Chapter III: Part 3

The albumen should be placed in a cup, or some wide-mouthed vessel, and, after carefully removing from its surface every trace of air-bubbles, it is to be poured carefully on the plate, and after being flooded over the surface of it, the plate being tilted on one side, the greater portion of the albumen may be run off into the cup again. The plate must not be held sideways, however, for more than an instant; and it must be brought as soon as possible into the _horizontal_ position, _face downwards_, between the points of the wire support, as used by Messrs. Ross and Thompson; and being held by the cord attached to the wire support, it must be given a slow rotary motion. The rate at which to cause it to rotate must be a matter of experience, but must be such as to keep the surface of albumen even, and neither to let it settle in the centre, nor to leave that and pass completely to the edges; neither must too much of it be allowed to flow off, as then the coating will not be thick enough. The best plan is to fix on the wire support at the corner of the plate, and then pour on the albumen, and then no time need be lost between pouring off and giving the rotary motion. The albumen will keep some time in a bottle; but as soon as it begins to get curdy and opalescent, it begins to lose in sensitiveness. The plate, if well prepared, will remain sensitive and in good order for two days at least, and being kept in a dry and cool place is a great assistance to its preservation. The addition of about five drops of saturated solution of bromide of potassium to every ounce of previously-iodized albumen causes great depth and brilliancy in the negative. The same sensitive bath answers over and over again, as with collodion. The time of exposure cannot be specified, as that varies almost indefinitely from ten minutes to an hour and a half.

In regard to obtaining a greater sensitiveness, the addition of starch size in the place of the water to the albumen appears to increase it, and certainly gives great improvement in depth of the blacks. A very good way of beating up the albumen is as follows:--Take a round stick, and having cut several slits in it, from the bottom half-way up it, insert into these several pieces of quill, so that they may project on each side of the stick to the length of about half an inch or a little more, and tie up the bottom of the stick with some string wound round it to keep the quills in place. Take then the albumen, iodized as directed by Thornthwaite or any other successful manipulator, and place it in a tall cylindrical glass vessel; and taking the whisk as above prepared between the palms of the hands, roll it backwards and forwards, keeping the part armed with the quills immersed in the albumen. This is the most effective method I know, and much less tiring than the old method with the common whisk.

In answer to another Querist, I have only to reply that the black tints in the French positives are due to the presence of starch, used as a size for the paper. I have lately succeeded in producing several very beautiful and brilliant effects of this kind by passing the paper--French or English, it does not much matter which--first over a size of starch, and next (after being dried) over a combination of albumen and thin starch size, composed of equal parts of each, to which, according to the process of M. Le Gray, may be added one-fifth of a saturated solution of chloride of ammonium. This is only an improvement in the process as described by M. Le Gray, and the rest of the process will be found in his own book, or in Thornthwaite's Guide.

F. M. L.

Torquay.

_Queries on Mr. Weld Taylor's Process._--I hope MR. WELD TAYLOR will not withhold (from those {218} who would most thankfully acknowledge the favour) an amended description of his paper process, embracing replies to the following Queries:

1. How strong should the cyanide solution be that is to be added "drop by drop;" and how much of it is likely to redissolve the precipitate formed by the first mixture?

2. Should the paper be brushed with, floated on, or immersed in the solution? If either of the latter, for how long a time; and what then?

3. How is the bath of nitrate of silver prepared, and the mode of applying it to the paper?

4. How much sulphuric acid is added to a given quantity of water, in which the paper is placed after removal from the exciting bath; and is it immersed or floated?

5. Is the paper, when removed from the water, to be partially dried with blotting-paper, and used in its damp state? or will it keep, and how long?

6. What is the probable time of exposure in the camera?

7. How is the picture developed? and, finally, how fixed?

JOHN JAMES.

_Difficulties in the Wax-paper Process._--Can any of your photographic correspondents give me some hints regarding the following difficulties, which I (in common with many other amateurs) have met with in working according to Le Gray's wax-paper process?

The proportions I used were exactly those published by Le Gray, and the paper and other materials were of the description he recommends; but nearly every picture, on being placed in the gallic acid, was spoiled, by the appearance of numerous small black spots, all well defined on one and the same side, but comparatively undefined on the other. These may possibly have been owing to iron in the paper, and may therefore, perhaps, be obviated by following the method of MR. CROOKES. But I am anxious to learn if others have experienced these spots in their pictures, and to what they attribute them, as well as how they can best be prevented.

My second difficulty was in the want of intensity in the pictures, which completely prevented my obtaining even a tolerable impression from them. I tried many different times of exposure, and even after working long with Le Gray's slightly-different proportions, but always without success. The margin of the pictures, however, which had been exposed to the daylight, always became of the _most intense black_, after the picture had been developed.

But my third difficulty was the most annoying of all, because the constant source of failure, though in itself apparently the most easily obviated. It was the difficulty of keeping the dishes which contained the solution _clean_; the effect of this want of cleanliness being the _marbling_ of the pictures whenever placed in the gallic acid and aceto-nitrate of silver. This is a difficulty I never before encountered, during half a dozen years' practice of photography (during which I used to be as successful as most of my brother amateurs); and though I tried every plan I could think of to insure cleanliness, such as washing the dishes with warm water, nitric and muriatic acids, &c., and afterwards wiping them thoroughly with clean cloths, still the mixture of gallic acid and aceto-nitrate of silver, for developing the picture, brought out some marblings or blotches on the dish, which were invariably communicated to the picture, even though it was only floated on the surface of the solution, and prevented, with the greatest care, from touching the bottom of the dish. Should the dishes be kept in the dark constantly?

Have any of your correspondents tried Le Gray's plan of filtering the nitrate of silver through animal charcoal; or do they find any occasion to filter at all? With me, the animal charcoal seemed to increase the sensibility greatly.

