Mr. _Thomas Hooker_, Mr. _Haynes_, and Mr. _John Cotton_, came over together in one Ship.

1634. The Country was really placed in a posture of War, to be in readiness at all times.

1635. _Hugh Peters_ went over for _New-England_.

1636. _Connecticut_ Colony Planted.

{108} 1637. The _Pequites_ Wars, in which were Slain Five or Six Hundred _Indians_.

Ministers that have come from _England_, chiefly in the Ten first Years, Ninety Four: Of which returned Twenty Seven: Dyed in the Country Thirty Six: Yet alive in the Country Thirty One. The Number of Ships that transported Passengers to _New-England_ in these times, was 298, supposed: Men, Women, and Children, as near as can be ghessed 21200.

1637. The first Synod at _Cambridge_ in _New-England_, where the _Antinomian_ and _Famalistical_ Errors were confuted; 80 Errors now amongst the _Massachusets_.

1638. _New-Haven_ Colony began.

Mrs. _Hutchinson_ and her erronious companions banished the _Massachusets_ Colony.

{109} A terrible Earth quake throughout the Country.[294]

Mr. _John Harvard_, the Founder of _Harvard_ College (at _Cambridge_ in _New-England_) Deceased, gave 700 _l._ to the erecting of it.

1639. First Printing at _Cambridge_ in _New-England_.

1639. A very sharp Winter in _New-England_.

1642. _Harvard_ College Founded with a publick Library.

Ministers bred in _New-England_, and (excepting about 10,) in _Harvard_ College 132; of which dyed in the Country 10; now living 81; removed to _England_ 41.

1643. The first combination of the Four United Colonies, _viz._ _Plymouth_, _Massachusets_, _Connecticut_, and _New-Haven_.

{110} 1646. The second Synod at _Cambridge_, touching the duty and power of Majestrates in matters of Religion: Secondly, the nature and power of Synods.

Mr. _Eliot_ first Preached to the _Indians_ in their Native Language.

1647. Mr. _Thomas Hooker_ Died.

1648. The third Synod at _Cambridge_, publishing the Platform of Discipline.

1649. Mr. _John Winthorpe_ Governour, now Died.

This Year a strange multitude of _Caterpillers_ in _New-England_.[295]

Thrice seven Years after the Planting of the _English_ in _New-England_, the _Indians_ of _Massachusets_ being 30000 able Men were brought to 300.

1651. _Hugh Peters_, and Mr. _Wells_ came for _England_.

{111} 1652. Mr. _John Cotton_ Dyed.

1653. The great Fire in _Boston_ in _New-England_.

Mr. _Thomas Dudley_, Governour of the _Massachusets_, Dyed this Year.

1654. _Major Gibbons_ Died in _New-England_.

1655. _Jamaica_ Taken by the _English_.

1657. The _Quakers_ arrived in _New-England_, at _Plymouth_.

1659. Mr. _Henry Dunster_ the first President of _Harvard_ College now Dyed.

1661. Major _Atherton_ Dyed in _New-England_.

1663. Mr. _John Norton_ Pastor of _Boston_ in _New-England_, Dyed suddenly.

{112} Mr. _Samuel Stone_, Teacher of _Hartford_ Church, Dyed this Year.

1664. The whole _Bible_ Printed in the _Indian_ Language finished.

The _Manadaes_, called New _Amsterdam_, now called New _York_; surrendred up to His Majesties Commissioners (for the settling of the respective Colonies in _New-England_, _viz._ Sir _Robert Carr_, Collonel _Nicols_, Collonel _Cartwright_, and Mr. _Samuel Mavericke_,) in _September_, after thirteen Dayes the Fort of _Arania_, now _Albania_; twelve Dayes after that, the Fort _Awsapha_; then _de la Ware_ Castle Man’d with _Dutch_ and _Sweeds_; the Three first Forts and Towns being Built upon the great River _Mohegan_, otherwise called _Hudsons_ River.

In _September_ appeared a great Comet for the space of three Months.[296]

1665. Mr. _John Indicot_, Governour of the _Massachusets_ Dyed.

{113} A thousand Foot sent this Year by the _French_ King to _Canada_.

