Chapter V: Part 5

THE McCALLISTER (pecan x shell.):

Dr. Deming: Has anyone any new information about the filling or bearing of the McCallister?

Mr. Wilkinson: It fills well but not heavily.

Mr. Reed: I have watched the McCallister for years and years and the nuts have failed to fill. But there is a tree that has the reputation of bearing a very considerable quantity of nuts. We went over to see the tree and we found that it stood where the soil was very rich. I have wanted ever since then to try some McCallisters and give them all of the plant food that they could possibly consume. I believe that that has a good deal to do with filling.

Dr. Deming: Heavy fertilization influences the filling of nuts.

The McCallister is mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. It is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., the orchards of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., E. C. Rice at Absher, Ky., of Sargeant H. Wellman at Topsfield, Mass., and in the Government plantings at Beltsville, Md. It is also growing and doing well in the Waite Orchard at Normandy, Tenn., see page 34, 1932 report.

THE MILFORD (shag.):

It is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. It is growing in the Jones Nursery at Lancaster.

THE MINNIE (shag.):

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Parent tree is growing in the yard of the Snyder farm at Center Point, Iowa. This hickory is growing in the Riehl orchard at Godfrey, Ill.

THE MORTON (pecan x shell.):

Mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. Is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.

THE PESCHKE (shag.):

Awarded tenth prize in 1929 contest to Grace Peschke, Ripon, Wis.

THE PLEAS (pecan x bitter.):

Miss Jones: It has a very thin shell. You can crack it with your hand.

Mr. Reed: Miss Riehl has said that it is worth growing for ornamental effect. It has great long catkins that make it really a beautiful thing, and yet it is like all of the others as far as I know, it has that bitter principle. It is very much the same as the other bitternut hybrids.

The Pleas is mentioned in Mr. Bixby's paper in the 1926 report and is listed in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. It is being grown on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill., in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., in the Carl Weschcke orchard at River Falls, Wis., and Sargeant H. Wellman has young trees doing well at Topsfield, Mass.

THE RENGGENBERG (shag.):

Awarded eighth prize in 1929 contest to Edward Renggenberg, Madison, Wis., R. 1, Box 142.

THE ROCKVILLE (pecan x shell.):

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Also mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. Is growing at the Riehl farm, Godfrey, Ill., the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and in orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., and in the Jones Nursery at Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

THE RODDY (shag. x shell.):

Awarded fourth prize in 1929 contest to John Roddy, Napoleon, Ohio.

THE ROMIG:

Is in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and Sargeant H. Wellman has some young trees in his orchard at Topsfield, Mass.

THE SANDE (shag. x shell.):

See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.

THE SAYER (shell.):

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.

THE SCHOENBERGER (shag.):

Awarded tenth prize in 1929 contest to Roy Schoenberger, Nevada, Ohio.

THE SEAVER (shag.):

Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to J. K. Seaver, Harvard, Ill.

THE SCHINNERLING:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and in orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis.

THE SHAUL:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.

THE SIERS (mock. x bitter.):

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Mentioned in Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. Is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill., in orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., and in the Jones Nursery at Lancaster, Pa.

THE SOBOLEWSKI (shag.):

Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to Jos. Sobolewski, Norwich, Conn., R. 5, Box 56A.

THE SPRUNGER (shell):

Awarded ninth prize in 1929 contest to Caleb Sprunger, Berne, Ind.

THE STANLEY (shell.):

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in plantings on Kellogg farm at Battle Creek, Mich.

THE STRATFORD (shag. x bitter.):

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. It is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich., and the orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis. Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pa., reports it is one of the most precocious and productive nuts he has when grafted on pignut. It has not missed bearing some nuts in the last four seasons.

THE SWAIN (shag.):

See Mr. Reed's paper in this report; Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE SWARTZ (shag.):

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE TAMA QUEEN (shell.):

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.

THE TAYLOR (shag.):

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report; Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report, and Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. This hickory is growing in orchard of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., and Sargeant H. Wellman at Topsfield, Mass. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports the Taylor is a light bearer but good in quality.

The Tiedke (pecan x shell.):

See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932.

THE VEST (shag.):

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE WAMPLER:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.

THE WEED (shag. x bitter.):

See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 23, 1932.

THE WEIKER (shag. x shell.):

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report; Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report and Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932. Is growing in the Jones Nursery at Lancaster, Pa., and the orchards of Carl Weschcke at River Falls, Wis., and Sargeant H. Wellman at Topsfield, Mass.

THE WESCHCKE:

A hybrid hickory at Fayette, Iowa, owned by Carl Weschcke of St. Paul, Minn., who has grafted many bitternut seedlings at River Falls, Wis., with cions from this tree.

THE WESTPHAL:

See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.

THE WRIGHT (pecan x shell):

Awarded eighth prize in 1929 contest to C. D. Wright, Sumner, Mo. See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932. This hickory is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.

THE WOODS (shag. x shell.):

See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932.

THE ZIMMERMAN (shag. x shell.):

See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 19, 1932.

THE ZURCHER:

Awarded sixth prize in 1929 contest to Menno Zurcher, Apple Creek, Ohio.

