Chapter VI: Part 6

Prof. Smith: What is the superiority of that over plain cleft grafting?

Mr. Jones: You can do better work and do it quicker. I have put in 1200 grafts in a day.

The Chairman: You don't mind this arch being left up?

Mr. Jones: That ought to go a little deeper, maybe, but it don't make much difference, so long as it is well waxed.

Prof. Smith: The paper bag protects the scion?

Mr Jones: Yes sir. The object is not to protect the scion so much as to keep it dry. You want to keep the scion dry until it gets sap from the stock to start it into growth.

Prof. Smith: Is it necessary that this should be waxed cloth?

Mr. Jones: No sir, we use paper ordinarily, of course we run wax over the paper in waxing the scion and then the paper is as good as cloth.

Col. Sober: Do you find it apt to curl up in windy days--the paper? I tried that and had all kinds of trouble until I got on to the tape.

Mr. Jones: We don't try to tie with the paper; the paper is only to let the surplus moisture or sap out.

A Member: Does this tend to hold that in or is it all held in by the patch there?

Mr. Jones: This doesn't really need any tying, as it is large.

The Chairman: Would you carry the patch around to the other side?

Mr. Jones: No sir, just fill it up with wax.

The Chairman: And the juice runs out of there and will escape anyway.

Mr. Jones: Yes sir.

A Member: Do you wax in addition to the paper you put on?

Mr. Jones: We don't wax the scion all over. We used to take hot wax and run a thin layer over the whole scion, but we quit that and used the bag, because if you wax over a scion tight and it happens to have sufficient moisture, it will start growth with that moisture before it makes the union.

Prof. Smith: Do you wax the tip end?

Mr. Jones: Yes sir.

Prof. Smith: Do you wax this in here?

Mr. Jones: Yes sir; we fill that over with liquid wax. It is possible to have your wax too hot, and burn the scion.

Prof. Smith: Have you found that all the species of hickory take grafts with equal ease?

Mr. Jones: We grafted some here last spring that started very nicely and then died. I don't know whether it was in the hickory stock or whether they were robbed by the sprouts; we didn't pull off any sprouts. There's a whole lot of things we don't know about grafting yet, but will know more in time.

The Chairman: How about using scion wood more than one year old?

Mr. Jones: We prefer two or three year old wood for the scion. We have coming now, 3,000 walnut scions from California and they are all to be two and three years old. I have put in rows of 100 with large two year scions and you could count 100 and not find one dead among them and some of the scions were almost as big as my wrist. It's a job to cut them. You see that scion, being large, has enough vitality to hold it until it can make a union.

A Member: You want one bud on this?

Mr. Jones: We generally have two buds.

A Member: Do you use the same method on the Persian walnut?

Mr. Jones: Yes sir; we got a little stingy one year and cut these all to one bud and hardly got any out of them. You've got to have wood enough to hold the scions dormant; of course there may be one or more buds on the scion.

The Chairman: And got to have food enough in them.

Mr. Jones: Yes sir. Col. Sober grafts chestnuts that way, but I have never been able to graft pecans and walnuts with very short scions.

The Chairman: I have caught chestnuts with one bud, but most of the nut trees want more food and you've got to have a lot in the scion.

Prof. Smith: Have you used that with pecans in the North?

Mr. Jones: Yes sir, this will be our method of propagation.

After Mr. Jones had given further illustrations of the process of grafting, the convention adjourned.

SOME PERSIAN WALNUT OBSERVATIONS, EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS FOR 1912

E. R. LAKE, WASHINGTON, D. C.

The Arlington work for 1912 in the propagation of the Persian walnut consisted in top-grafting three and four year old nursery stock by several methods, as ordinary cleft, side cleft, bark cleft, prong, whip and modified forms of these. For wrapping we tried bicycle tape, waxed cord and cloth, with wax and plasticine for covering.

The work was done during the latter part of April and first part of May. The stocks averaged from 3/4 to 1-1/4 inches diameter, and were cut off from 16 to 30 inches above the surface of the ground. In a few cases bark grafting by modified whip form was performed upon the branches at a height of about 4 feet.

Later in the season from June 12th to August 25th buds were placed by varying methods. In the earlier instances the buds were taken from left-over grafting stock. Of the scion wood received last year all the wood from Eastern growers was frost bitten and wholly failed to take with one or two exceptions.

The Pacific Coast wood was received in excellent condition and operations with it were gratifying, especially with the ordinary cleft graft, and patch bud.

Next year's work in grafting will be confined to the cleft, and the bark-whip processes. This latter is very simple and under careful treatment promises to be a convenient and successful process.

In the budding operations we resorted to a number of methods largely for the benefit of the information obtained from the practice, and not so much for the returns in propagated trees.

However, for 1913 in the work of propagating for stock results we shall confine our practice to the patch method, though we may find from later tests that the hinge method so favorably looked upon by Oregon is better suited to the work.

Various experiments with tying material were tried. Raffia, cotton cord, waxed cloth and bicycle tape were used. The raffia and cord gave best results. A tight tie is needed.

June-budding from the left-over graft-wood gave a very low percentage of "takes." Most of the buds appeared to be drowned. Buds from the current year's growth inserted from early to middle of August are at present apparently in good dormant condition.

Some July buds from the left-over graft-wood placed in the younger branches of a twelve year old American black took well and made from three to six inches growth. The branches were cut back as soon as the buds appeared to be set, a course that would not be advocated if one were doing the work for re-topping. The young wood from these buds is delicate and soft and in order to insure their living through the winter, so far as our efforts may avail, they have been enclosed in strong paper bags. In our budding and grafting operations we had no success with the Japanese or Chinese stocks. We expect to try them further as their rapid growth makes them much to be desired if a permanent union can be effected. So far as we have been able to learn from the southern propagators who have worked along this line, no difficulty has been encountered in effecting a short-life union,--four to six years on an average, though a few have kept alive for twelve years.

The growth of the successful grafts has been very variable. In several instances in which both scions upon a stock grew, the growth was from two to three feet. In other cases the young wood was scarcely a foot long.

The fact that the stocks and scion-wood varied widely in size and vigor and the further fact that the scions were from several varieties of western stock are quite sufficient causes for no uniform results in this respect.