Captain _Davenport_ killed with Lightning at the Castle by _Boston_ in _New-England_, and several Wounded.

1666. The _Small Pox_ at _Boston_. Seven slain by Lightning, and divers Burnt: This Year also _New-England_ had cast away, and taken 31 Vessels, and some in 1667.

1667. Mr. _John Wilson_ Pastor of _Boston_ Dyed, aged 79 Years.

1670. At a place called _Kenibunck_, which is in the Province of _Meyne_, a Colony belonging to the Heir of that Honourable Knight Sir _Ferdinando Gorges_; not far from the River side, a piece of Clay Ground was thrown up by a Mineral vapour (as we supposed) over the tops of high Oaks that grew between it and the River, into the River, stopping the course thereof, and leaving a hole two Yards square, wherein were thousands of {114} Clay Bullets as big as Musquet Bullets, and pieces of Clay in shape like the Barrel of a Musquet.[297]

1671. Elder _Penn_ dyed at _Boston_.

1672. Mr. _Richard Bellingham_, Governour of the _Massachusets_ in _New-England_.

NOTE.

The book is reprinted literally, except in the following items:—

Page 86, line 21, “Planets” is corrected to Plants.

Page 104, line 4, “Richards” is printed Richard; and, line 5, “Water” is corrected to Walter.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Willis, in N. E. Geneal. Register, vol. ii. p. 204; and New Series of the same, vol. i. p. 31. Williamson, Hist. of Maine, vol. i. p. 682.

[2] Dr. T. W. Harris, in N. E. Geneal. Register, vol. ii. p. 306, has corrected the mistake of Williamson and other writers as to Henry Josselyn of Scituate’s being of kin to Mr. Josselyn of Black Point; and Mr. Willis, who had adopted the same error in his first paper, already cited, now admits, in his second, that there is not “any evidence that” the proprietor of Black Point “left any children, or ever had any.”

[3] Letter of Rev. J. Hunter, 12th April, 1859.

[4] See also a Pedigree of Joselyne from the Visitation of Hertfordshire in 1614, furnished by Mr. S. G. Drake to the New-England Genealogical Register, vol. xiv. p. 16. This is probably one of the sources from which Lodge’s account was derived.

[5] Lodge, Peerage of Ireland, vol. iii. p. 65, and _ante_.

[6] Lodge, _ubi supra_. Annual Register, 1771, p. 174.

[7] But there is no doubt that the author was himself as far from sharing in the serious English thought of the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay as he was from joining in their evangelical faith. Yet there is hardly more than one place in either of his books (Voyages, pp. 180-2) where this is offensively brought forward. It is worthy of remark, however, that Josselyn’s family, in England, was attached rather to the Puritan side. “His family connections,” says Mr. Hunter, in the letter already referred to, “appear to have been adherents to the cause of the Parliament; particularly the Harlakendens, in whose regiment a Jocelyn, named Ralph, was a chaplain.” Nor is this all. “In the year 1663,” continues the learned authority just cited, “there was a slight insurrectionary movement in the North; which was easily put down by the government, and the leaders executed. In a manuscript list of persons who were either openly engaged, or who were vehemently suspected of being favorers of the design, I find in the latter class the name of Capt. John Jossline.” This plot was not discovered till January, 1664; and our John Josselyn “departed from London,” as he says at page one of this volume, “upon an invitation of my only brother,” the 28th of May of the year previous. But, if it be possible that our author was the person intended in the manuscript list as one strongly suspected of being engaged in a design against the Royal Government, the evident uncertainty of this is too great to permit us to discredit his own exposure of his political leanings,—as in the Voyages, p. 197, where, speaking of Sir F. Gorges, he says, “And, when he was between three and fourscore years of age, did personally engage in our royal martyr’s service, and particularly in the siege of Bristow; and was plundered and imprisoned several times, by reason whereof he was discountenanced by the pretended Commissioners for Forraign Plantations,” and so forth,—or in the face of another passage to be quoted further on, in which he acknowledges “the bounty of his royal sovereigness,” to question the sincerity—which there is nothing in either of his books to throw doubt upon—of his general adhesion to the Royalist side. “The family in Hertfordshire,” says Mr. Hunter, “were nonconformists; but the spirit of nonconformity seems to have spent itself at the death of Sir Strange Jocelyn, the second baronet, who died in 1734. But we may trace the Puritan influence in the present Earl of Roden, who is a conspicuous member of the religious body in England called the Evangelical.”—Ms. _ut sup._

