Chapter C: Old Brompton, Jan. 3. 1850

[We may mention another work printed in this manner--an edition of
_Robinson Crusoe_, in 3 vols. 8vo. 1790--_"printed at the
Logographic Press, and sold by J. Walter, No. 169. Piccadilly,
opposite Old Bond Street."_]

* * * * *

MEMORIALS OF THE DUKE OF MONMOUTH'S LAST DAYS.[9]

At a recent meeting of the Royal Irish Academy in Dublin, Dr. Anster exhibited a manuscript volume of 157 pages, which he declared to be the identical "album filled with songs, recipes, prayers, and charms," found in the Duke of Monmouth's pocket when he was seized. It was purchased at a book-stall in Paris in 1827 by an Irish divinity student, was given by him to a priest in the county of Kerry, and, on the priest's death, became the property of the present possessor. Respecting in its identity and history, from its removal from the rebel duke's pocket down to its production at the Royal Irish Academy, Dr. Anster showed that after Monmouth was beheaded--which he was on Tower Hill, by the too-celebrated John Ketch, on the 15th July, 1685--the articles found on his person were given to the king. At James's deposition, three years afterwards, all his manuscripts, including those that had belonged to Monmouth, were carried into France, where they remained till the Revolution in that country a century afterwards. Dr. Anster, in exhibiting the book, showed that the remains of silver clasps had been destroyed, and a part of the leather of the covers at each side torn away, seemingly for the purpose of removing some name on a coat of arms with which it had been once marked; and this he accounted for by the belief that at the period of the French Revolution the persons in whose custody they were, being fearful of the suspicions likely to arise from their possession of books with royal arms on them, tore off the covers, and sent the books to St. Omer's. The after-fate of the larger books was, that they were burned; some small ones, we are distinctly told, were saved from this fate, but seem to have been disregarded, and all trace of them lost. The Abbé Waters--a collateral descendant of Lucy Waters, the Duke of Monmouth's mother--was the person with whom George IV. negotiated for the Stuart papers, and from whom the volumes which have since appeared as Clark's _Life of James the Second_ were obtained; and it is from the Abbé Waters we have the account of the destruction of King James's autograph papers. Dr. Anster showed, written on the inner cover of this volume, the words, "Baron Watiers" or "Watrers."

As to the identity of the book, Dr. Anster quoted several passages from contemporary authors to test their account of the contents of the "album" with those of the book he was describing. In the _Harleian Miscellany_, vol. vi. p.323., it is stated in Sir John Reresby's memoirs, that "out of his [Monmouth's] pocket were taken books, in his own handwriting, containing charms or spells to open the doors of a prison, to obviate the danger of being wounded in battle, together with songs and prayers." Barillon describes the book in what is nearly a translation of this--"Il y avoit des secrets de magie et d'enchantment, avec des chansons des recettes pour des maladies et des prieres." Again, in a note by Lord Dartmouth to the modern editions of _Burnet's Own Times_, we have the following statement:--

"My uncle Colonel William Legge, who went in the coach with him
[Monmouth] to London as a guard, with orders to stab him if there
were any disorders on the road, showed me several charms that were
tied about him when he was taken, and his table-book, which was
full of astrological figures that nobody could understand; but he
told my uncle that they had been given to him some years before in
Scotland, and he now found they were but foolish conceits."

The actual contents of the manuscript volume show a great resemblance to these descriptions. The most curious passages which it contains are the duke's memorandums of his journey on two visits to the Prince of Orange, in the year previous to his last rash adventure. His movements up to the 14th of March, 1684-85, are given. The entries do not seem to be of much moment; but they may accidentally confirm or disprove some disputed points of history. There is an entry without a date, describing the stages of a journey in England, commencing with London and Hampstead: it ends with Toddington. This forms a strong link in the chain of identity; for Toddington is a place remarkable in the history of the duke. Near it was the residence of Lady Henrietta Maria Wentworth, baroness (in her own right) of Nettlestead, only daughter and heir of Thomas Lord Wentworth, grandchild and heir of the Earl of Cleveland. Five years before the execution, her mother observed that, despite the duke being a married man, her daughter had, while at court, attracted his admiration, and she hurried her away to Toddington. In 1683, after the failure of the Rye-House Plot, Monmouth was banished from the royal presence, and it was to Toddington he retired. When, on retracting the confession he had made on the occasion, he was banished the kingdom, the companion of his exile was Lady Henrietta Wentworth.

