Chapter C: Mansfield Ingleby

Birmingham.

_The Rabbit as a Symbol_ (Vol. v., p. 487.).--It will be remembered that Richard of the Lion Heart, on his way to the Holy Land, proceeded to Sicily, where he played all manner of rough fantastic tricks, to the infinite disgust of the king and people of the island. On pretence of certain assumed claims, but the rather _pour passer le temps_, our Achilles and his myrmidons fixed a quarrel upon the reigning sovereign, Tancred the Bastard, whose immediate predecessor, William the Good, had married Joanna[6], Richard's sister; took forcible possession of an important fortress; turned the monks out of a monastery whose situation was convenient for the purposes of his commissariat; and at last, by an act of most unjustifiable aggression, laid siege to the city and castle of Messina, {598} on whose walls was soon triumphantly planted the royal banner of the Plantagenets. Now the hare and rabbit frequently occur upon the coins of Spain and Sicily, of which countries they were, indeed, the particular and well-recognised symbols. (Fosb. _Ency. Antiq._, pp. 722. 728.); and I would suggest that the device in question has reference to Richard's proceedings in the latter kingdom, which, in an age whose acknowledged principle was that "Might makes Right," would be looked upon as redounding vastly to his credit and renown, and most worthy, therefore, of commemoration amongst the other emblematic representations which give so remarkable a character to the monumental effigies at Rouen. Regarding it in this point of view, there appears to be much inventive significancy in this device, and the exercise of a little ingenuity would soon, I think, render manifest the peculiar applicability of its "singular details" to the circumstances of Richard's transactions with Tancred, as they are presented to us by our own chroniclers.

The appearance of this symbol or device of a rabbit, upon old examples of playing cards, as referred to by SYMBOL, is easily accounted for. These "devil's books" came to us originally from Spain; and in ancient cards of that country, columbines were Spades, _rabbits_[7] Clubs, pinks Diamonds, and roses Hearts.--Fosb. _ut sup._, p. 602.

COWGILL.

[Footnote 6: This lady afterwards married Raymond, Count de St. Gilles, son of the Count of Toulouse. Eleanora, another of Richard's sisters, married Alphonso, third king of Castile.]

[Footnote 7: The Clubs, in Spanish cards, are not, as with us, trefoils, but cudgels, i. e. _bastos_: the Spades are swords, i. e. _espadas_.--Fosb. _ut sup._; see the plate of "Sports, Amusements," &c.]

_Spanish Vessels wrecked on the Irish Coast_ (Vol. v., p. 491.).--A fair account of this eventful visitation may be expected from the _Annals of the Four Masters_, a work compiled within forty years of the occurrence, and not near so many miles removed from the waters over which most of its fatalities were felt:

"A large fleet (says this work) consisting of eight sure ships, came on
the sea from the King of Spain this year (1588), and some say it was
their intention to take harbour and land on the coasts of England
should they obtain an opportunity; but in that they did not succeed,
for the Queen's fleet encountered them at sea, and took four of their
ships, and the rest of the fleet was scattered and dispersed along the
coasts of the neighbouring countries, viz., on the eastern side of
England, on the north-eastern shores of Scotland, and on the
north-western coast of Ireland. A great number of the Spaniards were
drowned in those quarters, their ships having been completely wrecked;
and the smaller proportion of them returned to Spain, and some assert
that 9,000 of them were lost on that occasion."

This narrative is utterly innocent of the wholesale, or of any _execution_ of the unfortunate invaders; and, in truth, our Lord Deputies have too much to answer for, without throwing the barbarism of such a massacre upon one of them. Some colouring is, however, given to the charge by the writings of Smith, _History of Kerry_; Cox, _Hibernia Anglicana_; and even Leland, _History of Ireland_, vol. ii. p. 322. The deviation of these Spaniards northwards can be, I think, accounted for by the discomfitures they sustained from the English and Dutch fleets, who so kept the seas east and south of England, as to make a circuit round the Orkney Islands, with a descent to the westward of Ireland, the most advisable, though as it proved, not the less dangerous line of return.