G. H.

_Mr. Archer's Services to Photography._--In Vol. vii., p. 163., MR. HORNE seems very indignant at the idea that MR. ARCHER taught him to take pictures, and says MR. ARCHER'S published account will not succeed. Now I know that MR. ARCHER and myself did take pictures by his process as published. I also assert that neither MR. HORNE nor Mr. Fry made any collodion pictures before MR. ARCHER published his account in _The Chemist_, and, with the ordinary camera, that process must be the one now to give any chance of success, for without washing the plate the collodion will not keep five or six hours without staining. But as that process was not sufficiently quick, MR. ARCHER proposed to take the pictures in the bath itself; and I have one which I took in that way on the 16th of May, 1851.

MR. HORNE, I think ungenerously, wishes to detract from MR. ARCHER'S merit, and to exalt himself and Mr. Fry at MR. ARCHER'S expense. I have a letter of Mr. Fry's, dated March 23, 1852, in which he says, "I with much pleasure accord to MR. ARCHER the credit he is fairly entitled to, of being the sole inventor of the collodion process." And another letter, wherein he says he "never sanctioned the insertion in any work of any article connected with the collodion process." I also know that MR. ARCHER prepared collodion for Messrs. Horne; that Messrs. Horne advertised it as prepared by MR. ARCHER; and that they were glad, when the thing was new, to avail themselves of MR. ARCHER'S assistance.

W. BROWN.

Ewell.

_Mr. Weld Taylor's Iodizing Process._--The process I generally adopt in iodizing paper by the {219} ammonio-nitrate of silver, I have found to be the most certain of all, and I here give a formula for the benefit of your readers. They will find it admirably adapted for any objects in the shade, or any not lit by the sun's rays; it also has an excellent quality, of not darkening by exposure in the camera, as most other papers do. I have taken negatives with it all the winter, even at Christmas. It is rather slow, but certain; and as your readers try it and improve it, I hope they will communicate the results.

It rests alone on the superior sensitive property the nitrate of silver possesses after being redissolved in ammonia, which every photographer must have experienced. And it has, I believe, in prospect, the dispensing with the crystals of nitrate of silver, and simply at last employing silver leaves, which will save a great expense to the operator. The first solution is, to the proportion of a wine-bottleful of water add three grains of pure tannin, well dissolved in filtered water. Upon this float every sheet of paper, taking care of bubbles when they are to be hung up to dry. Do a great number; they will be ready for the ultimate process. Make now a solution of nitrate of silver, twenty-six grains to the ounce: if three ounces are to be made, dissolve the nitrate in half an ounce of distilled water, and add liq. ammo. fortissimus till the precipitate is redissolved. Then fill up with two and a half ounces of distilled water. This is the formula of Mr. Alfred Taylor. With this solution pass over every sheet with a brush: it cannot be floated, as exposure to the air precipitates the silver. The iodizing solution is,--

Iodide of potassium 250 grs.
Fluoride of potassium 20 grs.
Cyanide of potassium 15 grs.
Muriate of soda 30 grs.

to a full half-pint of distilled water.

The success of the operation depends upon this point, that the latter solution must be laid over the first, _before the first has entirely dried_, or at that point when all appearance of wet is absorbed. Three sheets of paper may be washed over at a time; and as the corner where the solution runs to is apt to remain wet longer than the rest of the paper, the drip may be assisted off with a bit of blotting-paper. Also, _before_ the second solution is dry, it is to be floated on water; but the same conditions must be strictly observed. When it has floated a short time, "it does not require so long a time as the acid process." It is, while wet, floated again upon a weak solution of free iodine for about half a minute; it may then be dried, and is ready for the sensitive solution. This last must be acid, and any of the approved formulæ will suit it; but the solution, whatever it is, must be allowed to dry before placing between the white glasses, nor on any account ought it to be touched with blotting-paper. The image is to be brought out with gallic acid and acetic acid, laid over with a brush, and requires no heat. It is of a very red colour generally, but that does not impair its effectiveness in taking the positive impression.

WELD TAYLOR.

7. Conduit Street West, Bayswater.

_Sir W. Newton's Process._--Will SIR W. NEWTON be kind enough, through the mediums of "N. & Q.," to give the _rationale_ of the _action_ of the _common soda_ and _powdered allum_ mentioned in his process published in Vol. vii., p. 140. and why the _soda_ is used for _negatives_ and the _allum_ for _positives_, both being produced on _iodized paper_?

Should these chemicals _destroy_ the power of the _hyposulphite of soda_, I imagine the fading of _positives_ will no longer be a matter of uneasiness; and I am sure all amateurs will be greatly indebted to him.

W. ADRIAN DELFERIER.

40. Sloane Square.

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

_A Race for Canterbury_ (Vol. vii., p. 158.).--In a copy of the tract before me (4to., 1747) is a plate prefixed to the title, containing a view of Lambeth Palace with four bishops, each in a wherry, striving hard to reach the coveted God: Sherlock, Herring, Mawson, and Gibson, designated in the poem as _Codex_. The contention for the see of Canterbury, on the death of Archbishop Potter, was the subject of several squibs and satirical prints.

I have two other plates, each representing three bishops in wherries; one with three stanzas under it, commencing:

"Pope Gregory's table was spread with a net,
Till he the fish into his power could get;
Pope E--nd to L--eth rows in a wherry,
For the A--B--p's P--ce of C----."

In which Gibson and the two Sherlocks are alluded to. The other, a broadside, headed by a woodcut with _three_ wherries, entitled "First Oars to L--m--th, or who strives for Preferment?" with fourteen stanzas below the cut; the first runs thus:

"At L--m--th dwells, as fame reports,
A P--i--st of spotless fame;
Some annual thousands swell his worth,
And spread abroad his name."

In the twelfth, the initials H--d--y appear:

"H--d--y, with headstrong zeal inspired,
Vows he'll complete the work,
Whilst G--b--n tugs and boils in vain,
T' o'ertake the furious Y--r--k."