NORTHERN PECANS

THE BUSSERON:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan has been generally propagated by nurserymen and is widely distributed. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky., reports it does better on shellbark stock than on pignut stock. Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pa., reports the Busseron pecan has proved to be much the most precocious bearer, that ripened well filled nuts on top of the Blue Ridge mountains, elevation 1,300 feet, fifty miles from Washington, D. C., in a climate distinctly colder than Philadelphia.

THE BUTTERICK:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan has been generally propagated and distributed by nurserymen.

THE GREENRIVER:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan is also well distributed. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky., reports Greenriver graft on shagbark stock grew eight feet tall in two years.

THE INDIANA:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. This pecan also generally distributed.

THE KENTUCKY:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.

THE MAJOR:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pa., reports the major has ripened nuts on top of Blue Ridge Mountain, elevation 1,300 feet, fifty miles from Washington, D. C., in a climate distinctly colder than Philadelphia. The nuts are small.

THE NIBLACK:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Mr. Hershey reports it should be put on the obsolete list.

THE NORTON:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Sargeant H. Wellman, Topsfield, Mass., has some fine young trees but they are not yet bearing.

THE POSEY:

Is growing in the Jones and Riehl nurseries and in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.

THE UPTON:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.

THE WARRICK (Warwick):

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pa., reports that on the Piedmont plateau, elevation 500 feet, forty miles from Washington, D. C., in a climate approximating that of Philadelphia, the Warrick has often not ripened its nuts although some seasons it does. John W. Hershey states the Warrick should be put on the obsolete list.

THE WITTE:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. The nut is very small but of good quality. Mr. John W. Hershey states the pecan should be put on the obsolete list.

BLACK WALNUTS

THE ADAMS:

See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report, and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. The Adams is growing in the Kellogg planting at Battle Creek, Mich.

THE ALLEN:

See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also his paper in 1931 report. The Allen is growing on the Kellogg farm at Battle Creek, Mich. J. H. Gage of Hamilton, Ontario, has some young trees which have not yet borne nuts.

THE ALLEY:

See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE ANGLIN:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill.

THE ASBURY:

Was in the 1926 contest. See Mr. Reed's paper in the 1931 report. It is growing in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill.

THE ATKINS:

See Mr. Reed's paper in the 1931 report.

THE AYGARN:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE BARLEE:

Is in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.

THE BECK:

See Mr. Reed's paper in this report, also his paper in the 1931 report. This walnut is growing in the plantings on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill., and the Kellogg farm at Battle Creek, Mich. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, states the Beck walnut is not promising there.

THE BECHTOLD:

Is growing in the Riehl planting at Godfrey, Ill.

BENGE:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

BLOSS:

See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.

THE BOHANAN:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. This walnut is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.

THE BONTZ:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE BOOTH:

See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932. This walnut is growing at the Riehl farm.

THE BOWMAN:

See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.

THE BOMBERGER:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE BROUGHAM:

See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.

THE BRUER:

See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.

THE BURROUGHS:

This walnut is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill.

THE BURTON:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. This walnut is growing on the Riehl farm. It was entered in 1926 contest by Herbert Burton, Hartford, Kentucky.

THE CARPER:

See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.

THE COOPER:

This walnut is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill.

THE CREITZ:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. This walnut is growing on the Riehl and Kellogg farms.

THE CRESCO:

See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report.

THE DEMING (Ornamental):

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE DEPENDAHL:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE EDRAS:

Parent tree owned by Gerald W. Adams, Morehead, Iowa, see page 51 of 1931 report. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill., and the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.

THE FAYETTE:

Is growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill.

THE FREEL:

Awarded first prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE FRITZ:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE GALLOWAY:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Jones Nursery at Lancaster, Pa.

THE GERMAINE:

See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report.

THE GLORY (curly wood):

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.

THE GRAHAM:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg plantings.

THE GRAYBILL:

See Mr. Stokes' paper with test record, page 108 of 1932 report, and Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932 report. Is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.

THE GREGORY:

See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932 report.

THE GRUNDY:

Awarded fifth prize in 1929 contest to Mr. Rohwer, Grundy Center, Iowa. See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg orchards.

THE HARRIS:

See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.

THE HANCOCK:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE HARE:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing on Riehl farm. Was entered in 1926 contest by Frank H. Hare, Rushville, Schuyler County, Ill., and is mentioned on page 51, 1931 report.

THE HEPIER:

See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932. Is growing on the Riehl and Kellogg farms.

THE HERMAN (Rush):

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE HILTON:

See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.

THE HINE:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.

THE HOBBS:

Was entered in 1926 contest by C. T. S. Hobbs, Fort Blackmore, Va., R. 1. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE HOMELAND:

Parent tree owned by Clinton Thomas, Troutville, Va. See Mr. Stokes' paper with tests, pages 108 and 109, 1932 report.

THE HOPWOOD:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE HOWELL:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.

THE HUBER:

See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.

THE IMPIT:

Given eleventh place in 1929 contest. Submitted by J. U. Gellatly, West Bank, B. C.