[8] And see the Voyages, p. 187, for an account of a “Barbarie-Moor under cure” of the author, when he “perceived that the Moor had one skin more than Englishmen. The skin that is basted to the flesh is bloudy, and of the same Azure colour with the veins, but deeper than the colour of our Europeans’ veins. Over this is an other skin, of a tawny colour, and upon that [the] _Epidermis_, or _Cuticula_,—the flower of the skin, which is that Snake’s cast; and this is tawny also. The colour of the blew skin mingling with the tawny, makes them appear black.” Dr. Mitchell, the botanist of Virginia, has a paper upon the same topic,—the cause of the negro’s color,—in the Philosophical Transactions; but this appears less in accordance with more recent researches (Prichard, Nat. Hist. of Man, p. 81) than Josselyn’s observations.

[9] “His book is a curiosity, sometimes worth examining, but seldom to be implicitly relied on.”—_Savage_, in Winthrop, N. E., vol. i. p. 267, note.

[10] Reprinted, the third edition, with an introductory essay and some notes; Boston, 1764,—the edition made use of in these notes.

[11] Biographie Universelle, _in loco_.

[12] He is called _Botanicus Regius_ by Cornuti, p. 22; and the same title is given to both the Robins, in the printed catalogue of plants cultivated by them. Tournefort indicates the office of Vespasian Robin, at the new Botanic Garden, as follows: “_Brossæus_ ... primus Horti præfectus, studiosis plantas indigitandi numeri præposuit Vespasianum Robinum diligentissimum Botanicum.”—_Inst. Rei Herb._, vol. i. p. 48. And the recent writer in the Biographic Universelle, says, more expressly, that the royal _ordonnance_ establishing the garden names Vespasian Robin “sub-demonstrator” of botany, with a stipend of two hundred francs yearly. According to this writer, the two Robins were not, as has been said, father and son, but brothers; and Vespasian the elder. This one must have reached a great age, as the celebrated Morrison, who visited France in 1640, and remained there twelve years, calls himself his disciple.—_Biog. Universelle_, _in loco_.

[13] Tournefort, _ubi supra_.

[14] Cornuti autem parum fuit in plantarum cognitione versatus, ut manifestum est ex ineptis appellationibus quibus utitur in Enchiridio Botanico Parisiensi, et descriptionibus speciosis ab Herbariorum stylo tamen alienis.—_Tournef. Inst._, vol. i. p. 43. Compare, as to the botanical merits of Cornuti, the writer in Biographic Universelle, who says that Cornuti’s terminology, to which Tournefort took exception, was that of Lobel; and farther, that the catalogue—Enchiridium Botanicum Parisiense—which is annexed to Cornuti’s larger work, is in several respects creditable to him.—_Biog. Univ._, _in loco_.

[15] Mention of New-England plants may be found in earlier writers than Cornuti or Josselyn; but what is said is now rarely available. Gosnold’s expedition was in 1602; and the writer of the account of it tells us that the island upon which his party proposed to settle (Cuttyhunk, one of the Elizabeth Islands) was covered with “oaks, ashes, beech, walnut, witch-hazel, sassafrage, and cedars, with divers others of unknown names;” beside “wild pease, young sassafrage, cherry-trees, vines, eglantine, gooseberry-bushes, hawthorn, honeysuckles, with others of the like quality;” as also “strawberries, rasps, ground-nuts, alexander, surrin, tansy, &c., without count.”—_Mass. Hist. Coll._, vol. xxviii. p. 76. And so the writer of Mourt’s Relation, in 1620, speaks of “sorrel, yarrow, carvel, brook-lime, liverwort, watercresses, &c.”, as noticed, “in winter,” however, at Plymouth.—_Hist. Coll._ vol. viii. p. 221. There is much here which is true enough, though the “eglantine” of the first writer is an evident mistake, as doubtless also the “carvel” of the other; but we have no reason to suppose that either of these passages ever had any scientific value. Josselyn, so far as his Botany goes, does not belong to this class of writers. There are important parts of his account of our plants, in which we know with certainty what he intended to tell us; and, farther, that this was worth the telling. And the credit which fairly belongs to the new _genera_ of American plants, in some sort indicated by him, shall illustrate as well those other portions of his work where what he meant is a matter rather of deduction from his particulars, such as they are, in the light of his only here-and-there-cited authorities, than of plain fact. His English names—common, and perhaps often indefinite, as they strike us—had more of scientific value, in botanical hands at least, when he wrote, than now; and, there is good reason to suppose, were meant to indicate that the plants intended, or in some cases the _genera_ to which they belonged, were the same with those published, under the same names, by Gerard, Johnson, and Parkinson.

