Chapter C: Forbes

Temple.

[Footnote 8: "immiscuerint" corrected from "immiscuerunt" by erratum in Issue 170.--Transcriber.]

If your correspondent E. S. TAYLOR will refer to the romance of _Ivanhoe_, he will find in the first chapter a dialogue between Wamba the son of Witless, and Gurth the son of Beowulph, wherein the subject is fully discussed as to the change of names consequent on the transmutation of live stock, under the charge of Saxon herdsmen, into materials for satisfying the heroic appetites of their Norman rulers. It would be interesting to know the source from whence Sir Walter Scott derived his ideas on this subject: whether from some previous writer, or "some odd corner of the brain."

A. R. X.

Paisley.

See Trench _On Study of Words_ (3rd edit.), p. 65.

P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.

MR. TAYLOR will find in Pegge's _Anonymiana_, Cent. i. 38., and Cent. vii. 95., allusion to what he inquires after.

THOS. LAWRENCE.

* * * * *

GOLDSMITHS' YEAR-MARKS.

(Vol. vi., p. 604.)

In answer to MR. LIVETT'S Query, as to the marks or letters employed by the Goldsmiths' Company to denote the year in which the plate was "hall-marked," I subjoin a list of such as I am acquainted with, and which might with a little trouble be traced to an earlier period: I have also added a few notes relating to the subject generally, which may interest many of your readers.

In the year 1596, the Roman capital A was used; in 1597, B; and so on alphabetically for twenty years, which would bring us to the letter U, denoting the year 1615: the alphabet finishing every twenty years with the letter U or V. The next year, 1616, commences with the Old English letter [Old English A], and is continued for another twenty years in the Old English capitals. In 1636 is introduced another alphabet, called Court alphabet.

From 1656 to 1675 inclusive, Old English capitals.
1676 to 1695 " Small Roman letters.
1696 to 1715 " The Court alphabet.
1716 to 1735 " Roman capitals.
1736 to 1755 " Small Roman letters.
1756 to 1775 " Old English capitals.
1776 to 1795 " Small Roman letters.
1796 to 1815 " Roman capitals.
1816 to 1835 " Small Roman letters.
1836 to 1855 " Old English capitals.

The letter for the present year, 1853, being [Old English S].

In this list it will appear difficult, at first sight, in looking at a piece of plate to ascertain its age, to determine whether it was manufactured between the years 1636 and 1655, or between 1696 and 1715, the Court hand being used in both these cycles: but (as will presently be mentioned) instead of the lion passant and leopard's head in the former, we shall find the lion's head erased, and Britannia, denoting the alteration of the standard during the latter period.

The standard of gold, when first introduced into the coinage, was of 24 carats fine; that is, pure gold. Subsequently, it was 23½ and half alloy; this, after an occasional debasement by Henry VIII., was fixed at 22 carats fine and 2 carats alloy by Charles I.; and still continues so, being {91} called the old standard. In 1798 an act was passed allowing gold articles to be made of a lower or worse standard, viz., of 18 carats of fine gold out of 24; such articles were to be stamped with a crown and the figures 18, instead of the lion passant.

The standard of silver has always (with the exception of about twenty years) been 11 oz. 2 dwts., and 18 dwts. alloy, in the pound: this was termed _sterling_, but very much debased from the latter end of Henry VIII. to the beginning of Elizabeth's reign. In the reign of William III., 1697, an act was passed to alter the standard of silver to 11 oz. 10 dwts., and 10 dwts. alloy: and instead of the usual marks of the lion and leopard's head, the stamps of this better quality of silver were the figure of a lion's head erased, and the figure of Britannia: and the variable letter denoting the date as before. This act continued in operation for twenty-two years, being repealed in 1719, when the standard was again restored.

A duty of sixpence per ounce was imposed upon plate in 1719, which was taken off again in 1757; in lieu of which, a licence or duty of forty shillings was paid by every vendor of gold or silver. In 1784, a duty of sixpence per ounce was again imposed, and the licence still continued: which in 1797 was increased to one shilling, and in 1815 to eighteenpence--at which it still remains. The payment of this duty is indicated by the stamp of the sovereign's head.

All gold plate, with the exception of watch-cases, pays a duty of seventeen shillings per ounce; and silver plate one shilling and sixpence; watch-cases, chains, and a few other articles being exempted.

The letters used as dates in the foregoing list (it must be remembered) are only those of the Goldsmiths' Hall in London, as denoted by the leopard's head crowned. Other Halls, at York, Newcastle, Lincoln, Norwich, Bristol, Salisbury, and Coventry, had also marks of their own to show the year; and have stamped gold and silver since the year 1423, perhaps earlier. Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Dublin have had the same privilege from a very early period: and, more recently, Chester, Birmingham, and Sheffield. Thus it will be seen that four marks or punches are used on gold and silver plate, independent of the makers' initials or symbol, viz.:

_The Standard Mark._--For gold of the old standard of 22 carats, and silver of 11 oz. 2 dwts.:

A lion passant for England.
A thistle for Edinburgh.
A lion rampant for Glasgow.
A harp crowned for Ireland.