Which would lead one to infer that Hoadley was a competitor with Herring and Gibson.

J. F.

Kennington.

{220}

"_The Birch: a Poem_" (Vol. vii., p. 158.).--The poem entitled "The Birch," which you have printed at length in a recent Number, has long been familiar to me, though I believe it has never before been printed; and was written by the late _Rev. Thomas Wilson, B.D., head master of the Free Grammar School of Clitheroe, Lancashire_. He was author of _An Archæological Dictionary, or Classical Antiquities of the Jews, Greeks, and Romans_, dedicated to Dr. Johnson; which was highly esteemed, and passed through two editions: the first in 1782, the second, "with considerable additions," in 1793.

Mr. Wilson was a most amiable man, of great learning, taste, and humour; and universally respected and beloved by all his scholars, by all his townsmen, and by all the first families throughout the north of Lancashire. During his time, the school of Clitheroe was in the highest repute; and the annual return of the speech-day was the great local festival of the year--the occasion of general conviviality and good neighbourhood among the gentry of the district. On these occasions Mr. Wilson generally wrote a copy of verses, to be recited by some of the scholars: and I have no doubt that the statement in your correspondent's copy ought to be "_recited_ by a boy of thirteen," for it was certainly _written_ by Mr. Wilson, the head master.

J. T. A.

_Curtseys and Bows_ (Vol. vii., p. 156.).--E. S. will find his Query partly, if not altogether answered in a former note on salutations and salutes (Vol. v., p. 157.). As to the date of the word _curtsey_ (a contraction for _courtesy_), it is at least as early as Shakspeare. Rosalind concludes the epilogue to _As You Like It_ by making her _curt'sy_. It occurs also in a dozen other places.

C.

_Deodorising Peat_ (Vol. vi., p. 509.).--A. A. D. inquires if this is found to be a failure: to this I can answer safely, that it is _not_. As to the second part of his Query, I would say, _if_ he means (as I am sure he does) the "Peat Charcoal," he should apply to Jasper W. Rogers, Esq., C. E., Seville Place, Dublin, who is the patentee, and who will, I am sure, give him every information. Before doing so, I would, however, suggest an application to Professor Davy, Royal Dublin Society, who has strongly maintained that _finely_ pulverised peat is fully equal to the peat charcoal as a deodorising agent. He has published a small pamphlet on the subject: to the best of my recollection it may be had through Messrs. Hodges and Smith, Dublin.

ENIVRI.

_Jacobite Toasts_ (Vol. vii., p. 105.).--What is here called "Lord Duff's toast" formed some of the toasts current among the Jacobites about the period of the Rebellion of 1745. Lord Mahon alludes to the deep bumpers which were drunk by the country gentlemen to the health of the young prince, and probably by the country ladies also, "who were proud to sing ditties to his praise." Lord Mar died in 1732, consequently the fourth toast, "Keep Lord Mar," could not be drunk in 1745. The following list, given to me by a Lancashire gentleman some years ago, varies a little from your correspondent's, and may be acceptable both to him and to others of your readers. As Lord Mar and the Duke of Ormond, who died in 1745, are both omitted in this list of toasts, it may have been used subsequently to the other.

A. B. C. A Blessed Change.
D. E. F. D-- Every Foreigner.
G. H. J. Get Home Jemmy.
K. L. M. Keep Loyal Ministers.
N. O. P. No Oppressive Parliaments.
Q. R. S. Quickly Return, Stuart; and
Quell Rebellious Subjects.
T. U. W. Tuck Up Whelps (Guelfs).
X. Y. Z. Exert Your Zeal.

Your correspondents, myself among the number, in the case of Shenstone (Vol. vi., pp. 414. 465.), ought well to consider the narrow limits which can be afforded weekly in your pages, and not desire to insert in them what may be easily found elsewhere. Bishop Pursglove's epitaph, which fills an entire column at p. 135., has been given, 1. in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for December 1794, p. 1101.; 2. in Lysons's _Derbyshire_; and 3. in the beautiful volume of monumental brasses published by the Cambridge Camden Society, where it is accompanied by a most interesting memoir. When some of your correspondents look with anxiety for the appearance of a Note and Query of three lines, and do not find it, this occupation of space is rather unreasonable, as well as needless.

J. H. M.

_Consecrators of English Bishops_ (Vol. vii., p. 132.).--I believe that the following is, as far as it goes, a correct answer to the Query of A. S. A. The bishops assisting the Primate were:

Feb. 27, 1842, Lincoln and Llandaff; April 28, 1844, London, Bangor, Worcester; May 4, 1845, London, Lincoln, Lichfield, Rochester, Hereford, and Bishop Coleridge late of Barbadoes; July 5, 1846, London, Lichfield, Calcutta.

The consecration of December 3, 1843, like all those before mentioned, took place in the archbishop's private chapel in Lambeth Palace.

S. R. MAITLAND.

_Chatham's Language_ (Vol. vii., p. 127.).--I suppose you will receive many answers to H. G. D.'s question, as to the authorship of the lines quoted by Lord Lansdowne; but "what is everybody's business is nobody's;" and, therefore, I venture to say that, with a slight difference, they are from Cowper's _Task_, b. ii. 235. I think {221} the whole passage ought to be embalmed in your pages amongst the other memorials of Wolfe:

"Time was when it was praise and boast enough
In every clime, and travel where we might,
That we were born her children: _praise enough_
To fill the ambition of a private man,
_That Chatham's language was his mother tongue,_
_And Wolfe's great name compatriot with his own_.
Farewell those honours, and, farewell with them
The hope of such hereafter. They have fallen
Each in his field of glory: one in arms,
And one in council. Wolfe upon the lap
Of smiling victory, that moment won,
And Chatham, heart-sick of his country's shame.
They made us many soldiers. Chatham still
Consulting England's happiness at home,
Secured it by an unforgiving frown,
If any wrong'd her. Wolfe, where'er he fought,
Put so much of his heart into his act,
That his example had a magnet's force,
And all were swift to follow whom all lov'd."