[16] Winthrop’s Journal, by Savage, edit. 1, vol. i. p. 64, note. See also Bancroft’s character of the younger Winthrop, in History of the United States, vol. ii. p. 52.

[17] Eliot, Biog. Dict., _in loco_.

[18] Eliot, Biog. Dict., _in loco_.

[19] Interleaved Almanacs of 1646-48, cited by Savage (Winthrop, N. E., vol. ii. p. 332), mention “Tankard” and “Kreton” (perhaps Kirton) apples, as well as Russetins, Pearmains, and Long-Red apples; beside “the great pears,” and apricots, as grown here. In the Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay (Records of Mass., vol. i. p. 24), there is an undated _memorandum_, “To provide to send for Newe England ... stones of all sorts of fruites; as peaches, plums, filberts, cherries, pear, aple, quince kernells,” &c., which the “First General Letter of the Governor,” &c., of the 17th April, 1629, again makes mention of (_ibid._, p. 392); and Josselyn (Voyages, p. 189) remarks on the “good fruit” reared from such kernels. But, if this were the only source of our ancestors’ English fruit, the names which they gave to the seedlings must have been vague.—For other early notices of cultivated fruit-trees, see Savage Gen. Dict. 4, p. 258, and the same, 4, p. 621. Saml. Sewall, jun. Esq., of Brookline, had trees grafted with ‘Drew’s Russet,’ and ‘Golden Russet’ apples, in 1724. (Gen. Reg. 16, p. 65.)

[20] Gronov. _Fl. Virg._, edit. 2. In Mr. Dillwyn’s (unpublished) “Account of the Plants cultivated by the late Peter Collinson,” from his own catalogue and other manuscripts, I find Collinson quoting Mr. Dudley’s paper on Plants of New England, above mentioned; but not that on the Evergreens.—_Hortus Collins._, p. 41.

[21] Eliot, Biog. Dict., and Allen, Amer. Biog. Dict., _in locis_.

[22] Mss. Cutler, _penes me_.

[23] Mss. Cutler, _penes me_.

[24] Mss. Cutler, _penes me_.

[25] The late Dr. Waterhouse, Professor of Medicine at Cambridge, read lectures on Natural History to his classes as early as 1788, and published the botanical part of these lectures in the Monthly Anthology, 1804-8; reprinting this in 1811, with the title of the Botanist (Boston, 8vo, pp. 228). In the preface to this volume, the author’s are claimed to have been the first public lectures on Natural History given in the United States. The Massachusetts Professorship of Botany and Entomology was founded in 1805, and the Botanical Garden in 1807; but the eminent naturalist who first filled the chair left little behind him to bear witness to his acknowledged “learning and genius.”—_Quincy, Hist. Harv. Univ._, vol. ii. p. 330. The studies of Peck were not, however, confined to the _Fauna_ and _Flora_ of New England; and his distinguished successors in the lecture-room and the botanical garden—Mr. Nuttall, the late Dr. Harris, and Professor Gray—may be said to have maintained a like general, rather than local character, in the entomological and botanical investigations pursued at the University.