For gold of 18 carats:

A crown, and the figures 18.

For silver of 11 oz. 10 dwts.:

A lion's head erased, and Britannia.

_The Hall Mark._--

A leopard's head crowned for London.
A castle for Edinburgh.
Hibernia for Dublin.
Five lions and a cross for York.
A castle for Exeter.
Three wheatsheaves and a dagger for Chester.
Three castles for Newcastle.
An anchor for Birmingham.
A crown for Sheffield.
A tree and fish for Glasgow.

_The Duty Mark._--The head of the sovereign, to indicate that the duty has been paid: this mark is not placed on watch-cases, &c.

_The Date Mark_, or variable letter, denoting the year as fixed by each Hall.

W. CHAFFERS, Jun.

Old Bond Street.

The table inquired for by MR. LIVETT, with a most interesting historical paper on the subject, was published in the last _Archæological Journal_, October, 1852.

H. T. ELLACOMBE.

* * * * *

EDITIONS OF THE PRAYER-BOOK PRIOR TO 1662.

(Vol. vi., pp. 435. 564.; Vol. vii., p. 18.)

Since the publication of the professedly imperfect list of various editions of the Prayer-Book, at page 564. of your last volume, which list was compiled chiefly from liturgical works in my own possession, I have had occasion to consult the _Catalogue_ of the British Museum, from which I have gleaned materials for a more full and correct enumeration. All the editions in the following list are in the library of the British Museum; and in order to increase its value and utility, I have appended to each article the press-mark by which it is now designated. In some of these press-marks a numeral is subscript, thus:

C. 25. h. 7.
------------
1

In order to save space I have represented this in the following list thus, (C. 25. h. 7) 1., putting the subscript numeral outside the parenthesis.

1552. (?) 4to. B. L. N. Hyll for A. Veale. (3406. c.)
1573. (?) fol. R. Jugge. (C. 24. m. 5.) 1.
1580. (?) 8vo. Portion of Prayer-Book. (3406. a.)
1584. 4to. Portion of Prayer-Book. (1274. b. 9.)
1595. fol. Deputies of Ch. Barker. (C. 25. m. 5.) 2.
1596. 4to. (C. 25 h. 7.) 1.
1598. fol. (C. 25. 1. 10.) 1.
1603. (?) 4to. Imperfect. (1275. b. 11.) 1.
1611. 4to. (1276. e 4.) 1.
1612. 8vo. (3406. a.)
1613. 4to. (3406. c.)
{92}
1614. 4to. Portion of Prayer-Book. (3406. c.) 1.
1615. Fol. (3406. e.) 1.
4to. (1276. e. 8.) 1.
1616. Fol. (1276. k. 3.) 1.
Fol. (1276. k. 4.) 1.
1618. 4to. Portion of Prayer-Book. (3407. c.)
1619. Fol. (3406. e.) 1.
1628. 8vo. (3050. a.) 1.
1629. 4to. (1276. f. 3.) 1.
1630-29. Fol. (3406. e.) 1.
1631. 4to. (1276. f. 1.) 1.
1633. 12mo. (3405. a.) 1.
8vo. (1276. b. 14.) 1.
1633-34. Fol. (3406. f.) (With the "Form of Healing," two leaves.)
1634. 8vo. (3406. b.) 1.
1636. 4to. (1276. f. 4.) 2.
1639. 8vo. (3050. b.) 1.
8vo. (1274. a. 14.) 1.
1642. (?) 8vo. (1276. c. 2.) 3.
1642. 12mo. (3405. a.)
1660. 12mo. (3406. b.) 1.

In Latin we have an early copy in addition to those already noted, viz.:

1560. Reg. Wolfe. 4to. (3406. c.)

Of which the British Museum possesses two copies of the same press-mark, one of which is enriched with MS. notes and sixteen cancelled leaves. Besides the above we have also

1589. 8vo. London. In French.
1599. 4to. London. Deputies of Ch. Barker. In Welsh.

Allow me to take this opportunity of thanking ARCHDEACON COTTON for his very valuable communication. I trust that he and others of your many learned readers will lend a helping hand to the correction of this list, and its ultimate completion; the notice of the editions of 1551 and 1617 (Vol. vii., p. 18.) is as interesting as it is important. It will be perceived that editions of the Prayer-Book referred to in former lists are not enumerated in the present one.

W. SPARROW SIMPSON, B.A.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES.

_Originator of the Collodion Process._--All those who take any interest in photography must agree with your correspondent G. C. that M. Le Gray is a talented man, and has done much for photography. G. C. has given a very good translation of M. Le Gray's _last published work_, p. 89., which work I have: but I must take leave to observe, that it is no contradiction whatever to my statement. The translations to which M. Le Gray alludes, of 1850, appeared in Willat's publication, from which I gave him the credit of having first suggested the use of collodion in photography. The subject is there dismissed in three or four lines.

M. Le Gray gave no directions whatever for its application to glass in his work published in July 1851, wherein he alludes to it only as an "encallage" for paper, classing it with amidou, the resins, &c., which he recommends in a similar manner.

