Chapter I: Part 1

NOTES AND QUERIES

FOR

Worcestershire.

BY JOHN NOAKE,

AUTHOR OF "THE RAMBLER," &c.

LONDON:
LONGMAN AND CO.
AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.
MDCCCLVI.]

=PRICE FIVE SHILLINGS=.

DEDICATED BY PERMISSION

TO

JOHN GOODWIN, ESQ.,

TWICE-ELECTED MAYOR OF WORCESTER;

AND UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF

THE VERY REV. DR. PEEL, DEAN OF WORCESTER,

THE RIGHT HON. EARL BEAUCHAMP,

J. H. H. FOLEY, ESQ., M.P.,

AND

R. PADMORE, ESQ.

In winter's tedious nights sit by the fire,
With good old folks, and let them tell thee tales
Of ages long ago betid.

Preface.

Another trifling instalment towards the history of Worcestershire is now respectfully presented to its inhabitants, and the Author ventures to express a hope that it may meet with the general favour of the reading public, equal to that which his previous works have elicited.

The materials of historical works usually consist of tables of pedigrees, charters, battles, sieges, enumerations of manors, with their successive owners, statistical details, and other tedious though useful information. These, however, are but the dry bones--the skeleton of history. The spirit of the past can only be evoked by a deep and extensive research among documentary and traditional evidences--by careful comparison and analysis--by judicious deduction and inference. To perform this effectually, even for the limited area of a county, the coöperation of many minds is almost indispensable. Let us take Worcestershire as an instance. Habingdon, Nash, Thomas, Green, and others, have accumulated large masses of the matter which conventionally passes for history, and I would not for one moment desire to detract from the merit of their labours: yet the history of Worcestershire remains to be written. What do we yet know of the manners and customs, the hopes and aspirations, the social every-day life, the habits and thoughts, of our ancestors? Yet surely this is not the least considerable feature of the times of which we would fain glean tidings. Who would not vastly prefer an hour or two's conversation with one who was in the flesh some centuries ago--could that be possible--to studying the pages of the most intelligent contemporaneous historian? Education had rendered the world dissatisfied with the old modes and precise forms of this department of literature, when such pens as Macaulay's were soon ready to supply the new want. Yet Macaulay could have done but little service in this way had he been content to receive old stereotyped facts which had for centuries been lazily copied by preceding writers. It was by industriously and perseveringly investigating public and private libraries, hunting up all available resources, and systematically comparing and arranging the information thus obtained, that he was enabled, by the potency of his genius, to erect on a new foundation a superstructure that has delighted and astonished all beholders. That great man's industry, at all events, if not his genius, may, and must be, imitated by all who would successfully labour in the field of history for the future. The annals of even so circumscribed an area as a county must not be written without at least searching the records of its principal courts of judicature, nor that of a city before consulting the dusty relics in the parochial chests and the municipal closets. Yet these fertile sources of authentic information have been almost entirely neglected by Worcestershire historians. The Author of this little work has made a commencement, humble though it be, towards furnishing data for the required undertaking; yet how much remains to be done! Nor can a single individual, confined to the requirements of an absorbing profession, be expected, alone and unaided, to achieve much. If some one in each parish would undertake to search the register, the old vestry and churchwardens' books, and any manuscripts or other material that may exist in the parish; if others would investigate the archives of the municipal towns, the Assize records (which I presume are in the possession of Mr. Wilde, at Clifford's Inn), the MSS. and rare books which may be found in the libraries of private gentlemen and the British Museum, and, though last, the most important of all, the ancient ecclesiastical registers and other records in Edgar Tower--the labour of a life--some material would then be gleaned from which a competent editor might produce a history worthy of the county--a picture of the life and manners of our ancestors, and not a mere record of names and dates and crude undigested facts.

The fragments which the Author has rescued from the accumulating dust of past ages are here presented, in the hope that others more competent will be stimulated to similar exertions in the various departments above indicated. Two insuperable reasons prevent his undertaking the task himself--first, that it would prove overwhelming and impossible to one who can spare only an occasional hour for the purpose, while, if divided amongst many, the accomplishment would be easy; and secondly, that much of the work to be done--especially the examination of ancient ecclesiastical documents--requires far greater scholastic attainments and a more intimate knowledge of the middle ages than he possesses. "Divide and conquer" must be the motto, if the work is to be done.

Meanwhile it will be noted with satisfaction that every successive exploration into the past indicates more distinctly the decided progress we have made, and exposes the fallacy of the belief in the "good old times:"

"The good of ancient times let others state:
I think it fortunate we're born so late."

In the few sheets here collected, evidence is given of civil and religious strife, such as we are now happily exempt from; of coarse habits, and a reckless expenditure of public funds on gross sensuality; the primitive state of the highways and the miserable travelling consequent thereon; the infancy of science in almost every department, and the greater prevalence of disease; superstition pervading all classes; women flogged in public, and the gaol a very specimen of barbarism; the poor hunted out of their cottages in every parish like wild beasts, and nearly all descriptions of trade fettered by absurd restrictions; nonconformity persecuted, and constitutional liberty, as we now understand the term, unknown. Nor were the manners and customs of our ancestors much more desirable than our own, although there was a greater heartiness in them and apparently a more general mixing of classes. When Parry was searching for the north-west passage, a boat was one day sent on shore, under charge of a petty officer, who received, besides the usual instructions to keep a look-out for anything remarkable, a printed form, on which, under the heads of "Manners," and "Customs," to record what he saw among the natives. In due time the boat returned to the ship, the man delivered in his report; and an extraordinary one it was for pith and brevity, running thus:

MANNERS | CUSTOMS
None at all. | Very beastly.

That the same report might have been truthfully applied even to English society in the last and preceding centuries the following pages prove, and still more conclusively might the charge have been brought home had the author felt himself justified in printing _in extenso_ some of the documents he has consulted, especially among the county rolls. Let us, however, not quarrel with our predecessors, but rightfully appreciate the blessings of advanced civilization by endeavouring, each one in his limited sphere, to inculcate contentment with our lot and an earnest desire to assist in the great work of human progress, both physical and moral.

In conclusion, the Author begs to offer his warm thanks to the patrons of this book (individually named in the dedication), without whose kind promises of support the work would not have been published; to Sir T. E. Winnington, Bart., M.P., for the inspection of many interesting manuscripts; to the clergy and churchwardens of the city, for their courtesy in permitting the examination of the registers and other parish books; to Mr. Carrington, barrister-at-law, for several valuable contributions and highly prized literary assistance; to Mr. Lewis, of the County Clerk of the Peace's office, for the trouble he so willingly incurred in displacing and re-arranging the Sessions' rolls; and lastly, to the general body of subscribers, who have so numerously signified their intention to take copies.

