Chapter IV: Part II: The Latin Element (1)

I.--LATIN PREFIXES.

Prefix. Signification. Example. Definition.

A- a-vert to turn _from_. ab- = _from_ ab-solve to release _from_. abs- abs-tain to hold _from_.

AD- ad-here to stick _to_. a- a-gree to be pleasing _to_. ac- ac-cede to yield _to_. af- af-fix to fix _to_. ag- ag-grieve to give pain _to_. al- = _to_ al-ly to bind _to_. an- an-nex to tie _to_. ap- ap-pend to hang _to_. ar- ar-rive to reach _to_. as- as-sent to yield _to_.

NOTE.--The forms AC-, AF-, etc., are euphonic variations of AD-, and follow generally the rule that the final consonant of the prefix assimilates to the initial letter of the root.

AM- = _around_ am-putate to cut _around_. amb- amb-ient going _around_.

ANTE- = _before_ ante-cedent going _before_. anti- anti-cipate to take _before_.

BI- = _two_ or bi-ped a _two_-footed animal. bis- _twice_ bis-cuit _twice_ cooked.

CIRCUM- = _around_ circum-navigate to sail _around_. circu- circu-it journey _around_.

CON- con-vene to come _together_. co- co-equal equal _with_. co- = _with_ or co-gnate born _together_. col- _together_ col-loquy a speaking _with_ another. com- com-pose to put _together_. cor- cor-relative relative _with_.

NOTE.--The forms CO-, COL-, COM-, and COR-, are euphonic variations of CON-.

CONTRA- contra-dict to speak _against_ contro- = _against_ contro-vert to turn _against_ counter- counter-mand to order _against_

DE- = _down_ or de-pose; to put _down_;
_off_ de-fend fend _off_.

DIS- _asunder_ dis-pel to drive _asunder_. di- = _apart_ di-vert to turn _apart_. dif- _opposite of_ dif-fer to bear _apart_; disagree.

NOTE.--The forms DI- and DIF- are euphonic forms of DIS-; DIF- is used before a root beginning with a vowel.

EX- ex-clude to shut _out_. e- = _out_ or e-ject to cast _out_. ec- _from_ ec-centric _from_ the center. ef- ef-flux a flowing _out_.

NOTE.--E-, EC-, and EF- are euphonic variations of EX-. When prefixed to the name of an office, EX- denotes that the person formerly held the office named: as, _ex_-mayor, the former mayor.

EXTRA- = _beyond_ extra-ordinary _beyond_ ordinary.

IN- (in nouns and in-clude to shut _in_. il- verbs) il-luminate to throw light _on_. im- = _in, into, on_ im-port to carry _in_. ir- ir-rigate to pour water _on_. en-, em- en-force to force _on_.

NOTE.--The forms IL-, IM-, and IR- are euphonic variations of IN-. The forms EN- and EM- are of French origin.

IN- (in adjectives in-sane _not_ sane. i(n) and nouns.) i-gnoble _not_ noble. il- = _not_ il-legal _not_ legal. im- im-mature _not_ mature. ir- ir-regular _not_ regular.

INTER- = _between_ or inter-cede to go _between_. intel- _among_ intel-ligent choosing _between_.

INTRA- = _inside of_ intra-mural _inside of_ the walls.

INTRO- = _within, into_ intro-duce to lead _into_

JUXTA- = _near_ juxta-position a placing _near_

NON- = _not_ non-combatant _not_ fighting.

NOTE.--A hyphen is generally, though not always, placed between _non-_ and the root.

OB- ob-ject to throw _against_. o- _in the way_, o-mit to leave _out_. oc- = _against_, oc-cur to run _against_; or _out_ hence, to happen. of- of-fend to strike _against_. op- op-pose to put one's self _against_.

PER- = _through_, per-vade; to pass _through_; pel- _thoroughly_ per-fect _thoroughly_ made. pel-lucid _thoroughly_ clear.

NOTE.--Standing alone, PER- signifies _by_: as, _per annum_, _by_ the year.

POST- = _after_, post-script written _after_.
_behind_

PRE- = _before_ pre-cede to go _before_.

PRETER- = _beyond_ preter-natural _beyond_ nature.

PRO _for_, pro-noun _for_ a noun.
= _forth_, or pro-pose to put _forth_.
_forward_

NOTE.--In a few instances PRO- is changed into PUR-, as _pur_pose; into POR-, as _por_tray; and into POL-, as _pol_lute.

RE- = _back_ or re-pel to drive _back_. red- _anew_ red-eem to buy _back_.

RETRO- = _backwards_ retro-grade going _backwards_.

SE- = _aside_, se-cede to go _apart_.
_apart_

SINE- = _without_ sine-cure _without_ care.

SUB- sub-scribe to write _under_. suc- suc-ceed to follow _after_. suf- suf-fer to _undergo_. sug- = _under_ or sug-gest to bring to mind from _after_ _under_. sum- sum-mon to hint from _under_. sup- sup-port to bear by being _under_. sus- sus-tain to _under_-hold.

NOTE.--The euphonic variations SUC-, SUF-, SUG-, SUM-, SUP-, result from assimilating the _b_ of SUB- to the initial letter of the root. In "sustain" SUS- is a contraction of _subs-_ for _sub-_.

SUBTER- = _under_ or subter-fuge a flying _under_.
_beneath_

SUPER- = _above_ or super-natural _above_ nature.
_over_ super-vise to _over_-see.

NOTE.--In derivatives through the French, SUPER- takes the form SUR-, as _sur-_vey, to look over.

TRANS- _through_, trans-gress to step _beyond_. tra- = _over_, tra-verse to pass _over_. or _beyond_

ULTRA- = _beyond_, or ultra-montane _beyond_ the mountain
_extremely_ (the Alps).
ultra-conservativ _extremely_ conservative.

II.--LATIN SUFFIXES.

SUFFIX. SIGNIFICATION. EXAMPLE. DEFINITION.

-ABLE = _that may be_; cur-able _that may be_ cured. -ible _fit to be_ possi-ble _that may be_ done. -ble solu-ble _that may be_ dissolved.

-AC _relating to_ cardi-ac _relating to_ the heart.
= or demoni-ac _like_ a demon.
_resembling_

NOTE.--The suffix -AC is found only in Latin derivatives of Greek origin.

-ACEOUS _of_; sapon-aceous _having the quality of_
= _having the_ soap.
-acious _quality of_ cap-acious _having the quality of_
holding much.

_condition of_ celib-acy _condition of being_
-ACY = _being_; single.
_office of_ cur-acy _office of_ a curate.

-AGE _act_, marri-age _act of_ marrying.
= _condition_, or vassal-age _condition of_ a vassal.
_collection of_ foli-age _collection of_ leaves.

NOTE.--The suffix -AGE is found only in French-Latin derivatives.

adj. ment-al _relating to_ the mind.
-AL = _relating to_ remov-al _the act of_ removing.
n. _the act of_; capit-al _that which_ forms the
_that which_ head of a column.

-AN adj. _relating hum-an _relating to_ mankind.
-ane to_ hum-ane _befitting_ a man.
= or _befitting_ artis-an _one who_ follows a trade.
n. _one who_

-ANCE _state or_ vigil-ance _state of being_ watchful. -ancy = _quality_ eleg-ance _quality of being_ _of being_ elegant.