I had, four months previous to this, published the process in detail in the _Chemist_. I never asserted that he had not tried experiments with collodion in 1849; but he did not give the public the advantage of following him: and I again repeat that the first time M. Le Gray published the collodion process was in September, 1852,--a year and a half after my publication, and when it had become much used.

It is obvious that if M. Le Gray had been in possession of any detailed process with collodion on glass in 1850, he would not have omitted to publish it in his work dated July, 1851.

F. SCOTT ARCHER.

105. Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury.

G. C., claiming for Le Gray the merit of the first use of collodion upon glass, states that a pamphlet upon the subject was published in 1850, and which was _translated into English at the same time_. Will he oblige me by stating who published this pamphlet, or where it may be obtained? I have heard this statement before, and have used every endeavour to obtain a sight of the publication, but without success. Were the facts as stated by your correspondent, it would deprive MR. ARCHER undoubtedly of the merit which he claims; but from all I have been able to learn, Le Gray mentioned collodion as a mere agent for obtaining a smooth surface to paper, or other substance, having no idea of making it the sole sensitive substance to be employed. I have been informed that in Vienna, early in 1850, collodion was tried upon glass by being first immersed in a bath of iodide of potassium; and it was afterwards placed in a second bath of nitrate of silver. These experiments had _very limited_ success, and were never published, and certainly were unknown to MR. ARCHER.

H. W. D.

_Mr. Weld Taylor's Process._--In your 167th Number (Vol. vii., p. 48.) is a communication from WELD TAYLOR on photographic manipulation, which, in its present form, is perfectly unintelligible. At p. 48. he says: "Twenty grains of nitrate of silver in half an ounce of water is to have half an ounce of solution of iodide of potassium of fifty grains to the ounce added." Now this is unnecessarily mystifying. Why not say: "Take equal quantities of a forty-grain solution of nitrate of silver, and of a fifty-grain solution of iodide of potassium;" though, in fact, an _equal_ strength would do as well, and be quite as, if not more, economical.

In the next place, he directs that cyanide of potassium should be added _drop by drop_, &c. It {93} is to be presumed that he means a _solution_ of this salt, which is a solid substance as usually sold.

What follows is so exceedingly droll, that I can do nothing more than _guess_ at the meaning. How one _solution_ is to be floated on another, and then, _after_ a bath of nitrate of silver, is to be _ready for the camera_, surpasses my comprehension.

Also, further on, he alludes to _iodizing_ with the _ammonio-nitrate_ (I presume of silver). What does he mean?

GEO. SHADBOLT.

_Dr. Diamond's Services to Photography._--SIR, We, the undersigned amateurs of Photography in the city of Norwich, shall be obliged if you will (privately, or otherwise, at your own discretion) convey to DR. DIAMOND our grateful thanks for the frankness and liberality with which he has published the valuable results of his experiments in the pages of "N. & Q." We have profited largely by DR. DIAMOND'S instructions, and beg to express our conviction that he is entitled to the gratitude of every lover of the Art.

We are, Sir,
Your obedient servants,
T. LAWSON SISSON, Clk., (Edingthorpe Rectory).
THOS. D. EATON.
JOHN CROSSE KOOPE.
JAMES HOWES.
T.G. BAYFIELD.
G. BROWNFIELD.
HENRY PULLEY.
W. BRANSBY FRANCIS.
J. BLOWERS (Cossey).
BENJ. RUSSELL.

[Agreeing, as we do most entirely, with the Photographers of Norwich in
their estimate of the skill and perseverance exhibited by DR. DIAMOND
in simplifying the collodion and paper processes, and of his liberality
in making known the results of his experiments, we have great pleasure
in giving publicity to this recognition of the services rendered by DR.
DIAMOND to this important Art.]

_Simplification of the Wax-paper Process._--At a late meeting of the Chemical Discussion Society, Mr. J. How read the following paper on this subject:--

"The easiest way of waxing the paper is to take an iron (those termed 'box-irons' are the cleanest and best for the purpose) moderately hot, in the one hand, and to pass it over the paper from side to side, following closely after it with a piece of white wax, held in the other hand, until the whole surface has been covered. By thus heating the paper, it readily imbibes the wax, and becomes rapidly saturated with it. The first sheet being finished, I place two more sheets of plain paper upon it, and repeat the operation upon the top one (the intermediate piece serving to absorb any excess of wax that may remain), and so on, sheet after sheet, until the number required is waxed.

"The sheets, which now form a compact mass, are separated by passing the iron, moderately heated, over them; then placed between folds of bibulous paper, and submitted to a further application of heat by the means just described, so as to remove all the superfluous wax from the surface, and render them perfectly transparent--most essential points to be attended to in order to obtain fine negative proofs.

"I will now endeavour to describe the method of preparing the iodizing solution.

"Instead of being at the trouble of boiling rice, preparing isinglass, adding sugar of milk and the whites of eggs, &c., I simply take some milk quite fresh, say that milked the same day, and add to it, drop by drop, glacial acetic acid, in about the proportion of one, or one and a half drachm, fluid measure, to the quart, which will separate the caseine, keeping the mixture well stirred with a glass rod all the time; I then boil it in a porcelain vessel to throw down the remaining caseine not previously coagulated, and also to drive off as much as possible of the superfluous acid it may contain. Of course any other acid would precipitate the caseine; still I give the preference to the acetic from the fact that it does not affect the after-process of rendering the paper sensitive, that acid entering into the composition of the sensitive solution.