Index.

Abberley, 161, 240, 255, 289.

Abberton, 207, 297.

Abbot's Lench, 253.

Abbot's Morton, 177.

Abington's Manuscripts, 144.

Acton family, 264, 267, 270, 293, 315.

Acton Beauchamp, 159, 173.

Affiliations, 20, 42, 54.

All Fools' Day, 210.

All Saints' parish, 60, 222, 227.

Alfrick, 157, 173, 200, 204, 249, 289, 316.

Alvechurch, 102, 109, 132, 241, 253, 256, 271, 316.

Anabaptists, 117.

Ancient Inns, 258.

Archaic words, 251.

Areley, 202, 294.

Ascension Day, 208.

Assize notices, 273.

Astley, 80, 166, 246, 261, 289, 295, 310, 312, 313.

Astwood, 189.

Babes of Bethlehem, 205.

Badging paupers, 19, 41, 63, 68.

Badsey, 316.

Balls at Assizes, 279.

Baptisms, 176, 206.

Barneby family, 155.

Bearcroft family, 311, 315.

Bees, 179.

Belbroughton, 125, 182, 132, 254, 260, 310.

Bells, 17, 34, 47, 48, 52, 64, 177, 214, 240.

Beoley, 104, 126, 187, 132, 228, 253, 254, 316.

Berkeley family, 159, 160, 267, 293, 325.

Berrow, 253.

Besford, 234, 295.

Bewdley, 15, 75, 76, 100, 103, 125, 145, 150, 162, 173, 185,
198, 215, 232, 239, 245, 247, 253, 258, 264, 268, 301, 308,
318, 322, 328.

Birlingham, 125, 126, 315.

Birtsmorton, 203.

Bishampton, 101, 241, 272, 294, 314.

Bishop Skinner's Memoirs, 151.

Bishop Swinfield's Roll, 145.

Bishop Thornborough's monument, 287.

Black pear of Worcester, 228.

Blockley, 126, 272, 312, 315.

Bloody pond, 263.

Blount family, 120, 310.

Bockleton, 155, 315.

Brawling, 110, 118.

Bredicot, 297.

Bredon, 111, 126, 249, 256, 311, 313.

Bredon's Norton, 112.

Bretforton, 102, 199, 241.

Bricklehampton, 90, 316.

Bride ales, 218.

Bridges and highways, 130.

Broadheath, 64.

Broadwas, 208.

Broadway, 98, 238, 252, 266, 301, 312, 317.

Bromsgrove, 52, 65, 75, 84, 85, 100, 102, 106, 110, 113, 117,
124, 125, 198, 200, 132, 133, 235, 240, 260, 266, 268, 271,
289, 294, 296, 301, 305, 310, 312, 313, 316, 321.

Broughton Hackett, 203.

Burying in woollen, 26, 50.

Bushley, 295, 312.

Carriers, 101.

Cast-iron grave slabs, 231.

Castle Morton, 100, 129, 172, 290, 312.

Cathedral and precincts, 3, 9, 11, 12, 23, 25, 64, 96, 149,
152, 182, 196, 131, 142, 143, 206.

Catherning, 215.

Cattle market, old, 38.

Chaddesley, 106, 125, 126, 130, 182, 201, 217, 253, 255, 271,
290, 310, 312, 314.

Charlton family, 94.

Charms, 180.

Chaseley, 316.

Chimney money, 25, 28.

China trade, 254.

Christmas customs, 219.

Church and the people, 105.

Churchwardens of Worcester, 17, 26, 39, 45, 51, 56, 59, 62, 66, 69, 73.

Civil Wars, 10, 126, 318.

Claines, 70, 93, 271, 295, 311, 313.

Cleeve Prior, 316.

Clent, 196, 206, 240.

Clergy of seventeenth century, 108.

Clerks and sextons, 17, 259.

Clifton-on-Teme, 159, 161, 195, 137, 301.

Clothing trade, 305.

Club-men of Worcestershire, 324.

Cofton Hackett, 153, 132, 311.

Collins's fire, 60.

Comberton, 79, 127.

Communicants in 1548, 270.

Compositions to the king's household, 133.

Cookes family, 313.

Corn trade, 99.

Costume of the bar, 273.

Cotheridge, 229, 293, 315, 325.

Council of the Marches in Wales, 8, 15, 47.

County Sessions Records, 74 to 134.

Coventry family, 10, 18, 75, 87, 100, 122, 275.

Crabbing the parson, 206.

Crime, 82.

Cromwell pilloried, 229.

Cromwell's parliament, 292.

Cromwell's property tax, 264.

Croome, 75.

Cropthorne, 102.

Crowle, 188, 311.

Cuckolds, 84, 106.

Curfew, 214.

Cutnal Green, 181, 189.

Daylesford, 297.

Defford, 108.

Diary of Joyce Jeffries, 137.

Dineley family, 93, 135, 264, 310, 314, 323.

Dineley Manuscript, 135.

Dissenting meeting-houses, 124.

Distemper in cattle, 51, 103.

Doddenham, 289.

Dodderhill, 57, 125, 253, 312.

Doddingtree Hundred 200 years ago, 154.

Dogs and cats, slaughter of, 317.

Doverdale, 102, 297.

Dowdeswell family, 87, 122, 310.

Dressing a parson in 1627, 9.

Drinking healths, 210.

Droitwich, 11, 108, 115, 146, 203, 208, 243, 271, 289, 290,
294, 297, 301, 305, 308, 312, 313, 317, 321.

Dr. Prattinton's papers, 232.

Dudley, 75, 91, 100, 114, 125, 126, 171, 184, 185, 204, 231,
240, 267, 301, 319, 329.

Dunclent, 127.

Easter tokens, 16.

Eastham, 158, 236.

Echoes, 289.

Eckington, 245.

Edvin Loach, 159, 297.

Eldersfield, 265, 272, 314, 316.

Elmbridge, 291, 295, 310.

Elmley Castle, 142, 234, 266, 289.

Elmley Lovett, 79, 290, 312.

Evesham, 15, 75, 102, 126, 147, 196, 208, 238, 239, 248, 264,
272, 288, 293, 294, 301, 302, 305, 308, 319.

