Chapter X: Part 10

The expansion of the wings of the male is 2½ inches, of the female 3½
inches. The fore-wings are dark orange-brown, more or less marbled with
yellow and dark brown; there is a very variable number of small dull
white spots margined with black and arranged irregularly on the wing.
_The hind-wings are pinkish-brown, tinged with ochreous on the termen._

This species varies a good deal in the extent of the darker markings, and number and position of the dull white spots. When alive it is usually very strongly tinged with pink.

The perfect insect appears in December and January, and frequents forests. It is especially fond of resting on the stems of tree-ferns in the daytime, where, however, it is extremely inconspicuous, and can only be discovered by very careful searching. It is also very partial to light, and specimens might perhaps be secured more plentifully, if a good attracting lamp were exhibited in a suitable locality.

PORINA CHARACTERIFERA, Walk.

(_Hepialus characterifer_, Walk., Suppl. 594. _Oxycanus impletus_, ib. 598. _Porina characterifera_, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 208.)

(Plate XIII., fig. 11 [M].)

This fine species has been taken in the North Island at Auckland, Kaitoke, and Wellington.

The expansion of the wings is about 3 inches. The fore-wings are rather
dull yellow, finely marbled with black; _there are two conspicuous
irregular black marks a little above the middle of the dorsum. The
hind-wings are very dark purplish-brown with the cilia yellow, barred
with brown._ The head and thorax are dull yellow, speckled with black,
and the abdomen is dark purplish-brown, barred with dull white, with a
yellow tuft at the apex.

The perfect insect appears in October, November, and December. At present I am only aware of four specimens in collections, viz., two in the British Museum, taken at Auckland; one in Mr. Meyrick's collection, taken by Mr. H. B. Kirk on the Rimutaka Ranges, at an elevation of about 1,500 feet; and one kindly given to me by Mr. W. R. Morris, who took it at Wadestown, near Wellington.[69] It is evidently a scarce species, but may be looked for in the forest districts of the North Island.

PORINA CERVINATA, Walk.

(_Elhamma cervinata_, Walk., Suppl. 595. _Porina vexata_, ib. 597.
_Pielus variolaris_, Gn., Ent. Mo. Mag. v. 1. _Porina fuliginea_, Butl.,
Cist. Ent. ii. 488. _Porina cervinata_, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii.
208.)

(Plate XIII., fig. 12 [M], fig. 18 variety of [F].)

This insect is fairly common, and generally distributed throughout the country. It is very abundant in the Manawatu district.

The expansion of the wings is about 1½ inches. The fore-wings vary from
brownish-black to dull yellow; there are several small white spots near
the base margined with black, and an obscure cloudy central streak,
sometimes containing one or two minute irregular white marks; near the
termen a broad, pale, wavy line runs from the costa to the dorsum, and
contains several elongate dull white spots, margined with black; another
series of smaller spots is often situated between this line and the
termen; there is a terminal row of small black spots. The {134}hind-wings
vary from pale greyish-brown to dull yellow. The cilia of all the wings
are barred with dark brown.

This species is extremely variable. In many cases a large number of the spots is wanting. Mr. Meyrick states that the northern specimens are more yellow-ochreous, and more distinctly spotted than the southern ones. He adds that "the ochreous forms are easily distinguished from other species by the numerous spots and the absence of a continuous pale discal streak; the fuscous forms are sometimes very similar in colouring to _P. despecta_, but they are distinctly shorter-winged, and the compound discal spots appear to be a good character."

I have taken several specimens of what appears to be a variety of this species on the Tableland of Mount Arthur. It is much paler than the typical form, the markings much less distinct, and the central portions of the fore-wings very pale yellow (see fig. 18).

The moth appears in October. It is very much attracted by light.

PORINA DESPECTA, Walk.

(_Hepialus despectus_, Walk., Suppl. 594. _Porina despecta_, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 209.)

(Plate XIII., fig. 13 [F].)

This species has occurred in the South Island, at Christchurch, the Otira River and Lake Wakatipu.

The expansion of the wings is from 1½ to 1¾ inches. The fore-wings are
dull brown with several irregular dull white markings near the centre of
the wing. The hind-wings are also dull brown. In general appearance it
closely resembles the last-mentioned species (_P. cervinata_), _but may
always be recognised by its longer and narrower wings, smaller body and
antennæ, and absence of distinct markings near the termen_.

The perfect insect appears in January, and is usually taken at light.

PORINA UMBRACULATA, Gn.

(_Pielus umbraculatus_, Gn., Ent. Mo. Mag. v. 1. _Porina umbraculata_, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 209.)

(Plate XIII., fig. 14 [M].)

This species is probably common, and generally distributed throughout the country. It has been taken at Palmerston, North Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch, Invercargill and Stewart Island.

The expansion of the wings of the male is 1¾ inches, of the female 2¼
inches. The fore-wings are dull yellowish-brown; _in the centre there is
a broad longitudinal blackish streak, containing a conspicuous straight
white stripe, occasionally broken into two or three very elongate spots_;
there are often several black dots along the termen. The hind-wings are
dull ochreous, strongly tinged with pink towards the base.

This species varies considerably in the depth of the ground colour, and in the number of the black dots. A blackish shaded line, parallel to the termen, is also frequently present. The species may, however, be at once recognised by the straight, white, central stripe of the fore-wings.

The perfect insect appears from October till January, and is generally captured at light.

PORINA SIGNATA, Walk.

(_Elhamma signata_, Walk., Bomb. 1563. _Porina novæ-zealandiæ_, ib. 1573. _Porina signata_, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 210.)

(Plate XIII., fig. 15 [M]; Plate III., fig. 6 larva.)

Apparently an abundant species in the North Island, having been taken {135}commonly at Napier, Palmerston and Wellington. I suspect it occurs in the South Island also, but I have no records of its capture there.

The expansion of the wings is from 2 to 2¼ inches. The fore-wings are
dark brownish-ochreous, becoming dull white near the middle and on the
termen; _there is a shaded central, longitudinal, blackish band
containing several white spots, forming an irregular stripe in the middle
of the wing_; there are also many irregular markings with dull white
centres, chiefly situated near the veins, and often arranged in two or
three rows parallel to the termen. All the markings are very variable,
but the insect may be at once known by the irregular central white
stripe. When alive the entire colouring is always strongly tinged with
pink.

I have often found a large subterranean caterpillar, that I believe to be the larva of this insect; but as I have never succeeded in rearing a specimen, I cannot assign it to this species with absolute certainty.

The length of this larva when full grown is nearly 3 inches. Its colour
is dirty white, becoming darker on the back. The head is dark brown, very
rough and horny; the three first segments are also horny on the dorsal
surface. The rest of the body is very much softer, and is furnished with
several horny tubercles, each of which emits a long bristle.

This larva is very lively when disturbed. It usually disgorges a large quantity of black juice from the mouth, biting meantime, in order no doubt to frighten its enemies. It feeds on the roots of various grasses.

The perfect insect appears in January, February and March, and is often extremely abundant at light.

{137}APPENDIX.

BY FLORENCE W. HUDSON.

A BRIEF DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF THE PLANTS MENTIONED IN THIS WORK.

The following list of trees, shrubs, &c, has been prepared to assist entomologists in recognising the various food-plants mentioned in connection with the insects described in the foregoing pages. In order to meet the requirements of beginners, all botanical terms have been omitted. Those desiring precise scientific information on these plants, will of course consult works specially dealing with botany.

ACIPHYLLA SQUARROSA (Spear-grass). A plant often found on the sea-coast,
or open hilly country, with long, very sharp spines instead of leaves.
The flowers are very small, and are placed round a tall central shoot,
which is also covered with spines.

