Chapter I

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS
MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Volume 9, No. 15, pp. 397-404
December 19, 1958

New Subspecies of the Rodent Baiomys
From Central America

BY

ROBERT L. PACKARD

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
LAWRENCE
1958

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
Robert W. Wilson

Volume 9, No. 15, pp. 397-404
Published December 19, 1958

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
Lawrence, Kansas

PRINTED IN
THE STATE PRINTING PLANT
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1958

27-5660

New Subspecies of the Rodent Baiomys From Central America

BY

ROBERT L. PACKARD

The southern pygmy mouse, _Baiomys musculus_, is known as far north as the Mexican states of Jalisco, Michoacán, south of the Mesa Central, east to central Veracruz (see Hooper, 1952a:90), and south to western Nicaragua (see Goodwin, 1942:161). Previously, two subspecies have been recognized from the southern part of the known range of this species: _B. m. nigrescens_, blackish mice from Chiapas, México, and Guatemala, and _B. m. grisescens_, grayish-brown mice from Honduras and western Nicaragua. Study of recently acquired specimens from Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua reveals two additional subspecies.

For the loan of comparative material, I am grateful to the United States National Museum (USNM) and the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Unless otherwise indicated, specimens are in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. Measurements are as taken by Hooper (1952b:10). Postpalatal length is the distance from the posterior margin of the hard palate to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum. Unless otherwise noted, statistical significance as used in this paper is at the 95 per cent confidence limit or higher.

The two heretofore undescribed subspecies are characterized below and may be known as:

=_Baiomys musculus handleyi_=, new subspecies

_Type._--Adult female, USNM No. 275604 (Biological Surveys
Collection), skin and skull; from Sacapulas, El Quiché, Guatemala;
obtained on April 24, 1947, by Charles O. Handley, Jr., original
number 991.

_Distribution._--Known only from the type locality; probably
inhabits parts of the east-west drainage of the Río Negro.

_Diagnosis._--General ground color of upper parts between Wood
Brown and Buffy Brown (all capitalized color terms are those of
Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C.,
1912), dorsal parts of fore- and hind-feet, and ankles white; in
region of median venter, throat, and chin, hairs white to base; in
lateral regions hairs Neutral Gray at base; dorsal hairs below tips
Avellaneous, Neutral Gray at base; guard hairs black-tipped; tail
white below, brownish above; nasals truncate anteriorly;
frontalparietal suture forming an obtuse angle with median-parietal
suture; alveolar-length of upper molar tooth-row and tail long.

_Comparisons._--From _Baiomys musculus nigrescens_ (paratypes, from
the Valley of Comitán, Chiapas, México), found to the north, _B. m.
handleyi_ differs in: color paler dorsally and ventrally; fore- and
hind-feet whitish instead of dusky to sooty; hairs in region of
facial vibrissae white instead of brown; tail bicolored instead of
unicolored; anterior tips of nasals square, not rounded;
frontoparietal suture forming obtuse angle with median parietal
suture instead of a right angle; tail and alveolar length of upper
molar tooth-row significantly larger (see table 1); zygomatic
breadth, breadth of braincase, occipitonasal length, least
interorbital constriction, and length of rostrum all averaging
larger (see table 2).

From _Baiomys musculus grisescens_ (paratypes, from Comayabuela,
Honduras) to the south, _B. m. handleyi_ differs in: buff-colored
hairs in dorsal and ventral region lacking; fore- and hind-feet
white, not flesh-colored with gray overtones; tail bicolored, not
unicolored; face paler, lacking buff-brown coloration; anterior
tips of nasals squared rather than flaring; tail and upper molar
tooth-row significantly longer (see Table 1); hind foot, ear from
notch, and rostrum longer; braincase averaging broader (see Table
2).

