Chapter M: F. D

_Arms of De Turneham._--Can any of your readers inform me what were the armorial bearings of Sir Stephen de Turneham, who in the year 1192 was employed by Richard I. to escort his queen Berengaria from Acre to Naples? The writer would also be glad to obtain any particulars of the family and history of this brave knight, who seems to have possessed the entire confidence of his sovereign, the redoubtable "Coeur de Lion." Probably he belonged to the same family as Michael de Turneham, the owner of estates at Brockley, near Deptford, and at Begeham (the modern Bayham), on the borders of Sussex, in the reign of Henry II., whose nephew, Sir Robert de Turneham, appears to have been distinguished in the Crusade under Richard I. Might not _Stephen_ and _Robert_ be brothers? Did they leave descendants? And, if so, when did the family become extinct? Was it this Robert de Turneham whose wife was Joanna Fossard, who, about the year 1200, founded the Priory of Grosmont, near Whitby, in Yorkshire? {262}

John Thornholme, of Gowthorpe, near York, to whom arms were granted Sept. 11, 1563, was probably not of the same family? These arms are--On a shield argent, three thorn-trees vert. Crest: On a mount vert, a tower argent. Motto: "Probitas verus honos."

Any particulars as to the early and subsequent history of this last-named family would also be valuable.

[Theta].

_Poisons._--What are supposed to have been the _poisons_ used for bouquets, gloves, &c., in the time of Catherine de Medici, and her friend René?

H. A. B.

_Open Seats or Pews in Churches._--Mr. Barr (_Anglican Church Architecture_: Oxford, Parker, 1846) gives measurements, as by experience, found most convenient for many parts of this description of church fitting; but he gives not the length of each sitting, or, in other words, the space, measured along the length of the bench, that should be allowed for each person. Neither does he give the height nor the breadth of the flat board to rest the elbows on when kneeling, or to place the books upon, which he proposes to substitute for the common sloping bookboard. Neither does he appear to have paid any attention to the disposal of the hats with which every male worshipper must, I fear, continue to be encumbered, and which I like not to see impaled on the poppy-heads, nor plied on the font, nor to feel against my knees when I sit down, nor against my feet when I kneel. If any of your correspondents could name a church in the open seats of which these things have been attended to, and well done, I should be much disposed to go and study it as a model for imitation; and if satisfied with it, I should want little persuasion for commencing the destruction of my old manor pew, and the fixing of open seats on its site.

REGEDONUM.

_Burial of unclaimed Corpse._--In the parish of Markshall, near Norwich, is a piece of land now belonging to the adjoining village of Keswick. Tradition states that it was once a part of Markshall Heath; but, at the enclosure, the parishioners of Keswick claimed and obtained it, because some years before they had interred the body of a murdered man found there; the expenses of whose funeral the rate-payers of Markshall had inhumanly refused to defray. I think I have somewhere read a similar statement respecting a portion of Battersea Fields. Can either of these cases be authenticated; or is there any law or custom which would assign a portion of a common to a parish which paid for the burial of a corpse found on it?

E. G. R.

Minor Queries with Answers.

_Sir John Powell_--the judge who tried the seven bishops. Where was he buried? _i.e._ where is his epitaph (which is given in Heber's _Life Of Jeremy Taylor_) to be seen?

A. C. R.

[He was buried on September 26, 1696, in the chancel of the church of
Langharne, in Carmarthenshire, where there is a tablet to his memory,
with a Latin inscription, recording that he was a pupil of Jeremy
Taylor. The Judge had a residence in the parish.]

"_Reynard the Fox._"--There was a book printed in 1706 entitled _The secret Memoirs of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, Prime Minister and Favorite of Queen Elizabeth, written during his Life, and now published from an old Manuscript never printed_; by Dr. Drake: printed by Samuel Briscoe, 1706. In his Preface he alludes to the _History of Reynard the Fox_:

"There is an old English book, written about the time that these
memoirs seem to have been, which now passes through the hands of old
women and children only, and is taken for a pleasant and delightful
tale, but is by wise heads thought to be an enigmatical history of the
Earl of Leicester and his family, and which he that compares with these
memoirs, will not take to be an idle conjecture, there are so many
passages so easily illustrable, by comparing it with these memoirs. The
book I mean is the _History of Reynard the Fox_, in which the author,
not daring to write his history plainly, probably for fear of his
power, has shadowed his exploits under the feigned adventures and
intrigues of brutes, in which not only the violence and rapaciousness,
but especially the craft and dissimulation, of the Earl of Leicester is
excellently set forth."

I shall feel much obliged to any of your readers who can inform me of the earliest English edition of _Reynard the Fox_, and whether others besides Dr. Drake have taken the same view of the history.

W. D. HAGGARD.

Bank of England.

[The earliest edition of _Reynard the Fox_ is that printed by Caxton in
1481. Caxton's Translation was again printed by Pynson, and afterwards
by Thomas Gualtier in 1550. Caxton's edition is of extreme rarity; but
there is a reprint of it by the _Percy Society_ in 1844: with an
introductory Sketch of the literary history of this popular romance, in
which our correspondent will find a notice of the principal editions of
it which have appeared in the various languages into which it has been
translated.]

_Campvere, Privileges of._--May I ask the kind assistance of any of your readers on the following subject? Sir W. Davidson, who was political agent or envoy in Holland under King Charles II., is stated to have been "resident for H.M. kingdom of Scotland, and conservator of the Scots privileges of _Campvere_ in the Low Countries," &c.; {263} and under his portrait, engraved by Hagens, he is described, among other titles, as being "conservitor and resident for His Majestie's most ancient kingdome of Scotland in the Seventein Provinces." What were these privileges, and whence was the term _campvere_ derived?

I have seen mention made of a mercantile house at Calais, in the sixteenth century, who had their "campfyer schypp, hyr saylls hallfe blewyw hallfe yewllow:" but this, I think, must refer to the trade in camphor, in the purification of which the Venetians, and afterwards the Dutch, exclusively were occupied.

