Chapter II: Front Matter (2)

Without specially binding myself to either one of these conflicting testimonies, I may be allowed to suggest that, apart from any proof to the contrary, the inference that he was a native of Chester is a perfectly fair and legitimate one. His _Short Treatise of the Isle of Man_, which was the only work he ever sent to press, was printed at the end of that famous Cheshire work, the _Vale Royal of England_, in 1656, and was illustrated with engravings by Daniel King, the editor of that work, himself a Cheshire man. Independent of this, his biographer Wood informs us that he was "a singular lover of antiquities," and that he "made collections of arms, monuments, &c., in Staffordshire, Salop, and _Chester_," the which collections are now, I believe, in the British Museum.* He made no collections for Yorkshire, nor yet for London, where he is stated by Wood to have been born. One thing is certain, James Chaloner of Chester was living at the time this treatise was written, and was, moreover, a famous antiquary, and a collector for this, his native county; but whether he was, _de facto_, the regicide, or merely his cotemporary, I leave it to older and wiser heads to determine.

T. HUGHES.

Chester.

*[In the _Harleian Collection_, No. 1927., will be found "A
paper Book in 8vo., wherein are contained, Poems, Impreses,
and other Collections in Prose and Verse; written by Thomas
Chaloner and Randle Holme, senior, both Armes-Painters in
Chester, with other Notes of less value."--ED.]

* * * * *

"ANYWHEN" AND "SELDOM-WHEN:" UNOBSERVED INSTANCES OF SHAKSPEARE'S USE OF THE LATTER.

(Vol. vii., p. 38.)

MR. FRASER'S remark about the word _anywhen_ has brought to my mind two passages in Shakspeare which have been always hitherto rendered obscure by wrong printing and wrong pointing. The first occurs in _Measure for Measure_, Act IV. Sc. 2., where the Duke says:

"This is a gentle provost: _seldom-when_
The steeled gaoler is the friend of men."

Here the compound word, signifying _rarely_, _not often_, has been always printed as two words; and MR. COLLIER, following others, has even placed a comma between _seldom_ and _when_.

The other passage occurs in the Second Part of _King Henry IV._, Act IV. Sc. 4.; where Worcester endeavours to persuade the king that Prince Henry will leave his wild courses. King Henry replies:

"'Tis _seldom-when_ the bee doth leave her comb
In the dead carrion."

Here also the editors have always printed it as two words; and, as before, MR. COLLIER here repeats the comma.

That the word was current with our ancestors, is certain; and I have no doubt that other instances of it may be found. We have a similar compound in Chaucer's _Knight's Tale_, v. 7958.:

"I me rejoyced of my lyberté,
That _selden-tyme_ is founde in mariage."

Palsgrave, too, in his _Eclaircissement de la Langue Françoise_, 1530, has--

"_Seldom-what_, Gueres souvent."

_Seldom-when_, as far as my experience goes, seems to have passed out of use where archaisms still linger; but _anywhen_ may be heard any day and every day in Surrey and Sussex. Those who would learn the _rationale_ of these words will do well to consult Dr. Richardson's most excellent _Dictionary_, under the words AN, ANY, WHEN, and SELDOM.

This is at least a step towards MR. FRASER'S wish of seeing _anywhen_ legitimatised; for what superior claim had _seldom-when_ to be enshrined and immortalised in the pages of the poet of the world?

S. W. SINGER.

Manor Place, South Lambeth.

* * * * *

CHICHESTER: LAVANT.

(Vol. vii., p. 269.)

Your correspondent C. affirms, as a mark of the Roman origin of Chichester, that "the little stream that runs through it is called the Lavant, _evidently from lavando_!" Now nobody, as old Camden says, "has doubted the _Romanity_ of Chichester;" but I am quite sure that the members of the Archæological Institute (who meet next summer upon the banks of this same _Lavant_) would decidedly demur to so singular a proof of it.

{336} C. is informed that, in the fourth volume of the _Archæologia_, p. 27., there is a paper by the Hon. Daines Barrington, on the term _Lavant_, which, it appears, is commonly applied in Sussex to all brooks which are dry at some seasons, as is the case with the Chichester river.

"From the same circumstance," it is added, "the sands between
Conway and Beaumaris in Anglesey, are called the _Lavant
sands_, because they are dry when the tide ebbs; as are also
the sands which are passed at low water between Cartmell and
Lancaster, for the same reason."