_Remarks._--The occurrence of these pale mice in the Río Negro Valley was first noted by Goodwin (1934:39, 40) when he referred specimens from Sacapulas and Chanquejelve, Guatemala, to _B. m. musculus_. Hooper (_op. cit._:92-94) correctly assigned specimens from the southern coast and eastern part of Chiapas to _B. m. nigrescens_. The continued assignment of specimens from Sacapulas, Guatemala, to the subspecies _musculus_ produces a hiatus both in the range of _B. m. nigrescens_ and _B. m. musculus_. Twenty-four specimens, 14 from 1 mi. S Rabinal, and 10 from 1/2 mi. N, 1 mi. E Salama, Guatemala, are intergrades between _handleyi_ and _grisescens_, but show more resemblance to the latter and, therefore, are referred to that subspecies. To the north, _handleyi_ intergrades with _nigrescens_. The specimen from Chanquejelve is an intergrade between the two subspecies just mentioned.

Osgood suggested (1909:259) that the degree of relative humidity might in some way control color of pelage in this species. Relative humidity and its subsequent effect on other related environmental factors indeed may account for the superficial resemblance of _B. m. musculus_ to _B. m. handleyi_ (although _handleyi_ averages paler throughout than the paratypical series of _musculus_). Both subspecies inhabit relatively arid country. According to Goodwin (_op. cit._:39 and Plate 5, Fig. 1), and Handley (_in verbis_), the Río Negro Valley in the vicinity of Sacapulas is extremely hot, dry, and rather isolated. Extremes of climate there may exceed those in the arid habitat occupied by _B. m. musculus_. The resemblance between these two subspecies may result from nearly parallel selective forces that have given rise to two distinct subspecies. _B. m. handleyi_ may have developed _in situ_.

_Specimens examined._--Total 49, from the type locality, including
the type (12, USNM; 37, AMNH).

=_Baiomys musculus pullus_=, new subspecies

_Type._--Adult female, skin and skull, University of Kansas Museum
of Natural History, No. 71605, from 8 mi. S Condega, Esteli,
Nicaragua; obtained on July 15, 1956, by A. A. Alcorn, original No.
4218.

_Distribution._--West-central Nicaragua, from Matagalpa northwest
into the valley of the Río Esteli, east as far as Jinotega.

_Diagnosis._--Dorsum Fuscus-Black (see remarks),
individual dorsal hairs being black-tipped with a subterminal
Ochraceous-Buff band, Neutral Gray at base; some hairs on dorsum
all black to Neutral Gray at base; hair on sides Neutral Gray
tinged with blackish; facial region blackish becoming more buffy
ventrally; vibrissae black; tail unicolored Chaetura Black; fore-
and hind-feet whitish to dusky-white; mid-ventral region of belly
white to as far anteriorly as region of throat, hairs being white
to base; in region of anus and throat, hairs white-tipped, Neutral
Gray at base; tail long; upper molar tooth-row short as in _B. m.
nigrescens_; zygoma bowed as in _B. m. grisescens_.

_Comparisons._--From _B. m. grisescens_ (paratypes from
Comayaguela, Honduras), _B. m. pullus_ differs in: dorsal
ground-color and tail darker; sides and distal region of belly
grayish instead of buffy-brown, thus making white stripe in region
of belly distinct; average length of body and tail significantly
longer, thus, total length greater; length of hind foot averaging
longer (68 per cent confidence limits); alveolar length of upper
molar tooth-row significantly shorter; occipitonasal and rostral
length averaging longer; zygomatic spread and interorbital region
narrower; length of incisive foramina, depth of cranium,
postpalatal length, and breadth of braincase all averaging larger
(see table 2).

From _B. m. nigrescens_ (paratypes from Valley of Comitán), _B. m.
pullus_ differs in: dorsal ground-color slightly darker; facial
region grayish, not sooty; mid-ventral white stripe present on
belly and becoming grayish laterally; tail darker and less hairy,
average length significantly longer; body, occipitonasal length of
skull, incisive foramina, and postpalatal length averaging smaller;
hind foot shorter; zygomatic spread, interorbital region and
braincase broader (see table of measurements); cranium deeper.