ASCLEPIAS (Milkweed).

ASTELIA SOLANDRI. A plant found growing on the stems of large forest
trees. It has very long, narrow, dark green leaves springing from the
base of the plant, and lemon-coloured flowers arranged on a long stem.
The berries are bright crimson.

ALECTRYON EXCELSUM (Titoki). A moderate-sized tree with leaves rather
long, toothed, and light green. The fruit has a very remarkable
appearance; it consists of a shining black seed, partially surrounded by
a bright red fleshy covering.

APOCYNUM (the common Periwinkle).

ARISTOTELIA RACEMOSA (Wine-berry, New Zealand Currant, Makomako). A
well-known tree, often found in clearings in the forest, where it usually
takes the place of the original trees; in fact this plant seems to seize
on every vacant space. Its leaves are pale green, the flowers are much
like those of the garden "flowering currant," and the berries are small
and dark red.

BEILSCHMIEDIA TAWA (Tawa tree). A handsome tree, with very long, narrow,
light green leaves, and smooth bark.

BRACHYGLOTTIS REPANDA (Wharangi). One of the early flowering shrubs, with
large bunches of small, strong-scented, white flowers. The leaves are
large and pale green, the under side being white.

CARMICHÆLIA, or New Zealand Broom. A genus of shrubs closely resembling
the common broom, but with very small flowers, more or less streaked with
blue or lilac.

{138}CARPODETUS SERRATUS. A pretty shrub or small tree with rather small,
serrated, bright green leaves and numerous clusters of small whitish
fragrant flowers, followed by nearly globular hard green fruits.

CAREX SUBDOLA (Sedge).

COPROSMA. A genus of shrubs with small, generally rather dull green
leaves, insignificant flowers, and bright, variously coloured berries.
One common species, _Coprosma foetidissima_, has a most objectionable
odour when cut or bruised.

CORDYLINE AUSTRALIS (Ti-tri, or Cabbage tree, as it is usually called).
This is one of the most remarkable-looking trees in New Zealand. It much
resembles a palm in general appearance. The leaves are long and narrow,
with parallel veins; the flowers are whitish, very numerous, growing in
drooping clusters at the top of the tree.

CYATHEA DEALBATA (Silver tree fern). A large tree fern, growing from ten
to forty feet high, with a slender black stem, and dark green fronds
silvery underneath.

DISCARIA TOUMATOU (Wild Irishman, Tumatakuru). A straggling shrub, or
small tree, often common in dry, open places. It is furnished with
numerous long sharp spines, with several very insignificant flowers and
leaves at the base of each spine.

DONATIA NOVÆZEALANDIÆ. A small Alpine plant, with very short stems,
around each of which are placed numerous leaves. It has a superficial
resemblance to a moss.

FAGUS CLIFFORTIOIDES (Mountain Beech, but more often known as Birch or
Black Birch). A very handsome forest tree, usually growing in somewhat
elevated localities. It has small light green leaves, and black stems
with very rough bark.

FUCHSIA EXCORTICATA (our native Fuchsia). A very common tree or shrub
growing in the forest. The bark is pale reddish-brown; the leaves rather
elongate, dark green, with pale under-side. The flowers closely resemble
those of the cultivated fuchsia, but are less brightly coloured. This
plant partially sheds its leaves in winter.

GALINIA SETIFOLIA. A large, grass-like plant growing in clumps, with very
long, dark green leaves, which cut the fingers unless the plant is
carefully handled. A number of small, brown flowers is situated near the
top of a tall stem, in the centre of each clump.

HALORAGIS ALATA. A herbaceous plant abundant on dry hills; the leaves are
deeply indented, slightly rough, and arranged on opposite sides of the
stem. The flowers are small and green; the fruit is a nut with small
wings attached.

LEPTOSPERMUM SCOPARIUM (Manuka, Tea tree). A small tree, growing usually
in poor soil. The leaves are very small and dull green, and the numerous
star-like flowers are white, tinged with pink.

MELICOPE SIMPLEX. A somewhat straggling shrub with very small, roundish,
light green leaves.

MELICYTUS RAMIFLORUS (Mahoe or Hinahina). A shrub or tree. The leaves are
moderately toothed, bright green, and very pretty. The flowers are in
clusters, hanging from the bases of the leaves; the fruit is
violet-coloured with black seeds.

METROSIDEROS SCANDENS (White Rata). A common climbing shrub with small,
roundish, glossy, dark green leaves and very numerous feathery white
flowers. The seed has a powdery appearance, and is enclosed in a large
capsule.

{139}MUHLENBECKIA ADPRESSA. A common climbing plant, generally found near
the edge of the forest. It has a very tangled growth. Leaves heart-shaped
or broadly oblong; in young plants, three-lobed; spike, many-flowered.

MYOSOTIS ARVENSIS (Forget-me-not).

MYRTUS BULLATA (Ramarama). A remarkably pretty shrub with reddish-brown
or green leaves, much crinkled. The flowers are white, tinged with pink,
and very much resemble those of the English myrtle. Berries about the
size of currants, red or purple.

OENOTHERA BIENNIS (the Evening Primrose). This herb grows to the height
of two or three feet. It has large, bright yellow flowers, opening
towards evening. Found in sandy soil on the sea-coast.

OLEA APETALA (Maire, New Zealand Olive). A shrub or small tree with broad
leaves, and insignificant flowers growing on opposite sides of the
flower-stalk.

OLEARIA TRAVERSII (Ake-ake). A small tree or shrub with oval, very wavy,
thick, pale green leaves, white underneath. The flowers are very small,
yellowish-white and strongly scented. They do not appear till late in
autumn.

PANAX ARBOREA. A small tree with bright, glossy green, compound leaves.
Each leaf consists of five separate leaflets on distinct footstalks,
connected with branch by a long, stout stem. The large bunches of black
berries are very conspicuous in the autumn.

PENNANTIA CORYMBOSA. A small tree with oval, serrated, bright green
leaves, and handsome clusters of sweet-scented white flowers.

PIPER EXCELSUM (Kawa-kawa). A small tree generally growing in damp
places. The leaves are broad, heart-shaped, bright green, and nearly
always riddled with holes.

PITTOSPORUM EUGENIOIDES (Tarata). A shrub or small tree, with rather
elongate, pale green wavy leaves, and bundles of fragrant, small, yellow
flowers.

PITTOSPORUM TENUIFOLIUM, var. NIGRESCENS (Matipo). A very ornamental
shrub with small, shining, bright green leaves, and black stems. The
flowers are dark purple, and rather buried among the foliage.

PLAGIANTHUS BETULINUS (South Island Ribbon Wood). A tree of moderate
size. The leaves are rather light green, and doubly serrated. The flowers
are small, white, with red anthers, and very numerous.

POA AUSTRALIS (Tussock). One of the common native grasses of New Zealand.
It grows in large clumps, often about two feet in height. It is
especially common in open situations in the South Island.

POMADERRIS ERICIFOLIA (Tauhinu, or Cotton Wood). A shrub usually growing
in rather exposed places. The leaves are very small, pointed, dull green
above and white underneath. They are placed very closely on the stems,
which are also white. The flowers are dull yellowish-white, and grow in
clusters.

PTERIS INCISA. A soft, light green, straggling fern, growing in open
places in the forest, and round decayed logs.

SCABIOUS ("Pincushion"). An introduced garden plant. The flowers are of
many different colours--the name "pincushion," gives the best description
of appearance. It is very attractive to insects.

{140}SENECIO BELLIDIOIDES. A common mountain herb, with rather dark green
leaves, and a small tuft of bright yellow daisy-like flowers.