JOHN D'ALTON.

48. Summer Hill, Dublin.

_Second Exhumation of King Arthur's Remains_ (Vol. v., p. 490.).--The details of the circumstances attending the first (I am not aware of any second) exhumation of these remains at Glastonbury in 1189, have been transmitted to us by Giraldus Cambrensis, who saw both the bones and the inscription, by the Monk of Glastonbury, and, briefly, by William of Malmesbury, all cotemporaries with the event. Sharon Turner, in his _History of the Anglo-Saxons_, 8vo. edit., 1823, vol. i. pp. 279-282., gives a full account, from these and other authorities, of this remarkable discovery.

COWGILL.

_Etymology of Mushroom_ (Vol. iii., p. 166.).--DR. RIMBAULT states that the earliest example with which he is acquainted of this word, being spelt _mushrump_, occurs in the following passage in Robert Southwell's _Spirituall Poems_, 1595:

"He that high growth on cedars did bestow,
Gave also lowly _mushrumps_ leave to growe."

I suppose that this word has been derived from _Maesrhin_, one of the names of the mushroom in Welsh. As the meanings of the word _rhin_ are "a channel," "a virtue," "a secret," "a charm," none of which are applicable to a mushroom, I conjecture that it is a corruption of the word _rhum_ (also spelt _rhump_), but I am unable to mention an instance of the word being spelt by any Welsh writer of ancient times. The etymology which I suggest is _maesrhum_; from _maes_, "a field," and _rhum_, "a thing which bulges out." This meaning very nearly resembles that of the French name of one kind of mushroom, _champignon_.

S. S. S. (2.)

_The Grave of Cromwell_ (Vol. v., p. 477.).--MR. OLIVER PEMBERTON has referred your correspondent A. B. to Lockinge's _Naseby_ for an account of the Protector's funeral and probable burial on the field of Naseby. As the volume may not be very generally known, would A. B. like a summary of Mr. Lockinge's ten 12mo. pages? or could you, Mr. Editor, spare room for the whole? Mastin, in his _History of Naseby_, alludes to the doubts that have been expressed {599} "relative to the funeral-place of the Protector Cromwell", and quotes a passage from Banks's _Life of Cromwell_, but gives no opinion thereon.

ESTE.

_Edmund Bohun_ (Vol. v., p. 539.).--Of Edmund Bohun's _Historical Collections_, in eight vols. folio, I became the purchaser at Mr. Bright's sale. They consist of a most curious and interesting collection of the newspapers, ballads, tracts, broadsides of the period (1675-92) in regular series, bound up with original MS. documents, and with a manuscript correspondence with Bohun from Hickes, Roger, Coke, Charlotte, and others, relating to the politics and news of the day. If your correspondent MR. RIX, from whom I am glad to find we are to expect the private Diary of Bohun, wishes for a more particular description of the volumes, I shall be happy to furnish it.

JAS. CROSSLEY.

_Sneezing_ (Vol. v., pp. 369. 500.).--D'Israeli, in the first series of the _Curiosities_, in a paper on the custom of saluting persons after sneezing, says:

"A memoir of the French Academy notices the practice in the New World,
on the first discovery of America."

A relation of mine tells me, that when young, he once fell down in a fit after a violent sneeze; the "Cryst helpe" may therefore not be totally superfluous!

A. A. D.

_Braem's Memoires_ (Vol. v., pp. 126. 543.).--Permit me to inform MR. J. F. L. COENEN that the MS. volume containing Braem's _Memoires Touchant le Commerce, &c._, is at Oxford, in the library of Sir Robert Taylor's Institution, where it may be seen and consulted, but cannot be disposed of. MR. COENEN is thanked for his obliging information.

J. M.

_Portrait of Mesmer_ (Vol. v., p. 418.).--I beg to inform SIGMA there is a very good engraved profile (bust) of Mesmer in a German work by him, entitled _Mesmerismus, oder System der Wechselwirkungen, &c._, published at Berlin in 1814, in 1 vol. 8vo., a copy of which is now before me.

J. M.

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