-ANT = adj. _being_ vigil-ant _being_ watchful.
n. _one who_ assist-ant _one who_ assists.

-AR = _relating to; lun-ar _relating to_ the moon.
like_ circul-ar _like_ a circle.

adj. _relating epistol-ary _relating to_ a letter.
-ARY to_ mission-ary _one who is_ sent out.
= n. _one who_; avi-ary _a place where_ birds
_place where_ are kept.

n. _one who is_ deleg-ate _one who is_ sent by
adj. _having_ others.
-ATE = _the quality of_ accur-ate _having the quality of_
v. _to perform_ accuracy.
_the act of_, navig-ate _to perform the act of_
or _cause_ sailing.

-CLE = _minute_ vesi-cle a _minute_ vessel. -cule animal-cule a _minute_ animal.

-EE = _one to whom_ refer-ee _one to whom_ something
is referred.

NOTE.--This suffix is found only in words of French-Latin origin.

-EER engin-eer _one who_ has charge of
= _one who_ an engine.
-ier brigad-ier _one who_ has charge of
a brigade.

NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in words of French-Latin origin.

-ENE = _having relation terr-ene _having relation to_ the
to_ earth.

-ENCE _state of being_ pres-ence _state of being_ present. -ency = or _quality of_ tend-ency _quality of_ tending towards.

-ENT n. _one who_ stud-ent _one who_ studies.
= or _which_ equival-ent _being_ equal to,
adj. _being_ equal_ing_.
or _-ing_

-ESCENCE = _state of conval-escence _state of becoming_ well.
becoming_

-ESCENT = _becoming_ conval-escent _becoming_ well.

-ESS = _female_ lion-ess a _female_ lion.

NOTE.--This suffix is used only in words of French-Latin origin.

-FEROUS = _producing_ coni-ferous _producing_ cones.

-FIC = _making, sopori-fic _causing_ sleep.
causing_

-FICE = _something done_ arti-fice _something done_ with
or _made_ art.

-FY = _to make_ forti-fy _to make_ strong.

rust-ic _one who_ has countrified
-IC n. _one who_ manners.

-ical = adj. _like_, hero-ic _like_ a hero.
_made of_, metall-ic _made of_ metal.
_relating to_ histor-ical _relating to_ history.

NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin, namely, adjectives in -IKOS. In words belonging to chemistry derivatives in -IC denote the acid containing most oxygen, when more than one is formed: as _nitric_ acid.

-ICE _that which_ just-ice _that which_ is just.

-ICS _the science of_ mathemat-ics _the science of_ quantity. -IC arithmet-ic _the science of_ number.

NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin.

-ID = _being_ or acr-id; flu-id _being_ bitter; flow_ing_.
_-ing_

_-ile_ = _relating to_; puer-ile _relating to_ a boy.
_apt for_ docile _apt for_ being taught.

-INE = _relating to; femin-ine _relating to_ a woman.
like_ alkal-ine _like_ an alkali.

_the act of_, expuls-ion _the act of_ expelling.
-ION = _state of corrupt-ion _state of being_ corrupt.
being_, frict-ion rubb_ing_.
or _-ing_

-ISH = _to make_ publ-ish _to make_ public.

-ISE = _to render_, or fertil-ize _to render_ fertile. -ize _perform the act of_

NOTE.--The suffix -ISE, -IZE, is of French origin, and is freely added to Latin roots in forming English derivatives.

-ISM = _state or act hero-ism _state of_ a hero.
of_; _idiom_ Gallic-ism a French _idiom_.

NOTE.--This suffix, except when signifying an idiom, is found only in words of Greek origin.

_one who_ art-ist _one who practices_
-IST = _practices_ or an art.
_is devoted to_ botan-ist _one who is devoted to_
botany.

-ITE = n. _one who is_ favor-ite _one who is_ favored.
-yte adj. _being_ defin-ite _being_ well defined.
prosel-yte _one who is_ brought
over.

NOTE.--The form -YTE is found only in words of Greek origin.

-ITY = _state or security _state of being_ secure. -ty quality_ ability _quality of being_ able. _of being_ liber-ty _state of being_ free.

n. _one who is_
-IVE = or _that which_ capt-ive _one who is_ taken.
adj. _having_ cohes-ive _having power_ to stick.
_the power_
_or quality_

-IX = _feminine_ testatr-ix a _woman_ who leaves
a will.

IZE (See ISE.)

-MENT _state of being_ excite-ment _state of being_ excited.
= or _act of_; induce-ment _that which_ induces.
_that which_

-MONY _state or_ matri-mony _state of_ marriage.
= _quality of_; testi-mony _that which_ is testified.
_that which_

_one who_; audit-or _one who_ hears.
-OR = _that which_; mot-or _that which_ moves.
_quality of_ err-or _quality of_ erring.

adj. _fitted_ or preparat-ory _fitted_ to prepare.
-ORY = _relating to_
n. _place armor-y _place where_ arms are
where_; kept.
_that which_

-OSE = _abounding in_ verb-ose _abounding in_ words. -ous popul-ous _abounding in_ people.

-TUDE = _condition or_ servi-tude _condition of_ a slave.
_quality of_ forti-tude _quality of_ being brave.

-TY (See -ITY.)

-ULE = _minute_ glob-ule a _minute_ globe.

-ULENT = _abounding in_ op-ulent _abounding in_ wealth.

-URE = _act or state depart-ure _act of_ departing.
of_; creat-ure _that which_ is created.
_that which_

CLASSIFIED REVIEW OF LATIN SUFFIXES, WITH GENERIC DEFINITIONS.

-an -ent
-ant -ier
-ary -ist = _one who_ (_agent_); _that which._
-ate -ive
-eer -or

-ate -ite = _one who is_ (_recipient_); _that
-ee -ive which is._

-acy -ism
-age -ity
-ance -ment
NOUN SUFFIXES -ancy -mony = _state; condition; quality; act._
-ate -tude
-ence -ty
-ency -ure
-ion

-ary = _place where._
-ory

-cle
-cule = _diminutives._
-ule

II.

-ac -ic
-al -ical
-an -id = _relating to; like; being_.
-ar -ile
-ary -ine
-ent -ory

-ate
-ose = _abounding in; having the quality_.
-ous

ADJECTIVE -able -ible = _that may be_. SUFFIXES. -ble -ile

-ive = _having power_.

-ferous = _causing_ or _producing_.
-fic

-aceous = _of; having the quality_.
-acious

-escent = _becoming_.

III.

-ate
VERB SUFFIXES -fy = _to make; render; perform an act_.
-ise
-ize

EXERCISE.