SENECIO SCANDENS (called by settlers French Ivy). A common climbing plant
having a superficial resemblance to ivy, but with much brighter green
leaves, and yellow flowers.

SENECIO VULGARIS (Groundsel). A common garden weed.

SOLANUM AVICULARE (Poro-poro, or Potato Plant). A shrub, with very dark
green, pointed leaves, purple underneath, and bright purple flowers
resembling those of the potato.

TODEA HYMENOPHYLLOIDES. One of the "crape" ferns, growing in very shady
places in the forest. It has soft, graceful, light green fronds.

URTICA FEROX ("Nettle Tree"). It has prickly, light green leaves, with
very long thick spines; a row of these spines is situated along the
midrib of each leaf. It grows in open situations.

URTICA INCISA (Ground Nettle). A herbaceous plant found in shady places
amongst ferns. The leaves are covered with spines, which give a very
sharp sting when touched.

VERONICA (Koromiko). A genus of shrubs, found commonly on the margins of
forests, and on hill-tops. The leaves are rather long, smooth, and dark
green, and the flowers are mostly purplish-white.

INDEX TO GENERAL SUBJECTS.

PAGE

Abdomen, xiii
Adaptive characters, xvi
Air-tubes, ix
Alpine Lepidoptera, colours of, xv
Anastomosis, xii
Antennæ of imago, x
" of larva, ix
Apex of wing, xii
Arctic Lepidoptera, colours of, xv

Base of wing, xi
Biliary vessels of imago, xiii
" " of larva, x
Bi-pectinated, x
Butterflies, 101

Cæcum, xiii
Caterpillars, ix
Classification, xvi
Clavate intestine, x
Coincidence of veins, xii
Colon of imago, xiii
" of larva, x
Concurrence of veins, xii
Connection of veins, xii
Contrast colours, xv
Costa, xi
Coxa of imago, xiii
" of larva, ix
Crown, x

Digestive system of imago, xiii
" " of larva, x
Divergence of character, xiv
Dorsum, xi

Ecdysis, x
Egg, ix
Eyes, compound, x
" simple, x

Face, x
Fasciculate-ciliated, xi
Femur of imago, xiii
" of larva, ix
Filiform, xi
Frenulum, xii

Geographical distribution, xix

Haustellum, xi
Head, x

Ilium of imago, xiii
" of larva, x
Imago, x
Inheritance, xiv

Jugum, xii

Labium of imago, xi
" of larva, ix
Labrum of imago, xi
" of larva, ix
Larva, ix
Legs of imago, xiii
" of larva, ix
Lepidoptera, descent of, xvii
" arrangement of, xviii

Mandibles of imago, xi
" of larva, ix
Maxillæ of imago, xi
" of larva, ix
Mimicry, xv

Natural selection, xiv
Neuration, xii

Obsolescence of veins, xii
Ocelli, x
Oesophagus of imago, xiii
" of larva, x
Ornamental colouring, xv

Palpi, labial, of imago, xi
" " of larva, ix
" maxillary, of imago, xi
" " of larva, ix
Pectinated, x
Præcostal spur, xii
Proboscis, xi
Prolegs, ix
Protective resemblance, xiv
Pseudoneuria, xii
Pubescent, xi
Pupa, x

Retinaculum, xii

Salivary vessels, xiii
Serrate, xi
Sexual selection, xvi
Species, origin of, xiii
Spinneret, x
Spinning vessels, x
Spiracles, ix
Stalking of veins, xii
Struggle for existence, xiv
Sucking stomach, xiii
"Survival of the Fittest", xiv

Termen, xi
Tibia of imago, xiii
" of larva, ix
Tongue, xi
Tornus, xii

Unipectinated, x

Variation, xiii
"Vegetable caterpillar", 132
Veins of wings, xii
Ventriculus of imago, xiii
" of larva, x

Warning colours, xv
Wings, xi

SPECIAL INDEX.

Names of Groups are printed in capitals (CARADRININA, &c.).
" Families, in small capitals (ARCTIADÆ, &c.).
" Sub-families, in sanserif italic (_Poliades_, &c.).
" Genera, in roman beginning with a capital (Agrotis, &c.).
" Species, in roman (annulata, &c.).
" Synonyms, in ordinary italic (_doubledayi_, &c.).

PAGE

abrogata, 55
_absconditaria_, 60
_acceptrix_, 18
_acetina_, 7
_acidaliaria_, 77
acontistis, 11
_acroiaria_, 80
acutata, 76
admirationis, 31
adonis, 63
ægrota, 64
Agrotis, 30
agrionata, 40
agorastis, 18
alcyone, 24
alectoraria, 80
alopa, 12
anceps, 69
_anguligera_, 47
_angusta_, 18
annulata, 2
Anosia, 102
antarctica, 42
anthracias, 67
_antipoda_, 10
_antipodaria_, 87
antipodum, 110
_aquosata_, 41
_arachnias_, 23
_archippus_, 102
ARCTIADÆ, 1
_ardularia_, 57
_arenacea_, 87
_argentifera_, 35
Argyrophenga, 110
arida, 50
aristarcha, 85
aristias, 42
armigera, 32
arotis, 12
Asaphodes, 54
asterope, 24
Asthena, 52
_astrapia_, 82
_assata_, 55
atalanta, 120
atristriga, 10
atronivea, 95
_attracta_, 86
_auge_, 104
_aulacias_, 12
Azelina, 92

beata, 63
_bicomma_, 7
bilineolata, 41
_bisignata_, 47
Bityla, 29
blenheimensis, 13
boldenarum, 118
bolina, 104
_boreophilaria_, 88
brephos, 75
_brephosata_, 75
bryopis, 62
bulbulata, 68
butleri, 115

cærulea, 8
_calida_, 41
callicrena, 73
callichlora, 50
camelias, 65
CARADRINIDÆ, 5
_Caradrinides_, 29
CARADRININA, 1
_caprimulgata_, 86
cardui, 108
cataphracta, 61
_catapyrrha_, 68
catilla, 121
_catocalaria_, 75
Catopsilia, 121
_ceramodes_, 8
cerapachoides, 32
ceraunias, 14
cervinata, 133
Chalastra, 88
chalcites, 35
chalcophanes, 128
_chaotica_, 50
characterifera, 133
_charybdis_, 41
chionogramma, 65
chorica, 66
chlamydota, 59
chlorias, 63
Chloroclystis, 41
chrysopeda, 68
Chrysophanus, 116
_cidariaria_, 41
_cinerascens_, 88
cinerearia, 67
clarata, 61
coeleno, 26
comma, 7
composita, 22
_conferta_, 32
_congregata_, 47
_congressata_, 47
_conversata_, 47
convolvuli, 99
_cookaria_, 91
_corcularia_, 67
Cosmodes, 33
cosmodora, 62
cucullina, 27
_cymosema_, 56