To trace the origin of the term _Lavant_, we must, I conceive, go back to a period more remote than the Roman occupation; for that remarkable people, who conquered the inhabitants of Britain, and partially succeeded in imposing Roman appellations upon the greater towns and cities, never could change the aboriginal names of the rivers and mountains of the country. "Our hills, forests, and rivers," says Bishop Percy, "have generally retained their old Celtic names." I venture, therefore, to suggest, that the British word for river, _Av_, or _Avon_, which seems to form the root of the word _Lavant_, may possibly be modified in some way by the prefix, or postfix, so as to give, to the compound word, the signification of an _intermittent_ stream.

The fact that, amidst all the changes which have passed over the face of our country, the primitive names of the grander features of nature still remain unaltered, is beautifully expressed by a great poet recently lost to us:

"Mark! how all things swerve
From their known course, or vanish like a dream;
Another language spreads from coast to coast;
Only, perchance, some melancholy stream,
And some indignant hills old names preserve,
When laws, and creeds, and people all are lost!"
Wordsworth's _Eccles. Sonnets_, xii.

W. L. NICHOLS.

Bath.

* * * * *

SCARFS WORN BY CLERGYMEN.

(Vol. vii., p. 269.)

The mention of the distinction between the broad and narrow scarf, alluded to by me (Vol. vii., p. 215.), was made above thirty years ago, and in Ireland. I have a distinct recollection of the statement as to what _had_ been the practice, then going out of use. I am sorry that I cannot, in answer to C.'s inquiry, recollect who the person was who made it. Nor am I able to specify instances of the partial observance of the distinction, as I had not till long after learned the wisdom of "making a note:" but I had occasion to remark that dignitaries, &c. frequently wore wider scarfs than other clergymen (not however that the narrower one was ever that slender strip so improperly and servilely adopted of late from the corrupt custom of Rome, which has curtailed all ecclesiastical vestments); so that when the discussion upon this subject was revived by others some years ago, it was one to which my mind had been long familiar, independently of any ritual authority.

I hope C. will understand my real object in interfering in this subject. It is solely that I may do a little (what others, I hope, can do more effectually) towards correcting the very injurious, and, I repeat, inadequate statement of the _Quart. Review_ for June, 1851, p. 222. However trifling the matter may be in itself, it is no trifling matter to involve a considerable portion of the clergy, and among them many who are most desirous to uphold both the letter and the spirit of the Church of England, and to resist all real innovation, in a charge of lawlessness. Before the episcopal authority, there so confidently invoked, be interposed, let it be _proved_ that this is not a badge of the clerical order, common to all the churches of Christendom, and actually recognised by the rules, in every respect so truly Catholic, of our own Church. The matter does not, I apprehend, admit of demonstration one way or the other, at least till we have fresh evidence. But to me, as to many others, analogies seem all in favour of the scarf being such a badge; and not only this, but the very regulation of our royal ecclesiastical authorities. The injunctions of Queen Elizabeth, in 1564, seem to mark the tippet as a distinction between clergymen and laymen, who otherwise, in colleges and choirs at least, would have none. I also am strongly of opinion that the tippets mentioned in the 58th and 74th English canons are the two scarfs referred to: the silken tippet (or broad scarf) being for such priests or deacons as hold certain offices, or are M.A., LL.B., or of superior degree; the plain tippet (or narrow scarf) being for all ministers who are non-graduates (Bachelors of Arts were not anciently considered as graduates, but rather as candidates for a degree, as they are still styled in many places abroad); so that _all_ in orders may have tippets. This notion is confirmed by the fact, that the scarf was frequently called a _tippet_ in Ireland within memory. And in a letter, discussing this very subject, in the _Gentleman's Mag._ (for 1818, part ii. p. 218.[7]), the testimony of one is given who had for upwards of fifty years considered the two words as identical, and had heard them in his youth used indiscriminately by aged clergymen. It is notorious that in Ireland, time out of mind, _tippets_ have been more generally worn than _hoods_ in parish churches there. I am not sure (though I lay no stress on the conjecture) whether this may not have been in {337} consequence of the option apparently given by the Canons of wearing _either_ hood or tippet.