"After boiling for five or ten minutes, the liquid should be allowed to cool, and then be strained through a hair sieve or a piece of muslin, to collect the caseine: when quite cold, the chemicals are to be added.

"The proportions I have found to yield the best results are those recommended by Vicomte Veguz, which I have somewhat modified, both as regard quantities and the number of chemicals employed. They are as follow:

385 grains of iodide of potassium.
60 " of bromide.
30 " of cyanide.
20 " of fluoride.
10 " of chloride of sodium in crystals.
1½ " of resublimed iodine.

"The above are dissolved in thirty-five ounces of the strained liquid, and, after filtration through white bibulous paper, the resulting fluid should be perfectly clear and of a bright lemon colour.

"The iodized solution is now ready for use, and may be preserved, in well-stopped bottles, for any length of time.

"The waxed paper is laid in the solution, in a flat porcelain or gutta percha tray, in the manner described by M. Le Gray and others, and allowed to remain there for from half an hour to an hour, according to the thickness of the paper. It is then taken out and hung up to dry, when it should be of a light brown colour. All these operations may be carried on in a light room, taking care only that, during the latter part of the process, {94} the paper be not exposed to the direct rays of the sun.

"The 'iodized paper,' which will keep for almost any length of time, should be placed in a portfolio, great care being taken to lay it perfectly flat, otherwise the wax is liable to crack, and thus spoil the beauty of the negative. The papers manufactured by Canson Frères and Lacroix are far preferable, for this process, to any of the English kinds, being much thinner and of a very even texture.

"To render the paper sensitive, use the following solution:

150 grains nitrate of silver crystals.
3 fluid drachms glacial acetic acid, crystallizable.
5 ounces distilled water.

"This solution is applied in the way described by Le Gray, the marked side of the paper being towards the exciting fluid. The paper is washed in distilled water and dried, as nearly as possible, between folds of bibulous paper. It should be kept, till required for the camera, in a portfolio, between sheets of stout blotting-paper, carefully protected from the slightest ray of light, and from the action of atmospheric air. If prepared with any degree of nicety, it will remain sensitive for two or three weeks: indeed I have seen some very beautiful results on paper which had been kept for a period of six weeks. At this time of year, an exposure in the camera of from ten to twenty minutes is requisite.

"The picture may be developed with gallic acid, immediately after its removal from the camera; or, if more convenient, that part of the process may be delayed for several days. Whilst at this section of my paper, I may, perhaps, be allowed to describe a method of preparing the solution of gallic acid, whereby it may be kept, in a good state of preservation, for several months. I have kept it myself for four months, and have found it, after the lapse of that period, infinitely superior to the newly-made solution. This process has, I am informed, been alluded to in photographic circles; but not having seen it in print, and presuming the fact to be one of great practical importance, I trust I shall be excused for introducing it here, should it not possess that degree of novelty I attribute to it.

"What is generally termed a saturated solution of gallic acid is, I am led to believe, nothing of the kind. In all the works on photography, the directions given run generally as follow:--'Put an excess of gallic acid into distilled water, shake the mixture for about five minutes, allow it to deposit, and then pour off the supernatant fluid, which is found to be a saturated solution of the acid.'

"Now I have found by constant experiment, that by keeping an excess of acid in water for several days, the strength of the solution is greatly increased, and its action as a developing agent materially improved. The method I have adopted is to put half an ounce of crystallized gallic acid into a stoppered quart bottle, and then so to fill it up with water as that, when the stopper is inserted, a little of the water is displaced, and, consequently, every particle of air excluded.

"The solution thus prepared will keep for several months. When a portion of it is required, the bottle should be refilled with fresh distilled water, the same care being taken to exclude every portion of atmospheric air,--to the presence of which I am led to believe, is due the decomposition of the ordinary solution of gallic acid.

"It will be needless to detain you further in explaining the after-processes, &c. to be found in any of the recent works on the Waxed-paper Process, the translation of the last edition of Le Gray being the one to which I give the preference."

* * * * *

THE BURIAL SERVICE SAID BY HEART.

(Vol. vii., p. 13.)

Southey has confounded two stories in conjecturing that the anecdote mentioned by Bp. Sprat related to Bull. It was the _baptismal_ and not the _funeral_ service that Bull repeated from memory.

I quote from his _Life_ by Robert Nelson:

"A particular instance of this happened to him while he was minister of
St. George's (near Bristol); which, because it showeth how valuable the
Liturgy is in itself, and what unreasonable prejudices are sometimes
taken up against it, the reader will not, I believe, think it unworthy
to be related.

