Chapter XII: Section X: Amendments to By-Laws (5)

Conifer grafts are often placed in a grafting case for rapid callusing. This year we tried some black walnut grafts and found that they callused in 10 to 14 days when placed in a grafting case. These were bench grafted on piece roots, using modified cleft and side grafts. Later we tried chestnut with excellent results. Then we made more chestnut grafts, wrapped them in damp moss and placed them in a lab oven with a temperature of approximately 75 degrees. These callused rapidly and were planted immediately in the nursery. They made good growth.

We think that some adaptation of this method has possibilities in our region. Often our chestnut grafts are damaged by late spring frosts. If we can bench graft, callus, and then hold the grafts until favorable weather, frost damage will be eliminated. It may be possible to handle black walnut in some similar fashion. Then we would be dealing only with successful grafts. A cold frame provided with heating cable should be adequate.

Factors Affecting Nut Tree Propagation

F. L. O'ROURKE, _Department of Horticulture, Michigan State College_

Propagation of nut trees is primarily involved with the problems affecting the perpetuation of selected clones by vegetative means. It has been indicated by Morris (14), Reed (18), and others that trees produced from seed are of inferior value for nut production. Seed propagation, however, must be practiced to produce the necessary rootstocks upon which the selected varieties are budded or grafted.

Seed Propagation

Barton (1) indicated that while some few seedlings may be produced without prior seed stratification, after-ripening of the seed for 2 to 4 months at 35° to 50° F. markedly increased seedling production with hickory and walnut. Chase (4) found that black walnut seed sown in November yielded more and larger seedlings than when planted at a later date. Chase (5) also reported that nuts containing larger kernels produced larger seedlings, and that planting 1 to 2 inches beneath the surface yielded larger seedlings than deeper placement. There have apparently been little or no observations made on the performance of seedlings for rootstock purposes between different parental strains except for Chinese chestnut as reported by McKay (12).

Clonal Rootstock Propagation

The difficulty of propagating any selection of nut trees by vegetative means has discouraged selections for rootstock purposes. Only filberts offer such an opportunity for selection on somewhat the same basis as the East Malling clones of apple rootstocks which produce different sized scion varieties after grafting. Unfortunately, no non-suckering desirable clones of filberts have yet been reported and even the non-suckering Turkish tree hazel is grown from seed when such rootstocks are used (16).

Propagation by Cuttings

Gellatly (7) quoted the success of the East Malling Research Station in England in rooting cuttings of walnuts grown in the greenhouse and reported on his own experience in producing short roots on dormant cuttings of heartnut and Persian walnut. The writer (15) has occasionally produced roots on softwood cuttings of pecan and hickory set in a mist humidified greenhouse but the cuttings did not survive. Mist humidification has been a distinct aid in retaining foliage on softwood cuttings of filbert and Chinese chestnut until roots were formed but unless the axillary buds were developed sufficiently to make new growth immediately thereafter, little or no survival was secured. Apparently when the cuttings were succulent enough to form roots the buds were too immature to put out new shoots. If one waited until the buds were developed the tissue at the base of the cutting was too highly lignified for root formation. The use of synthetic plant hormones on cuttings of nut-tree species has been of questionable value.

Propagation by Layers

Mound layers are used quite successfully for the propagation of filbert varieties but have not proven of value with other nut-tree species. Chinese chestnut has been reported to layer easily but experiments with both mound and trench layers of selected varieties of this species at the Glenn Dale, Maryland Station of the U.S. Department of Agriculture gave negative results. The writer (15) has occasionally rooted pecan, hickory, and Chinese chestnut by aerial layering. A marcot box containing sphagnum moss kept moist by a glass wick immersed in water from a bottle at the lower end was employed. The time and labor involved were so great that the experiments were discontinued.

Propagation by Grafting

Bench grafting of walnuts and hickories has been adequately described by Bernath (3), Hardy (8), Lounsberry (10), Slate (24), and others. This method has been tested on a commercial basis and apparently should be considered as one of the most efficient ways to produce nut trees quickly and cheaply in large quantities. Greenhouse and storage facilities are required and keen expert attention must be given the newly-made grafts to assure success.

Reports on top-working and field grafting are both numerous and voluminous. Morris (13), MacDaniels (11), Wilkinson (29), and others have demonstrated the value of cutting back the stock a week or more before setting the scion in order to avoid injury from excess flow of sap. Reed (17), Stoke (27), Morris (14), Shessler (21), Sitton (23), and others have described methods of preparing and setting scions in the stock. All writers agree that greater success is secured when dormant scions are set relatively late in the season. Becker (2) stated that greater success was secured when scions were set from time leaves were full-grown until catkins fell. Protection of the scion by waxes, paper bags, and shading has been advocated by Morris (14), MacDaniels (11), Shelton (20), Shessler (21), and others.

Propagation by Budding

The shield or T bud has not been considered suitable for thick-barked trees such as hickory and walnut due to the difficulty of preventing "air-pockets" beneath the bark. Shaving the edges of the bark at the side of the shield may eliminate this difficulty. Joley (9), reported variable success in shield budding of walnut in California. Patch budding, either by the annular method or with the Jones patch-budding tool was described by Reed (17), and is reported by Chase (6), Zarger (30), and others to be the most practical method of propagation with walnuts. Pecans and hickories are commonly patch-budded in summer in commercial nurseries. The thin-barked Chinese chestnut is usually budded by the shield-or T-bud method as reported by Hardy (8) and McKay (12).

Scion and Budstick Handling

Sitton (22) reported that two-year wood of black walnut was superior to either older or younger wood. MacDaniels (11) advocated the base of the scion to be in the two-year wood and the tip in the one-year wood.

Shelton (19) reported that scions could be kept moist until used by storing in a closed container with a small amount of sodium sulphate, commonly known as "Glauber's salt". The usual method of scion storage is to pack in moist but not wet peat or sphagnum moss and place in a refrigerator at about 35° F. Waxes and resins have been used successfully to prevent undue loss from the plant tissues while in storage.

Waxes and Dressings

Propagators seldom agree in their choice of a wax and wound dressing. In a series of carefully controlled tests, Sitton (23), found that a rosin and beeswax mixture with a filler gave results with pecans superior to the so-called "cold waxes" or asphalt emulsions. Paraffin and polyvinyl resin are often used for scion covering and to protect newly set buds. Shelton (20) has indicated certain qualities of a satisfactory wax.

The Rootstock Problem

In the Pacific Northwest Painter (16) stated that some Persian walnut varieties on _Juglans hindsi_ (the northern California black walnut) develop a fatal graft blight due to delayed incompatibility at about 20 years of age. This is the so-called black-line disease. McKay (12) found great differences in survival of buds of Chinese chestnut placed on five seedling strains and Hardy (8) suggested that more attention should be paid to the parental relationship of stock and scion in the chestnut. Weschcke (28) reported that black walnuts grafted on butternuts yielded poor crops and that bitternut was a satisfactory stock for shagbark varieties and shagbark hybrids. Smith (25) advocated shagbark stocks for shagbark varieties but found bitternut to be practically as good. Stoke (26), and Smith (25) found eastern black walnut to be the best stock for all walnut species, including heartnuts and butternuts.

Nursery Practices

Commercial nurseries have adopted various methods to discourage the normal tap-rooting habit of nut trees and stimulate lateral and fibrous root production. Planting seed over screen wire, undercutting the seedling each year in the nursery row, frequent transplanting, and root pruning are methods commonly used. Attention must be given to the production of an adequate root system to help the grafted tree withstand the shock of transplanting to its permanent location.