It is not correct to restrict the _customary_ use of the scarf to doctors, prebendaries, and chaplains. In some cathedrals the immemorial custom has been to assign it to minor canons and clerical vicars also. At Canterbury, indeed, the minor canons, except otherwise qualified, do not wear it. (But is not this an exception? Was it always so? And, by the way, can any cathedral member of old standing testify as to the customary distinction in his church between the two scarfs, either as to size or materials?) The very general use of it in towns cannot be denied.

I may add, that Bishop Jebb used to disapprove of its disuse by country clergymen. In his Charge he requests that "all beneficed clergymen" of his diocese "who are _Masters of Arts_, or of any superior degree, and who by chaplaincies or otherwise are entitled to the distinction, may with their surplices wear scarfs or _tippets_." This apparently was his construction of the Canons.

JOHN JEBB.

[Footnote 7: See also p. 315.; and 1819, part i. p. 593.]

The narrow scarf, called the stole or orarium, is one of the most ancient vestments used by the Christian clergy, representing in its mystical signification the yoke of Christ. Though it may be true that its use is not enjoined by any modern rubric or canon, custom, I think, fully warrants the clergy in wearing it. What other sanction than custom is there for the use of bands?

E. H. A.

A great deal of very interesting matter bearing upon this question, both in an ecclesiastical and antiquarian point of view, though no definite conclusion is arrived at, will be found in a pamphlet by G. A. French, entitled _The Tippets of the Canons Ecclesiastical_.

AN OXFORD B.C.L.

* * * * *

INSCRIPTIONS IN BOOKS.

(Vol. vii., p. 127.)

The following were lines much used when I was at school, and I believe are still so now:

"This book is mine
By right divine;
And if it go astray,
I'll call you kind
My desk to find
And put it safe away."

Another inscription of a menacing kind was,--

"This book is one thing,
My fist is another;
Touch this one thing,
You'll sure feel the other."

A friend was telling me of one of these morsels, which, considering the circumstances, might be said to have been "insult added to injury;" for happening one day in church to have a book alight on his head from the gallery above, on opening it to discover its owner, he found the following positive sentence:

"This book doant blong to you,
So puttem doon."

RUSSELL GOLE.

The following salutary advice to book-borrowers might suitably take its position in the collection already alluded to in "N. & Q.":

"Neither blemish this book, or the leaves double down,
Nor lend it to each idle friend in the town;
Return it when read; or if lost, please supply
Another as good, to the mind and the eye.
With right and with reason you need but be friends,
And each book in my study your pleasure attends."

O. P.

Birmingham.

Is not this curious warning worthy of preservation in your columns? It is copied from a black-letter label pasted to the inside of an old book cover:

"Steal not this booke, my honest friende,
For fear ye gallows be ye ende;
For if you doe, the Lord will say,
'Where is that booke you stole away?'"

J. C.

To the collection of inscriptions in books commenced by BALLIOLENSIS, allow me to add the following:

"Hic liber est meus,
Testis et est Deus;
Si quis me quærit,
Hic nomen erit."

In French books I have seen more than once,--

"Ne me prend pas;
On te pendra."

An on the fly-leaf of a Bible,--

"Could we with ink the ocean fill,
Were ev'ry stalk on earth a quill,
And were the skies of parchment made,
And ev'ry man a scribe by trade,
To tell the love of God alone
Would drain the ocean dry.
Nor could the scroll contain the whole,
Though stretch'd from sky to sky."

GEORGE S. MASTER.

Welsh-Hampton, Salop.

I beg to subjoin a few I have met with. Some monastic library had the following in or over its books:

"Tolle, aperi, recita, ne lædas, claude, repone."

The learned Grotius put in all his books,--

"Hugonis Grotii et amicorum."

{338} In an old volume I found the following:

"Hujus si quæris dominum cognoscere libri,
Nomen subscriptum perlege quæso meum."

PHILOBIBLION.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES.

_Head-rests._--The difficulty I have experienced in getting my children to sit for their portraits in a steady position, with the ordinary head-rests, has led me to design one which I think may serve others as well as myself; and I therefore will describe it as well as I can without diagrams, for the benefit of the readers of "N. & Q." It is fixed to the ordinary shifting upright piece of wood which in the ordinary rest carries the semicircular brass against which the head rests. It is simply a large oval ring of brass, about an inch and a half broad, and sloping inwards, which of the following size I find fits the back of the head of all persons from young children upwards:--five inches in the highest part in front, and about four inches at the back. It must be lined with velvet, or thin vulcanised India rubber, which is much better, repelling grease, and fitting quite close to the ring. This is carried forward by a piece of semicircular brass, like the usual rest, and fixes with a screw as usual. About half the height of the ring is a steel clip at each side, like those on spectacles, but much stronger, about half an inch broad, which moving on a screw or rivet, after the sitter's head is placed in the ring, are drawn down, so as to clip the head just above the ears. A diagram would explain the whole, which has, at any rate, simplicity in its favour. I find it admirable. Ladies' hair passing through the ring does not prevent steadiness, and with children the steel clips are perfect. I shall be happy to send a rough diagram to any one, manufacturers or amateurs.