Southey adds, in note:

"Cowper wrote from his own recollection here. In one of his letters, he
says: 'Nothing could express my rapture when Wolfe made the conquest of
Quebec.'"

C. W. B.

_Shakspeare Readings: "Love's Labour's Lost," Act V. Sc. 2._ (Vol. vi., pp. 268. 296.).--

"That sport best pleases which the least knows how:
Where zeal strives to content, and the contents
_Dies_ in the _zeal_ of that which it presents."

The difficulty, as MR. KNIGHTLY says, is in the word _dies_, which is unintelligible; for the meaning is obviously the reverse of _dies_, namely, that the _contents_, that is, "the satisfaction of the audience, arises from accepting the well-meant zeal of the poor performers." This sense will be produced by the smallest possible typographical correction--_L_ for _D_.

"The contents
_Lies_ (i.e. exists) in the zeal," &c.

This at least is intelligible, which no other reading seems to be; and I need not point out that there are no two letters so easily confounded, either in MS. or type, as _L_ and _D_. Most editions now read _die_, to agree with the plural _contents_; that question however, does not affect my emendation, which seems to me very like some of the best in MR. COLLIER'S folio.

C.

_Inscriptions in Books_ (Vol. vii., p. 127.).--The following lines are often written in Bibles, and other works of a devotional nature:

"This is Giles Wilkinson his book.
God give him grace therein to look:
Nor yet to look, but understand,
That learning's better than house and land:
For when both house and land are spent,
Then learning is most excellent."

I find that the following formula is much used among the poor in country villages:

"John Stiles is my name,
England is my nation,
---- is my dwelling-place,
But Christ is my salvation.
And when I'm dead and in the grave,
And all my bones are rotten;
This when you see, remember me,
Though I am long forgotten."

Another I am acquainted with is of as menacing a description as some of the last quoted by BALLIOLENSIS. It is, however, so common as hardly to be worth the notice of "N. & Q.":

"Gideon Snooks,
Ejus liber.
Si quis furetur;
Per collum pendetur,
Similis huic pauperi animali."

Here follows a figure of an unfortunate individual suspended "in malam crucem."

F. M. M.

The Note of BALLIOLENSIS has reminded me of Garrick's book-plate, which I found in a book purchased by me some years ago. The name David Garrick, in capital letters, is surrounded by some fancy scroll-work, above which is a small bust of Shakspeare; below, and on the sides, a mask, and various musical instruments; and beneath the whole, the following sentence from Menage:

"La première chose qu'on doit faire quand on a emprunté un livre, c'est
de le lire afin de pouvoir le rendre plûtôt.--_Menagiana_, vol. iv.

The following admonition to book-stealers is probably not unknown to BALLIOLENSIS:

"Quisquis in hunc librum furtivos verterit ungues,
[Pi] sibi pro merito littera Græca manet."

S. D.

_Anagrams_ (Vol. iv., p. 226.).--The following royal anagrams are worth adding to your list. It is said that Charles I., on looking at a portrait of himself the day before his execution, made this anagram on the Carolus Rex inscribed on it, _Cras ero lux_. Again, Henry IV. of France is said to have made the anagram _Je charme tout_, on the famous and beautiful Marie Touchet.

W. FRASER.

Tor-Mohun.

_Dipping for Bite of Mad Dog, &c._ (Vol. vi., p. 483.).--When I was a boy, probably therefore about thirty-five years ago, a mad dog appeared in Brightwell, near Wallingford, which bit several other animals and some human beings. I well remember seeing some pigs which became perfectly mad in consequence of being so bitten. A horse, too, showed symptoms of madness, and was immediately destroyed. All I can say of the _persons_ {222} bitten is, that they were sent (I think to the number of six or seven) down to Southampton to be dipped, and that none of them was ever attacked with hydrophobia. I have often, formerly, spoken to one of the persons on the subject, a carpenter, named Eggleton.

I quite agree with all you have said on the propriety of appending real names. Dropping, therefore, my cognomen of CORYLUS, I subscribe myself

WM. HAZEL.

Portsmouth.

"_Solid Men of Boston_" (Vol. vii., p. 134.).--Your correspondent will find the whole of this song, which is one of Captain Morris's, in the _Asylum for Fugitive Pieces_, published by Debrett, 1786, 12mo., vol. ii. p. 246. It is entitled "Billy Pitt and the Farmer," and begins--

"Sit down, neighbours all, and I'll tell a merry story,
About a British farmer and Billy Pitt the Tory.
I had it piping hot from Ebenezer Barber,
Who sail'd right from England, and lies in Boston harbour."

It describes, very amusingly, an incident which was reported to have occurred to Pitt and Dundas, on their return from a convivial meeting at "Daddy Jenky's," and was for a long time a very popular song.

JAMES CROSSLEY.

I have seen a song, with the music, directed against the Prince of Wales, Charles Fox, and their party. It began,--

"Come, listen neighbours all, and I'll tell you a story,
About a disappointed Whig who wants to be a Tory.
I had it from his bosom-friend, who very soon is going
To Botany for seven years, for something he's been doing."

It ended,--

"Solid men of Brighton, look to your houses;
Solid men of Brighton, take care of your spouses;
Solid men of Brighton, go to bed at sun-down,
And do not lose your money to the blacklegs of London."

Which is the earlier version I do not know.

H. B. C.

_Degree of B.C.L._ (Vol. vi., p. 534.; Vol. vii., p. 38.).--In answer to J. F.'s question, the examination is quite, and the amount of standing (viz. seven years) required for taking a B.C.L in the University of Oxford is almost, identical with those necessary for an M.A. degree. A knowledge of the Civil Law never comes into requisition. There was a proposal, some short time ago, for a statute requiring an examination in the Institutes, &c., Heineccius, and other treatises on the Civil Law, before proceeding to that degree, but it was never passed. The civilian's fees are rather more than the Artist's. For information on some other minute particulars of difference, I refer J. F. to the _Oxford Calendar_.