"I dwell on this," said Dr. Anster, "because the accidental mention of Toddington seems to authenticate the book: the name of Lady Henrietta Wentworth does not occur in it, and the persons in whose hands the book has been since it was purchased in Paris do not seem to have noticed the name of Toddington, or to have known that it had any peculiar relation to the duke's history. It occurs twice in the book--once in the itinerary, and again in a trifling and unmetrical song, which is probably the duke's own composition; written probably on the eve of his flight with his romantic but guilty companion to Holland:--

"'With joy we leave thee,
False world, and do forgive
All thy false treachery.
For now we'll happy live.
We'll to our bowers,
And there spend our hours;
Happy there we'll be,
We no strifes can see;
No quarrelling for crowns,
Nor fear the great one's frowns;
Nor slavery of state,
Nor changes in our fate.
From plots this place is free,
There we'll ever be;
We'll sit and bless our stars
That from the noise of wars
Did this glorious place give
(Or did us Toddington give)
That thus we happy live.'"

In Macaulay's history we find that the latest act of the duke on the scaffold, before submitting to the stroke of the executioner, was to call his servant, and put into the man's hand a toothpick-case, the last token of ill-starred love. "Give it," he said, "_to that person!_" After the description of Monmouth's burial occurs the following affecting passage:--

"Yet a few months and the quiet village of Toddington, in
Bedfordshire, witnessed a yet sadder funeral. Near that village
stood an ancient and stately hall, the seat of the Wentworths. The
transept of the parish church had long been their burial-place. To
that burial-place, in the spring which followed the death of
Monmouth, was borne the coffin of the young Baroness Wentworth of
Nettlestead. Her family reared a sumptuous mausoleum over her
remains; but a less costly memorial of her was long contemplated
with far deeper interest: her name, carved by the hand of him she
loved too well, was, a few years ago, still discernible on a tree
in the adjoining park."

In further proof of identity, Dr. Anster pointed out several charms and recipes which the manuscript volume contains. The conjurations are in general for the purpose of learning the results of sickness in any particular case, and of determining whether friends will be in certain circumstances faithful. There are also incantations for the use of several maladies, and one to make gray hair grow black. No "charms against being wounded in battle," such are Sir John Reresby mentions, are to be found in the volume; but there are some prayers against violent death, which have the appearance of having been transcribed from some devotional book. There is evidently a mistake in supposing that this book contains any charm for breaking open prison doors, and it is likely that Sir John Reresby was misled in this way:--There is in p. 7. a charm in French to procure repose of body and mind, and deliverance from pains; and the word for "pains" is written in a contracted form; it might as well stand for prisons; but, examining the context, it is plainly the former word which is meant.

The rest of the entries consist of extracts from old recipe-books, mixed in the oddest way with abridgements of English history, and the most trifling memorandums, chiefly of a private and personal kind. Altogether, this commonplace work is highly indicative of the weakness, vanity, and superstition which stood forward so prominently in the character of the rash but unfortunate Duke of Monmouth.

* * * * *

QUERIES.

CATHERINE PEGGE.

Mr. Cunningham was mistaken in supposing that I had overlooked Catherine Pegge, for I was well aware that she could not have been Pepys's "pretty Lady." She must, in fact, have attained her fortieth year, and there is no record of her being on the stage; whereas Margaret Hughes had, when Pepys saluted her, recently joined the Theatre Royal, and she is expressly styled "Peg Hughes" by Tom Browne, in one of his "Letters from the Dead to the Living." Having disposed of this question, I am tempted to add that Morant does not confirm the statement that Catherine Pegge married Sir Edward Green, for he says that

"Sir Edward Greene, created a Baronet, 26 July, 1660, was seated at
Little Sampford in Essex; he had 3 wives, the first was Jeronyma,
daughter and coheir of William Everard, of Linsted, Esq., and by
her he had 6 daughters; by Mary, daughter of ---- Tasborough, he
had a son; and by the third lady ----, daughter of ---- Simonds, he
had a daughter. He was the last of the Greenes that enjoyed this
estate, having lost it by gaming."--Morant's _Essex_, vol. ii. p.
525.