J. L. SISSON.

Edingthorpe Rectory.

_Sir W. Newton's Explanations of his Process._--In reply to MR. JOHN STEWART'S Queries, I beg to state,

First, That I have hitherto used a paper made by Whatman in 1847, of which I have a large quantity; it is not, however, to be procured now, so that I do not know what paper to recommend; but I get a very good paper at Woolley's, Holborn, opposite to Southampton Street, for positives, at two shillings a quire, and, indeed, it might do for negatives.

Secondly, I prefer making the iodide of silver in the way which I have described.

Thirdly, Soft water is better for washing the iodized paper; if, however, spring water be made use of, _warm_ water should be added, to raise it to a temperature of sixty degrees. I think that sulphate or bicarbonate of lime would be injurious, but I cannot speak with any certainty in this respect, or to muriate of soda.

Fourthly, The iodized paper should keep good for a year, or longer; but it is always safer not to make more than is likely to be used during the season.

Fifthly, If I am going out for a day, I generally excite the paper either the last thing the night before, or early the following morning, and develope them the same night; but with care the paper will keep for two or three days (if the weather is not hot) before exposure, but of course it is always better to use it during the same day.

WM. J. NEWTON.

6. Argyle Street.

_Talc for Collodion Pictures._--Should any of your photographic friends wish to transmit collodion pictures through the post, I would suggest that thin plates of talc be used instead of glass for supporting the film; I find this substance well suited to the purpose. One of the many advantages of its use (though I fear not to be appreciated by your archæological and antiquarian section) is, that portraits, &c., taken upon talc can be cut to any shape with the greatest ease, shall I say suitable for a locket or brooch?

W. P.

Headingley, Leeds.

* * * * *

REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES.

_Portrait of the Duke of Gloucester_ (Vol. vii., p. 258.).--I beg to inform MR. WAY that he will find an engraving of "The most hopefull and highborn Prince, Henry Duke of Gloucester, who was borne at Oatlandes the eight of July, anno 1640: sould by Thos. Jenner at the South entry of the Exchange," in a very rare pamphlet, entitled:

"The Trve Effigies of our most Illustrious Soveraigne Lord,
King Charles, Queene Mary, with the rest of the Royall
Progenie: also a Compendium or Abstract of their most famous
Genealogies and Pedegrees expressed in Prose and Verse: with
the Times and Places of their Births. Printed at London for
John Sweeting, at the Signe of the Angell, in Pope's Head
Alley, 1641, 4to."

For Henry Duke of Gloucester, see p. 16.:

"What doth Kingdomes happifie
But a blesst Posteritie?
This, this Realme, Earth's Goshen faire,
Europe's Garden, makes most rare,
Whose most royall Princely stemme
(To adorne theire Diadem)
Two sweet May-flowers did produce,
Sprung from Rose and Flower-de-Luce."

[Greek: Phi].

Richmond, Surrey.

_Key to Dibdin's "Bibliomania_" (Vol. vii., p. 151.).--There are some inaccuracies in the list of names {339} furnished by W. P., which may be corrected on the best authority, namely, that of Dr. Dibdin himself, as put forth in his "new and improved edition" of the _Bibliomania_, with a supplement, "including a key to the assumed characters in the drama," 8vo., 1842. According to this supplement we are to interpret as follows:

Alfonso Mr. Morell.
Gonzalo Mr. Jessop.
Narcottus William Templeman, Esq., of Hare Hatch, Berkshire.
Nicas Mr. Shaclewell.
Philemon Mr. Jacobs?
Pontevallo John Dent, Esq.