The Cambridge LL.B. is really examined in the Civil, though not in the Canon Law, and is considered to obtain his degree with greater facility than by going through Arts.

With respect to the privileges of the degree at Oxford, the B.C.L. is not a member of Convocation, and has therefore no vote for the university; but yet he takes precedence of M.A.'s, both by university and court etiquette. The degrees in law and divinity used to confer the same privileges as a chaplaincy with respect to holding pluralities; and they also give those who take them the right of wearing a scarf. This will be an answer to C-- J. T. P. (Vol. vii., p. 108.), unless he has confounded the priest's _stole_ with the chaplain's _scarf_. The civilian has also a distinguishing gown and hood; but as to the right to a place among the members of the bar, I am unable, though a B.C.L. myself, to give any assistance in the way of information; but the silk gown of a queen's counsel is the same as a civilian's gown.

W. FRASER.

Tor-Mohun.

_"Lay" and "Lie"_ (Vol. vi., p. 388.).--I have somewhere read the following parliamentary anecdote:--A certain honourable member, in the course of a speech, said, "the paper which _lays_ on the table," but was immediately corrected by another honourable member, who said, "the honourable member should say _lie_, hens _lay_." In the course of the evening, the second honourable member was on his legs, and at the end of his speech said, "with these observations I shall _set_ down;" but the first retorted on him with the correction "the honourable member should say _sit_, hens _set_."

SHIRLEY HIBBERD.

"_Banbury Cakes and Zeal_" (Vol. vii., p. 106.).--The following passage from _Drunken Barnaby's Journey through England_ will show that Banbury was famous for _zeal_:

"To Banbury came I, O profane one!
There I saw a puritane one
Hanging of his cat on Monday
For killing of a mouse on Sunday."

What the present estimation in which Banbury cakes are held may be I cannot tell; but I can assure you that at the close of the last century, when I was a schoolboy, they were deservedly in very high repute, at least among us youngsters.

H.

"_Hob and nob_" (Vol. vii., p. 86.).--In addition to your observations on this expression, allow me to record the use of the term under circumstances which some others of your sexagenarian readers may with myself be able to call to mind. I well remember, when a boy at home from school, that {223} my old uncle, who piqued himself on the correctness of his style in manners, dress, and conversation, and whose portrait, in the ample sleeves, capacious waistcoat, and formal head-dress of the last century, looks down on me as I now write, being in company when wine was on the table, and each person had supplied their glasses, would occasionally, as a mark of respect or affection to any individual sitting near him, in a gentle tone of solicitation mention the name of the party, and ask "Hob and nob?" On the immediate compliance, which nothing short of hostility or ill manners could refuse or avoid, the parties held out their glasses till they touched one the other, health being at the same time invoked. But at this point always ensued a little polite rivalry as to which of the parties should hold the glass rather below that of the other as they came in contact. If a lady were the challenged on the occasion, she would with simpering diffidence allow of the superiority indicated by her glass being uppermost, overwhelmed with my uncle's expressions of regard; if a gentleman, each party got over the formality on as near a level as possible, amidst murmurs and protestations of humble service and great esteem.

J. D. S.

_A Gentleman executed for flogging a Slave to Death_ (Vol. vii., p. 107.).--Mr. J. V. L. Gebhard, son of the Rev. Mr. Gebhard, was tried at Cape Town, on Saturday, 21st September, 1822, at the instance of the landrost of Stellenbosch, _ratione officio_ prosecutor, before a full court, for the murder of a slave, by excessive and unlawful punishment. He was found guilty, and sentenced to death. The sentence was carried into effect on 15th November, amid an immense concourse of spectators.

INVERURIENSIS.

_Mr. Henry Smith's Sermons preached by a Romanist_ (Vol. iii., p. 222.).--

"As soon as he (_i. e._ Obadiah Walker) declared himself a Roman
Catholic, he provided him and his party of Jesuits for their priests;
concerning the first of whom (I think he went by the name of Mr.
Edwards) there is this remarkable story, that having had mass said for
some time in a [Greek: uperôon], or garret, he afterwards procured a
mandate from King James to seize of the lower half of the side of the
quadrangle next adjoining to the college chapel, by which he deprived
us of two low rooms, their studies, and their bed-chambers; and after
all the partitions were removed, it was some way or other consecrated,
as we suppose, to Divine services; for they had mass there every day,
and sermons, at least in the afternoons, on the Lord's Days: and it
happening that the Jesuit preaching upon 1 Cor. ix. 24., 'So run that
you may obtain,' many Protestants were hearkening at the outside of the
windows, one of them discovering that it was one of Mr. Henry Smith's
sermons, which he had at home by him, went and fetched the book, and
read at the outside of the window what the Jesuit was preaching within.
But this report raised such a noise in the town, that this priest was
speedily dismissed, and another brought in his room."--Smith's _Annals
of University College_, p. 258.

E. H. A.

_London Queries_ (Vol. vii., p. 108.).--An authentic account of one of the earliest, if not the most early toll ever collected in England, is to be found in the 5th tome of Rymer's _Foedera_, fo. 520. It was in the year 1346 that King Edward III. granted his commission to the master of the hospital of St. Gyles (in the Fields), without the city of London, and to John of Holbourn, to lay a toll on all sorts of carriage, for two years to come, passing through the highway (via regia) leading from the said hospital to the bar of the old Temple of London (_i. e._ the Holborn Bar, near to which stood the old house of the Knights Templars); also through another highway called Perpoole (now Gray's Inn Lane); which roads were, by frequent passage of carts, waynes, and horses, to and from London, become so miry and deep as to be almost impassable; as also the highway called Charing. These tolls were as follow:

1. For every cart or wayne, laden with wool,
leather, wine, honey, wax, oyl, pitch, tar,
fish, iron, brass, copper, or other metals,
corn, &c., for sale, to the value of twenty
shillings 1d.