Excommunications, 32, 105.

Feckenham, 41, 75, 105, 118, 132, 148, 201, 242, 255, 258, 259, 313, 314.

Fees of Clerk of Peace in 1753, 76.

Female scolds, 106.

Fifth monarchy men, 116.

Figures, introduction of, 13.

Fishermen of St. Peter's parish, 40.

Fladbury, 102, 180, 240, 289, 295, 314.

Floods, 67, 239.

Flyford Flavel, 207.

Foley family, 92, 159, 264.

Foresters of Feckenham, 148.

Four children at a birth, 296.

Frankley, 266, 316, 328.

Funeral customs, 208.

Gaols, 37, 85.

Garden and butter markets, 38.

Ghosts, 187.

Giants, 237.

Gloucester city gates, 258.

Good Friday, 178.

Grafton, 124, 126, 241.

Graveyard punning, 265.

Grimley, 294.

Guy Faulx, 209.

Halesowen, 125, 200, 218, 233, 241.

Hallow, 253, 313.

Hampton Lovett, 271.

Hanbury, 15, 57, 102, 124, 147, 295, 311, 313.

Hanley Childe and William, 158.

Hanley Castle, 100, 104, 254, 310.

Hartlebury, 75, 125, 142, 154, 175, 180, 205, 210, 211, 232, 246, 248.

Harvington, 148, 215, 219.

Heaving, 211.

Hemp and flax, 102.

Henry the Eighth's obsequies, 5.

Hermitages and caves, 246.

Himbleton, 125, 231, 234, 241, 253.

Hindlip, 23.

Holt, 189, 256, 293, 295.

Holy loaf, 233.

Honeybourne, 102, 238.

Hop cribbing, 222.

Hop-pole hotel, 35.

Hops, 228.

Hopton family, 322.

House of Industry, 38, 43.

Housling pence, or Sacrament money, 31.

Huddington, 188, 205.

Iccomb, 95.

Image, destruction of at Worcester, 285.

Incumbents of Worcester, 17, 26, 39, 45, 51, 56, 59, 62, 66, 69, 73.

Inkberrow, 78, 83, 125, 177, 132, 218, 253, 311, 315, 316, 321.

Javelin men, 281.

Jeffries' Manuscripts, 136.

Kempsey, 15, 131, 147, 245, 271.

Kidderminster, 3, 14, 75, 100, 103, 125, 127, 151, 184, 185,
201, 211, 217, 249, 264, 268, 271, 293, 302, 305, 308.

King Charles's coins, 228.

King Charles's staff, 236.

King's Norton, 96, 103, 104, 113, 132, 203, 210, 240, 254, 260,
265, 271, 283, 292, 294, 310, 313, 314, 316.

King's tax, 27, 234.

Kington, 4, 80.

Knighton, 156, 272.

Knights of the Royal Oak, 266.

Knightwick, 128, 142, 166, 200, 252, 326.

Knightwood, fines for not taking, 309.

Kyre, 158, 161.

Lechmere family, 104, 122, 264, 292.

Lee, Rev. Dr., 261.

Legends and traditions, 193.

Leigh, 95, 185, 188, 215, 235, 253, 272, 289, 312.

Lindridge, 112, 147, 149, 156, 157, 142, 294.

Littletons, 102, 315.

Longdon, 90, 220, 240, 259, 311, 312, 314.

Longevity, 255.

Love spells, 189.

Lulsley, 158, 200, 253.

Lygon family, 37, 87, 88, 121, 123, 184, 264, 267.

Lyttelton family, 266, 267, 286, 294.

Magistrates in 1483, 267.

Malvern, Great, 126, 133, 147, 171, 186, 195, 256, 264, 311, 313.

----, Little, 154.

Mamble and Bayton, 83, 165, 210, 255.

Manuscripts, county, 135.

Marine store dealers, 228.

Martin Hussingtree, 255.

Marriage custom, 208.

Marriages by Justices, 57.

Martley, 129, 160, 165, 252, 255, 257, 310, 313, 326.

Mathon, 169, 181, 253, 263.

May-poles, 112, 210.

Memory, fine, 259.

Milward evidences, 230.

Morris dancing, 213.

Mortuary Cloth of Clothiers' Company, 305.

Moseley, 126, 265, 294, 317.

Mothering Sunday, 210.

Nash family, 37, 57, 119, 121, 123, 265, 310.

Naunton Beauchamp, 207.

Needle trade, 228.

New Year's customs, 221.

Nicknames, 218.

Nonconformity, 268.

Norbury family, 119, 120.

Northfield, 125, 132, 241, 253, 310.

Norton-juxta-Kempsey, 131.

Norton near Evesham, 205, 239.

Oddingley, 128, 202.

Offenham, 179, 210, 215, 253, 298, 313, 315.

Oil lamps first set up, 38, 41, 55.

Oldberrow, 297.

Oldbury, 116, 305, 313.

Old customs, 205.

Old family, 239.

Old sayings, 238.

Oldswinford, 80, 271.

Ombersley, 128, 266, 295, 310.

Organs at Cathedral, 152.

Orleton, 158.

Overbury, 262.

Oxford circuit, 275.

Pageant-house, 232.

Pakington family, 71, 122, 130, 270, 294, 310.

Paper, early mention of, 284.

Papists, 31, 75, 112.

Pensax, 155, 165, 288.

Pensham, 315.

Peopleton, 270.

Perambulations, 13, 22, 29, 41, 51, 55, 64, 68, 72, 222.

Pershore, 125, 174, 179, 239, 245, 252, 265, 270, 271, 303,
310, 311, 314.

Pillory, 84, 230.

Plague, 132.

Plum-pudding and pancake bells, 215.

Plymouth, Earl of, 87, 93.

Poor, 89.

Population of Worcester parishes, 17, 26, 39, 45, 51, 56, 59,
62, 66, 69, 73.

Powick, 55, 64, 253, 289.

Primitive Cathedral customs, 206.

Printer, first at Worcester, 236.

Quakers, 36, 39, 53, 112, 114.

Queen Elizabeth, 292, 298.

Queries, 228.

Rats, old English, 284.

Records of the City of Worcester, 1 to 73.

Redditch, 132, 228.

Redmarley, 261, 272, 311, 312, 315, 316.

Reformation, 4.

Ribbesford, 75, 163, 165, 193, 272, 294, 315.

Ridley the martyr, 261.

Ringing for the parson, 205.