The wood of all successful grafts appears to be in excellent condition for the winter season and we are looking forward to an interesting further growth of these next year, though the trees have just been transplanted. In order to doubly insure ourselves against loss of the varieties now growing one half, or even more in a few instances, of the young wood has been removed and placed in a cold room so that further grafting or budding of these varieties may be made next year.

Nursery trees of the Franquette, Pomeroy, Parisienne and unidentified others, on their own roots are making a pitiable effort at successful growth, while all wood on the black stock is making excellent growth.

In one instance the wood of Mayquette a cross between Mayette and Franquette formed two nutlets. Lack of pollen was all that prevented the fruiting of one-year-old grafted trees. A splendid point for the unit orchard booster, but a point of no value to the real walnut grower.

CROSS FERTILIZATION

Owing to the very vigorous weather of the past winter the catkins on the older Persians at Arlington Farm were killed. In order to study the conduct and product of these trees we sought pollen elsewhere to fertilize their liberal display of pistils. We were successful in obtaining some from the trees of Messrs. Killen and Rosa, and Miss Lea, but though this and some pollen of black, butternut and the Japanese was used no pollenation was successful.

In the case of sieboldiana, however, we succeeded in securing what appears to be fruit of certain definite cross-fertilization, as sieboldiana x nigra; sieboldiana x cinerea and possibly sieboldiana x regia.

Only in one instance did the nuts appear to have other than the usual characters of sieboldiana.

The nuts of the cinerea cross were longer, more tubular and somewhat deeper furrowed and darker.

Unfortunately some conflicting results in the fruiting of the sieboldiana places the possible cross-fruits under a cloud.

A peculiarity of the blossoming of the sieboldiana at Arlington this year was that the stamens and pistils of an individual tree opened at dates of six to ten days apart, and with the tree used for crossing the catkins were all off before the pistils opened. As no two trees are near together, perhaps two to three hundred feet being the closest, natural cross-pollenating was not expected. However, after the cross-pollenations by hand were made and fruits set, and even matured, it was found that some clusters had from one to three more nuts than were hand treated. Many of the clusters had less nuts than the number of pistils treated, which was to be expected.

But how to account for the extra sets is a problem not clear for it is possible that pollenation might have occurred in one of two ways--by stray pollen grains from the hand operations by wind-carried grains from the trees. In any event only the fruiting of the trees from the nuts under consideration will settle it, and as these have been planted we are on the way to the solution.

THE INDIANA PECANS

R. L. MCCOY, INDIANA

The pecan is probably the best nut that grows. It belongs to the hickory family which is indigenous to North America. Since water is its natural distributing agent it is most generally found growing intermixed with the large hickory nut or shagbark in creek and river bottoms. While the hickory is hardy enough to thrive even into the Canadian provinces the pecan is not so hardy and is seldom found in the northern tier of states. It thrives well as far north as the northern boundary of Illinois. The writer has seen a transplanted tree in bearing in Branch County, Michigan, and native trees along the Mississippi River near the mouth of the Wisconsin.

The nuts in the extreme northern limit are not much larger than a hazel nut. But the nuts that grow in Indiana and Illinois from the Ohio River on the south to Rock Island on the northwest and Lafayette on the northeast are much larger. Here are found many superior nuts worthy of propagation. In fact, the writer has before him a great many nuts of named and un-named varieties which he and Mr. Littlepage and others have discovered in their search for worthy nuts in the native pecan woods. There are many thousand acres of these groves on the Ohio, Green, Wabash and Illinois rivers where many trees are found which bear nuts as large as some of the varieties which are being propagated in the Gulf Coast country.

The nuts of the Evansville group are especially noted for their fine flavor. The people of this section will not eat southern pecans if they can get native nuts. This year several carloads of these native wild nuts will be shipped to the Cleveland, Boston, and New York markets. While the finer nuts seldom get into the markets at all but are bought by wealthy men in the locality where they grow. Many men buy from a special tree year after year--its flavor suiting their taste.

The yield from some of these larger trees (and there are many of them four feet in diameter and some as large as nineteen feet four inches in circumference at shoulder height) is very good. The writer has seen a number in the last few days which were estimated to have from four to six hundred pounds, the most of the crop having not yet been gathered. He knows of one tree which bore (17) seventeen bushels and Mr. Louis Huber of Shawneetown gathered 718 pounds from another tree. Two hundred and eighty-five pounds of nuts were gathered and weighted from the Luce tree. These nuts were gathered green for fear of their being stolen and it was estimated that fifteen pounds were left on the tree. Also that the hail storm in early September destroyed fifty (50) pounds more. Hence the Luce bore approximately eight bushels. The Kentucky tree had four and one-half bushels by measurement. The Warrick tree had, the best we can estimate, about 150 pounds. The Grayville, or Posey as Mr. Littlepage wishes to call it, bore at least two hundred pounds by weight. One hundred and sixty pounds were gathered from the Major and two hundred and fifty pounds from the Green River tree. We do not think the Hinton bore to exceed two pounds of nuts. We do not know the amount of nuts gathered from the Indiana and the Busseron trees. The Buttrick tree had some three or four bushels of nuts this year but as a dredge ditch was recently constructed by it, destroying half of its root system, it did not mature its crop. This tree has been in bearing since 1817 and it has not been known to miss a crop previous to this year.

In our search for nuts worthy of being propagated we have found several nuts as yet un-named that are in our opinion much superior to any northern nut that has been brought to public notice. But as we know little of their bearing record and do not wish to burden the nurserymen with too many varieties we will keep these trees under observation for a year or two before naming them.

We have been trying to propagate some of the best varieties at our nursery for about three years. Our first attempt was root-grafting in which our success varied from 15 per cent to 75 per cent under the best conditions. We found after some experience that it was not difficult to root-graft. But last winter, 1911-12, was the coldest winter for some years, the thermometer registering as low as 20 degrees below. Most of our root-grafts were killed back to the ground but few if any of them were killed outright. When spring came they started new growth and are now about four feet high. The fall of 1911 was very warm and wet and they were in vigorous growth until the first week in November when we had a hard freeze which killed the wheat, causing the worst failure in that crop ever known in this section. The winter then following being very cold we had two conditions against spring root-grafted pecans. But we failed to see any budded ones that were injured. However, we only had pecans budded to hickory which was done by Mr. Paul White in May, 1911 and, so far as we know, this was the first hickory top-worked to pecan in Indiana. However, he now has quite a number top-worked last spring that have made a growth of three or four feet. We also have both budded and root-grafted pecans from last spring and summer so that in the spring we will have a better opportunity to see what effect the winter will have on them.