J. D. S.

[Campvere is another name given by the English to Veere, or Ter Veere,
a fortified town of the province of Brabant, and the kingdom of the
Netherlands. It was formerly the staple-town for the trade between
Scotland and Holland; but its privileges, and much of its commerce,
have been removed to Rotterdam.]

_Bishops Inglis and Stanser of Nova Scotia._--In addition to the very interesting notice of the former given in Vol. vi., p. 151., I beg to ask where and when he was born? whether an Englishman or American? No reply has yet been given regarding _Bishop Stanser's_ death, or resignation of see.

A. S. A.

Wuzzeerabad.

[As Sabine has included Bishop Inglis among the _American Loyalists_,
it would appear that he was a native of the United States. His article
commences, "Charles Inglis, of New York;" but it does not state that he
was a native of that city. Bishop Stanser resigned his see through
indisposition in the year 1825, and died at Hampton, Jan. 23, 1829. See
"N. & Q.," Vol. vi., p. 425.]

* * * * *

Replies.

MONUMENT TO BARBARA MOWBRAY AND ELIZABETH CURLE AT ANTWERP.

(Vol. v., pp. 415. 517. &c.)

I adopt the above heading in preference to that which your correspondents C. E. D., M. W. B., F. H., and NHRSL have, I think improperly, selected. The monument, which is to be seen in the church of St. Andrew at Antwerp, is said by them to have been erected by the two ladies Barbara Mowbray and Elizabeth Curle to the memory of their beloved mistress the Queen of Scots; but it will be found to have been rather erected to the memory of those two ladies by Hippolytus Curle, the son of the former, and nephew of the latter, in or subsequent to the year 1620. The notice of it in my Murray's _Handbook_ of 1850 is brief but accurate:

"Against a pillar, facing the right transept, is a portrait of Mary
Queen of Scots, attached to a monument erected to the memory of two
English ladies named Curle, who served her as ladies in waiting. One of
them received her last embrace previous to her execution."

I beg to refer your correspondents to a Memoir by Mons. C. P. Serrure, which appeared in tom. iii. of the _Messager des Sciences et des Arts de la Belgique_, 1835, pp. 89-96., and was afterwards published at Ghent in a separate form, under the title of _Notice sur le Mausolée de Barbe Moubray et Elizabeth Curle, dames d'honneur de la reine Marie Stuart, qui se voit dans l'Eglise paroissiale de Saint André, à Anvers_, with an engraving of the monument. As the inscription conveys some biographical particulars of the ladies whose virtues it commemorates, and as this information is asked for by NHRSL, I have copied it: premising, however, that M. Serrure takes credit to himself for being the first to give it in a correct shape. It is as follows:

"Deo Opt. Max. Sacr.
Nobiliss. Dvar. e Britannia Matronar.
Monvmentvm viator spectas:
Quæ ad Regis Cathol: tvtel. orthodo. religion. cavsa
A patria profvgæ. hic in spe resurrect. qviescvnt.

In primis Barbaræ. Movbrayd. Iohan. Movbray Baronis F.
Qvæ Sereniss. Mariæ Stvartæ Reginæ Scot. a cvbicvlis
Nvptvi data Gvilberto Cvrle, qui ann. amplivs. xx.
A. secretis Reg. fverat vnaq sine qverela ann. xxiiii.
Vixervnt, liberosq. octo svstvler. sex cælo transcriptis
Filii dvo svperstites, in stvdiis liberaliter edvcati.
Iacobvs socie. Iesv sese Madriti aggregavit, in Hisp.
Hippolytvs natv minor in Gallo. Belg. Societ. Iesv
Prov. adscribi Christi militiæ volvit.
Hic moestvs cvm lacrymis optimæ parenti. P. C.
Quæ prid. Kalend. Avgvst. an^o. D. [M.DCXVI]. æt LVII.
Vitam cadvcam cvm æterna commvtavit.

Item Elizab. Cvrlæ amitæ ex eadem nob. Curleor. stirpe
Mariæ qvoq. Reginæ a cvbicvlis, octo aunis vinc[=v]lr.
Fidæ sociæ, cvi moriens vltimvm tvlit svavivm.
Perpetvo cælibi, moribvsq. castiss. ac pientissimæ
Hippolytvs Cvrle fratris eivs f. hoc monvm.
Grati animi pietatisq. ergo lib. mer. posvit.
Hæc vltimvm vitæ diem clavsit, an^o. Dni 1620.
Ætat. LX^{mo}. die 29 Maij.
Reqviescant in pace. Amen."

The inscription under the queen's portrait is correctly given by M. W. B.; except that, in the sixth line, the word "invidia" occurs after "hæret," and the "et" is omitted.

Touching this same portrait, and the selfish, silly, sight-loving Englishman, M. Serrure writeth as follows:

"Les Anglais, si avides de tout voir quand ils sont en pays étranger,
et si curieux de tout ce qui appartient à leur histoire, ne manquent
jamais d'aller visiter l'Église de St. André. Leur admiration pour ce
monument, sans doute plus intéressant sous le rapport du souvenir qui
s'y rattache, que sous celui de l'art, va si loin, que plus d'une fois
on a prétendu, non-seulement {264} que le Portrait est un de ceux qui
retrace le plus fidèlement les traits de la malheureuse Marie Stuart,
mais qu'on a été jusqu'à l'attribuer au pinceau de Van Dyck. Aussi bon
nombre d'amateurs d'outre-mer l'ont-ils fait copier dans les derniers
temps."

W. M. R. E.

* * * * *

RIGBY CORRESPONDENCE.

(Vol. vii., p. 203.)