Ripple, 75, 237, 272, 289, 314.

Rock, 150, 161, 204, 255, 256, 257, 272, 312, 314.

Roundhead's description of Worcestershire, 249.

Rouselench, 235, 316.

Royalists compounding, 292.

Royal oak day, 209.

Rushock, 79, 102, 182, 314.

Rushout family, 87, 122.

Saddle silver, 66.

Saffron, 237.

Salt, 36, 101, 297.

Salwarpe, 57, 85, 187, 271, 282, 291, 295, 312.

Sandys family, 123, 266, 295.

Sapey, 159.

Sculptures on churches, 235.

Seabright family, 295.

Seal of Worcester, 284.

Sedgberrow, 289.

Severn Stoke, 2, 13, 15, 271, 294, 313.

Shelsley, 75, 137, 159, 160, 185, 187, 199, 253, 256, 297.

Ship money, 308.

Shipston, 77, 303, 322.

Shrawley, 80, 166, 180, 293, 311.

Small parishes, 296.

Social regulations, 97.

Somers, the great Lord, 1.

Spetchley, 126, 228.

St. Alban's, 56.

St. Andrew's, 45, 197.

St. Clement's, 66, 197, 225.

St. Helen's, 52.

St. John's, 61, 285, 294, 312, 313.

St. Martin's, 57.

St. Michael's, 1, 131, 295.

St. Nicholas, 26.

St. Peter's, 39, 131.

St. Swithin's, 17.

Stanford, 137, 142, 145, 154, 161, 204, 248, 252, 314.

Star and Garter hotel, 35.

Staunton, 314, 316.

Stewponey, 232.

Stockton, 165.

Stoke Prior, 102, 132, 180.

Stone, 240, 249, 293, 314.

Stourbridge, 75, 100, 103, 124, 125, 133, 161, 182, 186, 206,
218, 231, 232, 233, 240, 253, 271, 304.

Stourport, 289.

Stourton Castle, 127, 232, 328.

Strensham, 256, 294, 295, 314.

Suckley, 158, 173, 249, 272, 296, 310, 314, 316.

Sunday schools, 38.

Superstitions, 167.

Talbot family, 266, 282, 295.

Tardebigg, 102.

Tenbury, 75, 103, 125, 142, 147, 149, 158, 180, 200, 220, 237,
238, 239, 255, 256, 272, 304.

Tenure, 218.

Theatres, 132.

Tibberton, 203, 313.

Tobacco, 103, 242.

Touching for King's evil, 27, 181.

Townsend Manuscripts, 141.

Traces of the Stuarts, 318.

Tradesmen's tokens, 298.

Traveller's passport, 129.

Tredington, 240, 312.

Trial by combat, 147.

Trumpeters at Assizes, 282.

Tything, 93.

Upton-on-Severn, 75, 85, 125, 130, 146, 270, 311, 313, 314.

Upton Snodsbury, 61, 245.

Upton Warren, 132, 253.

Vacarius' Roman law, 143.

Valentine's Day, 212.

Vernon family, 264, 295.

Versified will, 262.

Vineyards, 288.

Virtuous parish, 296.

Wages of Magistrates, 291.

Waits, 213.

Wake at Claines, 72.

Ward, Lord, 87.

Watchman, the last, 38.

Weather rhymes and sayings, 306.

Welland, 57, 126.

Whipping, 84.

Whitbourne, 128.

White Ladies, 212, 256.

Whitsun farthings, 14, 23, 56, 65, 69.

Whoop custom, 217.

Wichbold, 312, 313.

Wichenford, 295, 315.

Wick, 207.

Winnington family, 87, 123, 137.

Witchcraft, 78, 183, 142.

Witley, 75, 125, 160.

Wolverley, 142, 201, 259, 311, 325.

Yardley, 313, 314, 316.

PARISH RECORDS

OF

THE CITY OF WORCESTER.

St. Michael's.

The register of this parish commences with the year 1546, but as the entries for about half a century are apparently in the same handwriting, it is probable that in or soon after the year 1597, when an order was issued that all parochial registers should be transcribed on vellum, an older register of St. Michael's was copied on that now existing. It is on vellum and in excellent preservation--which probably will not be said some two or three centuries hence respecting the common and perishable paper registers now in use by Government authority. The first entry which attracted my attention in this register was--

"1648.--John Somers, gent., and Katherine, the daughter of John
Seaverne, gent., and Mary his wife, were married Nov. 13."

And among the births are the following:

"1650.--John the sonne of John Somers, gent., and Katherine his
wife, was born the fourth day of March."

"1653.--Mary, daughter of John Somers, gent., and Katherine his
wife, was born 15th Oct."

"1655.--Katherine, daughter of John Somers, gent., and
Katherine his wife, born 7th April."

Here, then, are the means of deciding a fact which has long been the subject of dispute. Mr. Cooksey, in his "Life of Lord Somers," asserts that he was born at the White Ladies; but Dr. Nash mentions the tradition that the famous Lord was born in the College Churchyard, in a house since pulled down, adjoining the south side of the old church of St. Michael; "but as during the Civil Wars (says that veracious and _painstaking_ chronicler, Chambers) the registers were discontinued, or very irregularly kept, _though the Doctor diligently searched, his birth could not be found_, either in the parishes of Severn Stoke, St. Michael, St. Helen, St. Peter, or the Tything." The "diligence" of the Doctor's search must now be a matter of doubt, as the four entries copied above are not only easily observed, but are somewhat prominent. The "John Somers, gent.," whose marriage with Katherine Seaverne is recorded in 1648, was unquestionably the attorney who resided for some time at the White Ladies, and afterwards within the Cathedral precincts; and their first-born, who was introduced to the world on the 4th of March, 1650, was afterwards the celebrated nobleman who became the head of the Whigs and Lord High Chancellor of England--whose eloquence, knowledge of the law, inflexible integrity, and great capacity for public business, made him an ornament to his country--and whose defence of the seven bishops, in opposition to the tyranny of James II, entitles him to a place in the foremost rank of the defenders of our constitutional liberty. The death of his parents is not entered in St. Michael's register, as they both died and were buried at Severn Stoke. Lord Somers himself was buried in Hertfordshire.