So far as we are able to determine from our observation of a few orchards all pecan trees bought from southern nurserymen and planted in this section have either died out or made very feeble growth. Although some large Texas nuts have been planted here and grown, yet they have either not fruited at all or the nuts have proved no better than our native nuts.

The northern pecan timber is not brash like the southern pecan but is very elastic and tough. An axe-handle made from northern pecan sells for ten cents more than one made from hickory and pecan timber is much sought after by axe-handle makers.

The people in this section have in the last few years awakened to the fact that their swamps studded with pecan trees are about the most valuable lands they possess and many are the inquiries: "Where can we get good budded or grafted pecans?"

The idea of propagating the northern pecan is of very recent origin and while the few attempts at propagation have not as yet met with any very great success, yet we are hoping that the time will be when many acres of our lands shall be set in valuable pecan orchards and our highways lined with long rows of fine pecans, chestnuts, and English walnuts which shall serve the three-fold purpose of beautifying Mother Earth, yielding delicious food, and furnishing a place of rest for the weary traveler.

APPENDIX

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND TREASURER

Bal. on hand, date of last report $ 48.73
Annual dues and life membership 178.00
Advertisements in Annual Report 25.00
Sale of report 18.00
Dr. Crocker, paid for list of names 2.00
Prof. Collins, paid for reprints 8.00
________

Total receipts $279.73

Expenses:

Expenses of Prof. Collins $ 20.85
Printing report and reprints 195.16
Other printing 38.00
Postage 35.75
Typewriting 16.24
Stationery 4.50
Miscellaneous 14.30
_______

Total expenses $324.80

Bill receivable 1.00
Bill payable 22.00
_______ _______
$346.80 $280.73
Deficit $66.07

Our first annual report, embodying the transactions at the first
and second annual meetings, was issued in May, and copies were sent
to all members, to the principal libraries of the country, to
officials of the Agricultural Department at Washington, and to some
state agricultural officials, to several agricultural and other
periodicals for notice and review, and to various persons
especially interested. Eighteen copies have been sold.

About 1,000 copies of each of the two circulars, "Why Nut Culture
is Important" and "The Northern Nut Growers Association and Why You
Should Join It", have been sent to members and correspondents, and
also revised circulars on the literature of nut growing and on
seedsmen and nurserymen.

An illustrated article about nut growing and the association
appeared in the Literary Digest and many agricultural and other
periodicals have had notices of our association and our meeting.

* * * * *

Besides the regular notices sent to members and papers, different
notices and brief statements about nut growing, were sent weekly
for five weeks before the meeting to 80 different newspapers
published in the country about Lancaster in the hope of getting a
good local attendance. The Pennsylvania Chestnut Blight Commission
assisted in this publicity campaign by sending postal card notices
to about a hundred persons in the eastern part of Pennsylvania who
were known to have from a few to thousands of cultivated chestnut
trees.

The secretary's correspondence has increased so as to become, if it
were not for enthusiasm, burdensome. Often several inquiries a day
are received and they come from all parts of the United States and
Canada.

The following figures are brought up to date of going to press.

Our membership has nearly doubled since the last report was issued,
increasing from 60 to 113. We have lost 1 member by death and 2 by
resignation. Our present membership standing at 110.

We have members in 27 states, the District of Columbia, Panama, and
Canada. New York heads the list with 37 members and Pennsylvania
comes next with 12.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS

READ BY PROFESSOR SMITH

RESOLVED:

1. That we extend our thanks to the Mayor and citizens of Lancaster for the welcome and entertainment they have afforded us while here and for the excellent auditorium they have placed at our disposal.

2. That we extend our thanks to Messrs. Rush and Jones and their entertainment committee.

3. That we extend our thanks to the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission for the attendance of their representatives. We note with keen interest their expressions of hope for the control of this cyclopean menace.

4. That we express our deep appreciation of the great interest and valuable services of Dr. Morris, the retiring President, and Dr. Deming, the Secretary and Treasurer, two officers to whose untiring efforts this Association is largely due.

5. That we express the thanks of the Association to those members and others who have enriched this meeting by their interesting exhibits.

6. That the following letter be sent from this Association to the,--

Secretary of Agriculture,
Persons in authority in the United States Bureau of Plant Industry,
The Presidents of Agricultural Colleges,
The Directors of Agricultural Experiment Stations,
And leading Teachers in Agriculture Colleges.

The Northern Nut Growers' Association, by resolution passed at its third annual meeting, held at Lancaster, Pa., in December 1912, calls your attention to the importance of, and need for, the breeding of new types of crop yielding trees. We now have the possibility of a new, but as yet little developed, agriculture which may (A) nearly double our food supply and also (B) serve as the greatest factor in the conservation of our resources.

(A) Our agriculture at the present time depends chiefly upon the grains which were improved by selection in pre-historic times, because they were annuals and quick yielders. The heavy yielding plants, the engines of nature, are the trees, which have in most cases remained unimproved and largely unused until the present time because of the slowness of their generations and the absence of knowledge concerning plant breeding.

We now know something about plant breeding, and its possibilities as applied to the crop yielding trees seem to be enormous. They certainly warrant immediate and widespread effort at plant breeding. A member of this Association has shown that the chinquapin can be crossed with the oak; that all the walnuts freely hybridize with each other and with the open bud hickories, a class which includes the toothsome and profitable pecan. There is in California a tree which is considered to be a cross between the native walnut and the live oak. The Mendelian Law in connection with past achievements in plant breeding, and the experiments of Loeb in crossing the sea urchin and the star fish are profoundly suggestive.

The possibilities of plant breeding as applied to crop yielding trees seem to be enormous. They certainly warrant immediate and widespread effort toward the creation of useful strains which may become the basis of a new agriculture yielding food for both man and the domestic animals.