I.

a. Write and define nouns denoting the agent (one who or that which) from the following:--

1. Nouns.

MODEL: _art + ist = artist, one who practices an art._[5]

1 art
2 cash
3 humor
4 history
5 vision
6 tribute
7 cure
8 engine
9 auction
10 cannon
11 flute
12 drug
13 tragedy
14 mutiny
15 grammar
16 credit
17 note
18 method
19 music
20 flower (_flor_-)

2. Verbs.

1 profess
2 descend
3 act
4 imitate
5 preside
6 solicit
7 visit
8 defend
9 survey
10 oppose (_oppon_-)

3. Adjectives.

1 adverse
2 secret
3 potent
4 private

b. Write and define nouns denoting the recipient (one who is or that which) from the following:--

1 assign
2 bedlam
3 _captum_ (taken)
4 devote
5 favor
6 lease
7 _natus_ (born)
8 patent
9 refer
10 relate

c. Write and define nouns denoting state, condition, quality, or act, from the following:--

1. Nouns.

1 _magistr_ate
2 parent
3 cure
4 _priv_ate
5 pilgrim
6 hero
7 despot
8 judge
9 vassal
10 vandal

2. Verbs.

1 conspire
2 marry
3 forbear
4 repent
5 ply
6 abase
7 excel
8 prosper
9 enjoy
10 accompany
11 depart
12 abound
13 abhor
14 compose
15 deride (_deris_-)

3. Adjectives.

1 _accur_ate
2 _delic_ate
3 _dist_ant
4 _excell_ent
5 _curr_ent
6 parallel
7 prompt (_i_-)
8 similar
9 docile
10 moist

d. Write and define nouns denoting place WHERE from the following words:--

1 grain
2 deposit
3 penitent
4 arm
5 observe

e. Write and define nouns expressing diminutives of the following nouns:--

1 part
2 globe
3 animal
4 verse
5 _corpus_ (body)

II.

a. Write and define adjectives denoting relating to, like, or being, from the following nouns:--

1 parent
2 nation
3 fate
4 elegy
5 demon
6 republic
7 Rome
8 Europe
9 Persia
10 presbytery
11 globule
12 _luna_ (the moon)
13 _oculus_ (the eye)
14 consul
15 _sol_ (the sun)
16 planet
17 moment
18 element
19 second
20 parliament
21 honor
22 poet
23 despot
24 majesty
25 ocean
26 metal
27 nonsense
28 astronomy
29 botany
30 period
31 tragedy
32 _ferv_or
33 _splend_or
34 infant
35 _puer_ (a boy)
36 _canis_ (a dog)
37 _felis_ (a cat)
38 promise
39 access
40 transit

b. Write and define adjectives denoting abounding in, having the quality of, from the following nouns:--

1 passion
2 temper
3 _oper_- (work)
4 fortune
5 _popul_- (people)
6 affection
7 _aqua_- (water)
8 verb (a word)
9 beauty
10 courage
11 plenty
12 envy
13 victory
14 joy
15 globe

c. Write and define adjectives denoting that may be, or having the power, from the following verbs:--

1 blame
2 allow
3 move
4 admit (_miss_-)
5 collect
6 abuse
7 _aud_- (hear)
8 divide (_vis_-)
9 vary
10 _ara_- (plough)

Write and define the following adjectives denoting--

(_causing_ or _producing_) 1 terror, 2 _sopor_- (sleep), 3 _flor_ (a flower), 4 _pestis_ (a plague); (_having the quality of_) 5 _farina_ (meal), 6 crust, 7 _argilla_ (clay), (_becoming_), 8 effervesce.

III.

Write and define verbs denoting to make, render, or perform the act of, from the following words:--

1 authentic
2 person
3 captive
4 _anima_ (life)
5 _melior_ (better)
6 ample
7 just
8 _sanctus_ (holy)
9 pan
10 false
11 _facilis_ (easy)
12 _magnus_(great)
13 equal
14 fertile
15 legal

III.--DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES.

1. A LATIN PRIMITIVE, or root, is a Latin word from which a certain number of English derivative words is formed. Thus the Latin verb _du'cere_, to draw or lead, is a Latin primitive or root, and from it are formed _educe_, _education_, _deduction_, _ductile_, _reproductive_, and several hundred other English words.

2. LATIN ROOTS consist chiefly of verbs, nouns, and adjectives.

3. ENGLISH DERIVATIVES from Latin words are generally formed not from the root itself but from a part of the root called the _radical_. Thus, in the word "education," the _root-word_ is _ducere_, but the _radical_ is DUC- (education = e + DUC + ate + ion).

4. A RADICAL is a word or a part of a word used in forming English derivatives.

5. Sometimes several radicals from the same root-word are used, the different radicals being taken from different grammatical forms of the root-word.

6. VERB-RADICALS are formed principally from two parts of the verb,--the first person singular of the present indicative, and a part called the _supine_, which is a verbal noun corresponding to the English infinitive in -ing. Thus:--

_1st pers. sing. pres. ind._ duco (I draw)
_Root_ DUC-
_Derivative_ _educe_
_Supine_ ductum (drawing, or to draw)
_Root_ DUCT-
_Derivative_ _ductile_

I. In giving a Latin verb-primitive in this book three "principal parts" of the verb will be given, namely: (1) The present infinitive, (2) the first person singular of the present indicative, and (3) the supine--the second and the third parts because from them radicals are obtained, and the infinitive because this is the part used in naming a verb in a general way. Thus as we say that _loved_, _loving_, etc., are parts of the verb "to love," so we say that _a'mo_ (present ind.) and _ama'tum_ (supine) are parts of the verb _ama're_.

II. It should be noted that it is incorrect to translate _amo_, _amatum_, by "to love," since neither of these words is in the infinitive mood, which is _amare_. The indication of the Latin infinitive will be found of great utility, as it is the part by which a Latin verb is referred to in the Dictionary.

7. NOUN-RADICALS and ADJECTIVE RADICALS are formed from the nominative and from the genitive (or possessive) case of words belonging to these parts of speech. Thus:--

NOM. CASE. ROOT. DERIVATIVE. iter (a journey) ITER-. re_iter_ate

GEN. CASE. ROOT DERIVATIVE. itineris (of a journey) ITINER- _itiner_ant felicis (nom. _felix_, happy) FELIC- _felic_ity

NOTE.--These explanations of the mode of forming radicals are given by
way of general information; but this book presupposes and requires no
knowledge of Latin, since in every group of English derivatives from
Latin, not only the root-words in their several parts, but the
_radicals actually used_ in word-formation, are given.

Pronunciation of Latin Words.

1. Every word in Latin must have as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs: as _miles_ (= _mi'les_).

2. _C_ is pronounced like _k_ before _a_, _o_, _u_; and like _s_ before _e_, _i_, _y_, and the diphthongs _æ_ and _œ_: as _cado_, pronounced _ka'do_; _cedo_, pronounced _se'do_.

3. _G_ is pronounced hard before _a_, _o_, _u_, and soft like _j_ before _e_, _i_, _y_, _æ_, _œ_: as _gusto_, in which _g_ is pronounced as in _August_; _gero_, pronounced _je'ro_.

4. A consonant between two vowels must be joined to the latter: as _bene_, pronounced _be'ne_.

5. Two consonants in the middle of a word must be divided: as _mille_, pronounced _mil'le_.

6. The diphthongs _æ_ and _œ_ are sounded like _e_: as _cædo_, pronounced _ce'do_.

7. Words of two syllables are accented on the first: as _ager_, pronounced _a'jer_.

8. When a word of more than one syllable ends in _a_, the _a_ should be sounded like _ah_: as _musa_, pronounced _mu'sah_.

9. _T_, _s_, and _c_, before _ia_, _ie_, _ii_, _io_, _iu_, and _eu_, preceded immediately by the accent, in Latin words as in English, change into _sh_ and _zh_: as _fa'cio_, pronounced _fa'sheo_; _san'cio_, pronounced _san'sheo_; _spa'tium_, pronounced _spa'sheum_.