2. For every horse-load of merchandise 0¼

3. For every horse used in carrying corn, or
other provisions, per week 0½

4. For every load of hay 0¼

5. For carts used to carry charcoal, bark, &c.,
per week 1

6. For every horse, ox, or cow 1

7. For every score of hogs or sheep 0½

8. And for all other merchandise of 5s. value 0½

But ecclesiastical persons, of both sexes, were to be exempt from this toll.

About this time there was a considerable market or staple held at Westminster; and in 1353 the same king, by an order in council, laid a tax of 3d. on every sack (serplarium) of wool, and for every three hundred of woolfels; 6d. on every last of leather; 4d. on every fodder of lead; 4d. on every tun of wine; and ½d. on every twenty shillings value of all other goods carried either by land or water to the staple of Westminster, in order for repairing the highway leading from the gate of London called Temple Bar to the gate of the abbey at Westminster.--See _Foedera_, vol. v. p. 774.

From this record we learn that the gate called Temple Bar, as a western boundary of the city of London, is of great antiquity as a gate.

I hope some of your readers skilled in architecture may answer the other Queries of your correspondent.

BROCTUNA.

Bury, Lancashire.

{224}

* * * * *

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

Messrs. Longman have just published, in two thick and closely printed volumes, _A New Gazetteer or Topographical Dictionary of the British Islands and Narrow Seas, &c._, by James A. Sharp. When we tell our readers that in these two volumes are recorded the name, position, history, &c. of every city, town, village, hamlet, &c. which appears in the censuses of 1821, 1831, 1841; or in the works of Carlisle, Pott, Gorton, Lewis, Fullarton, Chambers, Hall, and other general writers; and, indeed, that among the sixty thousand articles of which these volumes consist, will be found particulars not only of all the natural objects of the country--as rivers, lakes, mountains, hills, passes, waterfalls, bays, ports, headlands, islands, shoals--but also of every locality or object of historical interest or antiquarian character: as Roman stations and camps, Roman and British ways, Saxon towns, Druid stones, cromlechs, round towers, Danish Raths, Picts' houses, castles, abbeys, &c., not to mention railway, police, and coast-guard stations, hunting "fixtures," &c., they will at once perceive what a vast amount of useful, indeed of most valuable, information, the persevering industry of Mr. Sharp has enabled him to bring together. That a work consisting of so large a mass of facts and figures should contain some errors, is more than probable; but having tested it by referring to localities with which we are personally acquainted, we are enabled to say that it has stood that test in a manner to make us feel assured that it is a book to be fully relied upon, and one, therefore, which we have no doubt will eventually take its place in every well-appointed library.

BOOKS RECEIVED.--_Tangible Typography, or How the Blind Read_, by E. C. Johnson, is a little volume detailing various modes of printing books for the blind, and well calculated to awaken an interest in the benevolent objects of The Society for Printing and Distributing Books for the Use of the Blind.--_The Ghost of Junius, &c._, by Francis Ayerst. This endeavour to identity Junius with Lieut.-General Sir Robert Rich, on the strength of a letter written by that officer to Viscount Barrington, years after the celebrated _Letters of Junius_ had appeared, is the largest theory based on the smallest fact with which we are acquainted.--Mr. Bohn has just issued in his _Standard Library_ the fourth volume of his edition of _The Prose Works of John Milton; containing the First Book of A Treatise on Christian Doctrine, compiled from the Holy Scripture alone, translated from the Original_ by the Lord Bishop of Winchester. The present edition has had the advantage of a thorough revision.--Mr. Bohn has also enriched his _Scientific Library_ by the publication of _The Physical and Metaphysical Works of Lord Bacon, including his Dignity and Advancement of Learning, and his Novum Organon, or Precepts for the Interpretation of Nature_, edited by Joseph Devey, who has availed himself of the best translations, and enriched the _Novum Organon_ with the remarks of the two Playfairs, Sir John Herschel, and the German and French editors.--_Matthew Paris' English History, from the Year 1235 to 1273; translated from the Latin_ by Dr. Giles, _Volume the Second_, is the new issue of Bohn's _Antiquarian Library_; while, in his _Classical Library_, he has published a volume which will be, we doubt not, welcome to many: _The Idylls of Theocritus, Bion, and Moschus, and the War Songs of Tyrtæus, literally translated into English Prose_, by Rev. J. Banks; _with Metrical Versions_, by J. M. Chapman.--_The Churchman's Magazine, a Monthly Review of Church Progress and General Literature._ Judging from the January and February Numbers which are now before us, we can have no doubt that this Magazine for Churchmen will please those to whom it is addressed.

* * * * *

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

PURSUIT OF KNOWLEDGE UNDER DIFFICULTIES. Original Edition. Vol. I.

THE BOOK OF ADAM.

PRIDEAUX'S CONNECTION OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT. Vol. I. 1718.

THE CHRISTIAN MAGAZINE. Vol. for 1763.

PRO MATRIMONIO PRINCIPIS CUM DEFUNCTÆ UXORIS SORORE CONTRACTO RESPONSUM JURIS COLLEGII JURISCONSULTORUM IN ACADEMIA RINTELENSI (circa 1655).

MONNER JURISCONSULT., DE MATRIMONIO.

BRÜCKNER, DE MATRIMONIO.

BEDELL'S IRISH OLD TESTAMENT, Irish type, 4to., 1685. [A copy of O'Domhnuill's "Irish _New_ Testament," Irish type, 4to., 1st edition, 1602 (_being rare_), is offered in exchange.]

PERCY SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS. Nos. XCIII. and XCIV.

SOUTHEY'S WORKS. Vol. X. Longmans. 1838.

SCOTT'S CONTINUATION OF MILNER'S CHURCH HISTORY. Vols. II. and III., or II. only.