[26] This house was one Mr. Robert Gibbs’s “of an ancient family in Devonshire,” says Farmer (Geneal. Reg., p. 120); and it stood on Fort Hill, the way leading to it becoming afterwards known as Gibbs’s Lane, and a wharf at the waterside, belonging to the property, as Gibbs’s Wharf. Mr. W. B. Trask, who obligingly examined for me the early deeds concerning this estate in Suffolk Registry, furnishes a _memorandum_, that on the 6th June, 1671, Robert Gibbs of Boston, merchant, conveys to Edward and Elisha Hutchinson, in trust, for Elizabeth, wife of said Robert, during her life, and after her decease to such child or children as he shall have by her, his land and house on Fort Hill, with warehouse on wharf, ‘which land was formerly my grandfather, Henry Webb’s.’ The wife of said Robert Gibbs was daughter to Jacob Sheafe by Margaret, daughter to Henry Webb, mercer. Sampson Sheafe, a Provincial councillor of New Hampshire, and the ancestor of a family of long standing there, married another daughter of Jacob Sheafe. Mr. Gibbs was father to the Rev. Henry Gibbs, minister of Watertown, and had other children; and the family continues to this day.

[27] Compare the author’s Voyages, pp. 19, 161, 173, for other notices of Boston, and as to the first of these, which represents the town (in 1638) as “rather a village, ... there being not above twenty or thirty houses,” see the note in Savage’s Winthrop, edit. 1, vol. i. p. 267.

[28] Mr. Henry Josselyn was probably living at Black Point in 1638, when his brother first visited it (Voyages, p. 20). It was then the estate (by grant from the council at Plymouth) and residence of Captain Thomas Cammock; but he, dying in 1643, bequeathed it, except five hundred acres which were reserved to his wife, to Josselyn, who, marrying the widow, succeeded to the whole property, which was described as containing fifteen hundred acres (Willis _infra_), but is called by Sullivan five thousand (History of Maine, p. 128). In 1658, this and other adjoining tracts were erected into a town by Massachusetts, under the name of Scarborough, which is thus further noticed by our author in his Voyages, p. 201, as “the town of Black Point, consisting of about fifty dwelling-houses, and a Magazine, or _Doganne_, scatteringly built. They have store of neat and horses, of sheep near upon seven or eight hundred, much arable and marsh, salt and fresh, and a corn-mill.”—Comp. Williamson’s Hist. of Maine, vol. i. pp. 392, 666; Willis in Geneal. Register, vol. i. p. 202.

[29] _Empyema_ is a result of disease of the lungs. See Voyages, p. 121.

[30] Compare the accounts of the first appearance of the country by the Rev. Francis Higginson and Mr. Thomas Graves, both well-qualified observers, in New-England’s Plantation, London, 1630; reprinted in Mass. Hist. Coll., vol. i. p. 117. And see Wood’s New England’s Prospect, a book which our author was probably acquainted with; as compare p. 4 of Wood (edit. 1764) with the beginning of p. 3 of the Rarities, and some other places in both.