_Remarks._--_B. m. pullus_ is the darkest dorsally of any subspecies of this species. Dalquest (1953:156) pointed out that preserved specimens of one of the subspecies of the northern pygmy mouse, _Baiomys taylori taylori_, tended to fade considerably over a period of four years. Post-mortem changes in color also are apparent in the southern species _musculus_. For example, the series of specimens from 8 mi. S of Condega, and 9 mi. NNW Esteli, Nicaragua, have faded from near Chaetura Black to the present Fuscous-Black in a period of two years. The most notable change in color came after the first six months of preservation. Allowing for this fading, the several color differences between _pullus_, _nigrescens_ and _grisescens_ are, nevertheless, distinctive.

TABLE 1.--ANALYSIS OF VARIATION IN ADULTS OF FOUR SUBSPECIES OF BAIOMYS MUSCULUS (measurements in millimeters)

===============+========+========+=========+========+========== Number | | Length | Length | Length | Upper of adults | Total | of | of | of | molar averaged | length | body | tail | hind | length | | | | foot |(alveolar) ---------------+--------+--------+---------+--------+---------- | _Baiomys musculus handleyi_ | Sacapulas, El Quiché, Guatemala | 9 Av | 121.44 | 70.77 | 50.67 | 15.33 | 3.48 Max | 128.00 | 77.00 | 54.00 | 16.00 | 3.60 Min | 115.00 | 66.00 | 49.00 | 15.00 | 3.40 2xStand. error | 3.60 | 3.22 | 1.26 | .44 | .05 ---------------+--------+--------+---------+--------+---------- | _Baiomys musculus pullus_ | 8 mi. S Condega, Nicaragua | 17 Av | 117.29 | 70.42 | 47.18 | 15.47 | 3.13 Max | 121.00 | 74.00 | 50.00 | 17.00 | 3.20 Min | 111.00 | 66.00 | 44.00 | 14.00 | 3.00 2xStand. error | 1.27 | 1.51 | .75 | .35 | .03 ---------------+--------+--------+---------+--------+---------- | _Baiomys musculus grisescens_ | Comayaguela, Honduras | 7 Av | 103.71 | 59.00 | 44.71 | 14.57 | 3.31 Max | 118.00 | 68.00 | 50.00 | 15.00 | 3.40 Min | 97.00 | 51.00 | 42.00 | 13.00 | 3.20 2xStand. error | 5.50 | 4.16 | 2.40 | .78 | .06 ---------------+--------+--------+---------+--------+---------- | _Baiomys musculus nigrescens_ | Valley of Comitán | 11 Av | 115.00 | 72.09 | 42.91 | 15.31 | 3.15 Max | 120.00 | 77.00 | 45.00 | 16.00 | 3.40 Min | 108.00 | 69.00 | 39.00 | 14.50 | 2.90 2xStand. error | 2.12 | 1.59 | 1.0 | .23 | .10 ---------------+--------+--------+---------+--------+----------

Geographically, _pullus_ is partly isolated by the Cerros De Villaguaire and the Cerros El Zapotillo to the west and the Cerros De Azaculapa to the north. Certain individuals of a series of specimens, referable to _B. m. nigrescens_, from 1 mi. NW San Salvador and 1 mi. S Los Planes, El Salvador, are intermediate in coloration between that subspecies and _pullus_. Three of 28 specimens from El Salvador possess the mid-ventral white stripe.