I am a little surprised at the slight knowledge K. K. seems to have of Mr. Rigby--nor do I quite understand his statement: he says he possesses sixty-seven letters of Mr. Rigby to his _own grandfather_, and that his object is to discover, what he calls, the _counterpart of the correspondence_: and then he talks of this _counter-correspondent_, as if he knew no more of him than that he was an M. P., and "seems" to have done so and so. Now this counter-correspondent must have been his grandfather: and it would surely have simplified the inquiry if he had stated at once the name of his grandfather, whose letters he is anxious to recover. Mr. Rigby was one of the busiest politicians of the busy times in which he lived. He did not, as K. K. supposes, reside _altogether_ in England. He was chief secretary to the Duke of Bedford when Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, from 1757 to 1761; in which period he obtained the lucrative sinecure of Master of the Rolls in Ireland, which he enjoyed for upwards of twenty years; during which he was a prominent figure in English and Irish politics, and was long the leader of the Bedford party in the English House of Commons. His correspondence would be likely to be, with any one he confided in, important; and with any body, very amusing: for, though a deep politician, he was of a gay, frank, jovial, and gossiping disposition. It was he who, when some questions were carried against him in the Irish parliament, and that some of his English friends wrote to ask him whether he would not resign on such an affront, concealed his political feelings under the jolly _bon-vivant_ style of answering: "What care I about their affronts! there is nothing in the world I like half so well as woodcock-shooting and claret-drinking, and _here_ I have both in perfection: why should I resign?" He died in 1788; and was succeeded in his estate at Mirtley, in Essex, by _Lieut.-Col. Hale Rigby_ (who, I think, but am not sure, assumed the name of Rigby for the estate), and who had an only daughter who married the late Lord Rivers; and whose son is now, I presume, the representative of Mr. Rigby--the owner of Mirtley--and probably, if they be in existence, the possessor of the "counter-correspondence" that K. K. inquires after. I have been thus particular in answering, as far as I can, K. K.'s _Query_, because I believe that any confidential correspondence of Mr. Rigby must be very interesting, and I am glad to suggest where K. K. may look for the "counterpart;" but, whether they be obtained or not, I am inclined to believe that Mr. Rigby's own letters would be worth publication, if, as I have already hinted, his correspondent was really in either his private or political confidence.

C.

A considerable number of this gentleman's letters were addressed to his friend and patron, John, fourth Duke of Bedford, and are among the MSS. at Woburn Abbey. A selection of the most interesting are printed in the _Bedford Correspondence_, three vols. 8vo.

W. A.

Richard Rigby, Esq., of Mirtley Hall, in Essex, was Paymaster-General of the Land Forces from 1768 to 1782, when he was succeeded by Edmund Burke.

Horace Wm. Beckford, the third Baron Rivers, married, in Feb. 1808, Frances, the only daughter of Lieut.-Colonel Frances Hale Rigby, Esq., of _Mirtley Hall_.[8] It is therefore probable, that the correspondence and papers referred to by K. K. may be in the possession of the present Lord Rivers.

J. B.

[Footnote 8: See Burke.]

* * * * *

MARIGMERII--MELINGLERII--BEREFELLARII.

(Vol. vii., p. 207.)

P. C. S. S. has ascertained that all the barbarous terms mediævally applied to certain classes of the inferior clergy, and referred to by MR. JEBB (_antè_, p. 207.), are explained in the _Glossarium_ of Ducange. They are identical in meaning and derivation, though slightly differing in point of spelling, with "Marigmerii" and "Melinglerii" (cited by MR. JEBB), "Marellarii," "Meragalarii," and "Malingrerii," and are all to be found in the learned work to which reference is now made. Of the last of these words, Pirri himself (who is quoted by MR. JEBB) gives the explanation, which is equally applicable to them all. He says (in _Archiepisc. Messan._, sub an. 1347):

"_Malingrerium_, olim dictum qui hodie _Sacrista_ est."

Ducange also thus explains the cognate word _Marrellarius_:

"Ædituus, custos ædis sacræ, vulgo _Marguillier_," &c.

MR. JEBB is therefore undoubtedly right in identifying the signification of these terms with that of the French "Marguillier," the Latin phrase for which is _Matricularius_, so called because those officers were selected from the paupers who were admitted into the _Matricula_, or _hospice_ adjoining the church or convent:

"Ex Matriculariis pauperibus quidam seligebantur ad viliora Ecclesiarum
adjacentium munia, _v.g._ qui {265} campanas pulsarent, ecclesiarum
custodiæ invigilarent [_church-wardens_ in the true sense of the word],
eas scoparent ac mundarent. Atque inde Matriculariorum (nostris
_Marguillier_) in ecclesiis parochialibus origo."

Of another singular word, _Berefellarii_, and of the adoption of _Personæ_ instead of it, the history is very amusing, though, perhaps, scarcely fit for the pages of "N. & Q." It would seem that these inferior servitors of the church were not very cleanly in their person or habits. The English populace, by a not very delicate pun on their name, were wont to call them _bewrayed fellows_, the meaning of which it is not necessary farther to explain. In a letter of Thomas, Archbishop of York (preserved in Dugdale's _Monasticon_, tom. III. p. ii. p. 5.), the good prelate says:

"Scilicet Præcentoris, Cancellarii, et Sacristæ, ac Septem Personarum
qui olim _Berefellarii_ fuerunt nuncupati.... Sed quia eorum turpe
nomen _Berefellariorum_, patens risui remanebat, dictos Septem de
cætero non _Berefellarios_ sed _Personas_ volumus nuncupari."

The glossarist adds, with some _naïveté_:

"Cur autem ita obscæna hujusmodi iis indita appellatio, dicant Angli
ipsi!"

P. C. S. S.

MR. JEBB, in his Query respecting the _exoticæ voces_ "Marigmerii" and "Melinglerii," seems to be right in his conjecture that they are both of them corruptions of some word answering to the French _Marguillier_, a churchwarden. The word in question is probably _Meragularius_. It appears to be a term but rarely used, and to occur but once in Martene, _De Antiq. Eccl. Ritibus_, tom. i. p. 233., Venice, 1783, in the conclusion of his extract "de ordinario MS. ecclesiæ Cabilonensis;" where the officer in question performs the duty of the Vestararius:

"Diaconus et Subdiaconus inter se plicant vestimenta sua, Meragularius
præstat auxilium sacerdoti."