A complete "key" is not furnished; but there is reason, I think, to doubt a few of the other names in W. P.'s list. Moreover, in the edition of 1842, several other pseudonymes are introduced, which do not appear in the list; namely, that of Florizel, for Joseph Haslewood; Antigonus; Baptista; Camillo; Dion; Ferdinand; Gonsalvo; Marcus; and Philander; respecting whom some of your readers may possibly enlighten us further. As to the more obvious characters of Atticus, Prospero, &c., see the _Literary Reminiscences_, vol. i. p. 294.

[Greek: Mu].

_High Spirits a Presage of Evil_ ("N. & Q." _passim_).--In a case lately detailed in the newspapers, a circumstance is mentioned which appears to me to come under the above heading.

In the inquiry at the coroner's inquest, on Feb. 10, 1853, concerning the death of Eliza Lee, who was supposed to have been murdered by being thrown into the Regent's Canal, on the evening of the 31st of January, by her paramour, Thomas Mackett,--one of the witnesses, Sarah Hermitage, having deposed that the deceased left her house in company with the accused at a quarter-past ten o'clock in the evening of the 31st, said as follows:

"Deceased appeared in particularly good spirits, and wanted to
sing. Witness's husband objected; but she would insist upon
having her way, and she sang 'I've wander'd by the
Brook-side.'"

The deceased met with her death within half an hour after this.

CUTHBERT BEDE.

_Hogarth's Works._--Observing an inquiry made in Vol. vii., p. 181. of "N. & Q." about a picture described in Mrs. Hogarth's sale catalogue of her husband's effects in 1790, made by Mr. Haggard, I am induced to ask whether a copy of the catalogue, as far as it relates to the pictures, would not be a valuable article for your curious miscellany? It appears from all the lives of Hogarth, that he early in life painted small family portraits, which were then well esteemed. Are any of them known, and where are they to be seen? Were they mere portraits, or full-length? Are any of them engraved? I had once a picture, of about that date, which represented a large house with a court-yard, and a long garden wall, with a road and iron gate, something like the old wall and road of Kensington Gardens, with the master, mistress, and dog walking in front of the house, and evidently portraits. I always suspected it might be by Hogarth; but I am very sorry to say I parted with it at auction for a few shillings. It was (say) two feet square: the figures were about four inches in height, and dressed in the then fashion. I would further ask if any oil painting or sketches are known of the minor engravings, such as "The Laughing Audience," "The Lecture," "The Doctors," &c.?

AN AMATEUR.

_Town Plough_ (Vol. vi., p. 462.; Vol. vii., p. 129.).--In Vol vi., p. 462., GASTRON notices the Town Plough; and it is again noticed by S. S. S. (Vol. vii., p. 129.) as never having been seen by him mentioned in ancient churchwardens' accounts.

Not ten years since there was in the belfry of Caston Church, Northamptonshire, a large clumsy-looking instrument, the use of which was not apparent at first sight, being a number of rough pieces of timber, put together as roughly. On nearer inspection, however, it turned out to be a plough, worm-eaten and decayed, I should think at least three times as large and heavy as the common ploughs of the time when I saw the one in question. I have often wondered at the rudeness and apparent antiquity of that plough, and whether on "Plough Monday" it had ever made the circuit of the village to assist in levying contributions.

I have only for a week or two been in the possession of "N. & Q." when having accidentally, and for the first time, met with the Number for that week, I could not resist the temptation of becoming the owner of the complete series. Under these circumstances, you will excuse me if I am asking a question which may have been answered long since. What is the origin of Plough Monday? May there not be some connexion with the Town Plough? and that the custom, which was common when I was a boy, of going round for contributions on that day, may not have originated in collecting funds for the keeping in order, and purchasing, if necessary, the Town Plough?

BRICK.

_Shoreditch Cross and the painted Window in Shoreditch Church_ (Vol. vii., p. 38.).--I beg to acquaint your correspondent J. W. B. that although I had long searched for an engraving of Shoreditch Cross, my labour was lost. The nearest approach to it will be found in a modern copy of a plan of London, taken in the time of Elizabeth, in which its position is denoted to be on the west side of Kingsland Road; but, from records to {340} which I have access, I believe that the cross stood on the opposite side, between the pump and the house of Dr. Burchell. Most likely its remains were demolished when the two redoubts were erected at the London ends of Kingsland and Hackney Roads, to fortify the entrance to the City, in the year 1642.

The best accounts that I have seen of the painted window are in Dr. Denne's _Register of Benefactions_ to the parish, compiled in 1745, and printed in 1778; and Dr. Hughson's _History of London_, vol. iv. pp. 436, 437.