This account of the Greene family is stated in a note to have been taken from a fine pedigree on vellum, penes T. Wotton, Gent.

If Catherine Pegge was one the three ladies mentioned above, she must have changed her name previously to her marriage, in hopes of concealing her former history; but the circumstance of the baronetcy being conferred upon Sir Edward is very suspicious. Probably some of your correspondents can settle the question.

BRAYBROOKE.

Audley End, Jan. 19. 1850.

* * * * *

WILLIAM BASSE, AND HIS POEMS.

Can any of your readers inform me where a perfect or imperfect copy is to be found of a poem, of which I possess only a single half sheet, under the following title:--

"_Great Brittaines Sunnes-set, bewailed with a Shower of Teares_.
By William Basse. At Oxford, Printed by Joseph Barnes. 1613"?

It is one of the many poems published on the death of Prince Henry; and although I have been in search of it, or of a fragment of it, for more than twenty years, I have never been able to obtain tidings of more than of that small portion in my possession; nor am I aware of the mention of it in any bibliographical authority. I have not at hand Sir H. Nicolas's edition of Walton's _Angler_, in which Basse is spoken of, but I remember looking at that beautiful and costly work a long time ago, and, as far as I recollect, not finding in it anything to my purpose. I observe that a William Basse (or _Bas_, as the name is there spelt) printed in 1602, 4to., a tract called _Sword and Buckler, or Serving Man's Defence_; but I know no more of it than that it was sold in Stevens's sale; and among the MSS. of the late Mr. Heber was a volume of poems called _Polyhymnia_, apparently prepared for the press, and dedicated by William Basse to Lady Lindsey, which contained an "Elegie on a rare Singing Bull-finch," dated 19th June, 1648; so that he was still living nearly half a century after he had printed his earliest known performance.

The production that Izaac Walton refers to must be the ballad preserved in the Pepys Collection at Cambridge, under the heading "Maister Basse his Careere, or the new Hunting of the Hare. To a new Court tune;" and beginning--

"Long ere the morne expects the returne."

It was "Printed at London by E.A.," i.e. Edward Allde, without date; and it may have been duly noticed by the last editor of _The Complete Angler_. However, neither this nor Heber's MS. throw any new light upon the small tract (in 8vo., and of perhaps not more than two sheets) with the title of which I commenced, and regarding which I request information. It is a poem in eight-line stanzas, and it is dedicated, at the back of the title-page, "To his honourable Master, Sir Richard Wenman, Knight," without another word addressed to his patron.

My fragment of four leaves, or half an 8vo. sheet, contains stanzas (one on each page), numbered 5, 6, 7, 8. 13, 14.; and the earliest of them is this:--

"To you I therefore weepe: To you alone
I shew the image of your teares, in mine;
That mine (by shewing your teares) may be show'n
To be like yours, so faithfull so divine:
Such as more make the publique woe their owne,
Then their woe publique, such as not confine
Themselves to times, nor yet forms from examples borrow:
Where losse is infinit, there boundlesse is the sorrow."

I have preserved even the printer's punctuation, for the sake of more perfect identification, if any of your readers are acquainted with the existence of a copy of the production, or of any portion of it. The above stanza, being numbered "5," of course it was preceded by four others, of which I can give no account. Another stanza, from this literary and bibliographical rarity, may not be unacceptable; it is the eighth--

"Here then run forth thou River of my woes
In cease lesse currents of complaining verse:
Here weepe (young Muse) while elder pens compose
More solemne Rites unto his sacread Hearse.
And, as when happy earth did, here, enclose
His heavn'ly minde, his Fame then Heav'n did pierce.
Now He in Heav'n doth rest, now let his Fame earth fill;
So, both him then posses'd: so both possesse him still."

Therefore, although Basse had written his _Sword and Buckler_ in 1602 (if it were the same man), he still called his Muse "young" in 1613. I cannot call to mind any precedent for the form of stanza adopted by him, consisting, as it does, of six ten-syllable lines, rhyming alternately, followed by a twelve-syllable couplet. None of the other stanzas contain personal matter; the grief of the author of _Great Britain's Sun's-set_ seems as artificial as might be expected; and his tears were probably brought to the surface by the usual pecuniary force-pump.