The period of the Civil Wars is distinguished by blank pages, but regularity again commences in 1660. The burial of "Sir Gilbert Jerrard, governor of Woster," is recorded on the 20th of January, 1644; and that of John Cox, master of the College school, on the 30th Dec., 1663. The prisoners and debtors who died in the Castle (the old prison stood on the site of the Castle, near the Cathedral, now converted into gardens) were buried at St. Michael's. It appears likewise that St. Michael's was considered the parish church for the whole of the College precincts, and that if any marriages were performed at the Cathedral, they were duly entered in St. Michael's register, and the incumbent of course received the fees.

"Mr. Richard Smith, minister, and Mrs. Anne Foulks, were
marryed in ye Cathedrall on ye 13 day Feby., 1676."

"Jonathan Dixon of Kidderminster and Mary Henzey of this parish
were married at the College by me, Oct. 7, 1737, by license.
Thomas Smith."

An archdeacon was also married in the chapel of the Bishop's Palace at Worcester, and an entry in this register duly records the fact. Marriages were solemnized here between persons belonging to almost every town or place in the county, and entries of those occurrences are more numerous than in any other register of the city. The list of marriages closes with this note:

"See a marriage register book from the year 1754, in pursuance
of an Act of Parliament passed in the 26th year of King George
III, which restriction commences from the 25th March, 1754."

In the birth department the children of dissenters were for some years put under a separate head, and specified as such, and there are frequent records of "children left," and "children picked up" in the parish. Lastly, there is mention made of Henry Humphreys having, by will in 1729, left £4 yearly to the incumbent of St. Michael's and £1 to the clerk, on condition they take care that his grave shall not be opened or touched except for the burial of his wife. This money was payable out of "a freehold messuage or tenement, lands, and premises in the parish of Kington, Worcestershire;" but the bequest has long been lost sight of and the estate is not known; there is, however, no doubt that the identification of the estate might be readily made out if its present owners were inclined to do justice to the claims of the church. Perhaps a former owner compounded with the then incumbent for a sum of money or other consideration.

By far the most interesting and valuable of all the parochial records in the city are those of St. Michael's, the oldest account book going back to the year 1543, and, with the exception of from 1611 to 1640, which years are omitted, the records come up to the present century. As these books take us back to a period before the completion of the Reformation, they contain evidence of religious ceremony and social custom which entitle them to the first place in this work. Among the ceremonials of the unreformed Church, the most conspicuous was that at Easter, when the Resurrection was represented. For this purpose a tomb or sepulchre was arranged in the chancel (a recess still to be seen in the chancel wall of most old churches), in which the effigy of the Saviour was laid, and watched day and night by persons appointed for the purpose, as well as by religious devotees, till it was raised out of the tomb on the morning of Easter Sunday, when the previous darkness in the church suddenly ceased, and a flood of light, together with the richest music, incense, and every sign of rejoicing, celebrated the event. In St. Michael's church, the clerk was paid 2d. (worth 2s. 6d. now) for watching on Easter eve, and also was presented with a pair of gloves. "Tacketts (small nails), pynnes, and thrydde, to dresse the sepulchre," were charged 2d., and 4d. for the labour of dressing, great pains having evidently been taken. Arras tapestry hangings or curtains were provided for the tomb, large wax lights and flowers were arranged on the altars (of which there were three in St. Michael's church), and the rood, which was a carved representation of the Crucifixion, elevated on the chancel arch, was also splendidly lit up and decorated with flowers, as were the niches containing figures of the saints. Oil, frankincense, and robes, are charged for in the accounts, the lighting of the rood and sepulchre amounting to as much as 7s. 1d.; for making 25 lbs. of wax, 12d., and for flowers for the tapers and rood light, 2d. A taper was also fixed over the font. The celebration of this festival did not terminate with the church, as the wardens on the same day (Easter Sunday, 1543) spent the sum of 3d. at the tavern. There is likewise an entry of 2d. paid for "nayles and pynnes for the sepulter on Palme Sunday, and wyer for the curteynes for the sepulter at Ester." The following obsequies were observed at St. Michael's church on the death of Henry VIII:

"At the kyngs highnes dirige and masse.

Item for fyve tapers x_d._

Item a masse i_d._

Item for mendynge of the bere and herse ii_d._

Item for the colourynge of two wodden canstycks blacke ii_d._

Item for brede and ale for the ryngers then iv_d._

Item for ryngynge vi_d._

Item for two papers of the kyngs armes to set on the kyngs herse iii_d._"

The progress of the Reformation during the reign of Edward VI is distinctly marked in these records, by the mode in which the churchwardens were compelled to set their house in order. A man named John Davyes was employed to "hewe downe the seates of the images in the church and to whytelyme it," for which he received 15d.; "an ares cov'yng (arras covering) wh. was used at the sepulter" was sold to Mr. Bland for 6s. 8d.; the lamp and censer, weighing 20 lb., for 4s.; "two standerdes of brasse, two cansticks, and a tynacle of brasse for holly (holy) water, weying 3 lb.," 14s.; "a coppe crosst," (the priest's cope, with a cross on it) 2s.; a platter, 18d.; "a holy water pott of led, and certein organne pypes of led, weying half C. and 12 lb.," 2s. 10d.; for "13 lb. of pewter of organne pypes and shelles for tapers, at 2d. a lb.," 2s. 2d.; two small bells were sold for 9d.; the top of the pulpit went for 2s., and the foot for 2d.; the organs, the "fayle and old clothes to cover the saynts," the tables that stood on each of the altars, the "trymmer" of the high altar, the altars themselves, and all the other appointments, disappeared like useless lumber. Two inventories of the church goods were written out for the commissioners, and the churchwardens and their friends made merry on the occasion at the tavern. Instead of the gorgeous altars, two "frames," or trestles (or "oyster boards," as the Bishop of Exeter would term them), were provided for the Lord's Supper; and in lieu of carved saints and mural emblazonments, a man was engaged to "write the Scriptures and paint the church at 2d. the yard," on those parts of it, at least, where the whitewasher's brush had not taken the precedence. In the fifth year of King Edward, the old churchwardens handed over to the new ones the church goods, of which the following is an inventory:

"A chalice, two pattens, the cover of a pyx, foot of a silver
cross, a crucifix that was on the cover of the pyx, a little
silver bowl, the little bowl of the pyx that the crucifix stood
on, six pieces of silver and gylte, and a little image of St.
Michael of silver gylt, a little bell without a clapp., two
brasen canstycks, two painted clothes, a pawle of silk, two
sirplices for children, two aubs (albs), a table cloth, five
towels, the parson's sirplice and the clarks sirplice, a course
pawle, and bere cloth."