"He was sent for to baptize the child of a Dissenter in his parish;
upon which occasion, he made use of the office of Baptism as prescribed
by the Church of England, which he had got entirely by heart. And he
went through it with so much readiness and freedom and yet with so much
gravity and devotion, and gave that life and spirit to all that he
delivered, that the whole audience was extremely affected with his
performance; and, notwithstanding that he used the sign of the cross,
yet they were so ignorant of the offices of the Church, that they did
not thereby discover that it was the Common Prayer. But after that he
had concluded that holy action, the father of the child returned him a
great many thanks; intimating at the same time with how much greater
edification they prayed who entirely depended upon the Spirit of God
for his assistance in their _extempore_ effusions, than those did who
tied themselves up to premeditated forms; and that, if he had not made
the sign of the cross, that badge of Popery, as he called it, nobody
could have formed the least objection against his excellent Prayers.
Upon which, Mr. Bull, hoping to recover him from his ill-grounded
prejudices, showed him the office of Baptism in the Liturgy, wherein
was contained every prayer that was offered up to God on that occasion;
which, with farther arguments that he then urged, so effectually {95}
wrought upon the good man and his whole family, that they always after
that time frequented the parish-church; and never more absented
themselves from Mr. Bull's communion."--Pp. 39--41., Lond. 1714, 8vo.

Some few dates will prove that Bull could not have been the person alluded to. Bp. Sprat's _Discourse to the Clergy of his Diocese_ was delivered in the Year 1695. And he speaks of the minister of the London parish as one who "was afterwards an eminent Bishop of our Church." We must therefore suppose him to have been _dead_ at the time of Bp. Sprat's visitation. Now, in the first place (as J. K. remarks), "Bull never held a London cure." And, in the second place, he was not consecrated Bishop until the 29th of April, 1705 (ten years after Bp. Sprat's visitation), and did not die until Feb. 1709-10. (_Life_, pp. 410--474.)

Southey's conjecture is therefore fatally wrong. And now as regards Bp. Hacket. The omission of the anecdote from the _Life_ prefixed to his _Sermons_ must, I think, do away with his claims also, though he was restored to his parish of St. Andrew's, Holborn, and was not consecrated Bishop of Lichfield until December, 1661. Unfortunately, I have not always followed Captain Cuttle's advice, or I should now be able to contribute some more decisive information. I have my own suspicions on the matter, but am afraid to guess in print.

RT.

Warmington.

The prelate to whom your correspondent alludes was Dr. John Hacket, Rector of St. Andrews, Holborn, cons. to the see of Lichfield and Coventry on December 22, 1661. The anecdote was first related by Granger. (Chalmers's _Biog. Dict._, vol. xvii. p. 7.)

Bishop Bull, while rector of St. George's near Bristol, said the Baptismal Office by heart on one occasion. (Nelson's _Life_, i. § ix. p. 34.; _Works_, Oxford, 1827.)

MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

_Mary Queen of Scots' Gold Cross_ (Vol. vi., p. 486.).--

"Would it not facilitate the identification of the Gold Cross of Mary
Queen of Scotts, in the possession of Mr. Price of Glasgow, if a
representation of it was sent to _The Illustrated London News_, as the
publication of it by that Journal would lead antiquaries to the
identification of a valuable historical relic?"

I hope you will insert the above in "N. & Q." in the hope it may meet the eye of MR. PRICE, and lead to a satisfactory result.

W. H. C.

_Jennings Family_ (Vol. vi., p. 362.).--This family is supposed to have continued from some time in Cornwall, after the Visitation of 1620; but the name is not now found there in any great respectability. William Jennings of Saltash was sheriff of Cornwall, 1678; but his arms differ from those of the Visitation: argent, a chevron gules between three mariners, plumets sable.

Francis Jennnings, who recorded the pedigree of 1620, married the daughter of _Spoure_ of Trebartha; and in a MS. book of that family, compiled about the latter part of the seventeenth century, the same arms, strange to say, are stated to be his, and not the lion rampant of the Jennings of Shropshire. This seems to support the hypothesis that William Jennings, the sheriff, was the same family. The _Spoure_ MSS. also mention "Ursula, sister of Sir William Walrond of Bradfield, Devon, who married first, William Jennings of _Plymouth_ (query, the sheriff?), and afterwards the Rev. William Croker, Rector of Wolfrey (Wolfardisworthy?) Devon."

PERCURIOSUS.

_Adamson's "England's Defence"_ (Vol. vi., p. 580.) is well worth attention at the present time; as is also its synopsis before publication, annexed to _Stratisticos, by John Digges, Muster Master_, &c., 4to., 1590, and filling pp. 369. to 380. of that curious work, showing the wisdom of our ancestors on the subject of invasion by foreigners.

E. D.

_Chief Justice Thomas Wood_ (Vol. vii., p. 14.).--In Berry's _Hampshire Visitation_ (p. 71.), Thomas Wood is mentioned as having married a daughter of Sir Thomas de la More, and as having had a daughter named Elizabeth, who married Sir Thomas Stewkley of Aston, Devon, knight.

I am as anxious as N. C. L. to know something about Thomas Wood's lineage; and shall be obliged by his telling me where it is said that he built Hall O'Wood.

EDWARD FOSS.