THE DRAGON OF WANTLEY, by H. CAREY.

GAMMER GURTON'S STORY BOOKS, edited by AMBROSE MERTON. 13 Parts (Original Edition).

HAYWARD'S BRITISH MUSEUM. 3 Vols. 12mo. 1738.

THEOBALD'S SHAKSPEARE RESTORED. 4to. 1726.

ILLUSTRATED COMMENTARY ON THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. Vol. I. 1840. Knight.

PETER SIMPLE. Illustrated Edition. Saunders and Otley. Vols. II. and III.

HISTORICAL MEMOIRS OF QUEENS OF ENGLAND, by HANNAH LAWRANCE. Vol. II.

INGRAM'S SAXON CHRONICLE. 4to. London, 1823.

NEWMAN'S FERNS. Large Edition.

ENIGMATICAL ENTERTAINER. Nos. I. and II. 1827 and 1828. Sherwood & Co.

NORTHUMBRIAN MIRROR. New Series. 1841, &c.

*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send their names._

*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.

* * * * *

Notices to Correspondents.

_We have this week the pleasure of presenting our Readers with an additional eight pages. We do this from a desire that those who do not participate in the interest which so many of them take in our endeavours to popularise Photography, should from time to time receive compensation for the space occupied by our_ Photographic Correspondence.

E. H. H. _Caxton's Press is certainly not in Westminster Abbey: we may add, certainly not in existence._

TEE BEE. _The quotation is from Pope's_ Moral Essays, _Epist. IV._:

"To rest the cushion and soft Dean invite,
Who never mentions hell to ears polite."

S. JENNINGS-G. _We have a Note for this Correspondent. Where shall it be sent?_

H. E. P. T. (Woolwich). _What Numbers are wanted?_

EARLDOM OF OXFORD. M. D., _whose communication on this subject appears in our_ No. for Feb. 12., p. 153., _writes to us that he has been misinformed, inasmuch as two of the sisters of Alfred, the last Earl of Oxford and Mortimer, have sons_. {225}

F. K. (Clonea) _is requested to state the subjects of the two Queries to which he refers_.

J. M. (Bath). _The Note has been forwarded._

SHAW: SPINNEY: HURST. H. E. P. T. _will find, on reference to Richardson's Dictionary, that_ Shaw _is from the A.-S._ Scua, _a Shadow_; _and_ Hurst _from the A.-S._ Hurst, _a Wood_. Spinney _is probably from the Latin_ Spinetum, _a place where thorny bushes grow_.

J. G. (Dorchester)'_s Query on the Lisle Family shall appear next week_.

F. B. _The term_ Benedict, _applied to a married man, is doubtless derived from Shakspeare's_ "_Benedict, the Married Man_."

TYRO. _The fault must be in your Chemicals, or in your manipulation. Try again, with Chemicals procured from a different source._

E. B. S. _Dr. Diamond's result, and mode of arriving at it, will be given in his forthcoming_ Photographic Notes.

_Erratum._--P. 105., Lord Duff's Toast, read "Q. R. S. Quickly _Restore_ Stewart," instead of "_Resolve_."

OUR SIXTH VOLUME, _strongly bound in cloth, with very copious Index, is now ready, price_ 10s. 6d. _A few complete sets of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vols. I. _to_ VI., _price Three Guineas for the Six Volumes, may now be had; for which early application is desirable_.

* * * * *

March 1st will be ready, Part I., price 1s.
(To be continued in Shilling Monthly Parts,)

A PLAIN COMMENTARY ON THE FOUR HOLY GOSPELS, INTENDED CHIEFLY for DEVOTIONAL READING. This Commentary will be particularly adapted to the Wants of the Middle and Poorer Classes, and will be issued in Shilling Monthly Parts. At the same time it is so arranged that any chapter can be obtained separately, in the form of a Tract, and thus used for distribution.

JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford and London.

* * * * *

Now ready, in fcp. 8vo., handsomely bound in cloth, gilt, with woodcut borders and illustrations, price 3s. 6d.

THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS BY JOHN BUNYAN. A New Edition, edited by the REV. J. M. NEALE, M.A., for the use of Children of the Church of England.

JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford and London.

* * * * *

JUST PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD.

DR. CHANDLER'S CRITICAL HISTORY OF THE LIFE OF DAVID. New Edition in 1 Vol. 8vo. cloth, 8s. 6d.

BULSTRODE WHITELOCK'S MEMORIALS of the English Affairs from the beginning of the Reign of Charles I. to the Restoration of Charles II. New Edition in 4 Vols. 8vo. cloth, 30s.

JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford, and 377. Strand, London; and GARDNER, 7. Paternoster Row.

* * * * *

WRITERS OF FICTION, POEMS, DRAMAS, PAMPHLETS, SERMONS, ETC.

Now Ready,

HOW TO PRINT AND WHEN TO PUBLISH.

Practical Advice to Authors, inexperienced Writers, and Possessors of Manuscripts, on the efficient publication of books intended for general circulation or private distribution. Sent Post Free to orders enclosing Six Stamps, addressed to MESSRS. SAUNDERS & OTLEY, Publisher, Conduit Street.

* * * * *

BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1 Class X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and 4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.

BENNETT, Watch, Clock and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,

65. CHEAPSIDE.

* * * * *

IN VOLUMES FOR THE POCKET, PRICE FIVE SHILLINGS EACH.

Just published, in fcp. 8vo., Vol. V. of

BOWDLER'S FAMILY SHAKSPEARE. In which nothing is _added_ to the Original Text; but those Words and Expressions are _omitted_ which cannot with propriety be read aloud in a Family. A New Edition, to be completed in Six Monthly Volumes, price 5s. each.

London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS.