I have some notion that William Basse was a musical composer, as well as a writer of verses; but here, again, I am at fault, and particularly request the aid of Dr. Rimbault, who has paid special attention to such matters, and who has just published a learned and valuable work on the music of the ballads in Percy's _Reliques_. If the volume were not so indisputably excellent in its kind, there are reasons, connected with its dedication, which might make me hesitate in giving it even a just tribute of praise.

J. PAYNE COLLIER.

Kensington, Jan. 21. 1850.

* * * * *

MINOR QUERIES.

_Christmas Hymn_.--Can any of your readers inform me who was the author of the well-known Christmas Hymn, "Hark the Herald Angels sing," which is so often found (of course without the slightest shadow of authority), at the end of our Prayer-Books? In the collection of poems entitled _Christmas Tyde_, published by Pickering, the initials "J.C.W." are appended to it; the same in Bickersteth's _Hymn Book_. In the last number of the _Christian Remembrancer_, it is incorrectly attributed to Doddridge, who was the author of the other Christmas Hymn, "High let us swell our tuneful notes," frequently appended to Tate and Brady; as well as of the Sacramental Hymn, "My God and is Thy table spread?" If the author of this hymn cannot be determined, it would be interesting to know its probable date, and the time when this and the other unauthorised additions were made to our Prayer-Book. The case of Doddridge's hymn is more remarkable, as being the composition of a dissenter.

E.V.

_On a Passage in Pope_.--"P.C.S.S.," who is old-fashioned enough to admire and to study Pope, would feel greatly obliged if any of your correspondents could help him to the interpretation of the following lines, in the "Imitation" of Horace's _Epistle to Augustus_:--

"The Hero William, and the Martyr Charles,
One knighted Blackmore, and one pensioned Quarles,
Which made old Ben, and sturdy Dennis swear,
_No Lord's Annointed, but a Russian bear!_"

The passage in Horace, of which this purports to be an "Imitation," is the well-known

"Boeotum in crasso jurares äere natum,"

and it is clear enough that Pope meant to represent kings Charles and William as so devoid of the taste which should guide royal patronage, that, in selecting such objects of their favour as Blackmore and Quarles, they showed themselves to be as uncouth and unpolished as the animal to which he likens them. But the principal motive of this inquiry is to ascertain whether there exist in their writings any record of the indignation supposed to have been expressed by Jonson and Dennis at the favour shown by majesty to their less worthy rivals.

P.C.S.S.

_Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood_.--There is a passage in Longinus (ch. xxii.), familiar perhaps to some of the readers of the "NOTES AND QUERIES," which indicates that the fact of the circulation of the blood was well established in the days of Plato. The father of critics, to exemplify, and illustrate the use and value of _trope_ in writing, has garbled from the Timaeus, a number of sentences descriptive of the anatomy of the human body, where the circulation of the blood is pointed at in terms singularly graphic. The exact extent of professional knowledge arrived at in the time of the great philosopher is by no means clearly defined: he speaks of the fact, however, not with a view to prove what was contested or chimerical, but avails himself of it to figure out the surpassing wisdom of the gods in constructing the human frame. Perhaps some of the readers of the "NOTES," who are more thoroughly conversant with the subject, may think it worth while to inquire how much was known on that subject before Harvey wrote his _Exercitationes Anatomiae_. The _Prooemium_ of that author seems hardly sufficient to satisfy the desire of every reader, who has looked with some care to the passage in Longinus to which I have taken the liberty of calling public attention.

A.W.

Brighton.

_The Meaning of "Pallace_."--A lease granted by the corporation of Totness in Devon, in the year 1703, demises premises by this description: "All that cellar and the chambers over the same, and the little _pallace_ and landing-place adjoining to the river Dart." Can your readers give an explanation of the term "pallace?"

J.R. ROGERS.