Dasypodia, 35
Dasyuris, 69
_debilis_, 18
_deceptura_, 9
Declana, 94
defigurata, 29
dejectaria, 86
_delicatulata_, 59
deltoidata, 47
denotatus, 45
_dentigera_, 22
_descriptata_, 47
despecta, 134
_desiccata_, 87
Diadema, _see_, Anosia, 102
diatmeta, 21
Dichromodes, 78
_diffusaria_, 67
dinodes, 132
dione, 14
disjungens, 15
_dissociata_, 67
_distans_, 99
Dodonidia, 112
_donovani_, 46
dotata, 24
_doubledayi_, 2
Drepanodes, 91
dryas, 43

egregia, 96
elegans, 33
Elvia, 46
_encausta_, 89
enysii (Chrysophanus), 117
enysii (Dasyuris), 69
" (Porina), 133
_ephyraria_, 91
Epirranthis, 79
Erana, 28
Erebia, 113
_erebinata_, 86
erichrysa, 4
_eriosoma_, 35
erippus, 102
Euchoeca, 51
euclidiata, 68
_eupitheciaria_, 67
Euploæ, 120
_exprompta_, 86
exsularis, 34
_extranea_, 13

falcata, 66
falcatella, 76
_felix_, 90
fenerata, 82
_feredayi_ (Declana), 96
_feredayi_ (Chrysophanus), 116
ferox, 74
_figlinaria_, 77
_fischeri_, 129
flexata, 90
floccosa, 96
fortinata, 93
_fragosata_, 84
_fuliginea_, 133
_fuscinata_, 48
_fusiplagiata_, 89

gallaria, 92
GEOMETRINA, _see_ NOTODONTINA, 38
glaucata, 46
_glyphicata_, 68
gobiata, 47
gonerilla, 105
Gonophylla, 90
graminosa, 28
griseata, 98
griseipennis, 9
gypsotis, 78

_haastaria_, 91
Hamadryas, 120
hectori (Dasyuris), 70
_hectori_ (Hepialus), 129
helias, 64
Heliothis, 32
helmsi, 112
hemipteraria, 80
hemizona, 48
HEPIALIDÆ, 128
Hepialus, 128
hermione, 98
_homomorpha_, 69
homoscia, 21
humeraria, 89
_humerata_, 41
humillima, 83
huttonii, 5
Hybernia, 87
Hydriomena, 46
HYDRIOMENIDÆ, 38
_Hypenides_, 34
Hypenodes, 34

Ichneutica, 14
immunis, 7
_impletus_, 133
_implexa_, 7
_inamænaria_, 57
_inceptura_, 9
_inclarata_, 47
_inclinataria_, 40
_inconspicua_, 31
_inconstans_, 9
indicataria, 44
_indistincta_, 85
indocilis, 88
inductata, 44
_infantaria_, 67
infensa, 23
_innocua_, 7
innominata, 31
_inoperata_, 67
_inopiata_, 47
insignis (Melanchra), 16
insignis (Notoreas), 71
_invexata_, 67
Ipana, 94
_iphigenia_, 104
itea, 107
isoleuca, 72
_juncicolor_, 12
junctilinea, 98
Junonia, 109

_kershawii_, 108

LASIOCAMPINA, 101
leptomera, 94
Leptomeris, 77
lestevata, 39
Leucania, 8
lichenodes, 44
lignana, 26
_lignifusca_, 18
_lignisecta_, 26
_lignosata_, 86
_lilacina_, 36
limonodes, 57
lithias, 17
lophogramma, 59
lucidata, 64
_lupinata_, 83
Lycæna, 119
LYCÆNIDÆ, 115
Lythria, 68

maculata, 44
mairi, 132
Mamestra, _see_ Melanchra, 15
_manxifera_, 95
_maori_, 22
_maoriata_, 86
margarita, 6
_maui_, 116
maya, 17
mechanitis, 72
megaspilata, 55
Melanchra, 15
_Melanchrides_, 8
melinata, 85
_menanaria_, 87
merope, 19
_merula_, 114
Metacrias, 4
micrastra, 12
MICROPTERYGIDÆ, 127
MICROPTERYGINA, 127
_mitis_, 27
Miselia, 6
_mistata_, 40
_mixtaria_, 80
mnesichola, 60
moderata, 9
MONOCTENIADÆ, 77
_monoliata_, 47
_morosa_, 26
muriferata, 91
_muscosata_, 41
mutans, 18

_nehata_, 55
nelsonaria, 90
nephelias, 61
nereis, 43
_nerina_, 104
_nervata_, 15
_niger_, 78
nigra, 78
_nigrosparsa_, 96
niphocrena, 74
niveata, 98
NOCTUINA, _see_ CARADRININA, 1
NOTODONTINA, 38
Notoreas, 71
_novæ-zealandiæ_, 134
nullifera, 9
Nyctemera, 2
NYMPHALIDÆ, 102

obarata, 66
_obtruncata_, 89
_obtusaria_, 89
_ochthistis_, 20
octans, 25
octias, 37
Oeceticus, 123
Oiketicus, 123
omichlias, 76
omicron, 22
_omnivora_, 123
omnivorus, 123
omoplaca, 23
_ondinata_, 52
ophiopa, 93
Orophora, 126
orophyla, 58
orphnæa, 71
Orthosia, 6
ORTHOSTIXIDÆ, 79
_otaheitæ_, 105
_othello_, 114
oxleyi, 119

Palæomicra, 128
_palthidata_, 92
panagrata, 87
_pannularia_, 86
PAPILIONINA, 101
paracausta, 15
paradelpha, 72
Paradetis, 40
parora, 56
partheniata, 70
_parvulata_, 45
_pastinaria_, 47
_patularia_, 86
pelistis, 19
pelurgata, 88
_perductata_, 47
perornata, 72
_perversata_, 47
pessota, 6
petrina, 78
_petropola_, 66
phaula, 11
phoebe, 119
phricias, 27
Phrissogonus, 45
Physetica, 8
pictula, 19
_plagifurcata_, 47
plena, 17
_plexippus_, 102
plinthina, 41
_plurilineata_, 52
_plurimata_, 64
Plusia, 34
PLUSIADÆ, 33
_Plusiades_, 34
_plusiata_, 7
pluto, 114
_Poliades_, 6
_polychroa_, 16
Porina, 132
porphyrias, 41
præfectata, 60
prasinias, 65
_primata_, 80
prionistis, 27
prionota, 47
productata, 84
propria, 11
_proserpina_, 104
proteastis, 20
_psamathodes_, 64
PSYCHIDÆ, 122
PSYCHINA, 122
pulchella, 3
pulchraria, 52
_punctilineata_, 67
_pungata_, 84
purpurea, 8
purpurifera, 49
purdii, 10
PYRALIDINA, 122
_pyramaria_, 61

_ranata_, 39
_rauparaha_, 116
rectilineata, 45
Rhapsa, 36
rhodopleura, 19
RHOPALOCERA, _see_ PAPILIONINA, 101
_rivularis_, 47
rixata, 49
rosearia, 57
rubescens, 25
rubraria, 77
rubropunctaria, 51
_rubroviridans_, 129
rufescens, 56
rudiata, 82
_rudisata_, 82

salustius, 116
Samana, 76
SATYRIDÆ, 110
_scabra_, 96
schistaria, 52
_scriptaria_, 86
scissaria, 79
scotosialis, 36
selenophora, 35
Selidosema, 82
SELIDOSEMIDÆ, 81
_semialbata_, 41
semifissata, 59
_semilisata_, 67
_semisignata_, 67
semivittata, 13
sericea (Agrotis), 31
sericea (Bityla), 29
_servularia_, 55
Sestra, 89
signata, 134
similata, 50
simplex, 74
_simulans_, 47
siria, 51
siris, 55
_sistens_, 9
_squalida_, 49
_specifica_, 9
_sphæriata_, 67
_sphagnea_, 17
Sphinx, 99
SPHINGIDÆ, 99
sphragitis, 43
steropastis, 23
STERRHIDÆ, 77
_stigmaticata_, 86
stinaria, 60
stipata, 25
_strangulata_, 48
strategica (Metacrias), 4
" (Notoreas), 73
_streptophora_, 88
suavis, 83
subductata, 57
_subitata_, 44
_subobscurata_, 66
subochraria, 48
_subpurpureata_, 52
_subtentaria_, 60
_suffusa_, 30
sulcana, 13
_sulpitiata_, 86

tartarea, 21
Tatosoma, 39
temperata, 9
Theoxena, 79
_thoracica_, 29
_timarata_, 50
timora, 40
TINEINA, 127
_tipulata_, 40
TORTRICINA, 127
_toumatou_, 126
_transitaria_, 40
triphragma, 49
_tuhuata_, 52
_turbida_, 16

umbraculata, 134
undosata, 54
_undulifera_, 47
unica, 12
unicolor, 126
unipuncta, 13
urtica, 120
_usitata_, 83
ustistriga, 26
Utetheisa, 3