Though elsewhere Martene explains the term by "Ædituus, custos ædis."

With regard to the latter word, the meaning of which MR. JEBB inquires, _Berefellarii_, I may suggest that he will find, on reading somewhat further in the archbishop's _Statuta_ for Beverley, a further account of these same _Berefellarii_; which almost precludes the likelihood of a blunder in the original document, or at least of _Beneficiarii_ being the correct word. For the archbishop, having occasion to mention them again, gives the origin of their institution:

"Quos quidem Berefellarios recolendæ memoriæ Dom. Johannes de Thoresby
dudum Eborum Archiepiscopus ad honorem dictæ Ecclesiæ Beverlaci, et
majorem decentiam ministrantium in eadem provincia ordinabat."

He then proceeds:

"Sed quia eorum turpe nomen Berefellariorum, patens risui remanebat,
dictos Septem de cætero non Berefellarios sed Personas volumus
nuncupari."

And accordingly we find them called hereafter in this document by the very indefinite appellation, _Septem Personæ_.

The word _Berefellarii_ seems obviously to be of Anglo-Saxon origin; as well from the extract I have given above, as from the absence of the term in works on the continental rituals, as Martene for instance. And I would suggest, in default of a better derivation, that the word may have been Latinised from the Anglo-Saxon _bere fellan_ or _sellan_. The office would then be that of almoner, and the _Berefellarii_ would be the "persons" who doled out victuals to the poor; literally, _barley-givers_. Such an original would make the term liable to the objection to which the archbishop alluded; and the office does not altogether disagree with what was stated as the object of its institution, viz.:

"Ad honorem ecclesiæ Beverlaci, et majorem decentiam ministrantium in
eadem."

H. C. K.

---- Rectory, Hereford.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES.

_Replies to Photographic Questions._--SIR WILLIAM NEWTON is right respecting the active properties of sulphuric acid; it should therefore not be stronger than merely tasting of the acid; but it has appeared to me to possess a superior effect in setting the alkalies free. I believe muriatic acid would have precisely the same effect, or Beaufoy's acetic acid, though it would be rather expensive. Starch would be invaluable both for positives or negatives, if it could be laid on perfectly even; but if pinned up to dry it all runs to one corner, and if laid flat it runs into ridges. Perhaps some artist may be able to favour us with the best mode of treating starch; its non-solubility in cold water makes it an invaluable agent in photography.

The above includes a reply to MR. J. JAMES' first Query: to his second, the solution may be either brushed or floated, but all solutions require even greater care than doing a water-colour drawing, to lay them perfectly flat. The remaining questions depend for answer simply on the experience of the operator: the formula given was simply for iodizing paper; the bringing out, exposure in the camera, &c., have been so clearly described lately by DR. DIAMOND, it would be useless to give further directions at present.

G. H. should dispense with the aceto-nitrate and gallic acid, and bring up with gallic acid and glacial acetic acid only. This makes no dirt whatever, and is quite as effective. The marbling {266} he alludes to proceeds from the sensitive solution not being sufficiently dry when put into the camera. Even if prepared paper is blotted off, which I think a very bad plan, it should have some time allowed it to dry; also the faintness of the image depends either upon not giving time enough, or the aperture he uses for his lens is much too large; or again, he has not found the true chemical focus,--it varies in single meniscus lenses sometimes as much as three-eighths of an inch nearer the eye than the visual:--all these are causes of indistinct images, and require patience to rectify them.

I beg leave to subscribe entirely to MR. W. BROWN'S remarks on the subject of Mr. Archer and collodion. I have one of Mr. Horne's handbills, circulated with the first samples of collodion, headed "Archer's prepared collodion" in 1851, and had some of the earliest in the market. That Mr. Archer should fail in trying his own preparation goes for nothing at all, because, at the best of times, and with the most skilful, failures are often numerous and mortifying, in photography above all other arts; therefore, unless some more correct data are given, the merit rests entirely on Mr. Archer.

WELD TAYLOR.

Bayswater.

_Developing Paper Pictures with Pyrogallic Acid_ (Vol. vii., p. 117.).--Your correspondent R. J. F. asks if any of your photographic correspondents have developed their paper negatives with pyrogallic acid. I have long been in the habit of doing so by the following process. Of Mr. Archer's developing solution, viz.,

Pyrogallic acid 3 grs.
Acetic acid 1 drachm.
Distilled water 1 oz.

take twenty grs. (minims): add an equal quantity of distilled water, and five drops (minims) of acetic acid. I pour the mixture upon a glass plate, and put the sensitive surface of any picture upon it; moving, it up and down by one corner, to prevent the paper being stained, and to observe the development of the picture; which, when sufficiently come out, I blot and wash immediately, and fix with hyposulphite of soda or bromide of potassium.

THOMAS WYATT.

Manchester.