THE JUMBO:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE KETTLER (Wisconsin No. 1):

Parent tree owned by Fred Kettler, Platteville, Wis. Has taken first prize in state fair contests. Dr. Zimmerman and Mr. Frey have young trees which have not yet borne nuts. See Mr. Kettler's letter in this report.

THE KINDER:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE KNAPBE:

Submitted in 1926 contest by J. J. Knapbe, New Weston, Ohio. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE KURTZ:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE LAMB (curly wood):

See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Grafts from this tree are growing in several eastern orchards, including the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich. It is not as yet definitely known if the propagated trees will reproduce the curly texture of the wood of the parent tree.

THE LEE:

See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Reed's paper, page 151, 1932 report; also tests recorded in Mr. Stokes' paper, page 109, 1932 report.

THE LEWIS:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is growing in the Kellogg plantings at Battle Creek, Mich.

THE LUCAS:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE LUTZ:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE MARION:

Awarded second prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa.

THE MARK:

Entered in 1929 contest by C. E. Mark, Washington Court House, Ohio. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE MATTINGLY:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE McCOY:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE McMILLEN:

See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg plantings.

THE METCALF:

Awarded eighth prize in the 1929 contest to Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa. In fair seasons has borne heavy crops each year. Is supposed to be the mother tree of the Freel and Marion.

THE MILLER:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Kellogg plantings.

THE MINTLE:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg plantings.

THE MONTEREY:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report and Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932 report. Is growing in the Riehl plantings at Godfrey, Ill. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports it is not promising there.

THE MORRIS:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report.

THE MYERS:

Entered in 1926 contest by Elmer R. Myers, Bellefontaine, Ohio, R. 2. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE NICHOLS:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE OGDEN:

Entered in 1926 contest by Mrs. Joe Ogden, Bedford, Ky. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing at Riehl farm.

THE OHIO:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Has been generally planted in all nut tree orchards. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky., has few young trees doing fine and bore a few nuts in 1934; largest in hull he had ever seen. J. H. Gage, Hamilton, Ontario, planted one Ohio walnut in 1924, moved it in 1925. It started to bear in 1928 and has borne every year since except one. Tree now 25 feet in height, trunk six inches in diameter, is growing in light, sandy soil near west end of north shore of Lake Ontario. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports the Ohio as not promising there.

THE PARADOX (hybrid):

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 20, 1932 report. Is supposed to be a rapid grower but has not proved satisfactory in the east.

THE PATTERSON:

Submitted in 1926 contest by Mrs. William Patterson, Wever, Iowa.

THE PATUXENT:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. Is growing in the Riehl and Kellogg orchards.

THE PEANUT:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE PEARL:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE PINECREST:

See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Reed's paper, page 151, 1932 report; also Mr. Stokes' paper and tests, page 110, 1932 report.

THE POWERS:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE ROHWER:

Took second prize in 1926 contest. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. J. H. Gage, Hamilton, Ontario, has young grafts of this walnut growing but not old enough to bear. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports that the Rohwer there is probably next to the Thomas in quality.

THE ROYAL (hybrid):

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report. Is reported to be a rapid grower but has not proved satisfactory in the east.

THE RUDDICK:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE SCHIMMOLLER:

Entered in 1926 contest by Will T. Schimmoller, Fort Jennings, Ohio. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE STABLER:

Parent tree in Howard County, Maryland. Has been generally planted in nut orchards but has not proved satisfactory. It is a fine cracker. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky., reports it does fine there, better than Ohio. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports it is not promising there. J. H. Gage, Hamilton, Ontario, has one tree four years of age, which bore a few nuts in 1934. Stood last winter's weather (-30 degrees F.) with no damage whatever.

THE STAMBAUGH:

Took first prize in 1926 contest. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. It is being generally tested in nut orchards. J. H. Gage, Hamilton, Ontario, has some young trees growing which are not old enough to bear. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports the Stambaugh there is heavily veined, is oily, soon shrivels and is not very good quality.

THE STANLEY:

See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Stokes' paper with tests, pages 108 and 110, 1932 report.

THE STEVENS:

See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932, and Mr. Reed's paper, page 151, and Mr. Stokes' paper with tests, pages 109 and 110, in 1932 report.

THE STILLMAN:

Awarded third prize in 1929 contest to Mrs. J. A. Stillman, Mackeys, North Carolina.

THE STOUT:

Entered in 1926 contest by W. F. Stout, Hammersville, Ohio.

THE TASTERITE:

See Mr. Reed's paper in this report and his paper in 1931 report. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports the Tasterite is not promising there.

THE TEN EYCK:

One of the standards in past years. See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE THOMAS:

Considered the leading walnut in past years and still preferred to all others by many growers. See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report. The Thomas walnut seems to produce the same quality nuts from Oklahoma to New York. E. C. Rice, Absher, Ky., has young trees doing fine but not old enough to bear. J. H. Gage, Hamilton, Ontario, has two Thomas trees planted in 1924 and moved in 1925 which started to bear in 1928 and have borne every year since except one. Trunks of trees are 6 to 7 inches in diameter, trees are 25 feet high and growing in light sandy soil near west end of north shore of Lake Ontario. Temperature last winter reached -30 F. but no damage to the Thomas trees. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports at the present time he considers the Thomas the best all-round walnut, good in quality, self-pollinating and a heavy early bearer.