HENRY EDWARDS.

_Race for Canterbury_ (Vol. vii., pp. 219. 268.).--It is probable that the lines

"The man whose place they thought to take,
Is still alive, and still _a Wake_,"

are erroneously _written_ on the print referred to; but I have no doubt of having seen a print of which (with the variation of "ye think" for "they thought") is the genuine engraved motto.

B. C.

_Lady High Sheriff_ (Vol. vii., p. 236.).--There is a passage in Warton's _History of English Poetry_ (Vol. i. p. 194., Tegg's edition) which will in part answer the Query of your correspondent W. M. It is in the form of a note, appended to the following lines from the metrical romance of _Ipomydon_:

"They come to the castelle yate
The porter was redy there at,
The porter to theyme they gan calle,
And prayd hym go in to the halle,
And say thy lady gent and fre,
That comen ar men of ferre contrè,
And if it plese hyr, we wolle hyr pray,
That we myght ete with hyr to-day."

On this passage Warton remarks:

"She was lady, by inheritance, of the signory. The female
feudatories exercised all the duties and honours of their
feudal jurisdiction in person. In Spenser, where we read of
the _Lady of the Castle_, we are to understand such a
character. See a story of a _Comtesse_, who entertains a
knight in her castle with much gallantry. (_Mém. sur l'Anc.
Chev._, ii. 69.) It is well known that anciently in England
ladies were sheriffs of counties."

To this note of Warton's, Park adds another, which I also give as being more conclusive on the subject. It is as follow:

["Margaret, Countess of Richmond, was a justice of peace. Sir
W. Dugdale tells us that Ela, widow of William, Earl of
Salisbury, executed the sheriff's office for the county of
Wilts, in different parts of the reign of Henry III. (See
_Baronage_, vol. i. p. 177.) From Fuller's _Worthies_ we find
that Elizabeth, widow of Thomas Lord Clifford, was sheriffess
of Westmoreland for many years; and from Pennant's _Scottish
Tour_ we learn that for the same county Anne, the celebrated
Countess of Dorset, Pembroke and Montgomery, often sat in
person as sheriffess. Yet Riston doubted of facts to
substantiate Mr. Warton's assertion. See his Obs. p. 10., and
reply in the _Gent. Mag. 1782_, p. 573.--PARK."]

T. C. S.

I can answer part of W. M.'s Query, by a reference to a personage who could not have been very far from being the first instance of the kind (Query, was she?).

"About this time (1202) Gerard de Camville, his old and
faithful adherent, was restored by John to the possession of
the honours of which he had been deprived by King Richard; and
it is a remarkable circumstance that, on the death of the said
Gerard, in the eighteenth year of the king's reign, his widow,
Nichola Camville (who is described by an ancient historian as
being 'a martial woman of great courage and address') had the
sheriffalty of the county of Lincoln committed to her; which
honourable and important trust was continued to her by a grant
of Henry III.," &c.

The above quotation is taken from Bailey's _Annals of Nottinghamshire_, now publishing in Numbers (Part III. p. 107.). Should I be wrong in asking correspondents to contribute towards a list of ladies holding the above honorable post?

FURVUS.

St. James's.

_Burial of an unclaimed Corpse_ (Vol. vii., p. 262.).--E. G. R.'s question is easily answered. The parish of Keswick proved that some years before they had buried a body found on a piece of land. This was evidence of reputation that at the time of the burial the land was in Keswick, otherwise the parishioners would not have taken on themselves this work of uncalled-for benevolence. The fact of their having incurred an expense, which, unless the land was in their parish, would have been the burden of Markshall, satisfied the commissioner that the land must have belonged to Keswick. I have no doubt this was the reason, though I never heard of the question in connexion with Keswick and Markshall. Battersea Rise, I heard when a boy, had formerly belonged to Clapham, and been given to Battersea for the same reason as E. G. R. states to have been the cause of Markshall losing its territory to Keswick.