_Aldiborontiphoscophornio_ (Vol. vii., p. 40.).--This euphonious and formidable name will be found in _The Most Tragical Tragedy that ever was Tragidized by any Company of Tragedians_, viz., _Chrononhotonthologos_, written by "Honest merry Harry Carey," who wrote also _The Dragon of Wantley_, a burlesque opera (founded on the old ballad of that name), _The Dragoness_ (a sequel to _The Dragon_), &c. &c. While the public were applauding his dramatic drolleries and beautiful ballads (of which the most beautiful is "Sally in our Alley"), their unhappy author, in a fit of despondency, destroyed himself at his lodgings in Warner Street, Clerkenwell. There is an engraving by Faber, in 1729, of Harry Carey, from a painting by Worsdale (the celebrated Jemmy!); which is rare.

GEORGE DANIEL.

[We are indebted to several other correspondents for replies to the
Query of F. R. S.]

{96}

_Statue of St Peter at Rome_ (Vol. vi., p. 604.).--This well-known bronze statue is falsely stated to be a Jupiter converted. It is very far from being true, though popularly it passes as truth, that the statue in question is the ancient statue of Jupiter Capitolinus, with certain alterations.

Another commonly-received opinion regarding this statue is, that it was cast for a St. Peter, _but of the metal of the statue of Jupiter Capitolinus_. But this can scarcely be true, for Martial informs us that in his own time the statue of the Capitoline Jupiter was not of bronze but of _gold_.

"Scriptus et æterno nunc primum Jupiter _auro_."
Lib. xi. Ep. iv.

Undoubtedly the statue was cast for a St. Peter. It was cast in the time of St. Leo the Great (440-461), and belonged to the ancient church of St. Peter's. St. Peter has the nimbus on his head; the first two fingers of the right hand are raised in the act of benediction; the left hand holds the keys, and the right foot projects from the pedestal. The statue is seated on a pontifical chair of white marble.

CEYREP.

_Old Silver Ornament_ (Vol. vi., p. 602.).--This ornament is very probably what your correspondent infers it is,--a portion of some military accoutrement: if so, it may have appertained to some Scotch regiment. It represents precisely the badge worn by the baronets of Nova Scotia, the device upon which was the saltier of St. Andrew, with the royal arms of Scotland on an escutcheon in the centre; the whole surrounded by the motto, and ensigned with the royal crown. The insignia of the British orders of knighthood are frequently represented in the ornaments upon the military accoutrements of the present day.

EBOR.

"_Plurima, pauca, nihil_," (Vol. vi., p. 511.).--A correspondent asks for the first part of an epigram which ends with the words "plurima, pauca, nihil." He is referred to an epigram of Martial, which _I_ cannot find. But I chance to remember two epigrams which were affixed to the statue of Pasquin at Rome, in the year 1820, upon two Cardinals who were candidates for the Popedom. They run as follows, and are smart enough to be worth preserving:

"PASQUINALIA.

"Sit bonus, et fortasse pius--sed semper ineptus--
Vult, meditatur, agit, _plurima, pauca, nihil_."

"IN ALTERUM.

"Promittit, promissa negat, ploratque negata,
Hæc tria si junges, quis neget esse Petrum."

A. BORDERER.

_"Pork-pisee" and "Wheale"_ (Vol. vi., p. 579.).--Has not MR. WARDE, in his second quotation, copied the word wrongly--"pork-pisee" for pork-_pesse_? A porpoise is the creature alluded to; or _porpesse_, as some modern naturalists spell it. "Wheale" evidently means _whey_: the former expression is probably a provincialism.

JAYDEE.

_Did the Carians use Heraldic Devices?_ (Vol. vi., p. 556.).--Perhaps the following, from an heraldic work of Dr. Bernd, professor at the University of Bonn, may serve to answer the Queries of MR. BOOKER.

Herodotus ascribes the first use, or, as he expresses it, the invention of signs on shields, which we call arms, and of the supporter or handle of the shield, which till then had been suspended by straps from the neck, as well as of the tuft of feathers or horse-hair on the helmet, to the Carians; in which Strabo agrees with him, and, as far as regards the supporters and crest, Ælian also:

"Herodot schrieb den ersten Gebrauch, oder wie er sich ausdrückt, die
Erfindung der Zeichen auf Schilden, die wir Wappen nennen, wie auch der
Halter oder Handhaben an den Schilden, die bis dahin nur an Riemen um
den Nacken getragen wurden, und die Büsche von Federn oder Rosshaaren
auf den Helmen, den Cariern zu, worin ihm Strabo (_Geogr._ 14. I. §
27.), und was die Handhaben und Helmbüsche betrifft, auch Ælian (_Hist.
Animal._ 12. 30.), beistimmen."--Bernd's _Wappenwissen der Griechen und
Römer_, p. 4. Bonn, 1841.

On Thucydides i. 8., where mention is made of Carians disinterred by the Athenians in the island of Delos, the scholiast, evidently referring to the passage cited by MR. BOOKER, says:

[Greek: Kares prôtoi heuron tous omphalous tôn aspidôn, kai tous
lophous. tois oun apothnêskousi sunethapton aspidiskion mikron kai
lophon, sêmeion tês heureseôs.]