* * * * *

WONDERFUL DISCOVERY.--Portraits, Views, &c., taken on Glass by the Suns rays. By this new process any person can produce in a few seconds, at a trifling expense, truly Life-like Portraits of their Friends, Landscapes, Views, Buildings, &c. No knowledge of drawing required to produce these wondrous works of art and beauty. Printed instructions, containing full particulars for practising this fascinating art with ease and certainty, forwarded on receipt of Fifteen Postage Stamps.

Address, WM. LANE, Photographer,
No. 3. Market Street, Brighton.

* * * * *

WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.

3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.

Founded A.D. 1842.

_Directors._

H. E. Bicknell, Esq. | J. H. Goodhart, Esq.
W. Cabell, Esq. | T. Grissell, Esq.
T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M.P. | J. Hunt, Esq.
G. H. Drew, Esq. | J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.
W. Evans, Esq. | E. Lucas, Esq.
W. Freeman, Esq. | J. Lys Seager, Esq.
F. Fuller, Esq. | J. B. White, Esq.
| J. Carter Wood, Esq.

_Trustees._
W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; L. C. Humfrey, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq.,
_Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D.
_Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.

POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Prospectus.

Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits:--

Age £ s. d. | Age £ s. d.
17 1 14 4 | 32 2 10 8
22 1 18 8 | 37 2 18 6
27 2 4 5 | 42 3 8 2

ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.

Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.

* * * * *

To Members of Learned Societies, Authors, &c.

ASHBEE & DANGERFIELD, LITHOGRAPHERS, DRAUGHTSMEN, AND PRINTERS, 18. Board Court, Long Acre.

A. & D. respectfully beg to announce that they devote particular attention to the execution of ANCIENT AND MODERN FAC-SIMILES, comprising Autograph Letters, Deeds, Charters, Title-pages, Engravings, Woodcuts, &c., which they produce from any description of copies with the utmost accuracy, and without the slightest injury to the originals.

Among the many purposes to which the art of Lithography is most successfully applied, may be specified,--ARCHÆOLOGICAL DRAWINGS, Architecture, Landscapes, Marine Views, Portraits from Life or Copies, Illuminated MSS., Monumental Brasses, Decorations, Stained Glass Windows, Maps, Plans, Diagrams, and every variety of illustrations requisite for Scientific and Artistic Publications.

PHOTOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS lithographed with the greatest care and exactness.

LITHOGRAPHIC OFFICES, 18. Broad Court, Long Acre, London.

* * * * *

UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY: established by Act of Parliament in 1834.--8. Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London.

HONORARY PRESIDENTS.

Earl of Courtown
Earl Leven and Melville
Earl of Norbury
Earl of Stair
Viscount Falkland
Lord Elphinstone
Lord Belhaven and Stenton
Wm. Campbell, Esq., of Tillichewan

LONDON BOARD.

_Chairman._--Charles Graham, Esq. _Deputy-Chairman._--Charles Downes, Esq.

H. Blair Avarne, Esq.
E. Lennox Boyd, Esq., F.S.A., _Resident_.
C. Berwick Curtis, Esq.
William Fairlie, Esq.
D. Q. Henriques, Esq.
J. G. Henriques, Esq.
F. C. Maitland, Esq.
William Railton, Esq.
F. H. Thomson, Esq.
Thomas Thorby, Esq.

MEDICAL OFFICERS.

_Physician._--Arthur H. Hassall, Esq., M.D., 8. Bennett Street, St. James's. _Surgeon._--F. H. Tomson, Esq., 48. Berners Street.

The Bonus added to Policies from March, 1834, to December 31, 1847, is as follows:--

---------+----------+--------------------+----------
Sum | Time | Sum added to | Sum
Assured. | Assured. | Policy | Payable
| +--------------------+ at Death.
| | In 1841. In 1848. |
---------+----------+---------+----------+----------
£ | | £ s.d.| £ s.d.| £ s.d.
5000 | 14 years | 683 6 8 | 787 10 0 | 6470 16 8
* 1000 | 7 years | - - | 157 10 0 | 1157 10 0
500 | 1 year | - - | 11 5 0 | 511 5 0
---------+----------+---------+----------+----------

* EXAMPLE.--At the commencement of the year 1841, a person aged thirty took out a Policy for 1000l., the annual payment for which is 24l. 1s. 8d.; in 1847 he had paid in premiums 168l. 11s. 8d.; but the profits being 2¼ per cent. per annum on the sum insured (which is 22l. 10s. per annum for each 1000l.) he had 157l. 10s. added to the Policy, almost as much as the premiums paid.

The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most moderate scale, and only one-half need be paid for the first five years, when the Insurance is for Life. Every information will be afforded on application to the Resident Director.

* * * * *

{226}

PROPOSALS FOR REPAIR AND IMPROVEMENT OF ST. MARY'S CHURCH,

VINCENT SQUARE, WESTMINSTER.

_Incumbent._
REV. A. BORRADAILE.
_Churchwardens._
MR. G. PEARSE and MR. G. PINK.

ST. MARY'S CHURCH, Vincent Square, Westminster, was erected in the year 1837, and contains 1,200 sittings, of which 800 are free.

The pecuniary resources which were at the disposal of those by whose efforts this spacious Church was built were only adequate to provide what was absolutely requisite for the performance of Divine Service.

There was, however, much cause for thankfulness that so large and commodious a Church was raised in so poor a district as St. Mary's; and a hope was then entertained that the day would soon come when what was necessarily left incomplete might be accomplished.

Fifteen years have passed away since the Church was consecrated; and the time appears now to have arrived when an effort should be made to supply what is wanting, and to render the interior more convenient, to paint, cleanse, and colour it; and to impart to it that religious decency and comeliness which befits the House of God.

An additional reason for this endeavour is supplied by recent events. Churches have arisen in the neighbourhood of St. Mary's, erected by the munificence of pious founders, which are adorned with architectural beauty, and are among the best specimens of ecclesiastical fabrics that the present age has produced. St. Mary's suffers from the contrast: its deficiencies have become more manifest; and the need of such an effort as has been mentioned is now felt more strongly.