Summary

The chief obstacle to the large scale growing of selected nut varieties is the difficulty in propagation. Careful workers with a background of knowledge and experience and skilled in craftmanship are successful in a limited way. Quantity production is apparently dependent upon specialized facilities and efficient labor programs. The need for extensive rootstock research is keenly felt by growers of walnut, hickory and chestnut.

Literature Cited

1. Barton, Lela V.--Seedling Production in _Carya ovata_, _Juglans cinerea_, and _Juglans nigra_. Cont. Boyce Thompson Inst. _8_:1-5. 1936

2. Becker, Gilbert--Notes from Southwestern Michigan. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _28_:135. 1937

3. Bernath, Stephen--Propagating Nut Trees under Glass. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _37_:90. 1946

4. Chase, Spencer B.--Black Walnut Nursery Studies. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _37_:40-41. 1946

5. Chase, Spencer B.--Eastern Black Walnut Germination and Seedbed Studies. Jour. For. =45=:661-668. 1947

6. Chase, Spencer B.--Budding and Grafting Eastern Black Walnut. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. _38_:175-180. 1947

7. Gellatly, J. U.--Notes on Nuts and New Combinations of Old Principles. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _29_:115-120. 1938

8. Hardy, Max B.--The Propagation of Chinese Chestnuts. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _40_:121-126. 1949

9. Joley, Lloyd E.--Personal Correspondence. July, 1951

10. Lounsberry, C. C.--Bench Grafting of Black Walnuts. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _28_:60. 1937

11 MacDaniels, L. H.--Some Experiences in Nut Tree Grafting at Ithaca, New York. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _28_:52. 1937

12. McKay, J. W.--Results of a Chinese Chestnut Rootstock Experiment. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _38_:83-84. 1947

13. Morris, R. T.--Top Working Hickories--Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _11_:105. 1920

14. Morris, R. T.--Nut Growing. 1931. Macmillan, New York

15. O'Rourke, F. L.--Unpublished data. 1940-1945

16. Painter, John H.--Personal Correspondence. July-August, 1951

17. Reed, C. A.--Nut-Tree Propagation. U.S. Dept. of Agr. Farmers' Bul. 1501. 1926

18. Reed, C. A.--Seedling Chestnut Trees versus Grafted Varieties. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _32_:79. 1941

19. Shelton, E. M.--Glauber's Salt for Humidity Control in Scion Storage. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _28_:70-71 1937

20. Shelton, E. J.--A Laboratory Experience in Testing Wax Mixtures for Use in Plant Propagation. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _28_:72-75. 1937

21. Shessler, Sylvester--Grafting Walnuts in Ohio. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _39_:145. 1948

22. Sitton, B. G.--Vegetative Propagation of the Black Walnut. Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bul. 119. 1931

23. Sitton, B. G.--Pecan Grafting Methods and Waxes. U. S. Dept. Agr. Circ. 545. 1940

24. Slate, George L.--Grafting Walnuts in the Greenhouse. Rept. North Nut Grow. Assoc. _39_:146-147. 1948

25. Smith, Gilbert L.--Our Experience with Rootstocks. Rept. North Nut Grow. Assoc. _40_:62-64. 1949

26. Stoke, H. F.--Nut Nursery Notes--Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _34_:96. 1943

27. Stoke, H. G.--Grafting Methods Adapted to Nut Trees. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _37_:99-102. 1946

28. Weschcke, Carl--The Importance of Stock and Scion Relationship in Hickory and Walnut. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _39_:190-195. 1948

29. Wilkinson, J. F--Preparation of Stocks for Propagation. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _28_:65-66. 1937

30. Zarger, Thomas G.--Nut-testing, Propagation, and Planting Experience of 90 Black Walnut Selections. Rept. Nut Grow. Assoc. _36_:23-30. 1945

Nut Rootstock Material in Western Michigan

Harry P. Burgart, _Union City, Michigan_

It is only natural that those who propagate by budding and grafting are always hoping to find a rootstock that will accept their scions with the highest percentage of takes and impart vigorous growth to the scion variety. Sometimes in our eagerness to adopt a new rootstock we are likely to neglect a vital point, namely--Future Performance of the root-top combination we are about to use.

It would take years of observation in a test planting to prove whether or not a new rootstock material is safe to use. A rootstock can affect the tree it supports in various ways. Sometimes the rootstock will force to the top too much growth, which is likely to bring about unfruitfulness. In other cases, the rootstock may cause a dwarfing habit in the future tree, with the resulting top being a scant producer of nuts. Then there is the combination where rootstock and top vary too much in their growth rate, thus making an unsightly tree. The ideal rootstock is one that attains a diameter nearly equal to the diameter of its partner, and is capable of producing a moderate amount of top growth, together with the production of heavy crops of nuts. Such a rootstock should also accept buds or grafts readily, and be compatible with the scion throughout the life of the tree.

My first experience with rootstocks for grafting came about in 1926 when I was working at the J. F. Jones Nursery then at Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Mr. Jones used both bitternut and pecan seedling stocks for grafting shagbark hickories. Pecans and hicans were also grafted on hardy northern pecan seedlings, and Japanese walnut stocks were used for butternuts and heartnuts. Black and Persian walnut scions were set on eastern black walnut seedlings.

When I returned to Michigan I brought back enough of Mr. Jones' trees for a small test planting here at Union City. These trees were planted in a heavy quack grass sod and some were lost, but those surviving show good compatibility between the top and root.

In the intervening years I have made but slight changes in the rootstock material used in my own nursery. I do not approve of the performance of our butternut varieties on the Japanese walnut _root_, as it results in a weak and dwarfed tree. The use of butternut rootstocks is also unsatisfactory, for they tend to produce trees of low vitality that in a few years fall victim to blight and then perish. I tried our Michigan black walnut seedlings as a rootstock and found that they are very much better rootstock material. The growth at the union is about equal. Top growth is good, and the butternut tops bear early and heavily, with no signs of blight during the ten years I have had them under test.

After years of test I have decided to use the northern pecan seedlings as rootstocks for my shagbarks, pecans, and hicans because they are a fast growing stock tree. They accept the grafts readily, and make good unions more quickly than the bitternut stocks I have tried. Mr. Wilkinson, from whom I obtain my seed, has never failed to send me seed with good viability, just about every seed germinating. The northern pecan seedlings have shown no winter injury here in Southern Michigan during the 20 years I have watched them growing.

An example of the superiority of the black walnut over the Persian walnut as a rootstock is a seedling of the variety Wiltz Mayette growing near a Broadview grafted on black walnut. Both trees are the same age, but the Broadview on black walnut is just about twice the size of its own-rooted neighbor.

Hudson Valley Experience with Nut Tree Understocks

Gilbert L. Smith, _Millerton, N. Y._

This report is not based on any planned or well conducted experiments, but is based simply on our observations of results of our grafting work over the years since 1934.

Our first work was with hickories, so I will start with them.

Our first year's grafting was done in a plot of practically pure pignut stocks. This was the seven leaflet pignut, which I believe to be _Carya glabra_. I have never been sure of the identification of the two species of pignuts. We secured a fairly good percentage of living grafts, which grew well the first summer. The next spring all of the grafts failed to leaf out and later were found to be dead. A few grafts which were put on bitternut stocks (_Carya cordiformis_) grew well, and are still growing well after more than fifteen years. Several different varieties of shagbark hickory scions were used in this grafting.