_Photography in the Open Air; Improved Camera._--In your Number 172, p. 163., there is a Note of mine in reference to the use to which thin sheet India rubber might be applied. I there alluded to the difficulties attending a single "portable camera," in which all the coating, developing, &c. of your plates is to be done; and for those gentlemen who have the means of carrying about with them a second box, I have devised a modification of Archer's camera, which I think, will prove very useful. It is one which I am about to make for myself. This second box is one in which, when travelling, I can pack my camera, frames, glasses, and chemicals. Having arranged your camera, you proceed to arrange the second box, or "laboratory." This laboratory has three short legs, which screw, or fasten by any simple contrivance, to it, so that it may stand a sufficient height from the ground to allow the bath, which fits in like the one in Archer's camera, to hang beneath it, and also that when working you may do so with ease. It is lighted by either yellow glass or India rubber. There are sleeves of India rubber for your arms, and the holes in the sides of the box traverse nearly the whole of the sides, for the purpose of moving your hands freely from one end of the box to the other; there is also an opening for the head. The bottom of the box is divided: about two-thirds of it, and the nearest to you, has a gutta percha tray, with the four sides, three inches high, fitting it quite tight; and in one corner a tube a few inches long, also of gutta percha, fixed to it, and passing through the bottom of the box, to allow the refuse washings to run off. In the middle of this tray a developing stand of gutta percha is fixed to the bottom, on which to lay the glass plates. The other one-third of the bottom of the laboratory is fitted thus:--There is a slit across the box, immediately before the wall of the tray, for the nitrate of silver bath to slip in. Immediately beyond the edge of the bath is a small fillet of wood running across the box parallel with the bath, and so placed that if the bottom of the dark frame to contain the glass plate is rested against it, and the top of the frame rested against the end of the laboratory, the frame will slope at about an angle of forty-five degrees. Let there be a button, or similar contrivance, on the underside of the lid of the box, that the lid of the dark frame may be fastened to it when open. Bottles of collodion, developing fluid, hypo-soda, or solution of salt, &c., may be arranged in various convenient ways within reach. The proceeding then is very easy. Place the bath-frame and bottles in their places; rear the glass plate in the frame; shut the laboratory lid; place your hands in the sleeves and your head in the hood; fix the door of dark frame to the top; coat the plate; place it in the bath with collodion side from you (it will then be in convenient position when you draw it out of bath to place at once in the frame); fasten the frame door; open the box lid; remove to camera; after taking picture, return frame to its place in camera; bring the plate to developing stand; develop; pour solution of salt over; remove from box; finish outside with hyposulphite of soda.

I have been thus explicit to render the matter as plain and intelligible as possible without aid of diagrams. But I shall be happy to give any {267} one any further information, either privately, or through "N. & Q." It seems to me that by this contrivance you simplify the process as much as is almost possible; you keep separate the different processes, and run little or no risk of mixing your chemicals, a misfortune which would spoil several hours' work, as well as entail a considerable loss of materials. The box would be no expensive article; any one possessing a little mechanical skill could construct it for himself, and its use as a packing-case for your apparatus would repay the cost.

I have for some time been using a developing fluid, which appears to have some desirable qualifications for it is simple, inexpensive, and keeps good, as far as I have tried it, for a very long period. I have worked with it when it has been made ten weeks; it slightly changes colour, but it throws down no deposit, and does not ever stain the film; when first made, it is colourless as water. DR. DIAMOND has kindly undertaken to test its value, and if he pronounces it worthy of being made known, the readers of "N. & Q." shall shortly have the benefit of it.

J. L. SISSON.

Edingthorpe Rectory, Norfolk.

_New Effect in Collodion Pictures._--In the course of some experiments I have been following in reference to a photographic subject, a method by which a new effect in pictures on glass may be obtained has occurred to me. Such productions, when treated as positives, are of course white pictures upon a black ground; and although for beauty of detail they are superior to those belonging to any other process, there is a certain harshness and want of artistic effect: to remedy this, I turned my attention towards obtaining a dark picture upon a light ground, as is the case when glass photographs are printed from; in this I have succeeded, and as the modification affords a pleasing variation, it may be acceptable to the tastes of some of your readers. The principle I proceed upon is to copy, by means of the camera, from a previously-taken picture in a negative state. Suppose, for instance, our subject is an out-door view: I take a collodion picture--which would answer for a positive if backed with black: this, viewed by transmitted light, is of course negative,--an effect which may be produced by placing a piece of white paper behind it from this _white_-backed plate: I take another collodion picture, which, being reversed in light and shade, is negative by reflected light; but viewed as a transparency is _positive_, and of course retains that character when backed with white paint, paper, or other substance lighter in colour than the parts formed by the reduced silver. Instead of the first picture being formed by the glass, any of the paper processes may be adopted which will afford negative pictures. Copies of prints may be beautifully produced on this principle by obtaining the first or negative by the ordinary process of printing. As these pictures are to form a contrast with a white ground, they should be as brown in tint as possible; nitric acid, or other whitening agents, being avoided in the developing solutions for both negative and positive. By this process the detail and contrasts can be kept far better than by the operation of printing: for it is exceedingly difficult to obtain a picture which will convey to the prepared surface an amount of light corresponding to the natural lights and shades, and the trouble of making collodion copies is far less than printing. There is certainly the drawback of having the copies upon glass: I think, however, that some white flexible substance may be found, upon which the collodion, albumen, &c., may be spread; but if they be intended for framing, of course they are better on glass. The general effect is that of a sepia drawing. The picture first taken and used as a negative, may be preserved as a positive by removing the white back, and treating it in the usual manner.

Permit me to observe, that much confusion arises from the _manner_ in which the terms positive and negative are often used; a negative glass picture is frequently spoken of as a definite, distinct thing; this is not the case, for all photographic pictures upon glass are both negative and positive, accordingly as they are seen upon a back of lighter or darker shade than the reduced silver--by transmitted or reflected light. A picture intended to be printed from is no more a negative than another, its positive character being merely obscured by longer exposure in the camera. When first removed from the developing solution, glass pictures are negative, because they are seen upon the iodide of silver, which is a light ground. This is a thing of course well known to many of your readers, but beginners are, I know, often puzzled by it.

WM. TUDOR MABLEY.

Manchester.

_Powdered Alum--How does it act?_--SIR W. NEWTON has again kindly informed me of _his motive_ for using the powdered alum, which in "N. & Q." (Vol. vii., p. 141.) he asserts readily removes the hyposulphite of soda. What is the _rationale_ of the chemical action upon the hyposulphite of soda?

W. ADRIAN DELFERIER.

40. Sloane Square.

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

_Chatterton_ (Vol. vii., p. 189.).--J. M. G. informs N. B. that he is possessed of the whole of the late Mr. Hazlewood's collection of volumes, tracts, and cuttings from periodicals, published during the period when the Rowleian and Chattertonian {268} controversy engrossed so much of public criticism and dispute.