THE THORP:

See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE TILLEY:

Submitted in 1926 contest by B. J. Tilley, Murfreesboro, N. C. Is growing in the Riehl orchard.

THE VANDERSLOOT:

Submitted in 1926 contest by C. E. Vandersloot, Muddy Creek Forks, Pa. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE WASSON:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE WETZEL:

Awarded fourth prize in 1929 contest to Annie W. Wetzel, New Berlin, Pa. See Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE WHEELING:

A new excellent walnut located by Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa, in 1932.

THE WEIDENHAMMER:

See Dr. Zimmerman's report, page 22, 1932.

THE WIARD:

See Mr. Reed's paper in this report.

THE WOODALL:

See Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report and Mr. Reed's paper in 1931 report.

THE WORTHINGTON:

An excellent walnut located by Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa. See Mr. Reed's paper, page 151, 1932 report.

Mr. H. R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio, calls attention to the fact that he has a parent black walnut tree on his place, the nuts of which took second prize in the 1932 Michigan nut contest. He will later give more information concerning it.

PERSIAN WALNUTS

The following Persian walnuts are listed in Mr. Bixby's paper in the 1926 report:

Alpine
Anderson
Boston
Eureka
Franquette
Hall
Holden
Lancaster
Mayette
Meylan
Rush

Prof. Neilson's paper in this report covers the following:

Beck
Broadview
Crath
Franquette
Larson
Mayette
McDermid
Pomeroy
Seeando

In addition the Jones Nursery has growing the following:

Nebo
Potomac
Sinclair

Mr. John W. Hershey reports the Alpine and Lancaster are the same and that the Franquette, Hall, Nebo and Rush should be listed as obsolete for northern planting, and that the use of the Eureka in the north is questionable. W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, reports that the Franquette, Lancaster, Mayette, Pomeroy and Rush winter kill at his place.

BUTTERNUTS

The following butternuts are listed in Mr. Reed's paper in the 1931 report, pages 98 and 99:

Aiken
Bliss
Buckley
Creitz
Deming
Devon
Helmick
Hergert
Hostetter
Irvine
Lingle
Mandeville
Saugatuck
Sherman
Sherwood
Simonson
Thill
Utterbock

The Alverson, Deming, Irvine, Love, Luther and Sherman are covered in Mr. Reed's paper in this report.

HEART NUTS

Mr. Bixby's paper in 1926 report covers the following Heart nuts:

Bates, Faust, Lancaster, Ritchie and Stranger. Mr. John W. Hershey reports the Lancaster should be classed as obsolete as it is practically a hopeless tree, and that the Stranger is a rather common-place nut and should be classed as such.

Mr. Hershey reports a new Heart nut, the Hershey, a seedling grown on his grounds at Downington, Pa. It is growing in a severe frost pocket but has never winter-killed or frost-killed. The nut is excellent. Bearing has been light due to crowding, which has been remedied by cutting down the trees around it.

CHESTNUTS

Most of the named Chestnuts are listed in Mr. Bixby's paper in the 1926 report and are growing on the Riehl farm at Godfrey, Ill. Experiments are still being carried on with hope of producing a blight resistant chestnut. Anyone desiring to plant chestnut trees should consult their local nurseryman or farm advisor.

HAZELS AND FILBERTS

The filberts have not proved entirely hardy for northern territory, but the native hazels and hybrids appear to be entirely satisfactory. The lists are too long to publish. Full and reliable information is contained in Prof. Slate's paper in this report.

Nut Culture in the North

_By_ J. F. WILKINSON

_Rockport, Indiana_

There being other papers on the subject of nut culture I will confine this to Indiana and surrounding territory where nut trees of several kinds are native, and flourished before the coming of the white man.

Walnut and hickory trees are to be found growing on most kinds of soil, chestnut and hazels mostly on hill land, the pecan as a rule in the lowlands along the streams where vast groves of them are yet producing splendid crops of nuts.

One mile from my nursery, around Enterprise (which was the boyhood home of our worthy member Mr. T. P. Littlepage), are hundreds of these trees, including one of the largest in Indiana. This tree measures 16 feet in circumference at waist height and is estimated to be 125 feet high. It has produced more than 500 pounds of nuts in a season and other trees near here have produced as much as 600 pounds. One of these has a spread of over 100 feet. It is not unusual for a large size tree to produce from 300 to 400 pounds of a good season.

One of the largest groves near here is known as the Major grove near the mouth of Green River, containing about 300 acres, most of the trees on which are pecan trees. Some are of immense size and probably as large as can be found north of the cotton belt. A few trees in this grove are estimated to be more than 150 feet tall.

Along the Wabash River is probably the largest native northern pecan grove consisting of several hundred acres in which it is estimated there are more than 20,000 bearing-size pecan trees. At gathering time in the fall this is a very busy place. It is a source of revenue to many besides the owners.