Under the reign of Mary, old customs were partly revived, as charges were again made for the pascal taper, wax, frankincense, and charcoal in Lent; Mr. Blunt's man was remunerated "for his paines when he sett the cross and the rest of the stuffe;" Father Charlemayne was paid 6d. for mending the crysmatory; 7d. was charged for chains for the censer; "Raffe Pynner" mended the pyx; and apparently the high altar was reinstated, for after the death of her Majesty, 6d. was paid for taking down the altar, and 3s. "for paving the place and making clean of it." The parish went to but small expense in solemnising Queen Mary's death, 9d. only having been spent "for quene majesty's obit." The Paraphrases of Erasmus had been previously purchased at a cost of 11s., and, with a Bible in English, chained to a lectern. The rood loft was now pulled down, and sold as old timber for 3s. This was in 1561, at which time another inventory of the church goods was furnished, as follows:

"A processional, the portuas in two parts for the whole year,
a missal, a manual, a book for christening and burying, a
pall lyned, and a old pall onlyned, an old vestment of silk,
a front of an alter of red and white satten, with flourdelich
(_fleur de lis_), two albes, two surplices for childern, a
little pillow of green, two towels with blew thredd, a bible, a
book of comon ----, six stoles for the neck and arm, a book of
the paraphrasis, two parelles for albes, a lamp, and certaine
pieces of an old lamp, two iron roddes with stockynns upon
them, and two curteins of red and yellow, the pastall tapur
and eight endes of other tapurs, the sepultre without a hedd,
a cross cloth of green silk, a corp ---- case, a chalis and
patten, two table cloths, two surplises for men, one old cloth
to cover the com'n bord."

A "cupp and pott for the com'n bord" was purchased in 1566 at a cost of 3s., and 6d. for the carriage of it from London. The "frame where our little bell hanged"--probably the sanctus bell--was taken down in 1580. Fifteen years later, Nicholas Archbold, the churchwarden, chargeth himself with 7s. 9d. "received from Fowlke Broughton for the old bible of the church, and also with 12d., which this accountant, before the sale thereof, received of one Mr. Morrys, a relator to the Council in the Marches of Wales, in earnest of the said bible, which 12d. was forfeited by him, for that he fetcht not the book as he p'mised." Mr. Morris, no doubt, was more punctual in his subsequent dealings with churchwardens. The old communion book was also disposed of for 3s. 4d.; but "a newe fayer Englishe bible of the last translacon authorised in the church" was purchased for 16s., and a new communion book for 6s. 8d.

Sittings in the church were paid for yearly, at the rate of from 4d. to 6d. each. In 1567, a Mr. Doctor gave 5s. for a seat "which the parishioners promised should remain to his house for ever." Also, in the same year, "received of Mrs. Bland for the seat that her husband paid for her frendes to knele in, 12d.;" and the keeper of the Castle (then the county gaol) paid the like sum for himself and wife. A Mr. Richard Jones was paid 3s. 4d. for preaching two sermons on Palm Sunday in the year 1624; but the usual mode of paying ministers who did not belong to the parish when they preached was by treating them with a quart of sack, claret, or other wine. The Bishop sometimes preached here; and on one occasion the vestry treated his lordship to a rundlett of sack, costing £1. 10s. 10d., besides a quart of sack and a quart of white wine--the rundlett probably for the use of the numerous suite which bishops in those days always brought in their train, and the other for his lordship's own dinner table on the day that he honoured St. Michael's pulpit. On the same occasion a silk girdle, costing 8s., was given to Mr. Parr, one of the Bishop's chaplains, for preaching twice. The number of needy and itinerant preachers in the seventeenth century must have been considerable, judging from the frequent relief allowed them. Probably one of these is referred to in the following curious entry:

"Given to one that come with Tres patents out of Turkie, that
had bin long in prison for the maintenance of the ghospel,
vi_d_."

Muscadell was used for the communion wine. At Christmas the church was decked with rosemary and bays, sometimes with ivy and holly. A curious illustration of the poorness of the living occurs in these books. It seems that about the year 1551, the living, which was a peculiar, in the gift of the Dean and Chapter, lapsed to the Crown, and has so continued ever since, it not being worth while to pay the expense of the seals, &c., on account of the smallness of the rectory. The custom, therefore, was for the parishioners to make a present of 40s. annually to the parson--a sum equivalent to £20 of present money. In addition to which, in the year 1627, their benevolence expanded into the donation of a suit of clothes to his reverence, Mr. Hoskins. For this purpose they purchased, "by general consent," five yards of "russett kersey," three yards of white cotton, half an ell of "russett bayes," an ell and quarter of linen cloth, three dozen buttons, and silk, also a sheepskin to make him pockets; all of which, including the making, cost £1. 5s. A yearly pension was also paid by the church of Worcester (the Cathedral) to one Roger Follyott, for the use of the parson of St. Michael's, but about the year 1590 the said Roger fell into arrears; a great controversy arose, which was settled by the Dean ordering him to pay 50s. to the churchwardens. Much care seems to have been taken of the parish records, and in 1630 a memorandum specifies that "the church and parish evidences and writings were removed forth of the old chest, and brought and put into the new frame of cubbords or boxes by the feoffees of the lands belonging to the church and parish, and by the churchwardens and divers others of the ancient and better rank of the parish, on Sunday, Nov. 5," and five keys were distributed amongst them with abundant precaution. The period was approaching in which all their care and solicitude were necessary. The first indication of the troublous period of the Civil Wars was the outlay of 12d. for a book of "prayers for the Parliament for a fast." Then, in 1642 (the year of the siege of Worcester), on the 24th of September, being the day when the Earl of Essex took possession of the city, after defeating the Princes Rupert and Maurice, and driving them, together with Lord Coventry, Sir William Russell, and their forces, over the bridge towards Herefordshire, a general pillage ensued, but the churchwardens of St. Michael's apparently compromised the matter by "giving to captains and soldiers for preserving our church goods and writings," 10s. 4d. Widow Ward's chimney, however, was broken down by the soldiers, and its reparation cost 12d.