[31] The earliest ascents of the White Mountains were those made by Field and others in 1642, of which we have some account in Winthrop’s Journal (by Savage, edit. 1, vol. ii. pp. 67, 89). Darby Field, “an Irishman living about Pascataquack,” has the honor of being the first European who set foot upon the summit of Mount Washington. He appears at Exeter in 1639, and was at Dover in 1645, and died there in 1649, leaving a widow, and, it is said, children (A. H. Quint, N. E. Geneal. Reg., vol. vi. p. 38). It seems likely, from his account, that Field, on reaching the Indian town in the Saco Valley, “at the foot of the hill” where the “two branches of Saco river met,” pursued his way up the valley either of Rocky Branch or of Ellis River, till he gradually attained to the region of dwarf firs, on what is known as Boott’s Spur, which is between the “valley” called Oakes’s Gulf, in which the “Mount Washington” branch of the Saco has its head, and the valley in which the Rocky Branch rises (see G. P. Bond’s Map of the White Mountains). There is no other way that shall fulfil the conditions of the narrative except that over Boott’s Spur; but of the three streams, that is, “the two branches of Saco River,” which come together at or near the probable site of the Indian town, the Rocky Branch is the shortest, and its valley the most ascending. Field repeated his visit, with some others, “about a month after;” and later, in the same year, the mountains were visited by the worshipful Thomas Gorges, Esq., Deputy-Governor, and Richard Vines, Esq., Councillor of the Province of Maine, of which Winthrop takes notice at p. 89. Whether Josselyn went up himself, or had his account from others, does not appear. But his calling the mountains “inaccessible but by the gullies,” leaves it at least supposable, that he, or the party from which he got his information (perhaps Gorges’s), instead of gradually ascending the long ridges, or spurs, penetrated into one of the gulfs (as they are there called), or ravines, of the eastern side; the walls of which are exceedingly steep, and literally inaccessible in many parts, except by the gullies. The “large level or plain of a day’s journey over, whereon grows nothing but moss,” is noticed in Winthrop’s account of Gorges’s ascent, but not in that of Field’s; and this plain—which doubtless includes what has since been called “Bigelow’s Lawn” (lying immediately under the south-eastern side of the summit of Mount Washington), but understood also, in Gorges’s account, to extend northward as far as the “Lake of the Clouds”—furnishes another ground for supposing that the last-mentioned explorer, or, at least, Josselyn, may have penetrated the mountain by one of its eastern ravines; several of which head in the great plain mentioned, while that is rather remote from what we have taken for Field’s “ridge.” Our author is the only authority for the “pond of clear water in the midst of” the top of Mount Washington; though a somewhat capacious spring, which was well known there before the putting-up of the house on the summit, may have been larger once; or he may rather have mistaken, or misremembered, the position of the Lake of the Clouds.

[32] Compare, as to the insulation of the tract understood by Josselyn as New England, Palfrey, Hist. N. E., vol. i. pp. 1, 2, and note, and the accompanying map.

[33] See the author’s larger account of the natives in his Voyages, pp. 123-150.

[34] There is a much fuller account—to be noticed again—of our birds, in the Voyages, pp. 95-103. Wood’s (N. E. Prospect, chap, viii.) is also curious. In the notes which immediately follow, on the birds, beasts, fishes, and reptiles, the oldest writers on our natural history will be found often to explain or illustrate each other.

[35] Chimney-swallow.

[36] “The pilhannaw is the king of birds of prey in New England. Some take him to be a kind of eagle; others for the Indian ruck,—the biggest bird that is, except the ostrich. One Mr. Hilton, living at Pascataway, had the hap to kill one of them. Being by the sea-side, he perceived a great shadow over his head, the sun shining out clear. Casting up his eyes, he saw a monstrous bird soaring aloft in the air; and, of a sudden, all the ducks and geese (there being then a great many) dived under water, nothing of them appearing but their heads. Mr. Hilton, having made readie his piece, shot and brought her down to the ground. How he disposed of her, I know not; but had he taken her alive, and sent her over into England, neither Bartholomew nor Sturbridge Fair could have produced such another sight.”—_Josselyn’s Voyages_, p. 95. These notices have been taken to be sufficient by some writers to show the probable existence of “a bird of prey, very large and bold, on the back of some of our American plantations.” But our author’s account indicates clearly a crested eagle, which we cannot explain by any thing nearer home than the yzquautli, or crested vulture of Mexico and the countries south of it (_Falco Harpyja_, Gmel.); two notices of which (cited by Linnæus) had been published some twenty years before Josselyn wrote, and may have been supposed by him to be applicable to a large bird which he had heard of as inhabiting mountains about Ossipee. The great heron—an inhabitant of the coast, and so uncommon inland that “one ... shot in the upper parts of New Hampshire was described to” Wilson “as a great curiosity” (Amer. Ornith., by Brewer, p. 555)—has the size and the crest of Josselyn’s bird; and, if this last was only (as is possible) the name of a confused conception made up from several accounts of large birds, the heron may well be thought to have had a share in it.