(B) The time for constructive conservation has come. Our most vital resource is the soil. It is possibly the only resource for which there is no substitute. Its destruction is the most irreparable waste. So long as the earth remains in place the burnt forest may return and the exhausted field may be restored by scientific agriculture. But once the gully removes this soil, it is the end so far as our civilization is concerned--forest, field and food are impossible and even water power is greatly impaired. Our present system of agriculture, depending upon the grains, demands the plowing of hillsides and the hillsides wash away. This present dependence upon the plow means that one-third of our soil resources is used only for forest, one-third is being injured by hillside erosion, and only one-third, the levelest, is being properly used for plow crops.

The present alternative of Forestry for hillsides is often impossible because the yields are too meagre. Almost any land that can produce a forest, and much that has been considered too dry for forest, can produce an annual harvest of value to man or his animals when we have devoted sufficient attention to the breeding of walnuts, chestnuts, pecans, shellbarks, acorn yielding oaks, beech nuts, pine nuts, hazel nuts, almonds, honey locust, mesquite, screw bean, carob, mulberry, persimmon, pawpaw, and many other fruit and nut trees of this and other lands.

The slowness and expense of the process of plant introduction and tree breeding limits this work to a few individuals with patience and scientific tastes and to governmental and other institutions of a permanent nature. The United States Government and each state experiment station should push this work vigorously and we appeal to you to use your influence in that direction. You may find material of interest in our published proceedings and in the Fruit and Nut Journal, the organ of the industry, published at Petersburg, Virginia.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE

ON THE DEATH OF PROFESSOR JOHN CRAIG

Read by Dr. Morris

"The Northern Nut Growers' Association suffered very great loss in the death of Professor John Craig, at Siasconset, Massachusetts, on August 10, 1912.

"Professor Craig, from his many responsible positions in the horticultural world, had acquired a wealth of information which was always at the disposal of his friends and students. His training as a teacher gave such facility in expression of view, that his part in our discussions inspired the audience and called forth the best that others had to offer.

"His type of mind was essentially scientific, and combined with this type of mind there was a rare quality of critical faculty in relation to the relative practical values of horticultural ideas and methods. His interest in the Northern Nut Growers Association belonged to a natural fondness for everything that promised new development, and he established at Cornell University the first course in nuciculture,--so far as we are aware,--that has ever been formulated at an educational institution.

"The personality of Professor Craig, characteristic of that of the scientist, was marked by simplicity and directness of manner, impatience with error due to carelessness or intent, but unlimited benign tolerance of all men who honestly expressed views opposing his own or who made conscientious mistakes. Professor Craig possessed that broad humanity which found quite as large interest in his fellow man as it found in his special study of plants, and his charming personality, strong manly bearing, scholarship, and active interest in whatever engaged his attention at all, will be ever remembered by those of us who had the pleasure and the profit of his acquaintance."

Mr. Littlepage: I would just like to say, in connection with the very appropriate and excellent words which the President used in reference to Prof. Craig, that it certainly meets the most hearty approval of all of us who knew Prof. Craig, that this association go on record in this manner. At the first meeting that was held, by the few of us who met in Bronx Park Museum at New York, to start this organization, you will remember the enthusiasm and the words of encouragement that Prof. Craig gave us at that time. He was there among the first and there was always intermingled with the scientific phase of the subjects that he discussed, the practical, genial good fellowship that made everyone like him; and after all, it is but proper that we stop for a moment and express our deep appreciation. In this life of turmoil and business hustle, I think that we sometimes do not quite realize the shortness of life, the shortness of the time that we have to accomplish any of those things in which we are interested; and it is the men who are giving their time to these scientific subjects, the results of which will inure to all humanity, who are certainly entitled to consideration and a kindly remembrance. That is why it was that I heard with such gratification the words of the President about Prof. Craig.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON EXHIBITS

Read by Professor Hutt

By J. G. Rush, West Willow, Pa.

Persian walnuts, four varieties: Hall, Burlington, Nebo, Rush;
plate of mixed, imported varieties; Seedling walnuts, Paradox
walnut, black walnuts and rupestris, (Texas); two plates
Chinquapins; chestnuts, Giant Japanese; shellbarks: LaFeuore, very
good, large, Weiker, fair; two seedlings: Paradise nut; two plates
filberts; Lancaster Co. pecans; budding knives.

By Wilmer P. Hooper, Forest Hill, Md.

Seedling Persian Walnut; Sir Clair; tree probably fifty years old,
vigorous, hardy, annual bearer. On farms of L. J. Onion,
Cooperstown, Md. P. O. Sharon, Md. 1911 crop one bushel; 1912 crop
one and one half bushels.

Alexis; tree twenty-eight years old; vigorous, hardy, annual
bearer, flavor good. Farm of Alexis Smith, Churchville, Md. Crop
1911 one bushel; crop 1912 one bushel.

Sheffield; tree six years old; bought of Hoopes Brothers & Thomas;
hardy, vigorous; 6 to 18 feet high; on farm of Mrs. S. T. Poleet,
Cooperton, Md., P. O. Sharon, Md.

Smith; tree forty to forty-five years old; large, hardy; on farm of
J. T. Smith, Berkeley, Md.

Beder; fifty to fifty-five years old; large, annual bearer; grown
from nut on farm of David Hildt, Janettsville, Md.

Hooker; tree twenty-two years old; origin Franklin Davis; vigorous,
hardy, annual bearer, hard shell, fine butternut flavor; from farm
of Mrs. Kate Hooker, Vale, Md.

By Mr. Knaub.

Shellbarks, five varieties: three black walnuts, two butternuts;
one chestnut.

By Mrs. J. L. Lovett, Emilie, Pa.

Six varieties of Persian walnuts.

By E. B. Holden, Hilton, N. Y.

Holden walnut.

Stock Seed Nuts from J. M. Thorborn & Co., 33 Barclay St., New York City.

Juglans Californica, Juglans cordiformis, Juglans Sieboldi, Juglans
nigra, Juglans cinerea, Juglans sinensis, Carya alba (shellbark),
Carya porcina (pignut), Carya tomentosa (mockernut), Carya sulcata,
Corylus rostrata, Corylus amara, Castanea Americana.