Vanessa, 105
_varians_, 80
_variolaris_, 133
velleda, 109
_venipunctata_, 64
Venusia, 53
verriculata, 53
_vexata_, 133
_vigens_, 28
_virescens_ (_Chera_), 9
virescens (Hepialus), 129
_viridis_, 17
_visata_, 51
vitiosa, 20
vulcanica, 75

xanthaspis, 54
Xanthia, 7
Xanthorhoe, 56

ypsilon, 30
_ypsilonaria_, 59

_ziczac_, 93
zoilus, 120
zopyra, 74

PLATES AND EXPLANATIONS.

PLATE I.

ANATOMICAL.

1. Outline of a Lepidopterous insect showing the terms employed in
describing the various margins and angles of the fore- and
hind-wings.
2. View of the under side of the head and first segment of the larva of
a Lepidopterous insect. AA, eyes; BB, antennæ; 1, labrum; 22,
mandibles; 33, maxillæ; 4, labium; 5, spinneret; _a_, coxa; _b_,
trochanter; _c_, femur; _d_, tibia; _e_, tarsus; _f_, claw (highly
magnified).
3. Assumed type of neuration of fore-wing of a Lepidopterous insect.
(After Meyrick.)
4. Ditto of hind-wing. (After Meyrick.)
5. Side view of the head of _Vanessa gonerilla_ with proboscis extended.
(Imago, Plate XII., fig. 5.)
6. Ditto with proboscis coiled up. (In both these figures only the basal
portions of the antennæ are shown.)
7. Neuration of fore-wing of _Anosia erippus_. (Imago, Plate XI., fig.
1.)
8. Ditto of hind-wing.
9. Digestive system of a Lepidopterous larva. A, oesophagus; D,
ventriculus; F, clavate intestine; E, ilium; H, colon; K, biliary
vessels; O, spinning vessels. (After Suckow.)
10. Ditto of perfect insect. N, salivary vessels; C, sucking stomach; G,
cæcum. The rest as before. (After Herold.)
11. Front view of the head of _Vanessa gonerilla_ with the labial palpi
removed showing the organs of the mouth. AA, eyes; BB, antennæ
(basal portion); _l_, labrum; _mm_, mandibles; _pp_, maxillary
palpi; C, proboscis formed of elongated maxillæ (highly magnified).
12. Neuration of fore-wing of _Sphingidæ_. (_Deilephila_; after
Meyrick.)
13. Ditto hind-wing. (After Meyrick.)
14. Proleg of caterpillar highly magnified.
15. Neuration of fore-wing of _Chrysophanus salustius_. (Imago, Plate
XII., figs. 18-21.)
16. Ditto of hind-wing.
17. Fasciculate-ciliated antenna of _Chloroclystis plinthina_. (Imago,
Plate VI., fig. 8.)
18. Serrate antenna of _Melanchra composita_. (Imago, Plate V., fig. 8.)
19. Pubescent antenna of _Epirranthis alectoraria_. (Imago, Plate VIII.,
figs. 42-47.)
20. Bi-pectinated antenna of _Nyctemera annulata_. (Imago, Plate IV.,
figs. 1, 2.)
21. Leg of _Agrotis ypsilon_. (Imago, Plate V., figs. 35, 36.) 1, coxa;
2, trochanter; 3, femur; 4, tibia; 5, tarsus; 6, claw; SS, spurs.
(All these are highly magnified.)
22. Neuration of fore-wing of _Hepialus virescens_. (Imago, Plate XIII.,
figs. 16, 17.)
23. Ditto of hind-wing.
24. Head of ditto.
25. Neuration of fore-wing of _Erebia pluto_. (Imago, Plate XI., figs.
8-10.) Vein 11 absent.
26. Ditto, veins 11 and 12 concurrent.
27. Ditto of hind-wing.
28. Neuration of fore-wing of _Porina signata_. (Imago, Plate XIII.,
fig. 15.)
29. Ditto of hind-wing.
30. Neuration of fore-wing of _Oeceticus omnivorus_. (Imago, Plate
XIII., fig. 6.)
31. Ditto of hind-wing.

PLATE II.

ANATOMICAL.

1. Neuration of fore-wing of _Metacrias erichrysa_. (Imago, Plate IV.,
fig. 5.)
2. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
3. Head of _Nyctemera annulata_. (Imago, Plate IV., figs. 1, 2.)
4. Neuration of fore-wing of ditto.
5. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
6. Neuration of fore-wing of _Mamestra mutans_. (Imago, Plate IV., figs.
34-36.)
7. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
8. Head of male of _Physetica cærulea_. (Imago, Plate IV., fig. 7.)
9. Neuration of fore-wing of _Erana graminosa_. (Imago, Plate V., figs.
24-25.)
10. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
11. Head of _Leucania nullifera_. (Imago, Plate IV., fig. 9.)
12. Head of _Dasypodia selenophora_. (Imago, Plate VI., fig. 4.)
13. Head of _Venusia verriculata_. (Imago, Plate VI., figs. 30-31.)
14. Neuration of fore-wing of _Plusia chalcites_. (Imago, Plate VI.,
fig. 3.)
15. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
16. Neuration of fore-wing of _Rhapsa scotosialis_. (Imago, Plate VI.,
figs. 5-6.)
17. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
18. Head of ditto.
19. Neuration of fore-wing of _Chloroclystis bilineolata_. (Imago, Plate
VI., figs. 9-10.)
20. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
21. Neuration of fore-wing of _Tatosoma agrionata_. (Imago, Plate VI.,
figs. 26-27.)
22. Neuration of hind-wing of male.
23. Neuration of hind-wing of female.
24. Head of ditto.
25. Neuration of fore-wing of _Venusia undosata_. (Imago, Plate VI.,
figs. 33-34.)
26. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
27. Neuration of fore-wing of _Paradetis porphyrias_. (Imago, Plate VI.,
fig. 36.)
28. Neuration of hind-wing of male.
30. Neuration of fore-wing of _Asthena pulchraria_. (Imago, Plate VI.,
figs. 37-38.)
31. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
32. Head of _Hydriomena deltoidata_. (Imago, Plato VII., figs. 1-9.)
33. Neuration of fore-wing of ditto.
34. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
35. Neuration of fore-wing of _Asaphodes megaspilata_. (Imago, Plate
VII., figs. 17-20.)
36. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
37. Neuration of fore-wing of _Xanthorhoe clarata_. (Imago, Plate VII.,
figs. 31-32.)
38. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
39. Neuration of fore-wing of _Lythria chrysopeda_. (Imago, Plate VIII.,
figs. 33-34.)
40. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
42. Neuration of fore-wing of _Dasyuris partheniata_ (hind-wings as in
_Xanthorhoe_). (Imago, Plate VIII., figs. 30-31.)
43. Neuration of fore-wing of _Notoreas brephos_ (hind-wings also as in
_Xanthorhoe_). (Imago, Plate VIII., figs. 20-23.)
44. Neuration of fore-wing of _Dichromodes petrina_. (Imago, Plate
VIII., fig. 39.)
45. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
46. Neuration of fore-wing of _Epirranthis alectoraria_. (Imago, Plate
VIII., figs. 42-47.)
47. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
48. Head of ditto.
49. Neuration of fore-wing of _Leptomeris rubraria_. (Imago, Plate
VIII., fig. 37.)
50. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
51. Neuration of fore-wing of _Chalastra pelurgata_. (Imago, Plate IX.,
figs. 33-36.)
52. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
53. Neuration of fore-wing of _Sestra humeraria_ (hind-wing as in
_Selidosema_). (Imago, Plate X., figs. 1-2).
54. Neuration of fore-wing of _Azelina gallaria_. (Imago, Plate X.,
figs. 13-23.)
55. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
56. Neuration of fore-wing of _Declana floccosa_. (Imago, Plate X.,
figs. 39-47.)
57. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
58. Head of ditto.
59. Neuration of fore-wing of _Selidosema dejectaria_. (Imago, Plate
IX., figs. 19-24.)
60. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
61. Neuration of fore-wing of _Drepanodes muriferata_. (Imago, Plate X.,
figs. 7-12.)
62. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
63. Neuration of fore-wing of _Gonophylla nelsonaria_. (Imago, Plate X.,
figs. 3-6.)
64. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.