The second year, we again grafted as many or more stocks in this same area. The results were exactly the same, except that we used some scions of Davis and Fox. (These varieties were brought to light through the contests of the previous winter). The grafts of Davis grew on pignut stocks, are still alive and doing fairly well. They have been bearing for several years, although the squirrels have stolen all of the nuts. Grafts of all other varieties which were on the pignut stocks died the next spring. One graft of Fox on mockernut lived and has continued to grow fairly well. That same year we started our test orchard of shagbark stocks (_Carya ovata_) in a different area. Grafts on these stocks have grown very well.

I believe that for some reason grafts of shagbark on pignut stocks cannot stand cold weather. Certainly, incompatibility is very marked.

Our experience with hickory stocks to date is as follows:

PIGNUT (_Carya glabra_ or possibly _Carya ovalis_). This species is worthless as a stock for shagbark, shellbark, and hybrids of these species. If nut growers have some pignut stocks growing where they especially wish to have some good hickory trees, they can graft them to Davis. We have also heard that Brooks will grow on pignut stocks.

MOCKERNUT (_Carya alba_). This species is also nearly worthless as a stock for shagbark, shell bark, and hybrids, although many more varieties will live on it than will on pignut stocks.

SHAGBARK (_Carya ovata_). This species makes the most dependable stock of any we have tried so far, for shagbark, shell bark, and the hybrids. Its greatest drawback is the long time it takes to grow seedlings to a size large enough to graft.

SHELLBARK (_Carya laciniosa_). We have never had an opportunity to use this species as a stock. I think that it would make a good one and possibly be faster growing than shagbark.

BITTERNUT (_Carya cordiformis_). We have found that this species makes a very satisfactory stock for shagbark and hybrid grafts. We have not tried shellbark on it, except Berger which grows well on it. Seedlings of this species are much faster growing than are shagbark seedlings, and thus are large enough to graft sooner. We have grafts growing on bitternut stocks since 1935, they are growing and producing well. We consider this species as good or nearly as good as shagbark as a stock.

We have received contrary reports from farther south. These may be due to stock being blamed for something they did not cause or it may be that bitternut stocks grown from seed of more southern origin may not be as good as our northern stock.[18]

PECAN (_Carya pecan_). Our experience with this species as a stock is very limited and has been confined to grafts of only one variety of shagbark (Wilcox). Results were very disappointing, but we have been told by others that it makes a good stock. It is much faster growing than is shagbark.

Walnut

In walnut grafting, we have found that the eastern black walnut stocks are so much superior to any others we have been able to find, that we have discarded all others.

BUTTERNUT (_Juglans cinerea_). We have found that it is much harder to secure living grafts on this stock than on black walnut. It also attracts butternut curculio to the nursery.

JAPANESE WALNUT (_Juglans sieboldiana_ and variety _cordiformis_). We have found that seedlings grown from either of these species are a great attraction to the butternut curculio. They are more difficult to secure living grafts on, and grafts on these stocks are very definitely less hardy than similar grafts on black walnut growing side by side. We have proved this repeatedly.

PERSIAN WALNUT (_Juglans regia_). We have never used this species as a stock, and in view of the fact that grafts of it grow so well on black walnut stocks, I can see no use in even trying it.

EASTERN BLACK WALNUT (_Juglans nigra_). As stated above, we have found this to be the ideal stock for all walnut grafting. It is more free from insects than any of the other walnuts. Grafts grow well on it and are more hardy than grafts on some of the others.

We have not had enough experience in grafting chestnuts and filberts even to offer any comment as to stocks for them.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 18: The planting location perhaps has more influence than the seed source. At any rate, the poorest growing pecan in the University of Illinois orchard is on a Wisconsin bitternut understock.--J. C. McD.]

The 1950 Persian Walnut Contest

Spencer B. Chase, _Contest Chairman, Tennessee Valley Authority, Norris, Tennessee_

The nationwide Persian Walnut Contest conducted by NNGA in 1950 attracted 33 entries from 11 states. The contest was judged by H. L. Crane, L. H. MacDaniels, and H. F. Stoke, assisted by S. B. Chase.

The entries were first evaluated independently by the judges. Then each judge made a second evaluation with the knowledge of the findings of the other two judges. The Chairman then arbitrated the differences of opinion among the three judges. This action amounted only to the placing of four entries after the first prize had been unanimously agreed upon.

The following table shows the results of the contest:

Results of 1950 Persian Walnut Contest ___________________________________________________________________________ Prize Entry Submitted By Nut Kernel Kernel Weight Weight Percentage =========================================================================== 1 030 Mrs. W. H. Metcalfe, 11.9 6.5 54.5 Webster, New York 2 011 (Hansen) S. Shessler, Genoa, Ohio 9.8 5.8 58.5 3 002 (McKinster) Roy McKinster, Columbus, Ohio 12.5 6.4 51.2 4 012 (Jacobs) S. Shessler, Genoa, Ohio 12.9 6.0 47.0 5 006 Lewis Weng, Dayton, Ohio 12.4 6.4 51.9

_Honorable Mention_
001 Mrs. Gale Harrison, 14.7 6.2 42.2
Pemberton, New Jersey
008 A. C. Orth, Dayton, Ohio 14.7 6.7 45.8
014 (Burtner) Fayette Etter, Lemasters, 10.4 4.6 44.4
Pennsylvania
016 (S-66) G. L. Smith, Millerton, 15.1 6.8 44.9
New York
025 P. F. Countryman, Ontario, 13.9 6.3 45.3

031 (Colby[19]) A. S. Colby, Urbana, Illinois 10.8 5.9 54.1
032 (S-M-9) Royal Oakes, Bluffs, Illinois 15.8 6.6 41.5
033 S. Elwell, Homer, Michigan 19.2 8.3 43.2

A brief history of the prize-winning trees follows:

_Entry 030:_ A Carpathian originally obtained through the Wisconsin Horticultural Society in 1936 (Rev. Crath's selections). In 1950 this tree was 14 years old, 22 feet high, with a trunk circumference of 23 inches. It has withstood 18 degrees below zero without damage. The tree began bearing a few nuts in 1947, 4 quarts in 1948; 1 peck in 1949; and 1/2 bushel in 1950.

_Entry 011:_ This is the Hansen variety which was given second place in the 1949 contest. The origin of this tree is uncertain. It is estimated to be 50 years old and 25 feet high. It has withstood 15 degrees below zero without damage. Just when this tree began bearing is unknown, but it produced 2 bushels in 1947; 3 pecks in 1948; 1 bushel in 1949; and 3 bushels in 1950.

_Entry 002:_ This is the McKinster variety which was judged the best entry in the 1949 contest. It is a Carpathian originally obtained through the Wisconsin Horticultural Society in 1939 (Rev. Crath's selections), and was 11 years old in 1950. It is 29 feet high with a circumference of 22 inches. It has withstood 17 degrees below zero without injury. This tree began bearing in 1943. In 1947 it produced 1/2 bushel; 1 bushel in 1948; 3 pecks in 1949; and 3 pecks in 1950.

_Entry 012:_ This is the Jacobs variety which placed third in the 1949 contest. The nut which produced this tree originally came from Germany some 70 years ago. It has withstood 15 degrees below zero without injury. This is a large tree which has been bearing since 1915. It produced 300 pounds in 1947; 100 pounds in 1948; 200 pounds in 1949; and 200 pounds in 1950.