By E. A. Riehl, Alton, Ill.

A plate of Rochester nuts and thirty seedlings of it, showing
tendency to reversion; eight varieties of shagbark; eight varieties
of shellbark; eight plates of Sieboldi; eight plates black walnuts
(Thomas); Rush Chinquapin.

Collection of walnuts by Professor Lake, of Washington, D. C.

Royal Hybrid, California x nigra; Paradox, California x regia;
Meylan, Glady, Sypherd, Stabler, Milbank, St. Clair.

By A. C. Pomeroy, Lockport, N. Y.

Pomeroy walnuts and seedlings of the original tree.

By T. P. Littlepage, Washington, D. C.

Indiana pecans, six varieties: Warwick, Posey, Major, Kentucky,
Indiana, Hodge; Hinton, McCallister hican, Barnes walnut from
Washington, D. C., four varieties shagbark.

By W. C. Reed, Vincennes, Ind.

Indiana pecans, thirteen varieties: Luce, Beard, Busseron, Porter,
Squires, Kentucky, Hall, Sullivan (2), Warwick, Indiana, Wilson.

By Col. C. K. Sober, Lewisburg, Pa.

Photograph of his chestnut orchard and nursery.

By C. A. Reed, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Exhibition jars of Holden walnut, Warwick pecan, Kentucky pecan,
Luce pecan, Hales shagbark, Kirtland shagbark, Weiker shagbark.
Exhibition of Squirrel, Perfection and Great Grip nut crackers;
White, Jones and Galbreath budding tools.

By Arrowfield Nurseries, Petersburg, Va.

Seedling pecan trees.

THE HICKORY BARK BORER

That our correspondence with the New York State Commissioner of Agriculture, as published in the annual report, has borne fruit is shown by the calling of a conference at the office of the Commissioner at Albany on February 24th, "to consider methods of control of the hickory bark borer".

Among those present were the following:

Frederick Allien, representing Riverdale Park Association.

H. W. Merkel, Forester, New York Zoological Park; representing Bronx,
Valley Parkway Commission.

Dr. W. A. Murrill, Acting Director, New York Botanical Garden.

J. J. Levison, Forester, Department of Parks, Brooklyn.

Wesley B. Leach, Consulting Arboriculturist, Boro of Queens.

Clifford R. Pettis, Superintendent of State Forests, Albany.

Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomologist, Albany.

Dr. W. C. Deming, Sec., Northern Nut Growers' Ass'n, Westchester.

George G. Atwood, Chief, Bureau of Horticulture, State Dept. of
Agriculture, Albany.

B. D. Van Buren, Assistant Chief.

Dr. W. H. Jordan, Director, State Experiment Station, Geneva.

George L. Barrus, Conservation Commission, Albany.

S. H. Burnham, Assistant State Botanist, Albany.

Dr. Donald Reddick, Professor of Plant Pathology, College of
Agriculture, Ithaca.

Glenn W. Herrick, Professor of Entomology, College of
Agriculture, Ithaca.

W. H. Rankin, Conservation Commission, Albany.

P. J. Parrott, Entomologist, State Experiment Station, Geneva.

F. C. Stewart, Botanist, State Experiment Station, Geneva.

After a prolonged discussion the following resolution was unanimously adopted:

WHEREAS, the hickory bark borer is at present extremely injurious and destructive to hickory trees in and around New York City, and has already destroyed and is threatening the destruction of thousands of valuable trees; and

WHEREAS, it has been demonstrated in several instances, on a large scale, that the hickory bark borer can be practically controlled; therefore, be it RESOLVED, that we hereby respectfully request the commissioner of agriculture to take such steps as may be necessary to bring about the enforcement of the provisions of the agricultural law relative to insect pests and diseases with particular reference to control of the hickory bark borer; and be it further

RESOLVED, that the thanks of the conference are hereby tendered to Commissioner of Agriculture Huson for his courtesies and the calling of the conference.

The following "News Items" of no date, but received in the early part of June, shows what action has so far been taken:

STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

News Items

Commissioner Huson of the State Department of Agriculture is receiving considerable information relative to a serious outbreak of the hickory bark borer in the vicinity of New York and on Long Island. This borer is the principal cause of the death of thousands of hickory trees. The greatest infested area is in the northern part of New York City, in Westchester County, in Queens and Nassau Counties, though much injury has been observed throughout Suffolk County, particularly along the northern shore of the island. The area of infested hickories is about the same as the territory where the chestnut trees have succumbed to the attacks of the chestnut bark disease. Now that the chestnuts have so nearly disappeared and the fact that the hickory trees are also threatened with entire extermination because of the hickory borer, requests have been made by many citizens, that the Commissioner of Agriculture should exercise such authority as the law gives him in the control of this pest. That the hickory trees that have not been attacked may be saved, or in a very large measure protected has been proven in the Zoological Park and in the parks of Brooklyn. The able superintendents of these two parks have for the last two or three years, been cutting out every infested hickory tree and in that way the other trees are found at this time to be free from insects and they have been saved from certain destruction.

The hickory borer eats its way into the bark of the hickory trees in mid-summer. Eggs are laid which hatch and the grubs feed in peculiar galleries in the bark and between the wood and the bark is such a way as to cut off the flow of the sap, thus causing the death of the trees. These grubs are in these galleries at this time of the year and will remain so until about the middle of June. It is, therefore, necessary that the infested trees be cut and destroyed before that time in order to prevent further widespread of the insects. The Commissioner has been promised the hearty cooperation of many influential and interested citizens in this movement and agents of this Department are on the ground with authority to inspect trees to ascertain the limit of infestation and they have been directed to mark such trees as should be removed and destroyed at once.

All persons are requested to inform the Department of the location of infested hickory trees and to extend to the inspectors such assistance as may be desired.

Department Circular Number 64 on "Dying Hickory Trees" will be sent to all applicants.