TABLE 2.--CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS (in millimeters) OF ADULTS OF FOUR SUBSPECIES OF BAIOMYS MUSCULUS

Table headings: Col A: Occipitonasal length Col B: Zygomatic breadth Col C: Postpalatal length Col D: Least interorbital breadth Col E: Length of incisive foramena Col F: Length of rostrum Col G: Breadth of braincase Col H: Depth of cranium

================+======+======+======+======+======+=====+=====+===== | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H ----------------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- | _Baiomys musculus handleyi_, | Sacapulas, El Quiché, Guatemala Number | of specimens | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 Type 275604 ♀ | | | | | | | | USNM | 20.0 | 10.4 | 7.3 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 7.3 | 9.7| 7.1 Average | 19.6 | 10.5 | 6.9 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 7.2 | 9.8| 7.1 Maximum | 20.7 | 11.0 | 7.4 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 7.7 | 10.2| 7.2 Minimum | 18.8 | 10.2 | 6.4 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 9.7| 6.8 | | | | | | | | ----------------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- | _Baiomys musculus pullus_, | 8 mi. S Condega, Esteli, Nicaragua | Number | | | | | | | | of specimens | 17 | 17 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 Type 71605 ♀ KU | 19.2 | 10.2 | 6.8 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 6.8 | 9.5| 7.0 Average | 19.3 | 10.2 | 7.0 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 7.0 | 9.6| 7.0 Maximum | 19.8 | 10.6 | 7.3 | 4.1 | 4.6 | 7.4 | 10.0| 7.3 Minimum | 18.9 | 9.7 | 6.8 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 6.5 | 9.3| 6.8 ----------------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- | _Baiomys musculus grisescens_, | Comayaguela, Guatemala | Number | of specimens | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 Average | 19.7 | 10.5 | 6.9 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 7.1 | 9.6 | 6.9 Maximum | 20.3 | 10.9 | 7.2 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 7.3 | 9.9 | 7.1 Minimum | 19.2 | 10.2 | 6.7 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 6.8 | 9.3 | 6.8 ----------------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- | _Baiomys musculus nigrescens_, | Valley of Comitán, Chiapas, México | Number | of specimens | 14 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 Average | 19.5 | 10.1 | 7.1 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 6.9 | 9.3 | 6.9 Maximum | 20.3 | 11.1 | 7.4 | 4.0 | 4.6 | 7.4 | 9.6 | 7.3 Minimum | 19.1 | 9.8 | 6.7 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 6.6 | 9.0 | 6.7 ----------------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+-----

Albert Alcorn wrote in his itinerary that some of the type series were taken shortly after lunch (I assume this would mean near noon) near a small creek, and that the specimens from 9 mi. NNW Esteli were trapped in wood piles and rock piles about dusk.

_Specimens examined._--Total (all from Nicaragua) 36 as follows: Esteli: type locality, 22 (including the type); 8 mi. NNW Esteli, 3; 9 mi. NNW Esteli, 8. Jinotega: 1 mi. NW Jinotega, 1; San Rafael Del Norte, 1 AMNH. Matagalpa: Matagalpa, 1 AMNH.

LITERATURE CITED

DALQUEST, W. W.

1953. Mammals of the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí. Louisiana State Univ. Studies, Biol. Sci. Ser. No. 1:1-229, 1 fig., December 28.

GOODWIN, G. G.

1934. Mammals collected by A. W. Anthony in Guatemala, 1924-1928. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 68:1-60, 5 pls., December 12.

HOOPER, E. T.

1952a. Notes on the pygmy mouse (Baiomys), with description of a new subspecies from Mexico. Jour. Mamm., 33:90-97, February 18.

1952b. A systematic review of the harvest mice (Genus Reithrodontomys) of Latin America. Misc. Publ., Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., 77:1-255, 9 pls., January 16.

OSGOOD, W. T.

1909. Revision of the mice of the American Genus Peromyscus. N. Amer. Fauna, 28:1-285, 8 pls., 12 figs., April 17.

_Transmitted August 25, 1958._

* * * * *

Transcriber's Note
Variations of spelling as presented in the paper have been retained

fuscus; fuscous
foramen; foramena
comayabuela; comayaguela

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