_Entry 006:_ A Carpathian originally obtained through the Wisconsin Horticultural Society in 1936 (Rev. Crath's selections). In 1950 it was 14 years old, 25 feet high, with a circumference of 30 inches. It has withstood 10 degrees below zero without injury. This tree began bearing in 1949; in 1950 it produced 15 pounds of nuts.

It should be emphasized that this contest was based entirely on nut characteristics. In another year the placing of the same entries might be considerably different, because of seasonal variation. However, it is significant that the McKinster, Hansen, and Jacob varieties which were among the prize-winners in the 1949 contest were also among the prize-winners in 1950.

Contests such as this are valuable as a first step in the selection and development of improved varieties. The prize-winners and those given honorable mention are all very promising hardy Persian walnuts. The next step will be to test these selections to determine their adaptability to our varying conditions.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 19: Named since the close of the contest.--Ed.]

Colby, a Hardy Persian Walnut for the Central States

J. C. McDaniel, _Extension Horticulturist, University of Illinois_

When the Reverend Paul C. Crath of Toronto imported walnut seeds and scions from his native Ukraine region and adjacent areas of Poland in the 1920s, he started a chain of propagation and selection which promises to establish the Persian walnut (_Juglans regia_) as a commonly grown nut in southern Ontario and the north central states. The best of his importations, and seedlings from them, are fruiting in such states as Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois and Missouri, showing in many cases a degree of hardiness which must reverse the conclusion of an older generation of pomologists that Persian or "English" walnuts were too tender for successful cultivation in most of the middle west.

The time has now arrived when there are enough fruiting trees of the "Crath Carpathian" walnut seedlings in many states that comparisons can be made and the more promising ones named and disseminated for propagation. The nuts which the Reverend Mr. Crath imported in greatest quantity during the middle 1930s came from more than 100 different seedling trees selected in Poland. Their seedlings exhibit much variability in characters of trees and nuts. Some are much less hardy than others under our conditions. Not all are as large fruited as their seed parents (and some of the parent trees bore small nuts). Though many have smoother shells than Mayette or Franquette, there is also much variation in shape, thickness, and color of shells. Color and flavor of kernel vary from tree to tree. The season of nut maturity, though variable, is generally early enough in locations where the trees are winter hardy. The parents were selected for good filling of kernels, and this character generally has carried over to the seedlings fruited in America. As with other walnuts, some of the Carpathian seedlings are apparently more susceptible than others to fruit damage by the husk maggot. Walnut blight has infected them in some localities.

The COLBY Persian walnut, named in August 1951, and released to nut nurserymen for propagation early in 1952, is the best to date of thirteen Carpathian seedlings (each from a different parent tree) planted at the University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station from 1937 to 1939. It is the first Persian walnut variety to be named at this station.

The name, Colby, honors Dr. Arthur S. Colby of the Department of Horticulture at the University of Illinois, who has been in charge of nut investigations here since 1919. It was given to this variety, with his permission, by members of the Northern Nut Growers Association during their 42nd Annual Meeting, held at Urbana in August, 1951. Dr. Colby is a former president of the Northern Nut Growers Association.

Colby is a seedling of the tree designated as Crath No. 10. The seed was collected in 1934 from the parent tree near Cosseev, in the Carpathian mountain region of southern Poland as then constituted, planted in the nursery of S. H. Graham, Ithaca, New York, and the seedling transplanted to Urbana, Illinois at the age of two years. It has been fruiting annually here since 1942, with crops of up to 1-1/4 bushels in recent years. The accompanying cut shows nuts of the 1951 crop, a little less than 2/3 natural size. They are thin shelled, like the parent Crath No. 10, well filled with kernels of rich flavor, and are medium in size for varieties of this species.

The Colby tree is rather upright in growth, with strong branches, being the most vigorous among the four hardiest Carpathian seedlings at Urbana. It was one of two trees on which most catkins survived the winter of 1950-51, when temperatures at Urbana fell to -19° F. It is among the earliest Persian walnuts to start growth in spring, blossoming at Urbana normally in the first half of May. Flowering is protandrous (male flowers first) but with enough overlap of staminate and pistillate blossoms to secure a large degree of self-pollination from the abundant large catkins. Fruit set might be improved, however, by planting nearby another variety with later staminate catkins.[20] The nuts mature from the middle to the last of September and have not been seriously affected by walnut husk maggot or walnut blight at Urbana. The tree is relatively early in wood maturity, shedding its foliage usually before November, a characteristic shared by the other hardiest Carpathian seedlings in Illinois.

Prior to 1952, scions of the Colby walnut (previously designated Illinois No. 10) were propagated for test by top working on native eastern walnut (_Juglans nigra_) at two widely separated locations. It fruited in 1951 at Greensboro, North Carolina, where the early growth sometimes is injured by spring freezes. (This is common with Carpathian walnuts in the southeast.) It has survived three winters at Sabula, Iowa with no cold injury and made unusually vigorous growth there. At both Urbana and Sabula, it has been compared with Broadview Persian walnut, a British Columbia origination considered a hardy variety. Broadview has often suffered winter injury at both locations, and in 1950-51 was killed to the understock at Urbana.

The suggested test regions for the Colby Persian walnut include those with a climate similar to central Illinois, and where spring freezes are not generally a problem. The suggested understock is black walnut (_J. nigra_) though established hardy Carpathian and other Persian walnuts may be satisfactory for top working.

Additional wood for propagation of the Colby will be available in small quantities next August to nut nurserymen and other experiment stations. (Walnut scions cannot be sent from Illinois to California.) Trees of Colby should be available from several cooperating nurseries in the fall of 1953.--Reprinted from _Fruit Varieties and Horticultural Digest_, 6(4):72-75. 1952.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 20: According to U.S.D.A. workers in walnut breeding, pollen of other _Juglans_ species is not to be depended upon for securing a set of fruit on this species. Several hardy Persian varieties of good quality which have won awards in recent contests are being propagated but have not been grown at Urbana. These include the Lake, McKinster, and Metcalfe among others of Carpathian parentage, and two non-Carpathian varieties, Hansen and Jacobs, which have been fruitful in northwestern Ohio. Before one or more of these can be recommended as a pollinator for the Colby walnut, however it will be necessary to have them flowering in the same orchard for a period of several years.

Among the other Carpathian walnuts which have flowered in the orchard containing the original Colby tree, there is one very hardy seedling, R 5 T 27, which in 1951 and 1952 produced abundant pollen at the proper time to pollinate the Colby. Tree R 5 T 27 an open pollinated seedling of Crath No. 23, is protandrous, but later flowering than the Colby with respect to pistils as well as catkins, and consequently most of its pistillate flowers fail to set fruit in years like 1951 when there was no later Persian walnut pollen available. The R 5 T 27 tree produces an attractive, smooth shelled nut slightly smaller than that of Colby, not quite as sweet in flavor, and slightly earlier in maturity. Because of its hardiness and apparent value as a pollinator for Colby, propagating wood from this R 5 T 27 walnut tree will be available to experimenters, but we do not plan to name it at present.]