CALVIN J. HUSON,
Commissioner of Agriculture

Albany, N. Y.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

Members present:

Dr. R. T. Morris
Mr. T. P. Littlepage
Dr. W. C. Deming
Mr. C. A. Reed
Mr. W. N. Roper
Prof. E. R. Lake
Mr. E. S. Mayo
Mr. A. C. Pomeroy
Mr. J. F. Jones
Mr. J. G. Rush
Col. C. A. Van Duzee
Prof. J. Russell Smith
Prof. W. N. Hutt
Mr. G. H. Corsan
Mr. C. S. Ridgway
Mr. H. N. Gowing
Mr. W. C. Reed
Mr. W. F. McSparren.

Others present:

Mrs. C. A. Reed
Mrs. A. C. Pomeroy
Mrs. J. F. Jones
Mrs. C. S. Ridgway
Prof. F. N. Fagan, Dept. of Horticulture, State College of Pennsylvania
Mrs. Fagan
Mr. Roy G. Pierce, Tree Surgeon, Penn. Chestnut Blight Commission
Mr. Keller E. Rockey, Forester in Charge of Demonstration Work, Penn.
Chestnut Blight Commission
Col. C. K. Sober, Lewisburg, Pa.
Mr. S. V. Wilcox, Rep. Thos. Meehan & Sons, Germantown
Mr. H. Brown, Rep. Thos. Meehan & Sons, Germantown
Mr. Wilmer P. Hoopes, Forest Hill, Md.
Dr. A. H. Metzger, Millersville, Pa.
Mr. Amos M. Landis, Lancaster, Pa.
Mr. Blair Funk, Pequea Creek, Pa.
Mr. David S. Herr, Lancaster, Pa.
Mr. Edward Harris, Sr., Cumberland, Md.
Mr. Edgar A. Weimer, Lebanon, Pa.
Mr. Benj. H. Gochnauer, Lancaster, Pa.
Mr. C. G. Reese, Elizabethtown, Pa.
And others.

CORRESPONDENTS AND OTHERS INTERESTED IN NUT CULTURE

ALABAMA

Williams, P. F., Prof. of Horticulture, Ala. Polytechnic Institute,
Auburn
Alabama Farm Journal, Montgomery, Ala.

ARIZONA

Biederman, C. R., Garces, Cochise Co.
Huntzinger, H. G., Teviston
Rodgers, Robt. A., Forest Service, U. S. Dept, of Agric, Canille

ARKANSAS

Wilson, B. N., Prof. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Ark.,
Fayetteville
Powers, R. C, 414 So. Trust Bldg., Little Rock, Ark.

CALIFORNIA

McNeil, Anna, 2154 Center St., Berkeley
Baker, W. A., Greenfield
Leonard Coates Nursery Co., Morgan Hill
Smith, R. E., Agric Exp. Sta., Whittier
Burbank, Luther, Santa Rosa

CANADA

Cleugh, H. H., Castlegar, British Columbia
Secord, Harper, St. Catherin's, Ontario
Porter, W. T., 1520 St. Clair Ave., Toronto
Sager, D. S., Dr., Brantford
Moyle, Henry, 84 Bedford Road, Toronto
Ross, Malcolm N., Dept. Public Works, Regina, Saskatchewan
Saunders & Co., W. E., London, Ontario
Hubbell, W. S., Spanish River Lumber Co., Little Current, Ontario
Peters, E. W., 742 Somerset Bldg., Winnepeg
Graham, Wm., Hagensburg, British Columbia

COLORADO

Bell, Bessie, Miss, 156 S. Sherman, Denver
Morgan, J. W., Dr., 85 S. Penn. Ave., Denver

CONNECTICUT

Cleveland, E. S., Hampton
Buttner, J. L., Dr., 763 Orange Street, New Haven
Jewell, Harvey, Cromwell
Gorham, Frederick S., 48 Holmes Ave., Waterbury
Jenkins, E. H., Agric. Exp. Sta., New Haven
Spring, Sam. N., State Forester, New Haven
Pratt, C. M., Newtown
Hale, Geo. H., Mrs., Glastonbury
Miles, H. S., Dr., 417 State St., Bridgeport
Ives, E. M., Sterling Orchards, Meriden
Cook, Harry B., Orange, Ct.
Allen, G. Wilford, M.D., Boardman, Ct.
Smith, Geo. W., Elm Fruit Farm, Hartford
Lane, W. S., Norfolk
Werle, Jos. A., Merwin's Beach, Milford
Williamson, Robert, Greenwich
Stauffer, W. F., No. 81 S. Burritt St., New Britain
Boyd, Wm. A. Dr., Westport
Lewis, Elmer H., Central Village
Frothingham, Channing, New Canaan
Fletcher, Albert E., Box 67, Farmington
Morre, R. D., Colchester
Wolcott, C. B., P. O. Box 39, Plantsville

DELAWARE

Killen, J. W., Felton
McCue, C. A., Prof., Newark
Cowgill, L. P., Dover
Cannon, Miss Lida, Dover
Kosa, J. J., Milford
Sypherd, C. D., Dover
Whitehead, F. Houston, Lincoln
Studte, M. H., Houston
Knipe, T. E., Delaware City
Dunn, Thos. F., Dover
Webb, Wesley, Dover

FLORIDA

Simpson Bros. Nurseries, Monticello
Curtis, J. B., Orange Heights
Floyd, W. L., Prof. of Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville
Baldwin, Ed. S., DeLand

GEORGIA

Wight, J. B., Cairo
Wilson, J. F., Dr., Waycross
McHatton, T. H., Prof. of Horticulture, Athens
Edwards, B. H., Macon, Ga.
Southern Ruralist, Atlanta

IDAHO

Vincent, C. C., Prof., College of Agriculture, Moscow
Ackerman, W. B., P. O. Box 184, Twin Falls
Hays, L. H., Mace