He has likewise various other articles relating to Chatterton, both in print and manuscript, collected during many years that he was resident at and connected with Bristol, which then naturally interested him in the subject. But what would be of far greater use to N. B. in ascertaining who was the author of the Rowleian poems, is an essay in manuscript, recently furnished to J. M. G. by a gentleman now resident in Bristol, whose ancestors were acquainted with Chatterton's family, and who has in this document shown, not only great archæological research, but has thrown much new light upon various disputed points both relative to Chatterton's relations and friends, which go far to settle the opinion, that the venerable Rowley, and not the boy Chatterton, was the writer of the poems.

J. M. G. is afraid that this subject is one, the revival of which would fail to interest the public mind, or he might be induced to publish the essay, to which he has reason to believe that its author would give his consent; and should J. M. G. again raise the controversy by sending to "N. & Q." any detached parts, he is apprehensive that the subjects of them would not meet with the attention they formerly would have done.

J. M. G.

Worcester.

_Princes' Whipping-boys_ (Vol. v., pp. 468. 545.).--In your publication are notices respecting two whipping-boys, Edward Browne and William Murray, who both endured punishment for the offences of English princes. I, however, think it not improbable such infliction was perpetrated in other kingdoms, and perhaps in Spain, for the improvement of Philip III. or some such worthy scion of royalty. Le Sage, who was a most incomparable observer of men and manners, has, in his admirable novel of _Gil Blas_, introduced, with purely natural humour, and in his style so _naïf_, an instance of such mode of correction. In livre 5ième, chap. i., there is the history of Don Raphaël, who at twelve years of age was selected by the Marquis de Leganez to be the companion of his son of the same age, who "ne paraissait pas né pour les sciences," and scarcely knew a letter of his alphabet. The story goes on with describing various endeavours of his masters to induce him to apply to his studies, but without success: till at last the _Précepteur_ thought of the expedient to give _le fouet_ to young Raphaël whenever the little Leganez deserved it; and this he did without mercy, till Raphaël determined to elope from the roof of the Marquis de Leganez: and in some degree to revenge himself for all the injustice he had suffered, took with him all the _argent comptant_ of the Précepteur, amounting to one hundred and fifty ducats. In concluding, I may observe that there is a very neat edition of _Gil Blas_ lately published in Paris, with _illustrated vignettes_ by _Gigoux_, one of which represents the Précepteur operating upon the unfortunate Raphaël:

"... horribili sectêre flagello."--_Hor._

and young Leganez looking on seemingly unconcerned!

[Theta].

Richmond.

"_Grub Street Journal_" (Vol. vii., p. 108.).--Some particulars relating to this work are given in Drake's _Essays on the Rambler, &c._, vol. i. p. 66.

F. R. A.

"_Pinch of Snuff_" (Vol. vi., p. 431).--I have been informed by a gentleman conversant in literary matters, that the author or compiler of this little volume was Benson Earle Hill, formerly an officer in the artillery, but at the time of his death (circa 1842-3) a performer or prompter at one of the theatres in the Strand.

I may here mention another humorous little work, closely allied to the above, and entitled _A Paper of Tobacco; treating of the Rise, Progress, Pleasures and Advantages of Smoking: with Anecdotes of distinguished Smokers, Mems. on Pipes and Tobacco-boxes: and a Tritical Essay on Snuff. By Joseph Fume_. 2nd ed., with additions. Lond. Chapman and Hall, 1839. 12mo. It contains six spirited and characteristic etchings by "Phiz," besides several woodcuts; and is a very amusing book, well worthy of being enlarged, for which there are ample materials both in prose and rhyme.

F. R. A.

_Race for Canterbury_ (Vol. vii., p. 219.).--J. F. infers that Hoadley was a competitor with Herring and Gibson for the archiepiscopal throne after the death of Bishop Potter, because he is mentioned in some lines under the woodcut broadside in his possession. He may also find him alluded to in the last lines of the other print in his possession:

"Then may he win the prize who none will oppress,
And the palace at Lambeth be _Benjamin's_ mess."

Benjamin being Benjamin Hoadley.

I have two other prints upon this subject, besides the three mentioned by J. F. In one which has the title "For Lambeth," the bishop in the most distant boat has dropt his oars, sits with his arms across, looks very sulky, and exclaims, "Damn my scull."

The other is entitled "Haw'y Haw'y L--b-th Haw'y." Three bishops, as in the others, are rowing towards Lambeth: a fourth, approaching in an opposite direction, is rowing "against tide." In the foreground are two groups. In one, two noblemen are addressing three competing bishops: "Let honour be the reward of virtue, and not interest." One bishop says: "I give it up till {269} next." Another holds a paper, inscribed "10,000l. for it." In the other group, two noblemen are promising to different bishops. Another bishop is fighting his way through boatmen; and two persons are running forward as candidates for an archdeaconry or dean of arches. Underneath are two lines:

"Sculls, sculls to Lambeth! see how hard they pull 'em!
But sure the Temple's nearer much than Fulham."

_Temple_ alluding to Sherlock, _Fulham_ to Gibson.

Underneath this print, some one, perhaps Horace Walpole, mistaking the date and the subject, has written:

"The man whose place they thought to take
Is still alive, and still _a Wake_."

There is still another print entitled "Lambeth," where three bishops are rowing from Lambeth, with the word "Disappointed" under them. A fourth is rowed towards Lambeth by a waterman, who exclaims "Your're all Bob'd!"

EDW. HAWKINS.