Resolutions

Mr. President and members of the Northern Nut Growers Association. The Northern Nut Growers' Association, assembled in its forty-second annual meeting here at Urbana, Illinois, on this the 29th day of August, 1951, desires to express its appreciation and thanks to Dr. George D. Stoddard, President of the University of Illinois, and to Dr. H. P. Rusk, Dean of the Agricultural College, to Dr. C. J. Birkeland, Dr. A. S. Colby, Professor J. C. McDaniel, and other members of the Department of Horticulture, as well as to other members of the staff of the University for the excellent accommodations provided for the entertainment of the members attending and for the meeting place provided, and to Mrs. A. S. Colby and other for their entertainment of the ladies and for the refreshments furnished. Therefore, be it resolved that the Secretary spread this resolution upon the minutes of the Association and send copies to President Stoddard, Dr. Birkeland, and Dr. and Mrs. A. S. Colby.

In the passing of Harry R. Weber, who was a nut culturist, one of the oldest members of the Association, and a past president, we have lost not only a real leader and worker in this Association, but also a very dear friend. This Association is greatly indebted to him and he has been deeply missed at this meeting. Therefore, be it resolved that the Secretary of this Association spread upon the record of this meeting this resolution and send a copy to Mrs. Weber

Signed, Members of Resolutions Committee
(s) H. L. Crane, _Chairman_
(s) F. L. O'Rourke
(s) Spencer Chase

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 19: Named since the close of the contest.--Ed.]

[Footnote 20: According to U.S.D.A. workers in walnut breeding, pollen of other _Juglans_ species is not to be depended upon for securing a set of fruit on this species. Several hardy Persian varieties of good quality which have won awards in recent contests are being propagated but have not been grown at Urbana. These include the Lake, McKinster, and Metcalfe among others of Carpathian parentage, and two non-Carpathian varieties, Hansen and Jacobs, which have been fruitful in northwestern Ohio. Before one or more of these can be recommended as a pollinator for the Colby walnut, however it will be necessary to have them flowering in the same orchard for a period of several years.

Among the other Carpathian walnuts which have flowered in the orchard containing the original Colby tree, there is one very hardy seedling, R 5 T 27, which in 1951 and 1952 produced abundant pollen at the proper time to pollinate the Colby. Tree R 5 T 27 an open pollinated seedling of Crath No. 23, is protandrous, but later flowering than the Colby with respect to pistils as well as catkins, and consequently most of its pistillate flowers fail to set fruit in years like 1951 when there was no later Persian walnut pollen available. The R 5 T 27 tree produces an attractive, smooth shelled nut slightly smaller than that of Colby, not quite as sweet in flavor, and slightly earlier in maturity. Because of its hardiness and apparent value as a pollinator for Colby, propagating wood from this R 5 T 27 walnut tree will be available to experimenters, but we do not plan to name it at present.]

Northern Nut Growers Association Membership List

As of July 29, 1952

* Life member
** Honorary member
§ Contributing member
*** Sustaining member

ALABAMA
East Alabama Nursery, Auburn, =Chestnut, pecan and persimmon nurserymen=
Hiles, Edward L., =Hiles Auto Repair Shop=, Loxley

ARKANSAS
Hale, A. C., Fairview School, Camden
Wade, Clifton, Forest Avenue, Fayetteville. =Attorney=
Wylie, W. D., Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
=Entomologist=

BELGIUM
Centrale Kas voor Landbouwkre, Diet van den Belgischen Boerenbond N. V.,
24 Minderbroedersstraat, Leuven
R. Vanderwaeren, Bierbeekstraat, 310, Korbeek-Lo.

CALIFORNIA
Andrew, Col. James W., Box 12, Hamilton A.F.B.
Armstrong Nurseries, 408 N. Euclid Avenue, Ontario
=General nurserymen, plant breeders=
Brand, George (See Nebraska)
Buck, Ernest Homer, Three Arch Bay, 16 N. Portola, South Laguna
Haig, Dr. Thomas R., 3021 Highland Avenue, Carlsbad, California
Fulcher, E. C., 5706 Fulcher Ave., North Hollywood
Jeffers, Harold N., Lt. CHC, USN, USS Dixie (AD14) c/o F.P.O., San
Francisco
Kemple, W. H., 216 W. Ralston Street, Ontario
Linwood Nursery, Route No. 2, Box 476, Turlock
Pentler, Dr. C. F., 806 Arguello Blvd., San Francisco 18.
=American Friends Service Committee=
Pozzi, P. H., 2875 S. Dutton Ave., Santa Rosa. =Brewery worker, farmer=
Serr, E. F., Agr. Experiment Station, Davis. =Associate Pomologist=
Stewart, Douglas N., 633 F Street, Davis
Sullivan, C. Edward, Garden Highway, Box 447, Yuba City
Welby, Harry S., 500 Buchanan Street, Taft. =Private and Corp. Hort.=

CANADA
Brown, Alger, Route 1, Harley, Ontario. =Farmer=
Collens, Adam H., 42 Seaton St., Toronto 2, Out.
* Crath, Rev. Paul C., Toronto, Ontario
English, H. A., Box 153, Duncan, B. C. =Farmer, fruit and nut grower=
Filman, O., Aldershot, Ontario. =Fruit and veg. grower=
Gage, James M., 76 Water St. E., Burlington, Ontario
Gellatly, J. U., Box 19, Westbank, B. C. =Plant breeder, fruit grower,
nurseryman=
Harrhy, Ivor H., Route 7, St. Thomas, Ont. =Fruitgrower and poultry=
Housser, Levi, Route 1, Beamsville, Ontario. =Fruit farmer=
Lefevre, H. E., 354 St. Catherine Street E., Montreal 18, Quebec
Lossing, Elgin, Norwich, Ontario
* Neilson, Mrs. Ellen, 5 Macdonald Avenue, Guelph, Ont.
Papple, Elton E., Route 1, Cainsville, Ont.
Porter, Gordon, 258 McKay Ave., Windsor, Ont. =Chemist=
Smith, E. A., Box 6, Sparta, Ont. =Farmer=
Snazelle, Robert, Forest Nursery, Route No. 5, Charlottetown, P. E. I.
=Nursery Supt.=
Trayling, E. J., 509 Richards St., Vancouver, B. C. =Jeweller=
Wagner, A. S., Delhi, Ont.

Walker, J. W., c/o McCarthy & McCarthy, 330 University Ave., Toronto 1,
Ont.
Wharton, H. W., Route No. 2, Guelph, Ont. =Farmer=
White, Peter, 30 Pear Ave., Toronto 5, Ont.
Willis, A. R., Route No. 1, Royal Oak, Vancouver Island, B. C.
=Accountant=
Woods, David M., 48 South Front St., West, Toronto, Ont.
=Vice President, Gordon McKay, Ltd.=
Young, A. L., Brooks, Alberta. =Dairy Farmer=

COLORADO
Forbes, J. E., Julesburg. =Banker=

CONNECTICUT
Daniels, the Honorable Paul C. See Ecuador
David, Alexander M., 480 So. Main Street, West Hartford
Deming, Benton H., Radio WTHT, Hartford
** Deming, Dr. W. C., Litchfield. =Dean of the Association=
Fruch, Alfred J., Route 2, West Cornwall
Graves, Dr. Arthur H., 255 S. Main St., Wallingford.
=Consulting Pathologist, Conn. Agr. Expt. Station, New Haven, Conn.=
Hapgood, Miss Dorothy A., 745 Farmington Avenue, Hartford
Henry, David, Blue Hills Farm, Route 2, Wallingford
* Huntington, A. M., Stanerigg Farms, Bethel. =Patron=
* Newmaker, Adolph, Route No. 1, Rockville
Pratt, George D., Jr., Bridgewater
Risko, Charles, City Tobacco & Candy Co., 25 Crescent Ave., Bridgeport 8
White, George E., Route No. 2, Andover. =Farmer=