From Plutarch's _Artaxerxes_ (10.) may be inferred, that the Carian standard was a cock; for the king presented the Carian who slew Cyrus with a golden one, to be thenceforth carried at the head of the troop.

For full information on the heraldry of the ancients, your correspondent can scarcely do better than consult the above-quoted work of Dr. Bernd.

JOHN SCOTT.

Norwich.

_Herbert Family_ (Vol. vi., p. 473.).--The celebrated picture of Lord Herbert of Cherbury by Isaac Oliver, at Penshurst, represents him with a small swarthy countenance, dark eyes, very dark black hair, and mustachios. All the Herberts whom I have seen are dark-complexioned and black-haired. This is the family badge, quite as much as the unmistakeable nose in the descendants of John of Gaunt.

E. D.

_Children crying at Baptism_ (Vol. vi., p. 601.).--I am inclined to suspect that the idea of its being lucky for a child to cry at baptism arose {97} from the custom of _exorcism_, which was retained in the Anglican Church in the First Prayer-Book of King Edward VI., and is still commonly observed in the baptismal services of the Church of Rome. When the devil was going out of the possessed person, he was supposed to do so with reluctance: "The spirit cried, and rent him sore, and came out of him: and he was as one dead; insomuch that many said, He is dead." (St. Mark, ix. 26.) The tears and struggles of the infant would therefore be a convincing proof that the Evil One had departed. In Ireland (as every clergyman knows) nurses will decide the matter by pinching the baby, rather than allow him to remain silent and unlachrymose.

RT.

Warmington.

_Americanisms_ (Vol. vi., p. 554.).--The word _bottom_, applied as your correspondent UNEDA remarks, is decidedly an English provincialism, of constant use now in the clothing districts of Gloucestershire, which are called "The Bottoms," whether mills are situated there or not.

E. D.

_Dutch Allegorical Picture_ (Vol. vi., p. 457.).--In the account I gave you of this picture I omitted one of the inscriptions, which I but just discovered; and as the picture appears to have excited some interest in Holland (my account of it having been translated into Dutch[9], in the _Navorscher_), I send you this further supplemental notice.

I described a table standing under the window, on the left-hand side of the room, containing on the end nearest to the spectator, not two pewter flagons, as I at first thought, but one glass and one pewter flagon. On the end of this table, which is presented to the spectator, is an inscription, which, as I have said, had hitherto escaped my notice, having been partially concealed by the frame--a modern one, not originally intended for this picture, and partly obscured by dirt which had accumulated in the corner. I can now make out very distinctly the following words, with the date, which fixes beyond a question the age of the picture:

"Hier moet men gissen
Glasen te wasser
Daer in te pissen
En soú niet passen.
1659."

I may also mention, that the floor of the chamber represented in the picture is formed of large red and blue square tiles; and that the folio book standing on end, with another lying horizontally on the top of it, which I said in my former description to be standing on the end of the table, under the window, is, I now see, standing not on the table, but on the floor, next to the chair of the grave and studious figure who sits in the left-hand corner of the room.

These corrections of my first description have been in a great measure the result of a little soap and water applied with a sponge to the picture.

JAMES H. TODD, D.D.

Trin. Coll., Dublin.

[Footnote 9: With some corrections in the reading of the inscriptions.]

_Myles Coverdale_ (Vol. vi., p. 552.).--I have a print before me which is intended to represent the exhumation of Coverdale's body. The following is engraved beneath:

"The Remains of Myles Coverdale, Bishop of Exeter, as they appeared in
the Chancel of the Church of St. Bartholomew, near the Exchange. Buried
Feb. 1569. Exhumed 23d Sept. 1840.

Chabot, Zinco., Skinner Street."

If I am not mistaken, his remains were carried to the church of St. Magnus, near London Bridge, and re-interred.

W. P. STORER.

Olney, Bucks.

* * * * *

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

One of the most beautifully got up cheap publications which we have seen for a long time, is the new edition of Byron's _Poems_, just issued by Mr. Murray. It consists of eight half-crown volumes, which may be separately purchased, viz. Childe Harold, one volume; Tales and Poems, one volume; and the Dramas, Miscellanies, and Don Juan, &c., severally in two volumes. Mr. Murray has also made another important contribution to the cheap literature of the day in the republication, in a cheap and compendious form, of the various Journals of Sir Charles Fellows, during those visits to the East to which we owe the acquisition of the Xanthian Marbles. The present edition of his _Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, and more particularly in the Province of Lycia_, as it embraces the substance of all Sir Charles's various journals and pamphlets, and only omits the Greek and Lycian inscriptions, and lists of plants and coins, and such plates as were not capable of being introduced into the present volume, will, we have no doubt, be acceptable to a very numerous class of readers, and takes its place among the most interesting of the various popular narratives of Eastern travel.

Most of our readers will probably remember the memorable remark of Lord Chancellor King, that "if the ancient discipline of the Church were lost, it might be found in all its purity in the Isle of Man." Yet notwithstanding this high eulogium on the character of the saintly Bishop Wilson, it is painful to find that his celebrated work, _Sacra Privata_, has hitherto been most unjustifiably treated and mutilated, as was noticed in our last volume, p. 414. But here we have before us, in a beautifully printed edition of this valuable work, the good bishop _himself_, what he thought, and {98} what he wrote, in his _Private Meditations, Devotions, and Prayers_, now for the first time printed from his original manuscripts preserved in the library of Sion College, London. Much praise is due to the editor for bringing this manuscript before the public, as well as for the careful superintendence of the press; and we sincerely hope he will continue his labours of research in Sion College as well as in other libraries.