ILLINOIS

Lindholm, E., 9139 Commercial Ave., Chicago
Stoll, Wm. Paul, 1264 Glenlake Ave., Chicago
Schafer, J. F., Mt. Pulaski
Koonce, Geo. W., Greenville
Watson, Bloomington
Banning, Thos. A., Mrs., Chicago
Graham, R. O., Bloomington
Karstens, Peter J., Chicago
Leslie, A. M., 201 Main Street, Evanston
Fisher, Mr., "Cairo Citizen", Cairo
Endicott, H. W., Villa Ridge
Hektoen, H., Memo. Inst. for Infectious Diseases, Chicago
McVeigh, Scott, 1208 Wrightwood Ave., Chicago
Evans, Homer W., R. F. D. 6, Plainfield
Buckman, Benjamin, Farmingdale
Horner, H. Clay, Chester
Burt, Frank A., 115 1-2 So. Race St., Urbana
Somer, George W., No. 106 N. La Salle St., Chicago
Spalding, C. W., No. 1851 Byron St., Chicago
Strawbridge, A. N., No. 533 E. 33rd St., Chicago
Remley, Mrs. Grace, Franklin Grove
Prochnow, I. W., No. 1127 Second Ave., Rock Island
McFarlane, H. W., Chicago
Graham, W. H., Fort Gage
Fink, Wm. H., No. 4030 N. Pauline St., Chicago
Crandall, C. S., Urbana
Campbell, T. W., Elgin
Badgley, B. H., No. 2241 Greenleaf Ave., Chicago
Millroy, W. L., Quincy
Sweeney, Jno. M., No. 1636 Manadnock Block, Chicago
Krossell, C. F. P., Dr., No. 5502 Indiana Ave., Chicago
Weeks, E. F., No. 143 N. Dearborn St., Chicago
Heald, Prescott, No. 107 So. Glen Oak Ave., Peoria
Riddle, F. A., Mrs., No. 1441 Jackson Boulevard, Chicago
Kennish, F. H., No. 124 East Oak St., Kewanee
Finley, J. B., Care of Moline Polo and Shaft Co., Moline
Braden, E. S., No. 10 S. LaSalle St., Chicago
Kemp, E. F., No. 108 S. LaSalle St., Chicago
Peterson, Albert J., No. 3448 Hayes St., Chicago
Hewitt, R., No. 149 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago
Hopkins, A. M., R. 710, 167 W. Washington St., Chicago
Hemingway, Geo. R., Oak Park
Rut, Z. D., Park Ridge
Dietrich, J. J., Arlington Heights
Hansell, E. F., No. 5654 W. Lake St., Chicago

INDIANA

Leiber, Richard, Indianapolis
Garden, Daniel A., Elnora
Cathcart, Alva Y., Bristol
Strassell, J. W., Supt. of Schools, Rockport
Howard, W. T., R. F. D. 19, Indianapolis
Boos, E. M., R. F. D. 2, Milan
Boss Co., John C, Elkhart
Green, Frank, No. 811 So. St., Newcastle
House, M. M., 1664 College Ave., Indianapolis
Simpson & Sons, H. M., Vincennes
Woodbury, C. G., Lafayette
Ray, Elgin H., Winamac, R. F. D. 1
Fellwock, P. B., 3 Up. Fourth St., Evansville
Hooke, Ora G., Albany, Delaware Co.
Smith, Oren E., Dr., Traction Terminal Bldg., Indianapolis
Whetsell, Edward, 107 Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington
Swain, W. H., South Bend
Knapp, Dr., Evansville
Yoder, A. C., Dr., Goshen
Knaub, Ben., R. 1, Box 99, North Vernon
Lukens, B., Mrs., Anderson

IOWA

Dennis, A. B., Dr., Cedar Rapids
Ruppersberg, E. A., Miss, Charles City College, Charles City
Patten, C. G., Charles City
Sawyer, L. H., Des Moines
Thompson, Harry French, Forrest City
"Successful Farming" Des Moines
"Kimball's Dairy Farmer" Waterloo

KANSAS

Godfrey, F. M., Holton
Skinner & Co., J. H., Topeka

KENTUCKY

Matthews, Clarence W., State University, Lexington
Horine, E. F., M.D., 1036 Bardstown Rd., Louisville
"Inland Farming", Louisville
Brislin, John A., Cash. Farmers' Bank of Ky., Frankfort
Kiefer, Louis W., 901 N. Elm St., Henderson

LOUISIANA

Hinton, E. G., Weeks

MAINE

Soule, Sidney S., Mrs., South Freeport
Hitchings, Edson F., College of Agriculture, Orono
Peardon, J. H., Matinicus
Stryker, D. J., Rockland
Chase, Dr. Walter G., Wiscasset

MARYLAND

Michael, Jesse J., Frederick
Little, William E., Westminister
Bunting, J. T., Box 137, Marion Station
Benkert, George, Baltimore
Heron, Benj. F. L., Box 58, Mt. Ranier
Coad, J. Edwin, Drayden, St. Mary's Co.
Munter, D. M., No. 22 Virginia Ave., Cumberland
Daingerfield, P. B. K., Maryland Club, Baltimore
Bachrach, Walter K., No. 16 W. Lexington St., Baltimore
Hewell, John, No. 2028 W. Lexington St., Baltimore
Hays, Amos H., Parkton
Stem, C. W., Sabillasville
Tyler, John Paul, No. 344 W. Preston St., Baltimore
Munter, D. W., No. 1642 Runton Ave., Baltimore
Kerr, J. W., Denton
Overton, W. S., R. F. D. 2, Silver Spring
Harris, Edward, Sr., 31 S. Liberty St., Cumberland
Strite, S. M., 52 Broadway, Hagerstown
Harrison's Nurseries, Berlin
Hoopes, Wilmer P., Forest Hill
Irwin, Arthur J., 226 E. Main St., Frostburg
McDaniel, Alex H., North East P. O., Cecil Co.