DELAWARE
Brugmann, Elmer W., 108 Thomas Drive, Monroe Park, Wilmington.
=Chemical Engineer=
Logue, R. F., Gen. Mgr., Andelot, Inc., 2098 du Pont Bldg., Wilmington
Wilkins, Lewis, Route 1, Newark. =Fruit grower=

DENMARK
Carøe, Mr. J. F., "Meulenborg" Helsingør
Granjean, Mr. Julio, Hillerød
Knuth, Count F. M., Knuthenborg, Bandholm
Pers, Mr. Plantageejer E., Edelgaard, Vejstrup

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
American Potash Inst., Inc., 1102-16th St., N.W., Washington
Ford, Edwin L., 3634 Austin St., S.E., Washington
Kaan, Dr. Helen W. See Maryland
Reed, Mrs. Clarence A., 7309 Piney Branch Rd., N.W., Washington 12

ECUADOR, SOUTH AMERICA
Acosta Solis, Prof. M., Director del Departamento Forestal, Ministerio de
Economia, Quito. (Exchange.)
Daniels, The Honorable Paul C., American Ambassador, American Embassy,
Quito

ENGLAND
Baker, Richard St. Barbe, The Gate, Abbotsbury, Weymouth, Dorset.
(Founder, Men of the Trees.)
Commonwealth Bureau of Plant Genetics, School of Agriculture, Cambridge.
(Exchange.)
The Gardeners Chronicle, London. (Exchange.)

FLORIDA
Avant, C. A., 940 N.W. 10th Ave., Miami. =Real Estate, Loans.=
=(Pecan orchard in Ga.)=
Estill, Gertrude, 153 Navarre Dr., Miami Springs. (Summer address under
Mich.)

GEORGIA
Hardy, Max, Leeland Farms, P. O. Box 128, Leesburg. =Nurseryman, farmer=
Hunter, Dr. H. Reid, 561 Lake Shore Dr. N.E., Atlanta. =Teacher, nut
farmer=
Noland, S. C., Box 1747, Atlanta 1. =Owner, Skyland Farms=
Wilson, William J., North Anderson Ave., Fort Valley. Peach and pecan
grower

HAWAII
Keaau Orchard, John F. Cross, Manager, P.O. Box 1720, Hilo.
=Macadamia growers=

HOLLAND
Institute for Horticultural Plant Breeding. Herenstraat 25.
Wageningen. (Exchange)

HONG KONG
* Wang, P. W., c/o China Products Trading Corp., 6 Des Voeux Rd., Central

IDAHO
Dryden, Lynn, Peck. =Farmer=
Horn, Anton S., 920 N. 20th St., Boise. =Ext. Horticulturist=

ILLINOIS
Allbright, R. D., Allbright Nurseries, 4237 Western Avenue, Western
Springs
Allen, Theodore R., Delavan. =Farmer=
Anderson, Ralph W., R.F.D. 3, Morris
Andrew, Col. James W. (See California)
Anthony, A. B., Route No. 3, Sterling. =Apiarist=
Baber, Adin, Kansas
Barrow, J. M., P.O. Box 209, Urbana. =Architect, University teacher=
Best, R. B., Eldred. =Farmer=
Booth, Earl, R.F.D. 2, Carrollton
Blough, R. O., Route No. 3, Polo
Blyth, Colin R., Math. Dept., U. of I., Urbana. (Farm in northern
Ontario)
* Boll, Herschel L., 2 Hort. Field Lab., Univ. of Ill., Urbana. =Asst.
in Pomology=
Borchsenius, Wayne L., R.F.D. 2, Sheridan
Brock, Arthur S., 1733 North McVicker Ave., Chicago 39
Canterbury, C. E., Cantrall. =Seed Grower=
Churchill, Woodford M., 4323 Oakenwald Ave., Chicago 5
Colby, Dr. Arthur S., U. of Illinois, Urbana
Dahlberg, Albert A., D.D.S., 5756 Harper Ave., Chicago 37
Daum, Philip A., North Sixth St., Carrollton
Dietrich, Ernest, Route No. 2, Dundas. =Farmer=
Dintelman, L. F., State Street Road, Belleville
Douglass, T. J., 309-1/2 North St., Normal
Eigsti, Dr. O. J., Funk Bros. Seed Co., Bloomington. =Research Botanist=
Estill, Mrs. Harry, Power Farms, Cantrall
Fordtran, E. H. Route No. 2, Box 197-A, Palatine
Frey, Frank H., 2315 W. 108th Place, Chicago 43.
=Asst. to V. P., CRI & P RR.=
Frey, Mrs. Frank H., 2315 W. 108th Place, Chicago 43. =Housewife=
Fuller, Owen H., 1005 Oneida Street, Joliet
Gerardi, Louis, Route No. 1, Caseyville. =Nut and fruit nurseryman=
Glidden, Nansen, West Lincoln Highway, DeKalb
Grefe, Ben, Route No. 4, Box 22, Nashville. =Farmer=
Heberlein, Edwin W., Route No. 1, Box 72A, Roscoe
Hermerding, Ted, c/o Russell Miller Milling Company, Jerseyville
Hockenyos, G. L., 213 E. Jefferson St., Springfield. =Business man=
Jennings, Charles L., Box 321, Grayville
Jungk, Adolph E., Route No. 1, Jerseyville, Illinois
Kammarmeyer, Glenn, 1711 E. 67th St., Chicago 49
Knoeppel, J. A., Bluffs
Kreider, Ralph, Jr., Route No. 1, Hammond. =Farmer=
Langdoc, Mildred Jones (Mrs. Wesley W.) P. O. Box 136, Erie.
=Nursery, farm, housewife=
McDaniel, J. C., c/o Hort. Field Lab., U. of I., Urbana.
=Horticulturist. (Sec'y of Ass'n.)=
McDaniel, J. C., Jr., Urbana
Marsh, Mrs. W. V., Route 2, Aledo
Moeser, William W., Route 1, Belleville
Musgrave, Carl, 419 W. 61st Street, Chicago 21. =Machinist=
Newman, Roy, P. O. Box 51, Martinsville. =Orchardist=
Oakes, Royal, Bluffs (Scott County)
Pierson, Stuart E., Carrollton. =Bank President=
Pray, A. Lee, 502 N. Main St., LeRoy
Price, Harold G., Sr. (See Utah)
Reisch, Louis C., Route 4, Carrollton. =Farmer=
Robbins, W. J., 885 N. LaSalle St., Chicago 10. =Insurance=
Robertson, Virgil E., Virginia. =Retired farmer=
Schubert, Kenneth, Rt. 1, Millstadt
Sokolowski, F. W., M.D., 2503 Donald Ave., Alton
Sonnemann, W. F., Experimental Gardens, Vandalia. =Lawyer, farm operator=
Sparks, Maurice E., 1508 Ash, Lawrenceville
Spencer, H. Dwight, 275 W. Decatur St., Decatur. =Attorney=
Vortman, Elmer, Route 1, Bluffs
Wahle, Fred, Route 1, Fieldon
Warnecke, Martin H., 714 South First Avenue, Maywood
Whitford, A. M., Farina. =Nurseryman=
Zethmayr, Gordon, Route No. 1, Box 130, West Chicago