I was at this grove two weeks ago and was told there that each year school begins the first of August so they can dismiss during October and November to allow the school children to gather pecans during those two months. School teachers in that territory are required to sign a contract to that effect. This grove lies between Shawneetown and New Haven, which are eighteen miles apart.

The town of New Haven has a population of about 400. I was told last fall by one of the three pecan buyers there that, in one day a few years ago, the three of them paid more than $15,000 for pecans for one day's delivery. This of course did not represent the total day's sales for this territory as many of them were sold at Shawneetown. So one can easily see why the people there are anxious for their children to help in this harvest, it being the chief source of fall income to many poor people, who are given one-half of all the pecans they gather. Often on or after a windy day the amount gathered by each one makes a splendid day's wages. Many make a practice of coming a distance each fall for this harvest. One party from St. Louis told me last fall that was his twenty-sixth year at that grove.

This grove is surrounded by smaller ones and many single trees growing on cultivated land. None of the native nut trees in this section have ever had any care whatever, except the ones growing in cultivated fields, and those only farm crop cultivation. Many of the native seedlings seldom bear and some others are shy or irregular bearers. But it is noticeable how much better as a rule those produce that have farm crop cultivation or stand in favorable locations.

This is plainly evident in many instances where trees in the last few years have been cleared around and cultivated, or where an individual tree is standing alone without cultivation, but has plenty of space, food and moisture. An excellent example of this is the Littlepage tree in Enterprise that is probably 35 years old, has never been cultivated but stands in a well used stock lot and has been an annual bearer since a small tree.

On the other hand, near here are a number of trees around which the land had been cultivated in farm crops until about ten years ago, and these trees produced well, but since that time the land has been abandoned and has grown up in a thicket and the production of these trees has been greatly reduced.

About twenty years ago propagation of the better varieties of northern nut trees was begun in southern Indiana. At that time I believe that most of us overlooked the needs of nut trees as we had been used to their taking care of themselves. Our attention to them was mostly at nut harvest time. We failed to take into consideration the conditions under which the best bearing trees were growing and too strongly condemned those not bearing so well, when it was often due to conditions instead of to the trees themselves.

The walnut and hickory will succeed and bear with less moisture than the pecan, though they will do better with plenty of moisture if on well drained land and having good cultivation. We failed to take in consideration that the best bearing pecan trees were growing on low land that was usually overflowed one or more times each season, leaving plenty of moisture and a deposit of plant food. Many articles have been written by nut tree enthusiasts in which the planting of nut trees on unproductive or waste land has been advised. In this the writers were sincere in their statements. This advice has been taken by many, causing more or less disappointment to the planter and no encouragement to his neighbor. No successful fruit grower would plant an orchard of peach or apple trees on poor or waste land, forget about them for a few years and expect to go back and harvest a crop of fruit, and neither need the nut grower expect to.

Since many trees of the named varieties have been in bearing for a number of years it gives a broad field for studying them, and their habits are very similar to the native trees, I do not know of a single tree that is not a testimonial to the care and attention it has been given.

In my first nursery planting trees were left growing to supply bud and graftwood for future use. These were left entirely too close together to remain until large trees, but I have never yet had nerve enough to remove all that should be taken out, with the result that they are now crowding and robbing each other of food and moisture retarding both growth and bearing. These are now from 15 to 19 years old and not producing as many nuts as they did several years ago, or as many as trees several years younger that have more space. My observations convince me that plenty of space, food and moisture are most essential for best results.

The past four years has been a splendid time to study this as our weather conditions have been unusual in that we have in this section had both wet and dry seasons. I am firmly convinced that weather conditions have a great deal to do with the nut crop not only with the quantity of nuts but quality as well. Moisture conditions in spring and early summer determine the size of the nut, and later in the season the quality of the kernel. Plenty of moisture in spring and early summer will make a large size nut. After the shell once forms the growth of nut is done. Then the plumpness of the kernel depends on the amount of moisture after the shell is formed. Lack of moisture the entire season spells a small, poorly filled nut. Trees growing in a crowded position, or on hard, dry ground, seldom ever have all the moisture they need to produce a good crop of well filled nuts. This has been plainly demonstrated with my own and my neighbors' trees in the past few years.

The weather of the previous season also may have much to do with the crop the following season, especially with trees growing under adverse conditions. These conditions can often be largely overcome by the owner, with fertilizers and cultivation.

In planting a tree be sure to give it plenty of space. If the soil is lacking in plant food feed the tree, remembering it can draw food only from a given space. No one would expect to grow the same farm crop on a plot of ground for many years without fertilizer. Prepare to conserve moisture for the hot, dry season either by cultivation or mulching. One of the thriftiest best bearing nut tree plantings I know of is on very sharp, hilly clay ground in Rockport, but the owner fertilizes these trees annually and gives splendid cultivation.

A non-bearing nut tree is no better than any other kind of a tree, so it is not a question of how many nut trees you have, but how many good bearing nut trees you have. To get the best results provide your trees with space, food and moisture.