PLATE III.

PREPARATORY STAGES.

FIG. PAGE
1, 2. Larvæ of _Vanessa gonerilla_. (Pupæ, figs. 31, 32; Imago, Plate
XII., fig. 5.) 105
3. Larva of _Anosia erippus_. (Pupa, fig. 27; Imago, Plate XI., fig.
1.) 102
4. Larva of _Argyrophenga antipodum_. (Pupa, fig. 29; Imago, Plate
XI., fig. 4.) 110
5. Larva of _Dodonidia helmsi_. (Pupa, fig. 28; Imago, Plate XI.,
fig. 14.) 112
6. Larva of _Porina signata_. (Imago, Plate XIII., fig. 15.) 134
7. Larva of _Melanchra composita_. (Imago, Plate V., fig. 8.) 22
8. Larva of _Erana graminosa_. (Imago, Plate V., fig. 24.) 28
9. Larva of _Nyctemera annulata_. (Imago, Plate IV., fig. 1.) 2
10. Larva of _Melanchra homoscia_. (Imago, Plate V., fig. 7.) 21
11. Larva of _Orthosia comma_. (Imago, Plate V., fig. 27.) 7
12. Larva of _Selidosema dejectaria_. (Imago, Plate IX., fig. 21.) 86
13, 14. Larvæ of _Sphinx convolvuli_. (Imago, Plate XIII., fig. 1.) 99
15. Larva of _Melanchra mutans_. (Imago, Plate IV., fig. 34.) 18
16. Larva of _Melanchra vitiosa_. (Imago, Plate IV., fig. 42.) 20
17. Larva of _Selidosema aristarcha_. (Imago, Plate IX., fig. 17.) 85
18. Larva of _Declana atronivea_. (Imago, Plate X., fig. 33.) 95
19. Larva of _Epirranthis hemipteraria_. (Imago, Plate VIII., fig.
48.) 80
20. Larva of _Sestra humeraria_. (Imago, Plate X., fig. 1.) 89
21. Larva of _Chalastra pelurgata_. (Imago, Plate IX., fig. 34.) 88
22. Larva of _Selidosema productata_. (Imago, Plate IX., fig. 6.) 84
23. Larva of _Hepialis virescens_. (Pupa, fig. 30; Imago, Plate
XIII., fig. 16.) 129
24. Larva of _Epirranthis alectoraria_. (Imago, Plate VIII., fig. 42.) 80
25. Larva of _Oeceticus omnivorus_ withdrawn from case. (Imago, Plate
XIII., fig. 6.) 123
26. Larva of ditto in its case.
27. Pupa of _Anosia erippus_. (Larva, fig. 3; Imago, Plate XI., fig.
1.) 102
28. Pupa of _Dodonidia helmsi_. (Larva, fig. 5; Imago, Plate XI.,
fig. 14.) 112
29. Pupa of _Argyrophenga antipodum_. (Larva, fig. 4; Imago, Plate
XI., fig. 4.) 110
30. Pupa of _Hepialus virescens_. (Larva, fig. 23; Imago, Plate
XIII., fig. 16.) 129
31, 32. Pupæ of _Vanessa gonerilla_. (Larva, figs. 1, 2; Imago, Plate
XII., fig. 5) 105

PLATE IV.

CARADRININA.

FIG. PAGE
1. _Nyctemera annulata_ [M]
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 9.) 2
2. " " [F]
3. _Utetheisa pulchella_ 3
4. _Metacrias strategica_ [M] 4
5. " _erichrysa_ [M] 4
6. " _huttonii_ [M] 5
7. _Physetica cærulea_ [M] 8
8. _Leucania griseipennis_ [F] 9
9. " _nullifera_ [F] 9
10. " _micrastra_ [M] 12
11. " _purdii_ [M] 10
12. " _atristriga_ [M] 10
13. " _propria_ [M] 11
14. " _acontistis_ [M] 11
15. " _phaula_ [M] 11
16. " _alopa_ [M] 12
17. " _unica_ [F] 12
18. " _arotis_ [F] 12
19. " _sulcana_ [M] 13
20. " " [F]
21. " _semivittata_ [M] 13
22. " " [F]
23. " _blenheimensis_ [F] 13
24. " _unipuncta_ [F] 13
25. _Ichneutica ceraunias_ [M] 14
26. " " [F]
27. " _dione_, n. sp. [M] 14
28. _Melanchra paracausta_ [M] 15
28A. " " [F]
29. " _insignis_ [M] 16
30. " " [F]
31. " _maya_, n. sp. [F] 17
32. " _plena_ [M] 17
33. " _lithias_ [M] 17
34. " _mutans_ [M]
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 15.) 18
35. " " [F]
36. " " [M] variety
37. " _pictula_ [M] 19
38. " _rhodopleura_ [F] 19
39. " _coeleno_, n. sp. [M] 26
40. " _proteastis_ [M] 20
42. " _vitiosa_ [F]
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 16.) 20

PLATE V.

CARADRININA.

FIG. PAGE
1. _Melanchra octans_, n. sp. 25
2. " _merope_, n. sp. [M] 19
3. " _pelistis_ [M] 19
4. " " [F]
5. " _diatmeta_ [M] 21
6. " _tartarea_ [M] 21
7. " _homoscia_ [M]
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 10.) 21
8. " _composita_ [M]
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 7.) 22
9. " " [F]
10. " _steropastis_ [M] 23
11. " " [F]
12. " _infensa_ [F] 23
13. " _omoplaca_ [F] 23
14. " _alcyone_, n. sp. [M] 24
15. " _asterope_, n. sp. [F] 24
16. " _dotata_ [F] 24
17. " _stipata_ [F] 25
18. " _rubescens_ [M] 25
19. " _lignana_ [M] 26
20. " _ustistriga_ [M] 26
20A. " " [F]
21. " _prionistis_ [M] 27
22. " _phricias_ [M] 27
23. " _cucullina_ [M] 27
24. _Erana graminosa_ [M]
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 8.) 28
25. " " [F]
26. _Miselia pessota_ [M] 6
27. _Orthosia comma_ [M]
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 11.) 7
28. " " [F]
29. " _immunis_ [M] 7
30. _Melanchra agorastis_ [F] 18
31. _Orthosia margarita_ [F] 6
32. _Xanthia purpurea_ [M] 8
33. _Bityla defigurata_ [M] 29
34. " _sericea_ [M] 29
35. _Agrotis ypsilon_ [M] 30
36. " " [F]
37. " _admirationis_ [M] 31
38. " _sericea_ [F] 31
39. " _innominata_, n. sp. [M] 31
40. _Heliothis armigera_ [M] 32
41. " " [F]
42. _Melanchra omicron_, n. sp. [M] 22
43. " _disjungens_ [M] 15

PLATE VI.