INDIANA
Aster Nut Products, Inc., George Oberman, Mgr., 1004 Main St., Evansville
Bauer, Paul J., 123 S. 29th St., Lafayette
Bolten, Ferd, Route 3, Linton. =Farmer, fruit grower.
(Carpathian walnut seeds.)=
Boyer, Clyde C., Nabb
Buckner, Dr. Doster, 421 W. Wayne St., Ft. Wayne 2.
=Physician and Surgeon=
Clark, C. M., C. M. Clark & Sons Nurseries, Route 2, Middletown
=Nurseryman, fruit farmer=
Cole, Charles W., Jr., Madison Rd., Rt. 6, Box 112A, South Bend
Coleman, Robert G., =Field Editor, The Indiana Farmer's Guide=,
Huntington
Cunningham, Earl E., 612 E. 4th Street, Anderson
Dooley, Kenneth R., Route No. 2, Marion. =Gardener=
Eagles, A. E., Eagles' Orchards, Wolcottville. =Walnut grower, apple
orchardist=
Eisterhold, Dr. John A., 220 Southwest Riverside Drive, Evansville 8.
=Medical Doctor=
Fateley, Nolan W., 26 Central Avenue, Franklin.
=Auditor and cashier. (Carpathian walnut seeds.)=
Glaser, Peter, Route No. 9, Box 328, Koering Road, Evansville
Grater, A. E., Route 2, Shipshewana
Harrell, Franklin M., Route 1, Griffith
§ Johnson, Hjalmar W., Rt. 4, Valparaiso. =V. P. Inland Steel Co.=
Kaufman, Ray, Route 4, Peru
Kodera, Shunzo, Goshen College, Goshen
Kyburz, Benjamin E., Route 1, Idaville
Neimeyer, Harry D., West Lebanon. =High school principal and farmer=
Newman, Jesse D., Jr., R. R. 2, Culver
Pape, Edw. W., Route 2, Marion
Prell, Carl F., 1414 E. Colfax Avenue, South Bend 17
Office: 821 J.M.S. Bldg., South Bend 1. =Treasurer of Ass'n.=
Reed, Frank, Daleville. =Toolmaker=
Richards, E. E., 2712 South Twyckenham Drive, South Bend.
=Studebaker Corp.=
Risko, A., Tioga Orchards, Monticello
Russell, A. M., Jr. 2721 Marine St., South Bend 14
Skinner Dr. Chas. H., Rt. 1, Thorntown
Sly, Miss Barbara, Route No. 3, Rockport
Sly, Donald R., Route 3, Rockport. =Nurseryman, nut tree propagator=
Wallick, Ford, Rt. 4, Peru
Ward, W. B., Horticulture Bldg., Purdue University, Lafayette.
=Ext. Horticulturist, Vegetables=
Westerhouse, George F., East Ohio Street, Monticello
Whitsel, Gilbert L., Jr., 515 S. 15th Street, Lafayette
Wichman, Robert P., Route No. 3, Washington. =General farming=
Wilkinson, J. F., Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport. =Nurseryman=

IOWA
Berhow, Seward, =Berhow Nurseries=, Huxley
Boice, R. H., Route No. 1, Nashua. =Farmer=
Carlson, R. J., M.D., 2025 College Street, Cedar Falls
Cole, Edward P., 419 Chestnut Street, Atlantic
Eads, Carroll, R.F.D., Miles. =Farmer=
Ferguson, Albert B., Center Point. =Nurseryman=
Ferris, Wayne, Hampton. =President of Earl Ferris Nursery=
Greig, John E., Box 157, Estherville
Huen, E. F., Eldora. =Farmer=
Inter-State Nurseries, Hamburg. =General nurserymen=
Iowa Fruit Growers Assn., c/o Sec'y, State House, Des Moines 19.
=Cooperative buying organization=
Kaser, Mrs. J. D., Winterset
Knowles, W. B., Box 476, Manly
Kyhl, Ira M., Box 236, Sabula. =Nut nurseryman, farmer, salesman=
Lysinger, Addison, Lamoni
Martzahn, Frank A., Route No. 1, Davenport. =Farmer=
McLeran, Harold F., Mt. Pleasant. =Lawyer=
Orr, J. Allen, 535 Frances Bldg., Sioux City 17
Rohrbacher, Dr. William, 811 East College Street, Iowa City. =Practice
of Medicine=
Schlagenbusch Brothers, Route No. 2, Fort Madison. =Farmers=
Snyder, D. C., Center Point. =Nurseryman, nuts and general.=
Snyder, Paul V., Kalona
Tolstead, W. L. See Nebraska
Wade, Miss Ida May, Route No. 3, LaPorte City. =Bookkeeper=
Welch, G. L., Mt. Arbor Nurseries, Shenandoah
White, Herbert, Box 264, Woodbine. =Rural Mail Carrier=
Williams, Wendell V., Route No. 1, Danville. =Farmer=

KANSAS
Baker, Fred C., Troy. =Entomologist=
Borst, Frank E., 1704 Shawnee Street, Leavenworth
Breidenthal, Willard J., Riverview State Bank, 7th and Central, Kansas
City 1. =Bank President=
Funk, M. D., 600 W Paramore Street, Topeka. =Pharmacist=
Gray, Dr. Clyde, 1045 Central Avenue, Horton. =Osteopathic Physician=
Harris, Ernest, Box 20, Wellsville. =Farmer=
Leavenworth Nurseries, Carl Holman, Proprietor, Route No. 3, Leavenworth.
=Nut nurseryman=
Mondero, John, Lansing
Stark, M. F., Hawthorne Place, Hiawatha. =Supt. City Schools=
Thielenhaus, W. F., Route No. 1, Buffalo. =Retired postal worker=
Underwood, Jay, Riverside Nursery, Uniontown
Wales, Max, 1534 MacVicar Street, Topeka

KENTUCKY
Alves, Robert H., 302 Clay St., Henderson
Armstrong, W. D., West Ky., Exp. Sta., Princeton. =Horticulturist=
Bray, Terrell, Bray Orchards, Bedford
Hopson, J. R., Route 2, Cadiz
Magill, W. W., Horticulture Dept., U. of Ky., Lexington
Miller, Julien C., 220 Sycamore Drive, Paducah
Moss, Dr. C. A., Williamsburg. =Bank President=
Rouse, Sterling, Route No. 1, Box 70, Florence. =Fruit grower,
nurseryman=
Shakelford, Thomas B., P. O. Box 31, Compton
Taliaferro, Philip, Box 85, Erlanger
Tatum, W. G., Route 4, Lebanon. =Commercial orchardist=
Usrey, Robert, Star Route, Mayfield
Walker, William W., Route No. 1, Dixie Highway, Florence
Widmer, Dr. Nelson D., Lebanon

LOUISIANA

Hammar, Dr. Harald E., USDA Chemical Lab., 606 Court House,
Shreveport 47. =Chemist=
Perrault, Mrs. Henry D., Route No. 1, Box 13, Natchitoches.
=Pecan grower=

