Chapter XVII

“The Rolling Mill Industry,” F. Kindl, Penton Publishing Co.,
Cleveland, Ohio.

CHAPTERS XVIII & XIX

“Wire Manufacture and Uses,” J. B. Smith, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

CHAPTERS XX & XXI

“Modern Welded Pipe,” National Tube Co., Pittsburg, Pa.

“The Control of Quality in Every Process,” A. M. Byers Co., Pittsburg,
Pa.

“Seamless Tubing, Bulletin No. 17–A”, National Tube Co., Pittsburg,
Pa.

“The Manufacture of Iron and Steel Tubes,” E. C. R. Marks, Van Ostrand
& Co., New York.

CHAPTERS XXII & XXIII

“The Metallography of Steel and Cast Iron,” H. M. Howe, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York.

“The Metallography and Heat Treatment of Iron and Steel,” Albert
Sauveur, Sauveur and Boylston, Cambridge, Mass.

“Metallic Alloys: Their Structure and Constitution,” G. H. Gulliver,
Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd., London.

INDEX

Acid linings for furnaces, 139, 156

Allotropic modifications of iron, 322

Alloy steels, 232

Ammonia from coke ovens, 49

Analysis, chemical, 165

Annealing malleable cast iron, 203
cast steel, 220
tool steels, 109, 233, 333
tubes, 307
wire, 285

Bar, Merchant, 154
muck, 99

Basic linings for furnaces, 139, 156, 230

Beehive charcoal, 38
coke, 44

Benzol, 49

Bessemer, Sir Henry, 123
steel, =123=, 226

Black heart malleable iron, 209

Blast, 1, 11, 52, 58, 172

Blast furnace, 9, 10, 52

Blister steel, 117

Blowing of Bessemer steel, 128, 225

Boyden, Seth, 196

Busheled iron, 105

Butt-welded pipe, 293

By-products, 42, 47

Carbon, effect of, on iron, 8, 74, 83, 86, 109, 116, 180, 198, 233,
319, 337
effect of, on iron ore, 4, 57

Cast iron. See Iron, cast

Castings, 189
of cast iron, 178

Castings of malleable iron, 197
of pig iron (direct castings), 80
“rubber,” 192
of “semi-steel,” 188
of steel, 214

Cementation steel process, 106, =112=

Charcoal, 7, 37, 95

Chemical changes during refining, 7, 97, 119, 128, 149, 155, 160, 201,
230

Chemistry of gas producers, 158

Chromium in steel, 238, 243

Cinder in wrought iron, 96, 97, 101, 300

Classification according to chemical analysis, 83
of iron alloys, 69, 180
metallographic, 70
by physical test, 83, 188
of steels, 107, 155
volumetric, 88

Coal, 41, 49

Cold finishing of steel, 270, 306

Coke, 11, 41

Coke ovens, 44, 46

Conductivity of steels, 315

Converters, 126, 226

Cooling curves of steels, 316

Cort, Henry, 11, 95, 259

Critical temperature or range in steels, 315, 319

Crucibles, 118

Crucible steel process, 106, =118=, 223

Cupola melting process, 161, =171=, 198

Dilatation of steel, 315

Dolomite, 50

Drawing bench, 287, 306

Drawing, effect of cold-drawing, 248
of tubes, 305
of wire, 284

Duplex steel process, 155

Electric furnaces, 227

Electric steel, 227

Equilibrium diagram of iron-carbon alloys, 335, 345

Eutectic, 342

Eutectoid, 346

Fiber of wrought iron, 92, 93, 101

Fluor spar, 51

Flux, 50, 173

Forging, 248

Freezing-point curves of iron-carbon alloys, 337

Fuels, 6, 11, 15, 37, 94, 96, 119, 130, 157, 170

Furnaces, air, 198
Bessemer converters, =123=, 226
Catalan, 7
Cementation, 115
Cupola, 171
early types of, 6, 93
electric, 227
open-hearth, 142
puddling, 95
Siemens-Martin, 142
Talbot, 153

Gas, coke oven, 41, 47
natural, 157
producer, 157

Hadfield, Sir Robert, 235

Hammers for forging, 249

Hardening, air or self, 241

Hardening of steels, 109, 233, 240, 316, 333

Holley, Alexander L., 127

Huntsman crucible melting process, 10, 118

Ingots, steel, 245

Irons, “black heart” malleable cast, 209
Busheled, 105
cast (See also Semi-steel), 7, 79, =160=, =178=, 346
classification of, 69, 89
early history of, 1, 4, 91
ingot, 75
malleable, 4, 123
malleable cast, 81, =195=
pig, 63
puddled, 75, =91=
strengths of the iron alloys, 83, 188
Swedish, 93
white, 81, 184, 198
“white heart” malleable cast, 21
wrought, 75, 77, =91=
wrought, early processes for, 4, 93