Varieties of Nut Trees for the Northernmost Zone

_By_ C. A. REED, _Bureau of Plant Industry United States Department of Agriculture_

The northernmost zone of the eastern part of the United States, within which conditions appear at all encouraging for the planting of the hardiest varieties of nut trees now available, may be outlined as covering the milder portions of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and South Dakota. Beyond the Canadian border this zone should perhaps include the fruit belt of Ontario known as the "Niagara Peninsula," which skirts Lake Ontario from the City of Hamilton to the Niagara river. No doubt it should also include considerable Canadian territory immediately adjacent to Lakes Erie and St. Clair, and north to the lower end of Lake Huron.

In each American state within this general zone there are numerous localities to which several species of edible nuts are indigenous, others where the butternut alone is found, and still others to which none of the common kinds appear to be adapted. Climate and soil are both limiting factors within this general section. No nut trees are likely to prove hardy to the extent of bearing heavily where winter temperatures are extremely trying or where soils are not of high grade. A fundamental principle involving plant ecology, which with reference to planted nut trees is too often lost sight of, is that, regardless of species, plants are unlikely to be altogether hardy in any locality where minimum temperatures of winter are appreciably lower, or growing periods much shorter, than at the place where the variety in question originated. For example, it is often assumed that a pecan tree native to southern Texas, the lowest point of the range of this species in the United States, should do well in southeastern Iowa, the northernmost point within the range. Likewise, it is also sometimes assumed that a black walnut variety originating in Arkansas, Texas or Tennessee should be hardy in the black walnut belts of New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, or wherever the species is indigenous or has been successfully transplanted.

There are definite degrees of hardiness which must not be overlooked. A species or variety may be hardy enough to grow thriftily for many years, and to make a splendid tree, hundreds of miles north of the latitude at which it will mature occasional crops; or it may be able to produce crops that are frequent in occurrence yet indifferent as to character; or there may be occasional crops of first-class nuts; but good crops of good nuts are exceedingly rare when the minimum temperatures of winter or the length of the growing period are appreciably more adverse than in the locality where the variety originated.

A few illustrations may help to make these points clearer. On the Experimental Farm of the U. S. Department of Agriculture at Arlington, Va., directly opposite Washington, on the Potomac, there are five pecan trees of the Schley variety which originated on the Gulf coast of Mississippi. These trees have grown splendidly since being planted more than 20 years ago. They blossomed and set nuts more or less regularly after they were about eight or ten years of age, but it was only in the eighteenth year that a season was late enough in fall for a single nut to mature. Another case is afforded by a pecan seedling, probably from Texas, called to the writer's attention by Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Conn., which stands near the outskirts of that city. This is a large, beautiful tree. It rarely sets crops of nuts, and when it does the nuts fail to become more than half or two-thirds normal size by the time of autumn frosts. The kernels are then quite undeveloped and the nuts therefore worthless each year.

In another case, near Ithaca, New York, the Stabler walnut from Maryland and the Ohio from Toledo, of the state after which it was named, all appear to be congenially situated insofar as environment is concerned until the nuts are actually harvested and cured. The nuts of each variety appear normal when they drop from the trees, but during the process of curing, the kernels wither up too badly to be marketable. The Thomas from southeastern Pennsylvania is somewhat better able to adjust itself to Ithaca conditions, but it is far from being a commercial success in that region.

Kinds of Nuts

The kinds of nuts suitable for this northern zone naturally divide themselves into three main groups, viz., native, foreign and hybrid. The last might well be divided into three sub-groups, as native hybrids, foreign hybrids, and hybrids between native and foreign species. It is perhaps true that there should also be a fourth subgroup to which chance hybrids should be assigned when there is uncertainty as to which of these three others a given variety may belong.

The Native Group

Of these three main groups that of the native species is at present by far the most important. It includes the black walnut, _Juglans nigra_; the butternut, _J. cinerea_; the shagbark hickory, _Hicoria ovata_; the sweet hickory, _H. ovalis_; the pignut hickory, _H. glabra_; the American sweet chestnut, _Castanea dentata_; the American beech, _Fagus americana_; and two species of native hazelnut, _Corylus americana_; and the beaked hazelnut, _C. rostrata_.

Black Walnut

The black walnut is placed at the head of the native group because of its great all round usefulness. Wherever it grows well its timber is of leading value among all American species. It is a splendid ornamental and the nuts are highly edible. The black walnut range does not extend as far north as does that of the butternut, yet wherever it grows well it is much more useful as a tree, and is successful under a greater variety of conditions. It is probably a more dependable bearer and, upon the average, the nuts yield a higher percentage of kernel. Many more varieties of black walnut than of butternut have been brought to light and more trees have been propagated. Enough varieties of promise have originated in Michigan alone (largely as a result of the work of Prof. James A. Neilson of East Lansing) to preclude any obvious need, at present at least, of bringing varieties from farther south into this zone. In addition to these, a number of other varieties have been recognized from equal latitudes, as in New York and, west of Lake Michigan, in Wisconsin, southeastern Minnesota and northern Iowa.