MASSACHUSETTS

Blood, W. H., Mrs., Jr., 147 Grove Street, Wellesley
Reed, Orville, Rev., Granville, Centre
Deroo, Frank B., Box 363, Needham
Fox, Jabez, 99 Irving Street, Cambridge
Hall, James L., Kingston, Box 31
Adams, Norris W., Box 323, Worcester
Mass. Agric. Coll., Amherst
Crosby, Fred, Bolton
Bailey, Thos. W., Kingston
Griffin, W. E., Cor. Central St. & B. & M. R. R., Worcester
Dawson, Jackson, Mr., Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain
Dowse, Granton H., Wrentham
Ellsworth, J. Lewis, Sec'y Mass. State Bd. of Agric., Boston
Fleming, Charles B., Norwood
Brounell, Lewis, 1030 High Street, Fall River
Portmore, J. M., 7 Denison Av., So. Framingham
Humphrey, F. A., Worcester
Waugh, F. A., Prof., Amherst
Beebe, E. Pierson, Boston
Mead, H. O., Lunenburg
Torrey, John P., Dr., Andover
Affleck, G. B., 287 Hickory St., Springfield
Deming, Grove W., Mt. Hermon School
Elder, David, Harwich, Mass.
James, Gorton, 492 So. Station, Boston
Sturtevant, E. L., Brookline
Brown, J. Frank, The Corey Hill Hospital, Brookline
Willwerth, A. H., No. 21 Greenwich Park, Boston
Day, W. Taylor, No. 313 Main St., Great Barrington
Coney, Harriet M., Miss, No. 106 Church St., Ware

MICHIGAN

Brauer, H. A., 810 W. Huron St., Ann Arbor
Cobb, Myron A., Central State Normal School, Mt. Pleasant
Ilgenfritz's Sons Co., T. E., Nursery, Monroe
Haines, Peter S., Detroit
Kidder, Samuel, Ann Arbor
Paul, Irwin, Muskegon, R. F. D. 7
Garfield, Chas. W., Hon., Grand Rapids
Wermuth, Burt, Assoc. Ed. "Michigan Farmer", Detroit
Eustace, H. J., Prof., State Horticulturist, E. Lansing
Carmichael, Milton, 281 Yard Bldg., Detroit
Richardson, A. H., Dr., The Martha Washington, Mt. Clemens
Baker, N. I., Dr.,
Himebaugh, Clayton D., Sheffield Mfg. Co., Burr Oak
Spring, O. L., 728 Wabash Ave., Detroit
Reshore, L. T., Dowagiac
Adams, Rollo K., Middleville
Montgomery, R. H., 46 Jefferson Ave., Detroit
"The Gleaner", Detroit
Davis, R. J., Lock Box 753, Buchanan
Simpson, Wallace N., No. 379 W. Main St., Battle Creek
Palmer, A. C., Ellsworth
Faurote, Fay L., Lord Bldg., Detroit
Andrus, F. P., Almont, Lapeer Co.
Gamble, M. D., E. F., Coldwater
Horner, E. E., Eaton Rapids Woolen Mills, Eaton Rapids
Stryker, F. A., Buchanan
Lake, Geo., Northville
Hanes, P. S., No. 730 Sheridan Ave., Detroit
Handy, J. W., M.D., No. 105 West 1st St., Flint

MINNESOTA

Fairchild, D. H., St. Paul
Husser, Henry, Minneiska
Wedge, Clarence, Albert Lea
Cutting, Fred, Byron
Underwood, Roy, Lake City
Alford, E. F., 2390 Woodland Ave., Duluth
Latham, A. W., Sec'y State Hortic. Soc'y, 207 Kasota Bldg., Minneapolis
Woodbridge, Dwight E., U. S. Bureau of Mines, Duluth
Tillinghast, E. G., Leetonia Mining Co., Hibbing
Lake Sarah Specialty Farm, Rockford
Farm Stock & Home, Minneapolis

MISSOURI

Bostwick, Arthur E., 70 Vandeventer St., St. Louis
Stark Bros.' Nurseries and Orchards Co., Louisiana
Williams, F. V., D.D.S., 3720 Virginia, Kansas City
Born, H. H. Dr., Park & Compton Sts., St. Louis
Bailey, B. A., Versailles
Wallace, E. S., Office of City Chemist, Kansas City
Cummings, C. C., Dr., Joplin
Wilcox, Walter H., 433 Forth Ave., Webster Groves
Mosher, H. G., Schell City

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Dillingham, Thos. M., Dr., Marlboro
Clement, Ruth E., Miss, E. Deering

NEBRASKA

Rolder, C. A., Dr., Hedde Bldg., Grand Rapids

NEVADA

Swingle, C. G., Hazen
Gregory, E. R., Dr., Reno

NEW JERSEY

Lovett, J. T., Little Silver
Pomona Nurseries, Palmyra
Bobbink & Atkins, Rutherford
Speer, Lester W., 401 Passaic Ave., Nutley
Black, Son & Co., Jos. H., Hightstown
Chevrier, Chas. S., P. O. Box 579, Trenton
Rice, John J., Almonnesson
Parry, John R., Parry
Totten, A. B., Middlebush
Hartt, Wm. S., Box 366 Toms River
Dantun, A. P., Walsted Farm, Freehold
Shoemaker, Wm. E., Bridgeton
Miller, Jessie E., Miss, 204 W. Passaic Ave., Rutherford
Hall & Robert Tubbs, Willowwood Farm, Pottersville P.O.
Mount, T. S., Hamilton Sq.
Schulze, Edward H., Elizabeth
Spindler, M., No. 316 Halsey St., Newark
Sonders, Geo. B., P. O. Box 204, Mays Landing
Palmer, H. C. H., Main Road, Vineland
Putnam, G. H., Vineland
Parkin, J. W., No. 576 E. 23rd St., Paterson
Martin, Geo. W. R., No. 47 Chestnut St., Newark
Lintner, Geo A., Summit, New Jersey
Kirkpatrick, F. L., No. 35 E. Chestnut St., Merchantville
Gilmore, Jr., Thos. J., No. 219 Montgonery St., Jersey City
Haddon, Chas. K., Camden
Black, Walter C, Hightstown
Parkin, John M., No. 576 E. 23rd St., Paterson
Bailey, G. W., Kenilworth
Eyferth, Adolph, No. 554 Tenth St., N.E., West New York, N. Y.
Matlack, C. L., No. 47 Potter St., Haddenfield
Wellborn, C. E., Weston
Somers, A. F., No. 187 Warren St., Jersey City
Turner, H. J., Box 356, Montclair
Woodruff, Leon, No. 27 Jefferson St., Bridgeton
Davis, H. H., No. 113 Chestnut St., East Orange
Butler, F. W., Mrs., Plainfield
Kevitt, T. C, Anthonia
Maurer, E. H., No. 309 S. Broad St., Elizabeth

NEW MEXICO

Thompson, W. M., Dr. Logan

NEW YORK