_Did Oliver Cromwell write "The New Star of the North?_"--Perhaps some of your numerous correspondents, who have perused a curious letter of Count de Tessins, in Clements' _Bibliothèque Curieuse_, tome ix. page 331., can inform me what credit, or if any, is due to the Count's conjecture, that Oliver Cromwell was the author of the book entitled _The New Star of the North, shining upon the victorious King of Sweden_, &c. 4to. London, 1632.

J.M.

Oxford.

_Meaning of Savegard and Russells_.--In the will of Elizabeth Coddington, lady of the manor of Ixworth, 1571, mention is made of "the red _russells_ quilt," of "a felde bed," and of "my cloke and _savegard of freseadon_." I shall be obliged by any description of the garment known as the _savegard_, and of the _russells quilt_.

BURIENSIS.

_Pandoxare_.--Having met with an old volume containing the entire household expenses, as well as in some degree a diary, kept by a country gentleman during the reigns of James II., William and Mary, and Anne, I observed that he has made use of a species of hieroglyphics, to facilitate his reference to his book, as it contained all the entries of all kinds, in chronological order. For instance, where mention is made of money spent on behalf of one person in his house, he puts at the side of the page a clay pipe, rudely drawn; an entry of the payment of wages to another servant has a jug of ale; another a quill pen; another a couple of brooms, as the housemaid; a fiddle for the dancing master for his daughter; payment made to the sexton or parish-clerk has a representation of the village church by its side, and the window-tax a small lattice-window; and on the days that they brewed, a small barrel is drawn by the side of the date. And the chief object of my letter is with respect to this last; a barrel is often drawn, and by its side the words, _primò relinitus_, and the date, naturally meaning the day it was tapped; and then shortly after comes another barrel, and to it is written the word _Pandox_., or sometimes in full _Pandoxavimus_; in some places at the end of the year there is a list to this effect:--

"(1705.)
(------------------)
_Memoranda_.
29. Mar.--Pandoxe.
6. Apr.--relinit.
28. Apr.--relinit.
3. May.--Pandoxe.
17. May.--relinit.
31. May.--relinit.
5. Iun.--Pandoxe."

and at the top of the list the figure of a barrel.

I should be glad if any of the readers of your paper could tell me the meaning of the word _Pandoxare?_ Whatever it was, it took place about once a month.

H.B.

[Ducange explains _Pandoxare_ "Cauponum exercere, agere; cerevisiam
venum exponere atque adeo conficere."]

_Lord Bacon's Metrical Version of the Psalms_.--In old Izaak Walton's _Life of George Herbert_, I find the following passage:--

"He (_i.e._ Lord Bacon) thought him so worthy of his friendship,
that having translated many of the Prophet David's Psalms into
English verse, he made George Herbert his patron by a public
dedication of them to him, as the best judge of divine poetry."

Can any one of your numerous readers inform me if these "Metricals" are known?--if so it will greatly oblige

A CORNISHMAN.

_Festival of St. Michael and All Angels_.--Can any of your readers inform me why double second lessons are appointed in the Book of Common Prayer for the Festival of St. Michael and All Angels? First, among the "lessons proper for Holy-days," we have, at Matins, Acts xii. to v. 20.; and at Evensong, Jude, v.6 to v.16.: and then in the Calendar, coming in ordinary course, we have, at Morning Prayer, Mark. ii.; and at evening, 1 Cor. xiv. In every other case, where the second lessons are proper, there are none appointed in the Calendar in ordinary course.

K.M.P.

_Wood-cut Likeness of Luther and Erasmus_.--Perhaps you will permit me to inquire what are the earliest wood-cut likenesses of Luther and Erasmus. Am I right in supposing that the image of the great Reformer is found for the first time on the verse of the title-page of his treatise _De Captivitate Babylonica Ecclesiae_, 4to., s.l.v.a.; and that the wished-for representation of Erasmus may be seen in the small octavo volume, entitled _Bellaria Epistolarum Erasmi Rot. et Ambrosii Pelargi vicissim missarum_, Colon. 1539? Some of your readers will doubtless be acquainted with what seems to be a very accurate and complete performance, the _Vita D. Martini Lutheri Nummis atque Inconibus illustrata_, studio M. Christiani Juncker, 8vo., Francof. 1699. In this work (p.129.) there is an impression of a medal on which was exhibited the _Imago ad vivam effigiem expressa_ of Erasmus, anno 1531.