NOTE.--According to the Roman method of pronouncing Latin, the vowels
_a_, _e_, _i_, _o_, _u_ are pronounced as in _baa_, _bait_, _beet_,
_boat_, _boot_; _ae_, _au_, _ei_, _oe_ as in _aisle_, _our_, _eight_,
_oil_; _c_ always like _k_; _g_ as in _get_; _j_ as _y_ in _yes_; _t_
as in _until_; _v_ as _w_. See any Latin grammar.

LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.

DIVISION I.--METHOD OF STUDY.

1. AG'ERE: a'go, ac'tum, _to do_, _to drive_.

Radicals: AG- and ACT-.

1. ACT, _v._ ANALYSIS: from _actum_ by dropping the termination _um_. DEFINITION: to do, to perform. The _noun_ "act" is formed in the same way. DEFINITION: a thing done, a deed or performance.

2. AC'TION: act + ion = the act of doing: hence, a thing done.

3. ACT'IVE: act + ive = having the quality of acting: hence, busy, constantly engaged in action.

4. ACT'OR: act + or = one who acts: hence, (1) one who takes part in anything done; (2) a stage player.

5. A'GENT: ag + ent = one who acts: hence, one who acts or transacts business for another.

6. AG'ILE: ag + ile = apt to act: hence, nimble, brisk.

7. CO'GENT: from Latin _cogens_, _cogentis_, pres. part, of _cog'ere_ (= _co + agere_, to impel), having the quality of impelling: hence, urgent, forcible.

8. ENACT': en + act = to put in act: hence, to decree.

9. TRANSACT': trans + act = to drive through: hence, to perform.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What two parts of speech is "act"?--Write a sentence containing this word as a verb; another as a noun.--Give a synonym of "act." _Ans. Deed._--From what is "deed" derived? _Ans._ From the word _do_--hence, literally, something _done_.--Give the distinction between "act" and "deed." _Ans_. "Act" is a _single_ action; "deed" is a _voluntary_ action: thus--"The _action_ which was praised as a good _deed_ was but an _act_ of necessity."

(2.) Define "action" in oratory; "action" in law.--Combine and define in + action.

(3.) Combine and define in + active; active + ity; in + active + ity.--What is the _negative_ of "active"? _Ans. Inactive_.--What is the _contrary_ of "active"? _Ans. Passive_.

(4.) Write a sentence containing "actor" in each of its two senses. MODEL: "Washington and Greene were prominent _actors_ in the war of the Revolution." "David Garrick, the famous English _actor_, was born in 1716."--What is the feminine of "actor" in the sense of stage player?

(6.) Combine and define agile + ity.--What is the distinction between "active" and "agile"? _Ans_. "Active" implies readiness to act in general; "agile" denotes a readiness to move the _limbs_.--Give two synonyms of "agile." _Ans. Brisk_, _nimble_.--Give the opposite of "agile." _Ans. Sluggish_, _inert_.

(7.) Explain what is meant by a "_cogent_ argument."--What would be the contrary of a _cogent_ argument?

(8.) Combine and define enact + ment.--What is meant by the "_enacting_ clause" of a legislative bill?--Write a sentence containing the word "enact." MODEL: "The British Parliament _enacted_ the stamp-law in 1765."

(9.) Combine and define transact + ion.--What derivative from "perform" is a synonym of "transaction"?

2. ALIE'NUS, _another_, _foreign_.

Radical: ALIEN-.

1. AL'IEN: from _alienus_ by dropping the termination _us_. DEFINITION: a foreigner, one owing allegiance to another country than that in which he is living.

2. AL'IENATE: alien + ate = to cause something to be transferred to another: hence, (1) to transfer title or property to another; (2) to estrange, to withdraw.

3. INAL'IENABLE: in + alien + able = that may not be given to another.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Combine and define alien + age.--Can an alien be elected President of the United States? [See the Constitution, Article II. Sec. I. Clause 5.]--What is the word which expresses the process by which a person is changed from an _alien_ to a _citizen_?

(2.) Combine and define alienate + ion.--Give a synonym of "alienate" in its _second_ sense. _Ans._ To _estrange_.--What is meant by saying that "the oppressive measures of the British government gradually _alienated_ the American colonies from the mother country"?

(3.) Quote a passage from the Declaration of Independence containing the word "inalienable."

3. AMA'RE, _to love_, AMI'CUS, _a friend_.

Radicals: AM- and AMIC-.

1. A'MIABLE: am(i) + able = fit to be loved.

OBS.--The Latin adjective is _amabilis_, from which the English
derivative adjective would be _amable_; but it has taken the form
am_i_able.

2. AM'ITY: am + ity = the state of being a friend: hence, friendship; good-will.

3. AM'ICABLE: amic + able = disposed to be a friend: hence, friendly; peaceable.

4. INIM'ICAL: through Lat. adj. _inimi'cus_, enemy: hence, inimic(us) + al = inimical, relating to an enemy.

5. AMATEUR': adopted through French _amateur_, from Latin _amator_, a lover: hence, one who cultivates an art from taste or attachment, without pursuing it professionally.

EXERCISE.

(1). What word is a synonym of "amiable"? _Ans. Lovable_.--Show how they are exact synonyms.--Write a sentence containing the word "amiable." MODEL: "The _amiable_ qualities of Joseph Warren caused his death to be deeply regretted by all Americans."--What noun can you form from "amiable," meaning the quality of being amiable?--What is the negative of "amiable"? _Ans. Unamiable_.--The contrary? _Ans. Hateful_.

(2.) Give a word that is nearly a synonym of "amity." _Ans. Friendship_.--State the distinction between these words. _Ans._ "Friendship" applies more particularly to individuals; "amity" to societies or nations.--Write a sentence containing the word "amity." MODEL: "The Plymouth colonists in 1621 made a treaty of _amity_ with the Indians."--What is the opposite of "amity"?

(3.) Give a synonym of "amicable." _Ans. Friendly_.--Which is the stronger? _Ans. Friendly_.--Why? _Ans._ "Friendly" implies a positive feeling of regard; "amicable" denotes merely the absence of discord.--Write a sentence containing the word "amicable." MODEL: "In 1871 commissioners appointed by the United States and Great Britain made an _amicable_ settlement of the Alabama difficulties."

(4.) What is the noun corresponding to the adjective "inimical"? _Ans. Enemy_.--Give its origin. _Ans._ It comes from the Latin _inimicus_, an enemy, through the French _ennemi_.--What preposition does "inimical" take after it? _Ans._ The preposition _to_--thus, "_inimical_ to health," "to welfare," etc.

(5.) What is meant by an _amateur_ painter? an _amateur_ musician?

4. AN'IMUS, _mind_, _passion_; AN'IMA, _life_.

Radical: ANIM-.

1. AN'IMAL: from Lat. n. _anima_ through the Latin _animal_: literally, something having life.

2. ANIMAL'CULE: animal + cule = a minute animal: hence, an animal that can be seen only by the microscope.

3. AN'IMATE, _v._: anim + ate = to make alive: hence, to stimulate, or infuse courage.

4. ANIMOS'ITY: anim + ose + ity = the quality of being (ity) full of (ose) passion: hence, violent hatred.

5. UNANIM'ITY: un (from _unus_, one) + anim + ity = the state of being of one mind: hence, agreement.

6. REAN'IMATE: re + anim + ate = to make alive again: hence, to infuse fresh vigor.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Write a sentence containing the word "animal." MODEL: "Modern science has not yet been able to determine satisfactorily the distinction between an _animal_ and a vegetable."