CARADRININA AND NOTODONTINA.

CARADRININA.

FIG. PAGE
1. _Agrotis carapachoides_ [M] 32
2. _Cosmodes elegans_ [F] 33
3. _Plusia chalcites_ [M] 35
4. _Dasypodia selenophora_ [M] 35
5. _Rhapsa scotosialis_ [M] 36
6. " " [F]
7. _Rhapsa octias_ [F] 37

NOTODONTINA.

8. _Chloroclystis plinthina_ [M] 41
9, 10. " _bilineolata_ varieties 41
11. " _nereis_ [F] 43
12. " _dryas_ [M] 43
13, 14. " _sphragitis_ varieties 43
15, 16. " _lichenodes_ varieties 44
17. " _indicataria_ [M] 44
17A. " " [F]
18. " _maculata_, n. sp. 44
19. _Phrissogonus denotatus_ [M] 45
20. _Chloroclystis antarctica_, n. sp. 42
21. " _aristias_ [M] 42
22. " " [F]
23, 24. _Elvia glaucata_ varieties 46
25. _Tatosoma lestevata_ [M] 39
26. " _agrionata_ [M] 40
27. " " [F]
28. " _timora_ [M] 40
29. " " [F]
30. _Venusia verriculata_ [M] 53
31. " " [F]
32. " _xanthaspis_ [M] 54
33. " _undosata_ [M] 54
34. " " [F]
35. _Euchoeca rubropunctaria_ [F] 51
36. _Paradetis porphyrias_ [M] 41
37. _Asthena pulchraria_ [M] 52
38. " " [F]
39-42. _Asthena schistaria_ varieties 52
43. _Hydriomena gobiata_ [M] 47
44. " " [F]
45, 46. " _subochraria_ varieties 48
47. " _prionota_ 47
48. " _siria_ 51

PLATE VII.

NOTODONTINA.

FIG. PAGE
1-9. _Hydriomena deltoidata_ varieties 47
10. " _hemizona_ 48
11. " _rixata_ 49
12. " _purpurifera_ 49
13. " _callichlora_ 50
14. " _similata_ 50
15. " _arida_ 50
16. _Asaphodes siris_ [F] 55
17-19. " _megaspilata_ [M] varieties 55
19A, 20. " " [F] varieties
21. " _abrogata_ [M] 55
22. _Xanthorhoe rosearia_ [M] 57
23. " " [F]
24. " _orophylla_ [M] 58
25. " " [F]
26. " _semifissata_ [M] 59
27. " " [F]
28. " _chlamydota_ 59
29. " _stinaria_ [M] 60
30. " _præfectata_ [F] 60
31. " _clarata_ [M] 61
32. " " [F]
33. " _cataphracta_ [M] 61
34. " " [F]
35. " _beata_ [M] 63
36. " " [F]
37. " _ægrota_ [M] 64
38. " _lucidata_ [M] 64
39. " _mnesichola_ [M] 60
40. " _helias_ [F] 64
41. " _prasinias_ [F] 65
42. " _chionogramma_ [M] 65
43. " " [F]
44. " _chorica_ 66
45. " _obarata_ 66
46. " _limonodes_ [M] 57
47. " _lophogramma_ [M] 59
48. " " [F]
49. " _adonis_ [M] 63

PLATE VIII.

NOTODONTINA.

FIG. PAGE
1. _Xanthorhoe bulbulata_ [M] 68
2, 2A. " _cineraria_ varieties 67
3. _Notoreas insignis_ [M] 71
4-8. " _perornata_ varieties 72
9-11. " _mechanitis_ varieties 72
12-14. " _paradelpha_ varieties 72
15. " _strategica_ [F] 73
16. " _callicrena_ [F] 73
17. " _ferox_ [M] 74
18, 19. " _zopyra_ [M] varieties 74
20-23. " _brephos_ varieties 75
24. " _vulcanica_ 75
25. " _omichlias_ [M] 76
26. " _simplex_, n. sp. [F] 74
27. " _isoleuca_ [F] 72
28. _Dasyuris enysii_ [F] 69
29. " _anceps_ [M] 69
30. " _partheniata_ [M] 70
31. " " [F]
32. " _hectori_ [M] 70
33. _Lythria chrysopeda_ [M] 68
34. " " [F]
35. " _euclidiata_ 68
36. _Samana falcatella_ [F] 76
37. _Leptomeris rubraria_ [M] 77
38. " " [F]
39. _Dichromodes petrina_ 78
40. " _nigra_ 78
41. _Theoxena scissaria_ 79
42-47. _Epirranthis alectoraria_ varieties.
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 24.) 80
48. " _hemipteraria_ [M]
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 19.) 80
49. " " [F]
50. _Selidosema fenerata_ [M] 82
51. " " [F]

PLATE IX.

NOTODONTINA.

FIG. PAGE
1. _Selidosema rudiata_ [M] 82
2. " " [F]
3. " _suavis_ [M] 83
4. " " [F]
5. " _humillima_, n. sp. [M] 83
6-10. " _productata_ [M] varieties.
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 22.) 84
11-14. " " [F] varieties
15. " _melinata_ [M] 85
16. " " [F]
17. " _aristarcha_ [M]
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 17.) 85
18. " " [F]
19-22. " _dejectaria_ [M] varieties.
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 12.) 86
23, 24. " " [F] varieties
25-28. " _panagrata_ [M] varieties 87
29, 30. " " [F] varieties
31. _Hybernia indocilis_ [M] 88
32. " " [F]
33, 34. _Chalastra pelurgata_ [M] varieties.
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 21.) 88
35, 36. " " [F] varieties
37. _Sestra flexata_ [F] 90

PLATE X.

NOTODONTINA.

FIG. PAGE
1, 2. _Sestra humeraria_ varieties.
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 20.) 89
3, 4. _Gonophylla nelsonaria_ [M] varieties 90
5, 6. " " [F] varieties
7-10. _Drepanodes muriferata_ [M] varieties 91
11, 12. " " [F] varieties
13-20. _Azelina gallaria_ [M] varieties 92
21-23. " " [F] varieties
24. " _fortinata_ [M] 93
25. " " [F]
26. " _ophiopa_ [M] 93
27. " " [M] variety
28. " " [F]
29, 31, 31A. _Ipana leptomera_ [M] varieties 94
30. " " [F]
32. _Declana griseata_, n. sp. 98
33. " _atronivea_ [M]
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 18.) 95
34. " " [F]
35. " _egregia_ [M] 96
36. " _hermione_, n. sp. [M] 98
37. " _junctilinea_ [M] 98
38. " " [F]
39-43. " _floccosa_ [M] varieties 96
44-47. " " [F] varieties

PLATE XI.

PAPILIONINA.

FIG. PAGE
1. _Anosia erippus_ [F]
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 3; Pupa, fig. 27.) 102
2. " " under side.
3, 4. _Argyrophenga antipodum_ [M] varieties.
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 4; Pupa, fig. 29.) 110
5. " " [F]
6, 7. " " under sides.
8. _Erebia pluto_ [M] 114
9. " " [F]
10. " " under side.
11. _Erebia butleri_ [M] 115
12. " " [F]
13. " " under side.
14. _Dodonidia helmsi_ [M]
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 5; Pupa, fig. 28.) 112
15. " " under side.
16. _Junonia velleda_ 109
17. " " under side.