R.G.

_Anglo-Saxon "Lay of the Phoenix_."--Has any edition of the _Lay of the Phoenix_ been published, besides the English version in the _Archaeologia_, vol. 30, and that which bears the date, "Copenhagen, Grundtvig, 1840, 8vo"? Can any light be thrown on the doubts respecting the era of the author of this lay? And is there any published edition of the hexameter poem by Lactantius, which is said by Stephens to have suggested the first idea of this beautiful Anglo-Saxon poem?

SELEUCUS.

_C. Agricola, Propugnaculum Anti-Pistorianum_.--Could any of your readers direct me to an accessible library which possess a copy of Christian Agricola's _Propugnaculum Anti-Pistorianum_, or otherwise give me any account of that treatise?

J. SANSOM.

_The Liturgy Version of the Psalms_.--In Beloe's _Anecdotes of Literature_ (edition 1807), vol. i. p. 181. and vol. ii. p.316. are notices of _The Bishops' Bible_, where mention is made of one edition of it containing two different versions of the Psalms. The two statements, however, differ, making it doubtful of what is intended; the first speaking of one edition and the second of another.

Vol. i. p. 181. says--

"The first edition of this Bible was published in 1568. In this the
new translation of the Psalms was inserted alone. In the second
edition the translation of the Great Bible was added in opposite
columns, and in a different character."

Vol. ii. p. 316.:--

"Bishops' Bible, first edition, 1568. There is also a double
translation of the Psalms, one from what is called the Great Bible,
the other entirely a new one."

Will any of your correspondents be so obliging as to state what is the additional version--new or other--there alluded to, other than the present Liturgy version?

X.X.

* * * * *

MISCELLANIES.

_Sir William Rider_.--"P.C.S.S." is happy to be able to answer one of the questions of "H.F." (at p. 186. No. 12.), by referring him to the _Extracts from the Parish Registers of St. Olave's_, which were published in vol. ii. of the _Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica_. At p. 316., of that volume, he will find the following entry, which pretty nearly determines the date of Sir William Rider's death:--"1611, November 19. Sir William Rider diing at Leyton, had his funeralle solemnized in our Church, the hearss being brought from Clothworkers' Hall." In a note to the above entry a further reference is made to Lyson's _Environs_, vol. iv. pp. 160, 161. 165.

SONNET.

_Written on the opening of the Session_, 1847.

"For him was lever han at his beddes hed
Twenty bokes clothed in black or red,
Of Aristotle, and his philosophie,
Than robes riche, or fidel, or sautrie."

CHAUCER

"Me, poor man! my library
Was dukedom large enough."--SHAKSPEARE.

Farewell, my trusty leathern-coated friends!
'Tis fitting, for a while, that we should part;
For I, as duty points, must shape my ends,
Obey what reason bids, and not my heart.
What though 'tis mine to listen in that Hall
Where England's peers, "grave, rev'rend, potent," sit,
To hear the classic words of STANLEY fall,
BROUGHAM'S biting sarcasm, LYNDHURST'S polished wit,
The measur'd sentence of THE GREAT CALM DUKE--
It is not mine to commune with the men.
Not so when I unfold some favorite book,
CHAUCER and I grow boon companions then;
And SHAKSPEARE, deigning at my hearth to sit,
Charms me with mingled love, philosophy, and wit.

WILLIAM J. THOMS.

_Pilgrimages of Princes--Bernard Calver--Passage from Hudibras_.--In reply to Mr. Beauchamp's query, No. 11. p. 173., _The Pilgrimage of Princes, penned out of Greek and Latine Authors, London_, 1586, 4to., was written by Ludowic Lloyd. See Watt's _Bibliotheca Brit_., vol. iii. p. 612.

No. 11., p. 167. Mr. Stevens will find some account of "Bernard Calver," in Granger's _Letters_, 8vo., but I have not the book to refer to.

No. 12., p. 177. Menage observes, in speaking of Monsieur Perier's abuse of Horace for running away from the battle of Philippi, "Relietâ non bene parmulâ," "Mais je le pardonne, parce qu'il ne sait peut-être pas que les Grecs ont dit en faveur des _Fuiars_."