_Chichester Pallant_ (Vol. vii., p. 206.).--Chichester, I need not say, is of Roman foundation, and has several marks of its Roman origin; the little stream that runs through it is called the _Lavant_, evidently from _lavando_. The _Pallant_, the chief quarter of the town, and, of old, a _separate jurisdiction_, was called "Palatinus sive Palenta." "Palantia, Palatinatus," says Ducange, "jurisdictio ejus qui habet jus lites decidendi supremo jure." The _Pallant_ of Chichester is not to be confounded with the Bishop's _Palace_. It is in a different district, and was, no doubt, from Roman times, a separate _palatine_ jurisdiction.

C.

_Scarfs worn by Clergymen_ (Vol. vii., pp. 143. 215.).--As MR. JEBB has intervened voluntarily in this question, not merely as an inquirer or reasoner, but as an _evidence_ to _facts_, I hope I may be allowed to ask him his authority for the distinction "between broad and narrow scarfs." After this assertion as to the _fact_, he adds his own personal authority of having "in his boyhood _heard mention_ made of that distinction." As I do not know his age, I would beg to ask _when_ and _where_ he heard that _mention_; and to make my inquiry more clear, I would ask whether he has any (and what) authority for the _fact_ of the distinction beyond having "in his boyhood _heard mention_ of it?" We must get at the facts before we can reason on them.

C.

_Alicia Lady Lisle_ (Vol. vii., p. 236.).--The lady referred to was Alice, or Alicia, daughter and coheir of Sir White Beconsawe: she was beheaded at Winchester, 1685. The jury by whom she was tried had, it is stated, thrice acquitted her; but the judge, that disgrace to human nature, Jefferies, insisted upon a conviction. Her husband was John Lisle the regicide, a severe republican, and one of the Protector's lords. An account of the family will be found in _Curious Memoirs of the Protectorate House of Cromwell_, vol. i. p. 273.

The family of the present Lord Lisle, whose family name is _Lysaght_, and elevated to the peerage of Ireland in 1758, has nothing to do with that of the republican court.

Respecting the old baronies of Lisle, full accounts will be found in the admirable report of the claim to that barony by Sir Harris Nicolas, one of the counsel for the claimant, Sir John Shelley Sidney: 8vo. Lond. 1829.

G.

_Major-General Lambert_ (Vol. vii., p. 237.).--Major-General Lambert appears, from a meagre memoir of him given in the _History of Malham in Yorkshire_, by Thomas Hursley: 8vo. 1786, to have descended from a very ancient family in that county. According to the register of Kirkby Malhamdale, he was born at Calton Hall, in that parish, 7th of September, 1619, and lost his father at the age of thirteen. On the 10th of September, 1639, he married Frances, daughter of his neighbour Sir William Lister, of Thornton, in Craven, then in her seventeenth year, and said to have been a most elegant and accomplished lady. Nothing seems to be known as to the precise time or place of the death of Lambert or his wife, beyond the tradition of his having been imprisoned in Cornet Castle, in the island of Guernsey, after the Restoration, and that he remained in confinement thirty years. His marriage is confirmed in the account of Lord Ribblesdale's family in Collins' _Peerage_, vol. viii. edition Brydges. John Lambert, son and heir of the major-general, married Barbara, daughter of Thomas Lister, of Arnoldsbigging, and had by her three sons, who all died v. p., and one daughter, who was the wife of Sir John Middleton, of Belsay Castle, in Northumberland, and became the heir-general of her family. Pepys speaks of Lady Lambert in 1668.

Perhaps these very imperfect notices may elicit further information,--on which account only can they be worthy of a place in "N. & Q."

BRAYBROOKE.

_Mistletoe_ (Vol. iii., pp. 192. 396.).--In addition to the trees, on which the mistletoe grows, mentioned by "the late learned Mr. Ray" in the quotation cited by Dr. Wilbraham Falconer, I subjoin others named in Jesse's _Country Life_, some of which I have had opportunities of verifying viz., horse-chestnut; maple (_Acer opalus_, _A. rubrum_, _A. campestre_); poplar (_Populus alba_, _P. nigra_, _P. fastigiata_); acacia, laburnum, pear; large-leaved sallow (_Salix caprea_); locust tree (_Robinia pseudo-acacia_); larch, Scotch fir, spruce fir; service tree (_Pyrus domestica_); hornbeam {270} (_Carpinus ostrya_); _Loranthus Europæus_ (itself a parasite); olive, vine, walnut, plum, common laurel, medlar, grey poplar. The localities and authorities are stated.

In answer to your correspondent ACHE, I may add, that the opinion of recent botanists is contrary to Sir Thomas Browne's notion with reference to the propagation of the seed; for it is known that the seeds, in germinating, send their radicles into the plant to which they are attached; and grow afterwards as true parasites, selecting certain chemical ingredients in preference to others. The mistletoe has never been known to grow in Ireland; but its frequency in various parts of the world--in France, Italy, Greece, and parts of Asia--has been remarked by travellers. Its use seems to be to provide food for birds during those rare seasons of scarcity, when a very sparing supply of other fruits and seeds can be procured.

ROBERT COOKE.

Scarborough.

_The Sizain_ (Vol. vi., p. 603.; Vol. vii., p. 174.).--I know not whether any one of the sizains you have published may be the original, from which all the others must be considered as imitations or parodies; but they bring to my mind an English example, which I met with many years ago in some book of miscellanies. I do not recollect whether the book in question attributed it to any particular author; who, I presume, must have been some staunch adherent for Protestant ascendancy in the early part of the last century:

"Our three great enemies remember,
The Pope, the Devil, and the Pretender.
All wicked, damnable, and evil,
The Pope, the Pretender, and the Devil.
I wish them all hung on one rope,
The Devil, the Pretender, and the Pope."

Since writing the foregoing, the following has been dictated to me from recollection; which may be referred to about the period of George III.'s last illness:

"You should send, if aught should ail ye,
For Willis, Heberden, or Baillie.
All exceeding skilful men,
Baillie, Willis, Heberden.
Uncertain which most sure to kill is,
Baillie, Heberden, or Willis."