Kelly, William, 124

Lap-welded pipe, 296

Lime, use of, 139, 149, 230

Limestone as flux, 50, 173

Linings, acid and basic, 139, 156, 230
of Bessemer converters, 139
of electric furnaces, 230
of open-hearth furnaces, 148
of puddling furnaces, 97

Magnetism, loss of, in steels, 314

Manganese, 135, 151
Hadfield’s manganese steel, 235

Mannesmann process for billet piercing, 302

Melting points of iron-carbon alloys, 4, 6, =83=, 94, 142

Metallography, =70=, 180, 324

Metalloids, 86, =89=, 128

Mills. See Rolling mills

Mixer, 131, 153

Molds and Molding, 13, =189=, 218

Muck bar, 99

Mushet, Robert F., 135, 240

Nasmyth, James, 251

Nickel in steel, 237

Open-hearth steel process, =142=, 223

Ore, iron, 3, 17, 53, 144
Mesaba, 26
unloaders, 31
use of (iron oxide), in refining processes, 97, 149, 230

Phosphorus in iron and steel, 97, 139, 144, 152, 230

Pickling of steel, 285, 305

Piercing of steel billets for tubes, 302

Pig bed, 61

Pig iron, 63
castings (“direct castings”), 80

Pipes and tubes, early, 292

Pipes, butt-welded, 293
lap-welded, 296
in steel ingots, 245

Plates, making of steel, 264

Press, forging by hydraulic, 256

Puddling of iron, 97

Rails, rolling of, 138, 273

Reaumur, 115, 195

Recalescence, 311, 316

Recarburization, 135, 151

References, 350

Regenerative system of heating, 146

Risers on steel castings, 219

Rods, rolling of, 277

Rolling mills, 259, 277, 294, 304

Rolling of muck bar, 99
of rails, 138, 273
of rods, 277

Rolling of skelp for pipe, 293
of steel plates, 264, 268

Rolling vs. forging of steel, 258

Segregation in steel ingots, 246

“Semi-steel,” 78, 185

Sheets, rolling of, 273

Siemens-Martin steel process. See Open-hearth

Silicon in iron-carbon alloys, =83=, 120, 133, 168, =182=, 346

Skelp for pipe, 293

Slag and cinder, 56, 58, 96, 97, 151

Spiegeleisen addition in Bessemer process, 135

Squeezer for puddled iron, 99

Steam hammer for forging, 251

Steels, acid, 139, 156
alloy, 107, 232
annealing of, 109, 220, 233, 285, 307, 333
basic, 139, 156, 230
Bessemer process, 123, 154, 226
blister, 117
carbon, 107
castings. See Castings of steel
cementation, 106, =112=
chrome, 238
classification of, 107, 155
crucible, 106, =118=, 223
duplex, 155
electric, 227
hardening of, 109, 233, 240, 241, 316, 333
high-speed, 107, 240
manganese, 235
nickel, 237
open-hearth, 107, =142=, 223
place in the iron family, 78
“semi-steel,” 79, 185
shear, 118
structures, decompositions and transformations of, 310, 337, 343
tool, 107, 240
tungsten, 236, 243
Wootz, Damascus, Toledo, etc., 8, 121

Strengths of iron-carbon alloys, 83, 188
of steel plate, 270
of wire, 290

Structures of the irons and steels, 310, 323, 337, 343
See also Metallography

Sulphur in fuels and alloys, 40, 43, 95, 97, 155, 168, 203, 230

Tar, coal, 48

Taylor, Frederick W., 241

Tempering of steels, 109, 240, 331

Titanium in steel, 234

Tools, 3, 107, 212

Tool steels, carbon, 107
high-speed, 107, =240=

Tubes and tube making, 302

Tungsten in steel, 236, 241

Uses of irons and steels, 71, 83, 184, 212, 213, 215, 249

Vanadium in steel, 235, 243

Welding rolls, 297

Welding of steel, 83, 294, 296

“White heart” malleable cast iron, 210

White iron, 81, 184, 198

White, Maunsel, 241

Wire, drawing of, 284

Wootz steel process, 8, 121

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. Silently corrected palpable typographical errors; retained non-standard spellings and dialect. 2. Reindexed footnotes using numbers. 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. 4. Enclosed bold or blackletter font in =equals=. 5. Denoted superscripts by a caret before a single superscript character or a series of superscripted characters enclosed in curly braces, e.g. M^r. or M^{ister}.