(2.) What is the plural of "animalcule"? _Ans. Animalcules_ or _animalculæ_.--Write a sentence containing this word.

(3.) What other part of speech than a verb is "animate"?--What is the negative of the adjective "animate?" _Ans. Inanimate._--Define it.--Combine and define animate + ion.--Explain what is meant by an "_animated_ discussion."

(4.) Give two synonyms of "animosity."

(5.) What is the literal meaning of "unanimity"? If people are of _one mind_, is not this "unanimity"?--What is the adjective corresponding to the noun "unanimity"?--What is the _opposite_ of "unanimity"?--Write a sentence containing the word "unanimity."

(6.) Compare the verbs "animate" and "reanimate," and state the signification of each.--Has "reanimate" any other than its literal meaning?--Write a sentence containing this word in its figurative sense. MODEL: "The inspiring words of Lawrence, 'Don't give up the ship!' _reanimated_ the courage of the American sailors."--What does "_animated_ conversation" mean?

5. AN'NUS, _a year_.

Radical: ANN-.

1. AN'NALS: from _annus_, through Lat. adj. _annalis_, pertaining to the year: hence, a record of things done from year to year.

2. AN'NUAL: through _annuus_ (annu + al), relating to a year: hence, yearly or performed in a year.

3. ANNU'ITY: through Fr. n. _annuité_ = a sum of money payable yearly.

4. MILLEN'NIUM: Lat. n. _millennium_ (from _annus_ and _mille_, a thousand), a thousand years.

5. PEREN'NIAL: through Lat. adj. _perennis_ (compounded of _per_ and _annus_), throughout the year: hence, lasting; perpetual.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Give a synonym of "annals." _Ans. History._--What is the distinction between "annals" and "history"? _Ans._ "Annals" denotes a mere chronological account of events from year to year; "history," in addition to a narrative of events, inquires into the causes of events.--Write a sentence containing the word "annals," or explain the following sentence: "The _annals_ of the Egyptians and Hindoos contain many incredible statements."

(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "annual."

(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "millennium."

(5.) What is the meaning of a "_perennial_ plant" in botany? _Ans._ A plant continuing more than two years.--Give the contrary of "perennial." _Ans. Fleeting, short-lived._

6. ARS, ar'tis, _art, skill._

Radical: ART-.

1. ART: from _artis_ by dropping the termination _is_. DEFINITION: 1. cunning--thus, an animal practices _art_ in escaping from his pursuers; 2. skill or dexterity--thus, a man may be said to have the _art_ of managing his business; 3. a system of rules or a profession--as the _art_ of building; 4. creative genius as seen in painting, sculpture, etc., which are called the "fine arts."

2. ART'IST: art + ist = one who practices an art: hence, a person who occupies himself with one of the fine arts.

OBS.--A painter is called an artist; but a blacksmith could not
properly be so called. The French word _artiste_ is sometimes used to
denote one who has great skill in some profession, even if it is not
one of the fine arts: thus a great genius in cookery might be called an
_artiste_.

3. AR'TISAN: through Fr. n. _artisan_, one who practices an art: hence, one who practices one of the mechanic arts; a workman, or operative.

4. ART'FUL: art + ful = full of art: hence, crafty, cunning.

5. ART'LESS: art + less = without art: hence, free from cunning, simple, ingenuous.

6. AR'TIFICE: through Lat. n. _artificium_, something made (_fa'cere_, to make) by art: hence, an artful contrivance or stratagem.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What is the particular meaning of "art" in the sentence from Shakespeare, "There is no _art_ to read the mind's construction in the face"?

(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "artist."--Would it be proper to call a famous hair-dresser an _artist_?--What might he be called?--Combine and define artist + ic + al + ly.--What is the negative of "artistic"?

(3.) What is the distinction between an "artist" and an "artisan"?

(5.) Give a synonym of "artless." _Ans. Ingenuous, natural._--Give the opposite of "artless." _Ans. Wily._--Combine and define artless + ly; artless + ness.

(6.) Give a synonym of "artifice."--Combine artifice + er.--Does "artificer" mean one who practices artifice?--Write a sentence containing this word.--Combine and define artifice + ial; artifice + al + ity. Give the opposite of "artificial."

7. AUDI'RE: au'dio, audi'tum, _to hear_.

Radicals: AUDI-, and AUDIT-.

1. AU'DIBLE: audi + ble = that may be heard.

2. AU'DIENCE: audi + ence = literally, the condition of hearing: hence, an assemblage of hearers, an _auditory_.

3. AU'DIT: from _audit(um)_ = to hear a statement: hence, to examine accounts.

4. AU'DITOR: audit + or = one who hears, a hearer.

OBS.--This word has a secondary meaning, namely: an officer who
examines accounts.

5. OBE'DIENT: through _obediens, obedient(is)_, the present participle of _obedire_ (compounded of _ob_, towards, and _audire_): literally, giving ear to: hence, complying with the wishes of another.

EXERCISE.

(1.) "Audible" means that can be heard: what prefix would you affix to it to form a word denoting what can _not_ be heard?--What is the adverb from the adjective "audible"?--Write a sentence containing this word.

(2.) What is meant when you read in history of a king's giving _audience_?

(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "audit." MODEL--"The committee which had to _audit_ the accounts of Arnold discovered great frauds."--How do you spell the past tense of "audit"?--Why is the _t_ not doubled?

(5.) What is the _noun_ corresponding to the adjective "obedient"?--What is the _verb_ corresponding to these words?--Combine and define dis + obedient.

8. CA'PUT, cap'itis, _the head_.

Radical: CAPIT-.

1. CAP'ITAL, _a._ and _n._: capit + al = relating to the _head_: hence, chief, principal, first in importance. DEFINITION: as an adjective it means, (1) principal; (2) great, important; (3) punishable with death;--as a noun it means, (1) the metropolis or seat of government; (2) stock in trade.

2. CAPITA'TION: capit + ate + ion = the act of causing heads to be counted: hence, (1) a numbering of persons; (2) a tax upon each head or person.

3. DECAP'ITATE: de + capit + ate = to cause the head to be taken off; to behead.

4. PREC'IPICE: through Lat. n. _præcipitium_: literally, a headlong descent.

5. PRECIP'ITATE: from Lat. adj. _præcipit(is)_, head foremost. DEFINITION: (1) (_as a verb_) to throw headlong, to press with eagerness, to hasten; (2) (_as an adjective_) headlong, hasty.

EXERCISE.

(1). Write a sentence containing "capital" as an adjective.--Write a sentence containing this word as a noun, in the sense of _city_.--Write a sentence containing "capital" in the sense of _stock_.--Is the _capital_ of a state or country necessarily the metropolis or chief city of that state or country?--What is the _capital_ of New York state?--What is the _metropolis_ of New York State?

(3) Combine and define decapitate + ion.--Can you name an English king who was _decapitated_?--Can you name a French king who was _decapitated_?

(4) What as the meaning of "precipice" in the line, "Swift down the _precipice_ of time it goes"?