MARYLAND

Case, Lynn B., Route 2, Box 208, Federalsburg
Crane, Dr. H. L., Bureau of Plant Industry Station, Beltsville.
=Principal Horticulturist, USDA.=
Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc., P. O. Box 743, Easton. =Chestnut growers=
Graff, George U., Harding Lane, Rt. 3, Rockville
Gravatt, Dr. G. F., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville.
=Research Forest Pathologist=
Hodgson, William C, Route No. 1, White Hall. =Farmer=
Kaan, Dr. Helen W., 8335 Grubb Road, Silver Spring. =Research Associate=
Kemp, Homer S., (Proprietor) Bountiful Ridge Nurseries, Princess Anne
McCollum, Blaine, White Hall. =Retired from Federal Government=
McKay, Dr. J. W., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville. =Government
Scientist=
* Negus, Mrs. Herbert, 5031-56th Ave., Roger Heights, Hyattsville
Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown. _Farm Owner_
Quill Farm, Barclay
Shamer, Dr. Maurice E., 3300 W. North Avenue, Baltimore 16. Physician

MASSACHUSETTS

Babbitt, Howard S., 221 Dawes Avenue, Pittsfield.
=Service station owner and part time farmer=
Bradbury, H. G., Hospital Point, Beverly
Brown, Daniel L., Esq., 60 State Street, Boston
Bump, Albert H., P. O. Box 275, Brewster
Davenport, S. Lothrop, 24 Creeper Hill Road, North Grafton.
=Farmer, fruit grower=
Faulkner, Luther W., R.F.D., Westford
Fitts, Walter H., 39 Baker St., Foxboro.
=General foreman, instrument company=
Ganz, Dr. Robert Norton, 262 Beacon St., Boston
Kendall, Henry P., Moose Hill Farm, Sharon
Kerr, Andrew, Lock Box 242, Barnstable
La Beau, Henry A., North Hoosic Road, Williamstown. =Stat. engineer=
Murphy, John D., 19 Boulevard Rd., Wellesley
Rice, Horace J., 5 Elm Street, Springfield. =Attorney=
* Russell, Mrs. Newton H., 12 Burnett Avenue, South Hadley
Stewart, O. W., 75 Milton Avenue, Hyde Park 36
Wellman, Sargent H., Esq., Windridge, Topsfield. =Lawyer=
Weston Nurseries, Inc., Weston
Wood, Miss Louise B., Pocassett, Cape Cod
Viera, Manuel, Main Street, Vineyard Haven

MICHIGAN

Andersen, Charles, Route No. 2, Box 326, Scottsville. =Nurseryman=
Barlow, Alfred L., 13079 Flanders Avenue, Detroit 5
=Sec'y of Mich. Nut Growers Assn.=
Becker, Gilbert, Climax
Boylan, P. B., Route No. 1, Cloverdale. =Homesteader=
Bumler, Malcolm R., 2500 Dickerson, Detroit 15. =Insurance trustee=
Burgart, Harry, Michigan Nut Nursery, Box 33, Union City. =Nurseryman=
Burgress, E. H., Burgess Seed & Plant Company, Galesburg
Burr, Redmond M., 320 S. 5th Avenue, Ann Arbor. =General Chairman, The
Order of Railroad Telegraphers, Pere Marquette District, C&O Ry. Co.=
Cook, Ernest A., M.D., c/o County Health Dept., Centerville
Corsan, H. H., Route No. 1, Hillsdale. =Nurseryman=
Dennison, Clare, 4224 Avery, Detroit 8
Drake, Virgil, Route No. 2, Bangor 2
Emerson, Ralph, 161 Cortland Avenue, Detroit 3
Estill, Miss Gertrude. (See under Florida, Summer Address: Route 4,
Box 762, Battle Creek)
Hackett, John C., 3321 Butterworth Rd., S.W., R. R. 5, Grand Rapids 6
Haesler, L. M., Route No. 4, Box 130, South Haven
Hagelshaw, W. J., Route No. 1, Box 394, Galesburg. =Grain farmer,
contractor=
Hay, Francis H., Ivanhoe Place, Lawrence. =Farmer=
Kennedy, Robert M., 45354 Deneweth Rd., Mt. Clemens
Korn, G. J., c/o Mrs. Arthur Howell, Onaway
Lee, Michael, P. O. Box 16, Milford
Lemke, Edwin W., 2432 Townsend Ave., Detroit 14. =Engineer, nut
orchardist=
McCarthy, Francis W., Box 392, Algonac
Miller, O. Louis, 417 N. Broadway, Cassopolis. =Forester=
O'Rourke, Prof. F. L., Hidden Lake Gardens, Tipton.
=Professor of ornamental horticulture, Mich. State College=
Pickles, Arthur W., 760 Elmwood Avenue, Jackson
Prushek, E., Route No. 3, Niles. =Plant breeding=
Ricky, Lowell L., 1009A Birch, East Lansing
Schmidt, Wilhelm G., 22037 Poinciana, Detroit 19. =Printer=
Sherman, L. Walter. See Ohio
Simons, Rev. R. E., Flat Rock
Somers, Lee, Route No. 1, Perrinton. =Farmer-nurseryman=
Sweet, Dale V., 530 South Capitol, Lansing
Tate, D. L., 959 Westchester St., Birmingham
Ullrey, L. E., 1209 Cambridge Drive, Kalamazoo 27
Wyman, Miles L., 40 North Street, Highland Park 3. =Certified Public
Accountant=

MINNESOTA
Dubbels, Charley, Elgin
Hodgson, R. E., Dept. of Agriculture, S. E. Experiment Station, Waseca
Hormel, Jay C., Austin
Wedge, Don, R.F.D. 2, Albert Lea. =Wedge Nursery=
Weschcke, Carl, 96 S. Wabasha St., St. Paul. =Proprietor Hazel Hills
Nursery Co.=

MISSISSIPPI
Gossard, A. C., U. S. Hort. Field Station, Route No. 6, Meridan.
=Associate Horticulturist, USDA=
Meyer, James R., Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville.
=Cytogeneticist (cotton)=

MISSOURI
Bauman, Ivan T., Bauman Brokerage Co., 4350 Taft Avenue, St. Louis
Biggs, Dutton, 248 Elm Avenue, Glendale 22
Degler, Roy H., 1305 Moreland Avenue, Jefferson City
Hay, Leander, Gilliam
Howe, John, Route No. 1, Box 4, Pacific
Huber, Frank J., Weingarten. =Farmer=
James, George, James Pecan Farms, Brunswick
Logan, George F., Oregon
Nicholson, John W., Ash Grove. =Farmer=
Ochs, C. Thurston, Box 291, Salem. =Foreman in garment factory=
Owens, LeRoy J., Willow Springs
Richterkessing, Ralph, Route No. 1, St. Charles. =Farmer=
Rose, Dr. D. K., 230 Linden, Clayton 5
Sims Fruit and Nursery Farms, Hannibal
Stark Bros. Nursery & Orchard Co., Attn. Mr. H. W. Guengerich, Louisiana
Stephens, A. F., G.M. & O.R.R., 721 Olive Street, St. Louis.
=Gen. Agr. Agt.=
Wuertz, H. J., Route No. 1, Pevely

NEBRASKA
Brand, George, Rt. 5, Lincoln
Caha, William, 350 W. 12th, Wahoo
Hess, Harvey W., The Arrowhead Gardens, Box 209, Hebron
Sherwood Jack, Nebraska City
Tolstead, W. L., Department of Botany, University of Nebraska, Lincoln

NEW HAMPSHIRE
Demarest, Charles S., Lyme Center
Lahti, Matthew, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro. =Investment banker=