PLATE XII.

PAPILIONINA.

FIG. PAGE
1. _Vanessa cardui_ 108
2. " " under side.
3. " _itea_ 107
4. " " under side.
5. " _gonerilla_.
(Larva, Plate III., figs. 1 and 2; Pupa, figs. 31, 32.) 105
6. " " under side.
7. _Anosia bolina_ [M] 104
8. " " [F]
9. " " under side.
10. _Lycæna phoebe_ [M] 119
11. " " under side.
12. " _oxleyi_, under side. 119
13, 14. _Chrysophanus boldenarum_ [M] varieties 118
15. " " under side of [M]
16. " " [F]
17. " " under side of [F]
18. " _salustius_ [M] 116
19. " " [F]
20. " " under side
21. " " under side of variety
(upper side, Plate XIII., fig. 2.)
22. " _enysii_ [M] 117
23. " " [F]
24. " " under side.

PLATE XIII.

NOTODONTINA, PAPILIONINA, PSYCHINA, AND MICROPTERYGINA.

NOTODONTINA.

FIG. PAGE
1. _Sphinx convolvuli._
(Larva, Plate III, figs. 13 and 14.) 99

PAPILIONINA.

2-5. Varieties of _Chrysophanus salustius_ 116

PSYCHINA.

6. _Oeceticus omnivorus_ [M]
(Larva, Plate III., figs. 25, 26.) 123
7. _Orophora unicolor_ [M] 126

MICROPTERYGINA.

8. _Porina dinodes_ [M] 132
9. " _enysii_ [M] 133
10. " " [F]
11. " _characterifera_ [M] 133
12. " _cervinata_ [M] 133
13. " _despecta_ [M] 134
14. " _umbraculata_ [M] 134
15. " _signata_ [M]
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 6.) 134
16. _Hepialus virescens_ [M]
(Larva, Plate III., fig. 23; Pupa, fig. 30.) 129
17. " " [F]
18. _Porina cervinata_ [F] variety 133

Notes.

[1] This organ is termed the tongue by Mr. Meyrick. As many mandibulate
insects possess a true tongue, and the proboscis of the _Lepidoptera_
is not homologous with the tongue, but with the maxillæ, I think the
term is very misleading.

[2] For the examination of the wings taken from _dried_ specimens, I have
found that immersion in methylated spirits renders the veins visible
after _partial_ denudation with the camel's-hair brush. With recent
specimens, however, the scales can easily be _entirely_ removed.

[3] I have found considerable difficulty and uncertainty in examining the
neuration of undenuded specimens.

[4] Entom. xxvi. 220.

[5] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 218.

[6] 'British Moths,' 31.

[7] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 217.

[8] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. 216.

[9] Ibid.

[10] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 7.

[11] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 10.

[12] _Leucania aulacias_, Meyr., is distinguished by having grey cilia to
the hind-wings. The species was described from a single specimen taken
at Dunedin and now in Mr. Fereday's collection. I have carefully
examined this specimen, and find that the cilia, although considerably
injured, are distinctly grey. As, however, I think it undesirable to
characterize species so closely resembling each other from such meagre
material, I here regard it as a synonym of _Leucania arotis_.

[13] Report of American Department of Agriculture, 1881, p. 93.

[14] Mr. Philpott informs me that the larva of _M. paracausta_ closely
resembles that of _M. vitiosa_.

[15] This species has been recently named by Mr. Meyrick, but a description
of it has not yet been published.

[16] The accurate ascertainment of the positions of the veins near the
costa in this species is a matter of considerable difficulty owing to
the extremely dense tuft of hairs there situated.

[17] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 29.

[18] Newman's British Moths, 319.

[19] Meyrick, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 33.

[20] Meyrick, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 35.

[21] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix. 35.

[22] Meyrick, 'Handbook of British Lepidoptera,' 159.

[23] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xi. 300.

[24] Ib. xix. 38.

[25] Since this was written I find that Mr. Meyrick has created a new
genus, _Hyperaucha_, for the reception of this insect. See
'Transactions of the Entomological Society of London,' 1897, 383.

[26] N. Z. 'Journal of Science,' July, 1884.

[27] N. Z. 'Journal of Science,' July, 1884.

[28] A second specimen of this variety has since occurred in the
neighbourhood of Nelson.

[29] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 60.

[30] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 60.

[31] N. Z. 'Journal of Science,' July, 1884.

[32] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 60.

[33] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xviii. 208.

[34] Ib. xvi. 71.

[35] Ib.

[36] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 78.

[37] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 82.

[38] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 83.

[39] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 86.

[40] In connection with these three species of _Notoreas_ I should here
mention that I have a number of specimens in my collection which
appear to me to establish a complete transition between _N.
mechanitis_, _N. paradelpha_, and _N. perornata_. From a careful study
of these specimens I am led to believe that these three forms are
really only varieties of one very variable species. Mr. Meyrick does
not at present share this opinion, but I am disposed to think that
this is chiefly due to the comparatively limited number of specimens
he has had the opportunity of examining. In any case I do not regard
the question of the specific or varietal values of these, or indeed of
any other forms, as matters of great scientific importance, being, to
a great extent, merely matters of individual opinion.

[41] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 57.

[42] Mr. Meyrick now includes these three species in the genus
_Gonophylla_. (_See_ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, 387.)

[43] 'Trans. N. Z. Inst.' xxii. 214.

[44] 'Catalogue of N. Z. Butterflies,' p. 21.

[45] 'Trans. N. Z. Inst.' x. 265.

[46] 'Cat. N. Z. Butterflies,' p. 22.

[47] 'Trans. N. Z. Institute,' x. 463.

[48] Ibid. xviii. 205.

[49] Since writing the above, I have been informed by Mr. Kingsley that one
male specimen of _A. bolina_ was taken at Wakapuaka, in 1896, and two
others reported as seen at Collingwood and Nelson in March, 1897. Mr.
A. P. Buller has also kindly informed me of the capture of a male
specimen in perfect condition, at Ohau, Manawatu district, in March,
1898.

[50] See notes by Mr. Stainton in the Ent. Mo. Mag., xxv. pp. 225, 268.

[51] 'British Butterflies and Moths,' p. 103.

[52] 'Entomologist,' xxii. 37.

[53] 'Trans. N. Z. Inst.' xxviii. 312.

[54] 'Trans. N. Z. Inst.' xv. 197.

[55] Ent. Mon. Mag. iv. p. 53.

[56] 'Trans. N. Z. Inst.' ix. 460; x. 252.

[57] 'Trans. N.Z. Inst.,' vol. x. 259.

[58] 'Catalogue of N. Z. Butterflies,' 22.

[59] 'Catalogue of New Zealand Butterflies,' 18, 23, Pl. II., fig. 1.

[60] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 550.

[61] Stainton's 'British Butterflies and Moths,' 103, Pl. II., fig. 1.

[62] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 550.

[63] Stainton's 'British Butterflies and Moths,' 106.

[64] Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi. 550.

[65] 'Catalogue of N.Z. Butterflies,' 17, 23. Pl. IV., figs. 3, 4.

[66] For further details on this subject see 'The Entomologist,' xiii. 245,
and xviii. 159.

[67] 'Trans. N. Z. Inst.' x. (1877), 262.

[68] 'Entomologist,' xviii. 36.

[69] Since writing the above I understand from Mr. Baunehr that he has met
with several specimens of this species in forest on the Dun Mountain,
Nelson, at an elevation of about 2,000 feet.

End of Project Gutenberg's New Zealand Moths and Butterflies, by G. V. Hudson