ADAMS--The Adams black walnut is a rather small variety with an approximate size range of from 34 to 48 nuts per pound, and an average of 39. In a cracking test of the 1930 crop, conducted after the kernels had become too dry for most satisfactory cracking, the yield of quarters was 16.75 per cent; that of small pieces 7.81 per cent, and the total 24.56 per cent. The nuts are much elongated in form, being sharply pointed at each end. Many are quite symmetrical, thin-shelled and, when not too dry, of excellent cracking quality. The kernels examined have been notably bright in color, firm in texture, very sweet and highly pleasing to the palate. The quarters are long and slender.

The Adams was first called to public attention in 1920, when the late Henry Adams of Scotts, Kalamazoo County, Michigan, was awarded first prize for an entry of nuts from the original tree which he made in a contest held that year by the Northern Nut Growers Association. In an article published in the Michigan farmer of Detroit, on July 7, 1922, he stated that this tree grew as a sprout in a corn row on land which he cleared in the spring of 1869. When the tree was seen by the writer in 1929, and again in 1932, it gave the impression of having been a moderate or slow grower. Such facts as have been obtainable from time to time indicate that it is but a moderate bearer. However, the character of the soil in which it stands is not of the best, although it is far from being poor. In better soil it would doubtless produce heavier and more uniform crops.

As nearly as it can be ascertained, the Adams was first propagated by the late W. G. Bixby of Baldwin, Long Island, who procured scions in 1922. It was again grafted six years later by J. F. Wilkinson of Rockport, Ind., with scions procured by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. In April, 1930, one of the resulting trees was shipped by the Department to the Kellogg Experimental and Demonstration Farm, Augusta, Mich. Trees are now growing on the grounds of the United States Department of Agriculture Horticultural Field Station at Beltsville, Md., and records in the Bixby file show that a tree was shipped by him to Mr. Harry R. Weber, Cleveland, Ohio, probably about 1930. No doubt the variety is growing in other plantings.

An entry of Adams black walnut won third prize in the Michigan contest conducted under the direction of Professor Neilson of East Lansing at the end of the 1929 crop year. During the same year Dr. W. C. Deming, Chairman of the Contest Committee for the Northern Nut Growers Association, made the following comments regarding the Adams: "Shell thin, cracking quality good to perfect, color of kernel light, condition plump, texture tender, quality rich, flavor high." His summary was put tersely, "An excellent nut."

In the event that this variety would do better in a richer soil than that where the parent tree stands, it might prove to be one of the most desirable of all kinds now known for use in the northernmost zone. The parent tree is now owned by a son of the late Henry Adams, Mr. H. R. Adams of Scotts, who now lives on the old homestead.

ALLEN--The Allen black walnut is another Michigan variety which appears to be of considerable promise. It has been under observation by the U. S. Department of Agriculture at Washington since the summer of 1923, when it was called to the attention by the Honorable Charles W. Garfield of Grand Rapids. The parent is a healthy double tree standing some twenty rods from Thornapple Creek on the farm of Mr. Glenn W. Allen, R. F. D. 1, Middleville, Barry County. The local conditions of soil and moisture are highly favorable. The tree frequently bears heavy crops, although, like most others of the species, it tends more to alternate rather than to annual bearing.

Five pounds of the 1931 crop tested in Washington showed a range of from 31 to 37 nuts per pound and an average of 34. The percentage of quarter kernels was 22.45, that of small parts 1.10, and that of bad, O.31 per cent, making a total kernel yield of 23.86 per cent. The cracking quality was good, the kernels were plump, the quality of the kernel rich and the flavor medium sweet.

The Allen was awarded first prize by Professor Neilson in the Michigan contest of 1929. It should be well worthy of test planting in the northern zone. It has been disseminated to a very considerable extent for use in small plantings.

ALLEY--The Alley is a New York variety from the farm of Miss Amy A. Alley, Lagrangeville, Duchess County. This farm is within fifteen miles of the Connecticut line and some 50 to 75 miles above New York City. The Alley was first brought to attention by Miss Alley in 1918, when she was awarded first prize in the contest for that year of the Northern Nut Growers Association. The late W. G. Bixby, in reporting for the committee in charge, said that the Alley had a shell thinner than that of Stabler and that the cracking quality was "100 per cent."

In none of the tests conducted by the department has this variety ranked with the best of the more recent kinds, yet because of its latitude of origin and the fact that in general merit it is well above the average seedling, it is believed that it should be included in northern trial plantings.

Three pounds of the 1931 crop tested by the department counted 39, 41 and 42 nuts each, respectively. The range was 36 to 45. The percentage yield of quarter kernels was but 13.96, for out of 122 nuts cracked 15, or 12.29 per cent, were bad. The total yield of kernel amounted to 25.57 per cent. The kernels that year were neither particularly plump nor especially well filled.

BECK--The Beck is another Michigan variety of black walnut which in many respects has compared favorably with the best varieties yet brought to light from any source. The parent tree was called to the attention of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in March, 1929, by Mr. Howard Harris, R. F. D. 7, Allegan, Allegan County, Michigan. It was on a farm then owned by Mr. Daniel Beck, R. F. D. 2, Hamilton, also of Allegan County. It is a double tree standing in an open field some 20 rods back of the barn. Like many other northern varieties of black walnut, the nuts are rather small, ranging in 1930 from 28 to 49 per pound, and having an average of 37. In that year it had the high percentage of quarter kernels of 25.36, and a total percentage of kernel of 33.08. The shell was thinner than that of the average black walnut, the cracking quality very good, and the kernel bright-colored, plump, rich and sweet.