The "coming of the princes" had been welcomed by a plentiful ringing of the bells of St. Michael's, but "Colonel Essex" was treated to a pottle of white wine and sugar at the Talbot. The jumbling together of incidents at this period is amusing, for about the same time the sum of half-a-crown was spent upon a Mr. Hackett, "in wine, beare, and tobacko, he reading prayers and preaching with us;" also 17s. "for a musket and bandeleer for the parish use, by command of the Governor and Commissioners, remaining with Abraham Pilkington, trained souldier for the parish." Providing one soldier seems to have been the fixed requirement for this parish, as in 1560 a charge of 3s. 2d. was made "for settyng forthe of a man in the warres to Berwick." The second siege of Worcester was in 1646, but the only allusion to military matters in that year are the donations of 5s. to "a soldier's wife delivered of a child in the Dark Alley, her husband having gone from her;" and 6d. "given in charity to one goodwife Packman, a very pore woman, whose husband was killed at Stowe fight, and she beinge at old Gyles his house in the Colledge, and in great miserie, was recommended by Mr. Moore, one of the committee." The year 1651, when Cromwell's crowning victory put the loyal city of Worcester to so much trouble, left numerous traces of the event in the books of this parish. After an inventory of the church plate and furniture then in their possession, the churchwardens say that "All the rest of the parish goods were plundered by Generall Cromwell's souldiers after the routinge of the Scotish army at Worcester ye 4th September last, viz., one flaggon, a pewter pott of three pints, one carpet of stript stuffe, half silk, being the gift of Richard Wannerton, one fayre carpet of branched green velvet, frindged about with deep green frindge, being the gift of Nicholas Archbold, gent., one holland table cloth for the comm'n table, one covering of fine holland to lay over the cushion upon the com'n table, with buttons at the four corners thereof, one table napkin of holland for the com'n board, two old velvet cushions." It seems that shortly after this sanguinary struggle, a County Session was held at Droitwich, and the sum of £500 was granted for the relief of the poor of Worcester, so much impoverished in the war. St. Michael's churchwardens acknowledge receiving the tenth part of this sum; and at the same time there was also laid out the sum of £2. 9s. 4d. "for buryall of the Scots that were slain and dyed in our parish, the Pallace, the Colledge, the Colledge Green, Castle Hill, and ye precincts of the said several places, and of divers others that were brought out of ye citty of Worcester and layd in the churchyard." From this interesting entry it is evident that large numbers of the combatants in those eventful days are resting beneath the sod of St. Michael's churchyard--

"Their bodies dust--their good swords rust--
Their souls are with the saints, we trust."

Just a century later it was ordered that for all bodies buried in the church the sum of one guinea should be paid, and a brick arch turned "to avoid the offensive smells which the inhabitants too often have been annoyed with;" and in October, 1767, appears the following:

"Ordered, that whereas it appears to us that the sextons of the
College having unjustly received for many years past 20s. for
the use of the Rev. the Dean and Chapter, and 8s. for their
trouble in receiving the same, making in the whole £1. 3s.,
for every person buryed in the said parish churchyard, not
being a parishioner, besides tacking of horses, and tolerating
pedlars and other strollers to sell their ware thereon, as
also in the passage leading unto the High Street, to the great
detriment of the parish and a nuisance to the community in
general, ordered that the officers of the said parish do set
forth their grievances to the Rev. Dean and Chapter, and humbly
request their assistance towards fencing the said churchyard
in a decent manner, the said parishioners having been at large
expense in repairing and beautifying the parish church, and a
numerous poor rendering them incapable of doing the whole."

About a century ago the parsonage house was ordered to be excused from all manner of payments, upon consideration of the minister preaching a sermon on Good Friday yearly; part of this parsonage house was called "the coffee-house," and was probably used for that purpose. An annual guinea was paid to the clerk "for singing a psalm every Sunday _between_ the two services;" the same amount to Mr. Staples to act as parish attorney to give his advice at any time; Mrs. Mary Linton was allowed "to have the sole use of the gallery of the church in her time, to take her scool there, on condition that she be at the expense of a new staircase to the gallery;" and "ordered, that the parish pump be locked down, and not to be used (except in case of fire) without the parishioners who make use of it will contribute towards the late expense of the said pump."

This brings us to the subject of parochial expenditure. The first year that figures are introduced into the accounts (and then only for the dates) was in 1557; small numerals were used in carrying out the sums of the items until the year 1644, when figures regularly superseded them. The churchwardens and their friends met and drank together on Easter Day, chiefly at the Talbot, when new churchwardens were chosen, also at the visitation, at "beating the parish bounds," going to inspect the parish property at Clifton, Severn Stoke, and on many other occasions. In 1624, on account of the perambulation, the church was dressed with boughs and rushes, by the clerk, at a charge of 4d., and the sum of 5s. 8d. was spent at the Talbot; the prisoners of the county gaol received 6d. wherewith to forget their sorrows for a time, bread was given to the poor, money to the ringers (there were three bells and a "tinking bell" at that time); and 8d. was "paid to a bottman for carrienge by water the minister and other of ye p'ishe when they went the p'ambulacon round by the Castle Hill and B'pp's Pallace." The poor had grown so numerous and burdensome by the year 1701, that an order was made for no officer to spend money on any of these public occasions; but the lust of the flesh soon reassumed its ancient sway, for in the succeeding year a meeting of twenty of the parishioners, including most of those who had been so considerate for the parochial purse, ordered that the old custom of spending £1 at the perambulation and election of officers should be revived. Many other subsequent efforts at economy were made, but without any permanent effect; and in 1778 I find that no less than £5 for processioning and 18s. for cakes, besides other sums for various parish meetings, were allowed. The total receipts of the parish in 1657 were £56. 4s. 3d., and the disbursements £55. 2s. 9d., but of the balance in hand the accountant observes--"in which money there was a leaden shilling which had long been in the parish stock, and was now broken to pieces by consent of ye parishioners." The Whitsun farthings paid by the officials from the beginning of these records regularly amounted to 5d. per annum. For an explanation of this item, as also for hoseling or houseling money, which was regularly paid, see some of the following chapters.