J. H. L.

_Surname of Allan_ (Vol. vii., p. 205.).--I think A. S. A. will find that this name was introduced into Britain from Normandy. It occurs in early Norman times as a personal name, and afterwards as a patronymic. Thus Alan, the son of Flathald, who had the castle of Oswestry granted him by the Conqueror, had a son, William Fitz-Alan, ancestor of the great baronial house of Arundel. In the _Hundred Rolls_, temp. Edward I., it is very common under the orthographies of _fil. Alan_, {341} _fil. Alain_, _Alayn_, _Aleyn_, _Aleyne_, _Aleynes_, _Aleynys_, &c. Allen has always remained a baptismal name, and hence it is probable that there is no more affinity between the numerous families now bearing it as a surname, than between the various Thompsons, Williamses, and others of this class. The MacAllans of Scotland may have a separate Celtic source, though it is far likelier that this name (like MacEdward, MacGeorge, and numerous others) is the English appellative with the patronymic Mac prefixed.

MARK ANTONY LOWER.

Lewes.

_The Patronymic Mac_ (Vol. vii., p. 202.).--The present Earl of Stair has collected and printed, under the title of _Almacks Extraordinary_, a list of seven hundred Scotch and Irish surnames with the prefix "Mac;" and a highly esteemed correspondent promises me a _supplementary_ list of "a few hundreds" of such appellatives, which must therefore be in the aggregate upwards of a thousand in number. I hope to include all these in my forthcoming _Dictionary of British Surnames_.

MARK ANTONY LOWER.

Lewes.

_Cibber's "Lives of the Poets_" (Vol. v., p. 25.).--When MR. CROSSLEY inserted in your pages, at great length, the _original_ prospectus of Cibber's _Lives_, he was not aware that it had been _reprinted_ before. Such, however, is the case, as may be seen by turning to the sixth volume of Sir Egerton Brydges' _Censura Literaria_, ed. 1808, p. 352. It was communicated to the columns of that work by that diligent antiquary in literary matters, Joseph Haslewood. MR. CROSSLEY says, "It is rather extraordinary that none of Dr. Johnson's biographers appear to have been aware that the prospectus of Cibber's _Lives_ was furnished by Johnson." Where is there the slightest _proof_ that Johnson wrote one line of it? Haslewood believed it to have been the production of Messrs. Cibber and Shiels. Does MR. CROSSLEY ground his claim for Johnson merely upon a fancied resemblance in _style_?

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

_Parallel Passages, No. 2.--Stars and Flowers_ (Vol. vii., p. 151.).--Other parallels on this subject are given in "N. & Q." (Vol. iv., p. 22.), to which may be added the following:

"Silently, one by one, on the infinite meadows of heaven,
Blossom'd the lovely stars, the forget-me-nots of the angels."
Longfellow's _Evangeline_, Part I. iii. p. 187. of
the Liverpool edition.

ZEUS.

_Schomberg's Epitaph_ (Vol. vii., p. 13.).--I find this entry in my note-book:--The following inscription is written on a black slab of marble, affixed to the wall of the choir of St. Patrick's Cathedral. The remains of the duke were removed to this cathedral immediately after the battle of the Boyne; and on the 10th July, 1690, they were deposited under the altar. The relatives of this great man having neglected to raise any monument to his memory, Dean Swift undertook and caused the above slab to be erected, having first vainly applied to the connexions of the deceased. His sword is in the possession of the society of the "Friendly Brothers," Dublin.

The following is the inscription on the slab:

"Hic infra situm est corpus Frederici Ducis de Schonberg ad
Bubindam occisi A.D. 1690. Decanus et Capitulum
maximopere etiam atque etiam petierunt, ut hæredes Ducis,
monumentum in memoriam parentis erigendum curarent. Sed
postquam per epistolas, per amicos, diu ac sæpe orando nil
profecere, hunc demum lapidem statuerunt; saltem ut scias
hospes ubinam terrarum Schonbergenses cineres delitescunt.

"Plus potuit fama virtutis apud alienos quam sanguinis
proximitas apud suos, A.D. 1731."

CLERICUS (D.)

Dublin.

_Pilgrimages to the Holy Land_ (Vol. v., p. 289.).--There is still another book to be added to the curious list of old pilgrimages to the Holy Land, furnished by your correspondent PEREGRINE A. I derive my knowledge of it from Brunet's _Manuel_, sub voce CAPODILISTA (GABRIELE), where it is described as follows:

"Itinerario di Terra Santa, e del Monte Sinai." (Without date
or printer) 4to.