The Beck has been successfully grafted in the Bixby nursery at Baldwin, Long Island, and at the E. A. Riehl Farm and Nursery at Godfrey, Illinois; by J. W. Arata, Mishawka, Ind.; by Professor Neilson, and probably by others. It is growing in the government test orchard at Beltsville, Md.

BLOSS--The Bloss black walnut was called to the attention of this department in January of 1934 by Mr. Joe Bloss, R. F. D. 2, Box 65, Bristol, Indiana, who at that time forwarded 23 specimen nuts to Washington. These averaged 33 per pound and had a range of from 29 to 36. In the test which followed they yielded 21.05 per cent of quarters and 3.35 per cent of small pieces, making a total of 24.40 per cent of kernel. The cracking quality was very good, the kernel bright, medium sweet, and fairly rich. On the whole this appeared to be a very good nut.

Because of the very creditable showing made by these nuts, it is believed that the Bloss should be investigated further. It may prove valuable in the general locality of its origin, and as Bristol is but a few miles below the Michigan state line, it would seem that the variety should be given careful consideration in plantings throughout the milder portions of the northern zone.

BRUER--The Bruer black walnut first came to attention in 1926 when Mr. Milo Bruer of East Main Street, Sleepy Eye, Minn., sent specimen nuts to Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Conn., for entry in the contest being conducted that year by the Northern Nut Growers Association. Dr. Deming reported that he found the shell thin, the cracking quality good, the kernel white, plump, medium rich in quality, and of mild, nutty "pecan-like" flavor. Later examination in Washington of 20 specimens of the same crop showed that the nuts averaged 37 per pound. By that time they were dried beyond the most satisfactory point for cracking, and, consequently, in this respect, the quality was medium only. The kernels were then but medium plump.

In other respects they appeared to be about as had been observed by Dr. Deming.

As this is the best variety yet brought to attention from Minnesota, it is believed that it should be used in all northern plantings until superseded by others of superior merit.

CRESCO--The parent tree of the Cresco black walnut stands in a creek bottom, on what is known as the Patterson farm, two miles southwest of Cresco, Howard County, Iowa. It is probably within ten miles of the Minnesota state line. So far as known, with the exception of Bruer (of Minnesota), the latitude of its place of origin is greater than that of any other variety originating west of Chicago. It was discovered by Mr. W. A. Bents, proprietor of Cresco Nurseries, Cresco, Iowa, by whom, in 1929, specimen nuts of the 1928 crop were sent to the late S. W. Snyder, of Snyder Bros., Inc., of Center Point, Iowa. Scions of this variety were also sent to Mr. Snyder, by whom it was first grafted in 1929. The Cresco has since been disseminated to a considerable extent and is now growing in a number of widely remote plantings, including those of the E. A. Riehl Farm and Nursery, Godfrey, Ill., and the U. S. Department of Agriculture at Beltsville, Md.

Seventy-three nuts of the 1930 crop examined in Washington averaged 35 per pound and yielded 24.55 per cent of quarter kernels, 4.09 per cent small pieces and 0.73 per cent bad, making a total kernel percentage of 29.18.

The latitude of origin, together with the apparent general merit of the Cresco black walnut, makes this variety appear to be of special promise in the northernmost zone.

EDRAS--This is a particularly promising variety, brought to light by Mr. Gerald W. Adams, of Moorhead, Iowa, in connection with the 1926 Association contest; when it was No. 3 of three entries made by Mr. Adams. (It was No. 1 that was designated by the Association as "Adams" at that time and awarded twelfth prize. This variety received no prize.) The variety was first called "Adams" in his honor, but as a Michigan variety had previously been so designated, the name was changed to Edras, after the first name of Mrs. Adams.

The Edras was rated as being "Outstanding" by the late S. W. Snyder of Iowa (Iowa State Hort. Soc. Ann. Rep. 1924, p. 49). Prof. N. F. Drake, of Fayetteville, Ark., in the Proceedings of the Northern Nut Growers Association (p. 24) for 1930, stated: "I think this variety should be kept in mind, especially for breeding purposes where it is desired to develop a strain with a high percentage of kernel."

In a test of nuts from the 1930 crop, the Department of Agriculture obtained a percentage yield of 20.98 for quarters and a total kernel yield of 34.31. That year, 0.43 per cent of the kernels were found bad, and 12.91 per cent were of small parts. It is not improbable that another test would result in an even higher total yield and appreciable improvement in the yield of quarters.

This variety has been quite widely disseminated. It is known to be growing on the Riehl Farm and Nursery grounds at Godfrey, Ill.; at the Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Ill.; on the Kellogg Experimental and Demonstration Farm, Augusta, Michigan; on the farm of Mr. Harry W. Weber, Cleves, Ohio; and on the governmental test orchard at Beltsville, Md.