"[Greek: Aner o pheugon kai palin machesetai]"

_Menagiana_, vol. i. p. 248. Amst. 1713.

Perhaps Erasmus translated this "_apophthegme_." Audley End, Jan. 19. 1850.

BRAYBROOKE.

_Seal of Killigrew, Master of the Revels_.--In the Museum at Sudbury, in the county of Suffolk, is, or was when I made a note of it about three years since, a silver seal with a crystal handle, which is said to have belonged to Killigrew, King Charles's celebrated Master of the Revels. The arms are, argent, an eagle displayed with two heads within a bordure sable bezanty. _Crest_. A demi-lion sable, charged with three bezants.

BURIENSIS.

_Lacedaemonian Black Broth_.--Your correspondent "W." in No. 11., is amusing as well as instructive; but it does not yet appear that we must reject the notion of coffee as an ingredient of the Lacedaemonian black broth upon the score of _colour_ or _taste_.

That it _was_ an ingredient has only as yet been mooted as a _probability_.

Pollux, to whom your correspondent refers us, says that [Greek: zomos melas] was a Lacedaemonian food; and that it was called [Greek: aimatia], translated in Scott and Liddell's _Lexicon_, "_blood-broth_." These lexicographers add, "The Spartan black broth was made with blood," and refer to Manso's _Sparta_, a German work, which I have not the advantage of consulting.

Gesner, in his _Thesaurus_, upon the word "jus," quotes the known passage of Cicero, _Tusc. Disp_. v. 34., and thinks the "jus nigrum" was probably the [Greek: aimatia], and made with an admixture of blood, as the "botuli," the _black_ puddings of modern time, were.

Coffee would not be of much lighter colour than blood. A decoction of senna, though of a red-brown, is sometimes administered in medicine under the common name of a "_black_ dose."

As regards the _colour_, then, whether blood or coffee were the ingredient, the mess would be sufficiently dark to be called "_black_."

In respect of _taste_, it is well known, from the story told by Cicero in the passage above referred to, that the Lacedaemonian black broth was _disagreeable_, at least to Dionysius, and the Lacedaemonians, who observed to him that he wanted that best of sauces, hunger, convey a confession that their broth was not easily relished.

The same story is told with a little variation by Stobaeus, _Serm_. xxix., and Plutarch, _Institut. Lacon_., 2. The latter writer says, that the Syracusan, having tasted the Spartan broth, "spat it out in disgust," [Greek: dyscheranunta apoptusai].

It would not have been unlike the Lacedaemonians purposely to have established a disagreeable viand in their system of public feeding. Men that used iron money to prevent the accumulation of wealth, and, as youths, had volunteered to be scourged, scratched, beat about, and kicked about, to inure them to pain, were just the persons to affect a nauseous food to discipline the appetite.

R.O.

_Lacedaemonian Black Broth_.--I should be glad to know in what passages of ancient authors the Lacedaemonian black broth is mentioned, and whether it is alluded to in such terms as to indicate the nature of the food. It has occurred to me that it is much more probable that it was the same _black broth_ which is now cooked in Greece, where I have eaten of it and found it very good, although it looked as if a bottle of ink had been poured into the mess.

The dish is composed of small cuttle-fish (with their ink-bags) boiled with rice or other vegetables. Edinburgh, Jan. 13. 1850.

W.C. TREVELYAN.

ON A LADY WHO WAS PAINTED. (_From the Latin._)

It sounds like a paradox--and yet 'tis true,
You're like your picture, though it's not like you.

RUFUS.