[37] “Of these, sometimes there will be forty, threescore and a hundred, of a flock; sometimes more, and sometimes less. Their feeding is acorns, hawes, and berries: some of them get a haunt to frequent English corn. In winter, when the snow covers the ground, they resort to the seashore to look for shrimps, and such small fishes, at low tides. Such as love turkey-hunting must follow it in winter, after a new-fallen snow, when he may follow them by their tracks. Some have killed ten or a dozen in half a day. If they can be found towards an evening, and watched where they perch,—if one come about ten or eleven of the clock,—he may shoot as often as he will: they will sit, unless they be slenderly wounded. These turkies remain all the year long. The price of a good turkey-cock is four shillings; and he is well worth it, for he may be in weight forty pounds; a hen, two shillings.”—_Wood_, _N. Eng. Prospect_, chap. viii. See also Josselyn’s Voyages, p. 99.

[38] “The geese of the country be of three sorts. First, a brant goose; which is a goose almost like the wild goose in England. The price of one of these is sixpence. The second kind is a white goose, almost as big as an English tame goose. These come in great flocks about Michaelmas: sometimes there will be two or three thousand in a flock. Those continue six weeks, and so fly to the southward; returning in March, and staying six weeks more, returning to the northward. The price of one of these is eightpence. The third kind of geese is a great grey goose, with a black neck, and a black and white head; strong of flight: and these be a great deal bigger than the ordinary geese of England; some very fat, and, in the spring, full of feathers, that the shot can scarce pierce them. Most of these geese remain with us from Michaelmas to April. They feed in the sea upon grass in the bays at low water, and gravel, and in the woods of acorns; having, as other fowl have, their pass and repass to the northward and southward. The accurate marksmen kill of these both flying and sitting. The price of a grey goose is eighteen-pence.”—_Wood_, _N. E. Prospect_, _l. c._ The white goose here mentioned is probably the snow-goose; upon which compare Nuttall, Mass. Ornith., Water-Birds, p. 344. Josselyn (Voyages, p. 100) says the brant and the gray goose “are best meat; the white are lean and tough, and live a long time; whereupon the proverb, ‘Older than a white goose:’” which is not supported by Wood or later writers. The snow-goose has become much less frequent with us since the settlement of the country. The great grey goose of Wood is our well-known Canada goose.

[39] This was the best that our author could say of the eagles of New England. Wood assists us once more here: “The eagles of the country be of two sorts,—one like the eagles that be in England; the other is something bigger, with a great white head and white tail. These be commonly called gripes.”—_New-Eng. Prospect_, _l. c._ The first spoken of by Wood—and perhaps, also, what Josselyn names last—may be the common or ring-tailed eagle, now known to be the young of the golden eagle. The second of Wood, and first of our author, is without doubt, the bald eagle; the (so to say) tyrannical habits of which bird are sufficiently well known, at least in the vivid pages of Wilson. See the Voyages, p. 96; where we learn also that “hawkes there are of several kinds; as goshawks, falcons, laniers, sparrow-hawkes, and a little black hawke highly prized by the Indians, who wear them on their heads, and is accounted of worth sufficient to ransom a sagamour. They are so strangely couragious and hardie that nothing flyeth in the air that they will not bind with. I have seen them tower so high, that they have been so small that scarcely could they be taken by the eye” (p. 95-6). Wood makes like mention of this little black hawk (New-Eng. Prospect, _l. c._); and R. Williams (Key into the Language of the Indians of N. E., in Hist. Coll., vol. iii. p. 220) calls it “sachim, a little bird about the bigness of a swallow, or less; to which the Indians give that name, because of its sachem or prince-like courage and command over greater birds: that a man shall often see this small bird pursue and vanquish and put to flight the crow and other birds far bigger than itself.” This was our well-known king-bird; and Josselyn, on the same page, tells us of “a small ash-colour bird that is shaped like a hawke, with talons and beak, that falleth upon crowes; mounting up into the air after them, and will beat them till they make them cry:” which was, perhaps, the king-bird’s half-cousin, as Wilson calls him,—the purple-martin.

[40] Nuttall (Manual, Water-Birds, p. 520) says that the young of the red-throated diver is called cobble in England. Our author elsewhere (Voyages, p. 101) makes mention of the “wobble” and the “wilmote” (that is, guillemot) as distinct; but _his_ wilmot was “a kind of teal.”