(5) Combine and define precipitate + ly.--Write a sentence containing the adjective "precipitate". MODEL: "Fabius, the Roman general, is noted for never having made any _precipitate_ movements."--Explain the meaning of the verb "precipitate" in the following sentences. "At the battle of Waterloo Wellington _precipitated_ the conflict, because he knew Napoleon's army was divided", "The Romans were wont to _precipitate_ criminals from the Tarpeian rock."

9. CI'VIS, _a citizen_.

Radical: CIV-.

1. CIV'IC: civ + ic = relating to a citizen or to the affairs or honors of a city.

OBS.--The "_civic_ crown" in Roman times was a garland of oak-leaves
and acorns bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in
battle.

2. CIV'IL: Lat adj. _civilis_, meaning (1) belonging to a citizen, (2) of the state, political, (3) polite.

3. CIV'ILIZE: civil + ize = to make a savage people into a community having a government, or political organization; hence, to reclaim from a barbarous state.

4. CIVILIZA'TION: civil + ize + ate + ion = the state of being civilized.

5. CIVIL'IAN: civil + (i)an = one whose pursuits are those of civil life--not a soldier.

EXERCISE.

(2.) "What is the ordinary signification of "civil"?--Give a synonym of this word.--Is there any difference between "civil" and "polite"? _Ans._ "Polite" expresses more than "civil," for it is possible to be "civil" without being "polite."--What word would denote the opposite of "civil" in the sense of "polite"?--Combine and define civil + ity.--Do you say _un_civility or _in_civility, to denote the negative of "civility"?--Give a synonym of "uncivil." _Ans. Boorish._--Give another synonym.

(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "civilize."--Give a participial adjective from this word.--What compound word expresses _half_ civilized?--What word denotes a state of society between savage and civilized?

(4.) Give two synonyms of "civilization." _Ans. Culture, refinement._--What is the meaning of the word "civilization" in the sentence: "The ancient Hindoos and Egyptians had attained a considerable degree of _civilization_"?--Compose a sentence of your own, using this word.

10. COR, cor'dis, _the heart_.

Radical: CORD-.

1. CORE: from _cor_ = the heart: hence, the inner part of a thing.

2. COR'DIAL, _a._: cord + (i)al = having the quality of the heart: hence, hearty, sincere. The _noun_ "cordial" means literally something having the quality of acting on the heart: hence, a stimulating medicine, and in a figurative sense, something cheering.

3. CON'CORD: con + cord = heart _with (con)_ heart: hence, unity of sentiment, harmony.

OBS.--_Concord_ in music is harmony of sound.

4. DIS'CORD: dis + cord = heart _apart from (dis)_ heart: hence, disagreement, want of harmony.

5. RECORD': through Lat. v. _recordari_, to remember (literally, to get by _heart_): hence, to register.

6. COUR'AGE: through Fr. n. _courage_: literally, _heartiness_: hence, bravery, intrepidity.

OBS.--The heart is accounted the seat of bravery: hence, the derivative
sense of courage.

EXERCISE.

(1.) "The quince was rotten at the _core_"; "The preacher touched the _core_ of the subject": in which of these sentences is "core" used in its _literal_, in which in its _figurative_, sense?

(2.) What is the Anglo-Saxon synonym of the adjective "cordial"?--Would you say a "_cordial_ laugh" or a "_hearty_ laugh"?--What is the opposite of "cordial"?--Combine and define cordial + ly: cordial + ity.--Write a sentence containing the _noun_ "cordial" in its figurative sense. MODEL: "Washington's victory at Trenton was like a _cordial_ to the flagging spirits of the American army."

(3.) Give a synonym of "concord." _Ans. Accord._--Supply the proper word: "In your view of this matter, I am in (_accord?_ or _concord?_) with you." "There should be ---- among friends." "The man who is not moved by ---- of sweet sounds."

(4.) What is the connection in meaning between "discord" in music and among brethren?--Give a synonym of this word. _Ans. Strife._--State the distinction. _Ans._ "Strife" is the stronger: where there is "strife" there must be "discord," but there may be "discord" without "strife"; "discord" consists most in the feeling, "strife" in the outward action.

(5.) What part of speech is "record'"?--When the accent is placed on the first syllable (rec'ord) what part of speech does it become?--Combine and define record + er; un + record + ed.

(6.) "Courage" is the same as having a stout--what?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Fortitude._--State the distinction. _Ans._ "Courage" enables us to meet danger; "fortitude" gives us strength to endure pain.--Would you say "the Indian shows _courage_ when he endures torment without flinching"?--Would you say "The three hundred under Leonidas displayed _fortitude_ in opposing the entire Persian army"?--What is the contrary of "courage"?--Combine and define courage + ous; courage + ous + ly.

11. COR'PUS, cor'poris, _the body_.

Radical: CORPOR-.

1. COR'PORAL: corpor + al = relating to the _body_.

OBS.--The noun "corporal," meaning a petty officer, is not derived from
_corpus_: it comes from the French _caporal_, of which it is a
corruption.

2. COR'PORATE: corpor + ate = made into a body: hence, united into a body or corporation.

3. INCOR'PORATE: in + corpor + ate = to make into a body: hence, (1) to form into a legal body; (2) to unite one substance with another.

4. CORPORA'TION: corpor + ate + ion = that which is made into a body: hence, a body politic, authorized by law to act as one person.

5. COR'PULENT: through Lat. adj. _corpulentus_, fleshy: hence, stout in body, fleshy.

6. COR'PUSCLE: corpus + cle = a diminutive body; hence, a minute particle of matter.

7. CORPS: [pronounced _core_] through Fr. n. _corps_, a body. DEFINITION: (1) a body of troops; (2) a body of individuals engaged in some one profession.

8. CORPSE: through Fr. n. _corps_, the body; that is, _only_ the body--the spirit being departed: hence, the dead body of a human being.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Give two synonyms of "corporal." _Ans. Corporeal_ and _bodily_.--What is the distinction between "corporal" and "corporeal"? _Ans._ "Corporal" means pertaining to the body; "corporeal" signifies material, as opposed to spiritual.--Would you say a _corporal_ or a _corporeal_ substance? _corporal_ or _corporeal_ punishment? Would you say _corporal_ strength or _bodily_ strength?

(3.) Write a sentence containing the verb "incorporate" in its _first_ sense. MODEL: "The London company which settled Virginia was _incorporated_ in 1606, and received a charter from King James I."

(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "corporation." [Find out by what corporation Massachusetts Bay Colony was settled, and write a sentence about that.]

(5.) What noun is there corresponding to the adjective "corpulent" and synonymous with "stoutness"?--Give two synonyms of "corpulent." _Ans._ _Stout_, _lusty_.--What is the distinction? _Ans._ "Corpulent" means fat; "stout" and "lusty" denote a strong frame.

(6.) What is meant by an "army _corps_"? _Ans_. A body of from twenty to forty thousand soldiers, forming several brigades and divisions.

(7.) How is the plural of corps spelled? _Ans. Corps._ How pronounced? _Ans. Cores._--What is meant by the "diplomatic _corps_"?

(8.) What other form of the word "corpse" is used? _Ans_. The form _corse_ is sometimes used in poetry; as in the poem on the Burial of Sir John Moore:

"Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note,
As his _corse_ to the ramparts we hurried."