_Bigotry._--The word Bigotry pervades almost all the languages of Europe, but its etymology has not been satisfactory to Noah Webster. The application of it is generally intelligible enough; being directed against those who pertinaciously adhere to their own system of religious faith. But as early as the tenth century it appears, that the use of the word Bigot originated in a circumstance, or incident, unconnected with religious views. An old chronicle, published by Duchesne in the 3rd vol. of his _Hist. Francorum Scriptores_, states that Rollo, on receiving Normandy from the King of France, or at least of that part of it, was called upon to kiss the foot of the king, a ceremony, it seems, in use not at the Vatican only; but he refused "unless the king would raise his foot to his mouth." When the counts in attendance admonished him to comply with this usual form of accepting so valuable a fief, he still declined, exclaiming in pure Anglo-Saxon, "Not He, By God,"--_Ne se bigoth_; "quod interpetatur," says the chronicler, "non [ille] per Deum." The king and his peers, deriding him, called him afterwards Bigoth, or Bigot, instead of Rollo. "Unde Normanni," adds the writer, who brings his history down to the year 1137, "adhuc Bigothi dicuntur." This will account for the prepositive article "Le" prefixed to the Norman Bigods, the descendants of those who followed William the Conqueror into England, such as Hugh Le Bigod, &c. Among other innovations in France, the word Bigotisme has been introduced, of which Boiste gives an example as combined with Philosophisme:--"Le Bigotisme n'est, comme le Philosophisme, qu'un Egoïsme systématique. Le Philosophisme et le Bigotisme se traitent comme les chiens et les loups; cependant leurs espèces se rapprochent, et produisent des monstres."

J.I.

Oxford.

_Gowghe's Dore of Holy Scripture_.--If your correspondent "F.M." (No. 9. p.139.) has not received a reply to his third query, I beg to submit that he will find the perusers of Gowghe's work to be the individuals mentioned in different portions of Foxe's _Acts and Monuments_, vol. v. edit. 8vo. pp. 414.449. 482.; the less intelligible names, "Doctor Barons, Master Ceton," being intended for Dr. Barnes and Alexander Seton. Anyhow, this reference may, it is hoped, lead to a fuller discovery of the parties intended.

NORRIS.

_Reinerius Saccho_.--Your correspondent "D." (No. 7. p.106.) will find some account of Reinerius Saccho, if the source is accessible, in Quetif and Echard's _Scriptores Ord. Praedicatt_. tom. i. 154.

N.

_Discurs Modest_.--Your correspondent "A.T." (No.9. p.142) may be informed that there can be no reasonable doubt, that the _original_ authority, for _Rem transubstantiationis patres ne attigisse quidem_, is William Watson in his _Quodlibet_, ii. 4. p.31.; that the _Discurs. Modest. de Jesuitis_ borrowed it from him; that Andrews _most probably_ derived it from the borrower; and that the date of the _Discurs_. &c. must, therefore, be between 1602 and 1610. Probably there may be a copy in the Lambeth Library; there is none in the Bodleian, British Museum, or Sion College, and Placcius affords no reference. The _author_ may never have been known.

N.

_Defoe's Tour through Great Britain_.--I am much obliged to your correspondent "D.S.Y" for the suggestion that the _Tour through Great Britain, by a Gentleman_, from which I sent you some extracts relating to the Ironworks of Sussex, is from the pen of Daniel Defoe. On referring to the list of his writings, given in vol. xx. of C. Talboy's edition of Defoe's Works, I find this idea is correct. Chalmers notices three editions of the work, in 1724, 1725, and 1727, (numbered in his list "154," "156," "163,") and remarks that "all the subsequent editions vary considerably from the original" of 1724. He states that "this work is frequently confounded with 'John Macky's Journey through England, in familiar Letters from a Gentleman here to his Friend abroad,' 1722." I may take this opportunity of mentioning that, in the first volume of Defoe's work, there are some very interesting particulars of the skirmish at Reading, between the troops of the Prince of Orange and the Irish forces of James II., and the panic known as the "Irish night," which deserve to be consulted by Mr. Macaulay, for the next edition of his History. The whole work will well repay a perusal, and what is there of Defoe's writing which will not?

D.S.

_Muffins_.--The correspondent who, in No. 11., p. 173., inquires the origin of the word "Muffin," is referred to Urquhart's _Pillars of Hercules_, vol. ii. p. 143., just published, where he will find a large excursus on this subject. The word, he avers, is _Phoenician_: from _maphula_, one of those kinds of bread named as such by Athenaeus. "It was a _cake_," says Athenaeus, "baked on a hearth or griddle." He derives this by taking away the final vowel, and then changing _l_ for _n_; thus: "maphula," "maphul," "mufun!!!"

In this strange book there are fifty other etymologies as remarkable as this. The author plainly offers them in hard earnest. This is something worth _noting_.