[41] “He maketh a noise sometimes like a sow-gelder’s horn.”—_N. Eng. Prospect_, _l. c._

[42] The first is the great-horned or cat-owl; the second, probably, the mottled or little screech-owl, which Wood notices more fully as “small, speckled like a partridge, with ears” (_l. c._); and the third, the Acadian or little owl. There are but two owls reckoned in New-England’s Prospect; the second of which—“a great owl, almost as big as an eagle; his body being as good meat as a partridge” (_l. c._)—is, perhaps, the snowy owl, which, according to Audubon, is good eating.—_Peabody Report on Birds of Mass._, p. 275.

[43] It is not clear what is meant here. The author merely mentions the bird again, in Voyages, p. 96.

[44] So Wood: “There are no magpies, jackdaws, cuckoos, jays, &c.”—_New-England’s Prospect_, _l. c._ Our author, in his Voyages, adds to the above list of New-England birds the following: “The partridge is larger than ours; white-flesht, but very dry: they are indeed a sort of partridges called grooses. The pidgeon, of which there are millions of millions.... The snow-bird, like a chaffinch, go in flocks, and are good meat.... Thrushes, with red breasts, which will be very fat, and are good meat.... Thressels, ... filladies, ... small singing-birds; ninmurders, little yellow birds; New-England nightingales, painted with orient colours,—black, white, blew, yellow, green, and scarlet,—and sing sweetly; wood-larks, wrens, swallows, who will sit upon trees; and starlings, black as ravens, with scarlet pinions. Other sorts of birds there are; as the troculus, wagtail or dish-water, which is here of a brown colour; titmouse,—two or three sorts; the dunneck or hedge-sparrow, who is starke naked in his winter nest; the golden or yellow hammer,—a bird about the bigness of a thrush, that is all over as red as bloud; woodpeckers of two or three sorts, gloriously set out with variety of glittering colours; the colibry, viemalin, or rising or walking-bird, an emblem of the resurrection, and the wonder of little birds. The water-fowl are these that follow: Hookers, or wild swans; cranes; ... four sorts of ducks,—a black duck, a brown duck like our wild ducks, a grey duck, and a great black and white duck. These frequent rivers and ponds. But, of ducks, there be many more sorts; as hounds, old wives, murres, doies, shell-drakes, shoulers or shoflers, widgeons, simps, teal, blew-wing’d and green-wing’d didapers or dipchicks, fenduck, duckers or moorhens, coots, pochards (a water-fowl like a duck), plungeons (a kind of water-fowl, with a long, reddish bill), puets, plovers, smethes, wilmotes (a kind of teal), godwits, humilities, knotes, red-shankes, ... gulls, white gulls or sea-cobbs, caudemandies, herons, grey bitterns, ox-eyes, birds called oxen and keen, petterels, king’s fishers, ... little birds that frequent the sea-shore in flocks, called sanderlins. They are about the bigness of a sparrow, and, in the fall of the leaf, will be all fat. When I was first in the countrie” (that is, in 1638; in which connection, what follows is not without its interest to us), “the English cut them into small pieces to put into their puddings, instead of suet. I have known twelve-score and above killed at two shots.... The cormorant, shape or sharke” (pp. 99-103).

[45] Compare the account given in the Voyages, pp. 82-95, which is much fuller; as also New-England’s Prospect, chap. vi.

[46] “Most fierce in strawberry-time; at which time they have young ones; at which time, likewise, they will go upright, like a man, and climb trees, and swim to the islands: which if the Indians see, there will be more sportful bear-baiting than Paris garden can afford; for, seeing the bears take water, an Indian will leap after him; where they go to water-cuffs for bloody noses and scratched sides. In the end, the man gets the victory; riding the bear over the watery plain, till he can bear him no longer.... There would be more of them, if it were not for the wolves which devour them. A kennel of those ravening runagadoes, setting upon a poor, single bear, will tear him as a dog will tear a kid.”—_New-Eng. Prospect_, _l. c._, which see farther; and also Josselyn’s Voyages, pp. 91-2.

[47] Stupefied with drink.—_Webster_, _Eng. Dict._

[48] Thwart.