M. H.

_Venda_ (Vol. vii., p. 179.).--This word, in Portuguese, signifies a place where wine and meat are sold by retail in a tavern. It also appears to answer to the Spanish _Venta_, a road-side inn; something between the French and English inn, and the Eastern caravansaries. In the places which C. E. F. mentions, _Venda_ in Portugal is like Osteria in Italy, of which plenty will be seen on the plains of the Campagna at Rome.

T. K.

_Meaning of "Assassin"_ (Vol. vii., p. 181.).--We owe this word to the Crusaders, no doubt; but MUHAMMED will find a very interesting account of the word in the Rev. C. Trench's admirable little work _On the Study of Words_. See also Gibbon's _Decline and Fall_, chap. lxiv.; to which, if I remember rightly, Mr. Trench also refers.

R. J. S.

If MUHAMMED would take the trouble of looking into the translation of Von Hammer's _Geschichte der Assassinen_, or, a more common book, _The Secret Societies of the Middle Ages_, he would find that there _was_ "a nation of the assassins;" and that his idea of the derivation of the name, which was first indicated by De Sacy, is the received one.

T. K.

_Dimidium Scientiæ_ (Vol. vii., p. 180.).--MR. B. B. WOODWARD will find Lord Bacon's sententia, "Prudens interrogatio quasi dimidium scientiæ," in his _De Augmentis Scientiarum_, lib. v. cap. iii., "Partitio Inventivæ Argumentorum in Promptuariam et Topicam."

BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM.

_Epigrams_ (Vol. vii., p. 175.).--The true version of the epigram on Dr. Toe, which I heard or read about fifty years ago, is as follows:

"'Twixt Footman John and Doctor Toe,
A rivalship befel,
Which should become the fav'rite beau,
And bear away the belle.

"The Footman won the Lady's heart;
And who can wonder? No man:
The whole prevail'd against the part,--
'Twas _Foot_-man versus _Toe_-man."

Perhaps the "John" ought to be "Thomas;" for I find, on the same page of my Common-place Book, the following:

"Dear Lady, think it no reproach,
It show'd a generous mind,
To take poor Thomas in the coach,
Who rode _before behind_.

"Dear Lady, think it no reproach,
It show'd you lov'd the more,
To take poor Thomas in the coach,
Who rode _behind before_."

SCRAPIANA.

_Use of Tobacco before the Discovery of America_ (Vol. iv., p. 208.).--Sandys, in the year 1610, mentions the use of tobacco as a custom recently introduced, at Constantinople, by the English. (See _Modern Traveller_.) Meyen, however, in his _Outlines of the Geography of Plants_, as translated for the Ray Society, says:

"The consumption of tobacco in the Chinese empire is of immense extent,
and the practice seems to be of great antiquity; for on very old
sculptures I have observed the very same tobacco pipes which are still
used. {271} _Besides, we now know the plant which furnishes the Chinese
tobacco: it is even said to grow wild in the East Indies. It is certain
that the tobacco plant of Eastern Asia is quite different from the
American species._"

This is the opinion of a botanist at once distinguished for extensiveness of research and accuracy of detail; although Mr. J. Crawford, in a paper read before the Statistical Society, on the 15th of November, 1852, seems to incline to a contrary notion. It is, however, necessary to remark that his facts tend rather to elucidate the statistics of the plant than its natural character, so that Meyen's opinion must, I think, stand good until it be disproved.

SELEUCUS.

_Oldham, Bishop of Exeter_ (Vol. vii., p. 189.).--Perhaps it may help J. D. in his difficulty touching the difference between the coat of arms borne by Oldham, Bishop of Exeter, and that borne by the Oldham family at _Hatherleigh_, to be informed of what I believe he will find, upon inquiry, to be the fact, viz. that _Laing_ was the original name of the present family of Oldham at Hatherleigh; and that, consequently, the arms of Laing may possibly still be borne by them.

* *

Oxford.

Bishop Hugh Oldham, B.C.L., was one of the family of Oldenham, of Oldenham, co. Lancaster, which gave for arms, Sable, between three owls arg., a chevron or: in chief, of the third, three roses, gules. Richard Oldham, Bishop of Sodor, was Abbot of Chester in 1452.

Hugh was born in Goulburn Street, Oldham, and educated at Exeter College, Oxford, and at Queen's College, Cambridge: he was Rector of St. Mildred's, Bread Street, Sept. 19, 1485; Swineshead, February 3, 1493; Wareboys, March 31, 1499; Shitlington, August 17, 1500; Vicar of Cheshunt, July 27, 1494; Overton, April 2, 1501; Canon of St. Stephen's, Westminster, 1493; Prebendary of South Aulton in Sarum, September, 1495; of Newington in St. Paul's, March 11, 1496; of South Cave in York, August 26, 1499; Archdeacon of Exeter, February 16, 1503; Chaplain to Margaret, Countess of Richmond, and Master of St. John's, Lichfield, 1495; and St. Leonard's Hospital, Bedford, January 12, 1499.

He was the founder of Manchester High School, and was consecrated between December 29 and January 6, 1504. He was a great benefactor to Corpus Christi College in Oxford; and the intimate friend of Bishop Smyth, co-founder of Brasenose College, with whom he had been brought up in the household of Thomas, Earl of Derby. He died June 25, 1519, and was buried in St. Saviour's Chapel in Exeter Cathedral.

These notes are taken from a MS. History of the English Episcopate, which it is my hope to give to the public.

MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.

_Tortoiseshell Tom Cat._--I am pretty certain that I once saw in "N. & Q." an inquiry whether there ever was a well-authenticated instance of a tortoiseshell tom cat. The inclosed advertisement, which I have cut from _The Times_ of the 19th January, 1853, will perhaps give some of your readers an opportunity of testing the fact:

"To be sold, a real Tortoiseshell Tom Cat. This natural rarity is
fifteen months old and eight lbs. weight. Apply to John Sayer, Mr.
Bennison's, bookseller, Market-Drayton, Salop."