12. CRED'ERE: cre'do, cred'itum, _to believe_.

Radicals: CRED- and CREDIT-.

1. CREED: from the word _credo_, "I believe," at the beginning of the Apostles' Creed: hence, a summary of Christian belief.

2. CRED'IBLE: cred + ible = that may be believed: hence, worthy of belief.

3. CRED'IT: from credit(um) = belief, trust: hence, (1) faith; (2) reputation; (3) trust given or received.

4. CRED'ULOUS: through the Lat. adj. _credulus_, easy of belief: credul + ous = abounding in belief: hence, believing easily.

5. DISCRED'IT: dis + credit = to _dis_believe.

EXERCISE.

(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "credible." MODEL: "When the King of Siam was told that in Europe the water at certain seasons could be walked on, he declared that the statement was not _credible_."--What single word will express _not credible_?--Combine and define credible + ity.--Give a synonym of "credible." _Ans. Trustworthy._--State the distinction. _Ans_. "Credible" is generally applied to things, as "_credible_ testimony"; "trustworthy" to persons, as "a _trustworthy_ witness."

(3.) What is the meaning of _credit_ in the passage,

"John Gilpin was a citizen
Of _credit_ and renown"?

Give a synonym of this word. _Ans. Trust._--What is the distinction? _Ans_. "Trust" looks forward; "credit" looks back--we _credit_ what has happened; we _trust_ what is to happen.--What other part of speech than a noun is "credit"?--Combine and define credit + ed.--Why is the _t_ not doubled?

(4.) What is the meaning of "credulous" in the passage,

"So glistened the dire snake, and into fraud
Led Eve, our _credulous_ mother"?--MILTON.

What noun corresponding to the adjective "credulous" will express the quality of believing too easily?--What is the negative of "credulous"?--What is the distinction between "incredible" and "incredulous"?--Which applies to persons? which to things?

(5.) To what two parts of speech does "discredit" belong?--Write a sentence containing this word as a _noun_; another as a _verb_.

13. CUR'RERE: cur'ro, cur'sum, _to run_.

Radicals used: CURR- and CURS-.

1. CUR'RENT, a.: curr + ent = running: hence, (1) passing from person to person, as a "_current_ report"; (2) now in progress, as the "_current_ month."

2. CUR'RENCY: curr + ency = the state of passing from person to person, as "the report obtained _currency_": hence circulation.

OBS.--As applied to money, it means that it is in circulation or
passing from hand to hand, as a representative of value.

3. CUR'SORY: curs + ory = runn_ing_ or pass_ing_: hence, hasty.

4. EXCUR'SION: ex + curs + ion = the act of running out: hence, an expedition or jaunt.

5. INCUR'SION: in + curs + ion = the act of running in: hence, an invasion.

6. PRECUR'SOR: pre + curs + or = one who runs before: hence a forerunner.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What other part of speech than an adjective is "current"?--What is now the _current_ year?

(2.) Why are there two r's in "currency"? _Ans_. Because there are two in the root _currere_.--Give a synonym of this word in the sense of "money." _Ans._ The "circulating medium."--What was the "currency" of the Indians in early times?--Compose a sentence using this word.

(3.) When a speaker says that he will cast a "_cursory_ glance" at a subject, what does he mean?--Combine and define cursory + ly.

(4.) Is "excursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly or a hostile sense?

(5.) Is "incursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly or a hostile sense?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Invasion._--Which implies a hasty expedition?--Compose a sentence containing the word _incursion_. MODEL: "The Parthians were long famed for their rapid _incursions_ into the territory of their enemies."

(6.) What is meant by saying that John the Baptist was the _precursor_ of Christ?--What is meant by saying that black clouds are the _precursor_ of a storm?

14. DIG'NUS, _worthy_.

Radical: DIGN-.

1. DIG'NIFY: dign + (_i_)fy = to make of worth: hence, to advance to honor.

2. DIG'NITY: dign + ity = the state of being of worth: hence, behavior fitted to inspire respect.

3. INDIG'NITY: in + dign + ity = the act of treating a person in an unworthy (_indignus_) manner: hence, insult, contumely.

4. CONDIGN': con + dign = very worthy: hence, merited, deserved.

OBS.--The prefix _con_ is here merely intensive.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What participial adjective is formed from the verb "dignify"? _Ans. Dignified._--Give a stronger word. _Ans. Majestic._--Give a word which denotes the same thing carried to excess and becoming ridiculous. _Ans. Pompous._

(2.) Can you mention a character in American history remarkable for the dignity of his behavior?--Compose a sentence containing this word.

(3.) Give the plural of "indignity."--What is meant by saying that "indignities were heaped on" a person?

(4.) How is the word "condign" now most frequently employed? _Ans._ In connection with punishment: thus we speak of "_condign_ punishment," meaning richly deserved punishment.

15. DOCE'RE: do'ceo, doc'tum, _to teach_.

Radicals: DOC- and DOCT-.

1. DOC'ILE: doc + ile = that may be taught: hence, teachable.

2. DOC'TOR: doct + or = one who teaches: hence, one who has taken the highest degree in a university authorizing him to practice and teach.

4. DOC'TRINE: through Lat. n. _doctrina_, something taught; hence, a principle taught as part of a system of belief.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Combine and define docile + ity.--Give the opposite of "docile." _Ans. Indocile._--Mention an animal that is very docile.--Mention one remarkable for its want of docility.

(2.) What is meant by "_Doctor_ of Medicine"?--Give the abbreviation.--What does LL.D. mean? _Ans._ It stands for the words _legum doctor_, doctor of laws: the double L marks the plural of the Latin noun.

(3.) Give two synonyms of "doctrine." _Ans. Precept, tenet._--What does "tenet" literally mean? _Ans._ Something _held_--from Lat. v. _tenere_, to hold.--Combine and define doctrine + al.

16. DOM'INUS, _a master or lord_.

Radical: DOMIN-.

1. DOMIN'ION: domin + ion = the act of exercising mastery: hence, (1) rule; (2) a territory ruled over.

2. DOM'INANT: domin + ant = relating to lordship or mastery: hence, prevailing.

3. DOMINEER': through Fr. v. _dominer_; literally, to "_lord_ it" over one: hence, to rule with insolence.

4. PREDOM'INATE: pre + domin + ate = to cause one to be master _before_ another: hence, to be superior, to rule.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What is meant by saying that "in 1776 the United Colonies threw off the _dominion_ of Great Britain"?

(2.) What is meant by the "_dominant_ party"? a "_dominant_ race"?

(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "domineer." MODEL: "The blustering tyrant, Sir Edmund Andros, _domineered_ for several years over the New England colonies; but his misrule came to an end in 1688 with the accession of King William."

(4.) "The Republicans at present _predominate_ in Mexico": what does this mean?

17. FI'NIS, _an end or limit_.

Radical: FIN-.

1. FI'NITE: fin + ite = having the quality of coming to an end: hence, limited in quantity or degree.

2. FIN'ISH: through Fr. v. _finir_; literally, to bring to an end: hence, to complete.

3. INFIN'ITY: in + fin + ity = the state of having no limit: hence, unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity.

4. DEFINE': through Fr. v. _definer_; literally, to bring a thing down to its limits: hence, to determine with precision.