There are doubtless many of our readers who echo Ben Jonson's wish that Shakspeare had blotted many a line, referring of course to those characteristic of the age, not of the man, which cannot be read aloud. To all such, the announcement that Messrs. Longman have commenced the publication in monthly volumes of a new edition of Bowdler's _Family Shakspeare, in which nothing is added to the original text, but those words and expressions are omitted which cannot with propriety be read in a family_, will be welcome intelligence. The work is handsomely printed in Five-Shilling Volumes, of which the first three are already published.

BOOKS RECEIVED.--_Memoirs of James Logan, a distinguished Scholar and Christian Legislator, &c._, by Wilson Armistead. An interesting biography of a friend of William Penn, and one of the most learned of the early emigrants to the American Continent.--_Yule-Tide Stories, a Collection of Scandinavian and North German Popular Tales and Traditions._ The name of the editor, Mr. Benjamin Thorpe, is a sufficient guarantee for the value of this new volume of Bohn's _Antiquarian Library_. In his _Philological Library_, Mr. Bohn has published a new and enlarged edition of Mr. Dawson W. Turner's _Notes on Herodotus_: while in his _Classical Library_ he has given _The Pharsalia of Lucan literally translated into English Prose, with Copious Notes_, by H. T. Riley, B.A.; and has enriched his _Scientific Library_ by the publication of Dr. Chalmers's _Bridgewater Treatise on the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God, as manifested in the Adaption of External Nature to the Moral and Intellectual Constitution of Man_, with the author's last corrections, and a Biographical Preface by Dr. Cumming.

_Photographic Manipulation._ _The Wax-paper Process of Gustave Le Gray_, translated from the French, published by Knight & Sons; and _Hennah's Directions for obtaining both Positive and Negative Pictures upon Glass by means of the Collodion Process, &c._, published by Delatouche & Co., are two little pamphlets which will repay the photographer for perusal, but are deficient in that simplicity of process which is so much to be desired if Photography is to be made more popular.

* * * * *

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

TOWNSEND'S PARISIAN COSTUMES. 3 Vols, 4to. 1831-1839.

THE BOOK OF ADAM.

THE TESTAMENTS OF THE TWELVE PATRIARCHS, THE SONS OF JACOB.

MASSINGER'S PLAYS, by GIFFORD. Vol. IV. 8vo. Second Edition. 1813.

SPECTATOR. Vols. V. and VII. 12mo. London, 1753.

COSTERUS (FRANÇOIS) CINQUANTE MEDITATIONS DE TOUTE L'HISTOIRE DE LA PASSION DE NOSTRE SEIGNEUR. 8vo. Anvers, Christ. Plantin.

THE WORLD WITHOUT A SUN.

GUARDIAN. 12mo.

TWO DISCOURSES OF PURGATORY AND PRAYERS FOR THE DEAD, By WM. WAKE. 1687.

WHAT THE CHARTISTS ARE. A Letter to English Working Men, by a Fellow-Labourer. 12mo. London, 1848.

LETTER OF CHURCH RATES, by RALPH BARNES. 8vo. London, 1837.

COLMAN'S TRANSLATION OF HORACE DE ARTE POETICA. 4to. 1783.

CASAUBON'S TREATISE ON GREEK AND ROMAN SATIRE.

BOSCAWEN'S TREATISE ON SATIRE. London, 1797.

JOHNSON'S LIVES (Walker's Classics). Vol. I.

TITMARSH'S PARIS SKETCH-BOOK. Post 8vo. Vol. I. Macrone, 1840.

FIELDING'S WORKS. Vol. XI. (being second of "Amelia.") 12mo. 1808.

HOLCROFT'S LAVATER. Vol. I. 8vo. 1789.

OTWAY. Vols. I. and II. 8vo. 1768.

EDMONDSON'S HERALDRY. Vol. II. Folio, 1780.

SERMONS AND TRACTS, by W. ADAMS, D.D.

THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE for January 1851.

BEN JONSON'S WORKS. (London, 1716. 6 Vols.) Vol. II. wanted.

RAPIN'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 8vo. Vols. I., III. and V. of the CONTINUATION by TINDAL. 1744.

SHARPE'S PROSE WRITERS. Vol. IV. 21 Vols., 1819. Piccadilly.

INCHBALD'S BRITISH THEATRE. Vol. XXIV. 25 Vols. Longman.

MEYRICK'S ANCIENT ARMOUR, by SKELTON. Part XVI.

*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send their names._

*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.

* * * * *

Notices to Correspondents.

BACK NUMBERS. _Parties requiring Back Numbers are requested to make immediate application for them; as the stock will shortly be made up into Sets, and the sale of separate copies of the_ EARLY NUMBERS _will be discontinued_.