It would seem that the poor were cared for as well as the imperfect arrangements of those days permitted. Minute details are given of the "rigging out" of parish apprentices. In 1623, Gervase and William Johnes, two pauper lads, were put out, the former to Thomas Fletcher, who received £1. 6s. with him; and the latter to William Spender, who had £1. 10s.; in one case the indentures cost 4s., in the other 1s. The two suits of apparel given to the lads were made of 8 yards of Kidderminster stuff at 14d., 2 ells canvas to line their doublets, 2 ditto for their hosen, an ell straight lining, buttons and thread, 6 yards cotton at 7d. for their hosen, 1-1/2 dozen points 3d. (Query, what were these?) 6-3/4 ells "huswife's cloth to make fower shirts" 6s. 9d., making 12d., washing old shirts 2d., making 2 doublets and 2 pair of hozen 5s., 2 pair of stockings 2s., 2 bands 1s., 2 hats 4s., 2 pair shoes 2s. 6d. One Stanton, a waggoner, was paid 7s. in August, 1635, to carry a boy to London, and 2s. more "to let the sister of the boy ride sometimes who went along with him." On the carrier's return he was allowed 4d., "disbursed by him for victuals." Cider was given to Mary Lench, a poor parishioner, in 1722, "to take two doses of physic in for the jaundice, and 6d. to let her blood;" and subsequently, 6d. "to buy alicampane powder and two leeches for her distemper." Mr. Sergeant Groves was likewise treated to a shilling's worth of cider in 1707, "when he was pleased to give his advice for the parish." In 1726, "given to a pore widow near ye Palace, to buy a pair of specktacles to see to work," 6d.; and "a pair of pumps for the foundling" was on two or three occasions charged for, at 10d. each. Did this term denote thin, light shoes? The sum of £5 was received by St. Michael's officers every Christmas during the life of the good Bishop Hough, being their share of £100 annually devoted by his lordship to the poor of this city. There was beside a liberal amount of charitable bequests from property left by benevolent persons, and many small sums to be lent for the benefit of young beginners in trade. The parish possessed houses in St. Peter's and St. Helen's; lands at Hanbury; Beanhall Farm, Kempsey; a small estate at Clifton, in the parish of Severn Stoke, and some other property. The churchwardens also regularly received a small payment "for the Talbot passage," which was probably for a right of way to the Talbot inn, there being a house belonging to the parish close by the top of the Talbot entry. Considerable litigation occurred at various periods with reference to the parochial possessions, especially those at Severn Stoke. The churchwardens had occasionally to ride to Bridgnorth, Ludlow, Bewdley, and Shrewsbury, where the Council of the Marches sat, to obtain judgment in their suits, one of which had reference to the sale of some trees by the churchwardens. More on the subject of the jurisdiction of that Council will be found in the chapter on St. Andrew's. The following looks like a case of grave suspicion, in reference to a period when the character of judges was not like that of Cæsar's wife, and when juries of "honest and true" men did not disdain a "refresher." Robert Walker, the churchwarden in 1573, hands in a "reckoning" thus:

"Paid at Evesham Assizes.

In p'mis, for the juries dinner. ix_s._ vi_d._
To John Wiche, for attending upon the jury. iv_d._
For m'gment (probably "management") of the p'vie
(privy) verdict. xii_s._
To the judge for the same. vi_s._ viii_d._
To the baylye Button for watching the jury. ii_s._"

The clerk of the assize, the crier, and others, also had their fees on the occasion.

Besides the regular yearly income of the parish, it appears that lands were left at Synglebarrow, in the parish of Great Horwood, Buckingham, out of which a small payment was made (probably in rotation) to the Corporations of Worcester, Winchester, and Reading, the towns of Calne and Aylesbury, and the parishes of St. Michael and Great Horwood.

In 1779, the citizens being about to petition Parliament to increase the powers under their act for supplying the city with water, paving the streets, &c., and having proposed to extend the said act to the parish of St. Michael, in order to avoid union with the city in the said act, which it was apprehended might prove injurious to them, the several proprietors of lands and houses situate next the city engaged voluntarily to remove obstructions, and to pave their soils from St. Mary's Steps to the College Gates, at their several costs, and a committee was appointed to direct the execution thereof.

The only other entries remaining to be noticed are the following curious ones:

1548.--"Paid Robert Browne for a jack, two s----, and a byll. ix_s._
Paid for another jack to the tayler at Knowle End. v_s._ iv_d._"

Was this "jack" one of those stuffed figures formerly carried about in processions, like the "Jack-o'-Lent," &c.?

1559.--"For ledd, and making of tokens at Easter vi_d._"

What these tokens were required for at Easter I cannot ascertain, but suppose them to have been for some religious purpose. Tokens for change do not occur before the time of Charles I, and they were made by tradesmen, not parishes, and had nothing to do with Easter.

In the year 1660, John Martin, bell founder, was employed in "casting and hanging the second bell." This was at the Worcester foundry, which was in operation a few years only, which is still called "Bellfounders' Yard," Silver Street. Lastly, in 1769, one of the vestry meetings was attended (or at least the minutes are signed by) seven women and seven men. This introduction of the feminine element, however, seems to have been a very rare exception to the rule in those days.

The present rector of St. Michael's is the Rev. George St. John; churchwardens, Mr. Henry Bennett and Mr. Curtis. Population in 1851, 483. The office of clerk has been in the family of Bond for nearly a century; and the records state that, in 1763, Nathaniel Bond (an ancestor of the present clerk, Mr. Capel Bond) was appointed clerk and sexton, at a salary of £4 a year and fees.

St. Swithin's.

This register commences with the year 1538, but it is obvious from the fact of the items for three quarters of a century being in the same handwriting and the same ink, that it was copied from an older one, for the same reason as in the case of St. Michael's register, before-mentioned. During the Civil Wars there are fewer entries of marriages than usual, but no other feature of interest presents itself.

The churchwardens' account book begins in 1673, and contains much that is noteworthy. In those days the churchwardens seem to have been the regular factotums of the parish. They received from the Mayor, at Midsummer and Christmas, the benefaction known as Lord Coventry's money, and distributed to nine poor persons, whose names are entered in the book, at the rate of 3s. 4d. each; and there is a longer list of those who received charity on St. Thomas's Day. Irish vagrants greatly infested the city, and drew largely on the parochial funds; maimed and disabled soldiers and sailors, and numbers of distressed persons who had seen better days, or who had been "ruinated by fire," constantly appealed to the popular benevolence.

"To a distressed gentlewoman and her company, 14 in all, 2s."

"To 16 Englishmen that were taken by the Dutch and got on land
ageine, 2s."

The regular poor seem to have been treated pretty liberally. Pauper children were taught to read:

"For hornbook and primmer for Jenkins' girle to learn to read,
6d."

"To a woman for curing a foundling boy of a broken belly, 10s."

Midwives and "gossips" were paid by the churchwardens, and at the christening the parson received 1s., the clerk 6d., and registration 4d. Minute details of expenses incurred for individual paupers are amusing enough:

"Paid Goodman Dooding for dressing of Mary Leonard's legg, and
to buy salve by consent of the parish, 5s."