5. CONFINE': con + fine; literally, to bring within limits or bounds: hence, to restrain.

6. AFFIN'ITY: af (a form of prefix _ad_) + fin + ity = close agreement.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What is meant by saying that "the human faculties are _finite_"?

(2.) What is the opposite of "finite"?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Limited._--What participial adjective is formed from the verb to "finish"?--What is meant by a "_finished_ gentleman"?

(3.) Give a synonym of "infinity." _Ans. Boundlessness._--"The microscope reveals the fact that each drop of water contains an _infinity_ of animalculæ." What is the sense of _infinity_ as used in this sentence?

(4.) Combine define + ite; in + define + ite.--Analyze the word "definition."--Compose a sentence containing the word "define."

(5.) Combine and define confine + ment.--What other part of speech than a verb is "confine"? _Ans._ A noun.--Write a sentence containing the word "confines."

(6.) Find in the dictionary the meaning of "chemical _affinity_."

18. FLU'ERE: flu'o, flux'um, _to flow_.

Radicals: FLU- and FLUX-.

1. FLUX: from flux_um_ = a flowing.

2. FLU'ENT: flu + ent = having the quality of flowing. Used in reference to language it means _flowing_ speech: hence, voluble.

3. FLU'ID, _n._: flu + id = Flow_ing_: hence, anything that flows.

4. FLU'ENCY: flu + ency = state of flowing (in reference to language).

5. AF'FLUENCE: af (form of _ad_) + flu + ence = a flowing _to_: hence, an abundant supply, as of thought, words, money, etc.

6. CON'FLUENCE: con + flu + ence = a flowing together: hence, (1) the flowing together of two or more streams; (2) an assemblage, a union.

7. IN'FLUX: in + flux = a flowing in or into.

8. SUPER'FLUOUS: super + flu + ous = having the quality of _over_flowing: hence, needless, excessive.

EXERCISE.

(2.) What is meant by a "fluent" speaker?--What word would denote a speaker who is the reverse of "fluent"?

(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "fluid."

(4.) What is meant by "fluency" of style?

(5.) What is the ordinary use of the word "affluence"? An "_affluence_ of ideas," means what?

(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "confluence." MODEL: "New York City stands at the ---- of two streams."

(8.) Mention a noun corresponding to the adjective "superfluous."--Compose a sentence containing the word "superfluous."--What is its opposite? _Ans. Scanty, meager._

19. GREX, gre'gis, _a flock or herd_.

Radical: GREG-.

1. AG'GREGATE, _v._: ag (for _ad_) + greg + ate = to cause to be brought into a flock: hence, to gather, to assemble.

2. EGRE'GIOUS: e + greg + (i)ous, through Lat. adj. _egre'gius_, chosen from the herd: hence, remarkable.

OBS.--Its present use is in association with inferiority.

3. CON'GREGATE: con + greg + ate = to perform the act of flocking together: hence, to assemble.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What other part of speech than a verb is "aggregate"?--Why is this word spelled with a double _g_?

(2.) Combine and define egregious + ly.--What does an "_egregious_ blunder" mean?--Compose a sentence containing the word "egregious."

(3.) Why is it incorrect to speak of congregating _together_?--Combine and define congregate + ion.

20. I'RE: e'o, i'tum, _to go_.

Radical: IT-.

1. AMBI'TION: amb (around) + it + ion = the act of going around. DEFINITION: an eager desire for superiority or power.

OBS.--This meaning arose from the habit of candidates for office in
Rome _going around_ to solicit votes: hence, aspiration for office, and
finally, aspiration in general.

2. INI'TIAL, _a._: in + it + (i)al = pertaining to the _in_going: hence, marking the commencement.

3. INI'TIATE: in + it + (i)ate = to cause one to go in: hence, to introduce, to commence.

4. SEDI'TION: sed (_aside_) + it + ion = the act of going _aside_; that is, going to a separate and insurrectionary party.

5. TRANS'IT: trans + it = a passing across: hence, (1) the act of passing; (2) the line of passage; (3) a term in astronomy.

6. TRAN'SITORY: trans + it + ory = pass_ing_ over: hence, brief, fleeting.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Compose a sentence containing the word "ambition." MODEL: "Napoleon's _ambition_ was his own greatness; Washington's, the greatness of his country."--What is meant by "military ambition"? "political ambition"? "literary ambition"?--What adjective means _possessing ambition_?--Combine and define un + ambitious.

(2.) What is the opposite of "initial"? _Ans. Final, closing._--What part of speech is "initial" besides an adjective?--What is meant by "initials"?

(3.) What is meant by saying that "the campaign of 1775 was _initiated_ by an attack on the British in Boston"?--Give the opposite of "initiate" in the sense of "commence."

(4.) Give a synonym of "sedition." _Ans. Insurrection._--Give another.--Compose a sentence containing this word.

(5.) Explain what is meant by goods "in _transit_."--Explain what is meant by the "Nicaragua _transit_."--When you speak of the _transit_ of Venus," you are using a term in what science?

(6.) Give a synonym of "transitory."--Give its opposite. _Ans. Permanent, abiding._

21. LA'PIS, lap'idis, _a stone_.

Radical: LAPID-.

1. LAP'IDARY: lapid + ary = one who works in stone: hence, one who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones.

2. DILAP'IDATED: di + lapid + ate + ed = put into the condition of a building in which the stones are falling apart: hence, fallen into ruin, decayed.

3. DILAPIDA'TION: di + lapid + ate + ion = the state (of a building) in which the stones are falling apart: hence, demolition, decay.

EXERCISE.

Use the word "lapidary" in a sentence. MODEL: "When Queen Victoria wanted the Koh-i-noor to be recut, she sent it to a famous _lapidary_ in Holland."

(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "dilapidated." MODEL: "At Newport, Rhode Island, there stands a _dilapidated_ mill, which some writers have foolishly believed to be a tower built by Norsemen in the twelfth century."--If we should speak of a "_dilapidated_ fortune," would the word be used in its literal meaning or in a figurative sense?

(3.) Give two synonyms of "dilapidation." _Ans. Ruin, decay._

22. LEX, le'gis, _a law or rule_.

Radical: LEG-.

1. LE'GAL: leg + al = relating to the law; lawful.

2. ILLE'GAL: il (for _in_, not) + leg + al = not legal: hence, unlawful.

3. LEG'ISLATE: from _legis_ + _latum_ (from Lat. v. _fer're, latum_, to bring), to bring forward: hence, to make or pass laws.

4. LEGIT'IMATE: through Lat. adj. _legitimus_, lawful; legitim (us) + ate = made lawful: hence, in accordance with established law.

5. PRIV'ILEGE: Lat. adj. _privus_, private; literally, a law passed for the benefit of a private individual: hence, a franchise, prerogative, or right.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Point out the different senses of "legal" in the two expressions, "the _legal_ profession" and "a _legal_ right."--Combine and define legal + ize.

(2.) Give an Anglo-Saxon synonym of "illegal." _Ans. Unlawful._--Show that they are synonyms. _Ans_. il (_in_) = un; _leg_ = law; and al = ful.--Compose a sentence containing the word "illegal."--Combine and define illegal + ity.

(3.) What noun derived from "legislate" means the law-making power?--Combine and define legislate + ion; legislate + ive.

(4.) Give the negative of "legitimate."

(5.) What is the plural of "privilege"?--Define the meaning of this word in the passage,--