It is a journal of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, made in the year 1458 by a Padua nobleman, accompanied by a relative, Antonio Capodilista, a canon of the same place, and several other noble personages. It is one of the earliest productions of the press at Perugia, and the date assigned to it by M. Brunet is 1472, but by Vermiglioli 1473 or 1474. The latter authority, in his _Principi della Stampa in Perugia_, calls it "Veramente un prezioso cimelio di tipografia e bibliografia." I am anxious to know where a copy of this very rare work is deposited, as I have been told that there is none at the British Museum.

W. M. R. E.

_Album_ (Vol. vii., p. 235.).--The origin and the earliest notice of this kind of friendly memorial book is to be traced to the registers of the deceased that were formerly kept in every church and monastery. Such a book was called the _album_, _i. e._ the blank book, in which the names of the friends and benefactors to the church or monastery were recorded, that they might be prayed for at their decease, and on their anniversaries. The earliest writer belonging to this country who uses the word is the Venerable Beda, who in his {342} preface to his prose life of St. Cuthbert, written previous to the year 721, reminds Bishop Eadfrith that his name was registered in the album at Lindisfarne, "in albo vestræ sanctæ congregationis." (_Bedæ Opera Minora_, p. 47., ed. Stevenson.) Elsewhere Beda calls this book "the annal" (_Hist. Eccles._, lib. iv. c. 14.). At a later period it was called, both in England and abroad, the _Liber Vitæ, or Book of Life_, a name borrowed from St. Paul (Philippians, iv. 3.).

The earliest specimen of an English album, and perhaps the most elegant one that this or any other country ever produced, may be seen in the British Museum (_Cotton MSS._, Domitian VII.). It is the Album, or Book of Life, of the monastery of Durham. Nor need we add that this album affords a relief to the eye wearied with looking over the pages of a modern album, and to the mind sick of the endless but monotonous repetition of imaginary ruins, love sonnets, and moss roses.

CEYREP.

_Gesmas and Desmas_ (Vol. vii., p. 238.).--For the information of your correspondent A. B. R., I copy the passage referred to by you in the disputed Gospel of Nicodemus, formerly called the Acts of Pontius Pilate. The extract is from an English version, printed for William Hone, Ludgate Hill, 1820:

"But one of the two thieves who were crucified with Jesus,
whose name was _Gestas_, said to Jesus, If thou art the
Christ, deliver thyself and us."--vii. 10.

"But the thief who was crucified on his right hand, whose name
was _Dimas_, answering, rebuked him, and said, Dost not thou
fear God, who art condemned to this punishment? We indeed
receive rightly and justly the demerit of our actions; but
this Jesus, what evil hath he done?"--vi. 11.

"After this, groaning, he said to Jesus, Lord, remember me
when Thou comest into Thy kingdom."--vi. 12.

It thus appears the names have been differently received: here they appear GESTAS the _im_penitent, and DIMAS the penitent.

I have a fine old engraving, nineteen inches by fourteen, bearing date "Greg. Huret, Lugd. inv. et sculp. 1664;" published in Paris, _cum priv. Regis_.

The three crosses, with their inscriptions (each in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin), appear.

The Latin on the cross of the thief on the right hand of our Lord (and, from the expression of countenance, confessed the penitent) is _DISMAS_ LATRO: the other is _GESTAS_ LATRO.

W. C. H.

Chelsea.

"_Quod fuit esse_" (Vol. vii., p. 235.).--Allow me to suggest the following meaning of the epitaph in Lavenham churchyard, which is the subject of A. B. R.'s Query. The word _est_ has evidently been omitted in the third line: with this restored, the lines will read as a couple of hexameters:

"Quod fuit esse, quod est; quod non fuit esse, quod esse;
Esse quod (est), non esse; quod est, non est, erit, esse."

And the literal meaning, will be: "What was existence, is that which lies here; that which was not existence, is that which is existence; to be what is now, is not to be; that which is now, is not existence, but will be hereafter."

This, perhaps, is as enigmatical as the original: but the following lines will render the meaning plainer, though it is difficult to preserve the brevity of the Latin in an English version:

All that I really was lies here in dust;
That which was death before is life, I trust.
To be what _is_, is not, I ween, to _be_;
_Is_ not, but _will be_ in eternity.

H. C. K.

---- Rectory, Hereford.

I think your correspondent A. B. R. is not quite correct in his version of the epitaph of which he inquires the sense. It is evidently intended for two hexameter verses, and, as I have heard it, runs thus:

"Quod fuit esse, quod est; quod non fuit esse, quod esse;
Esse quod est, non esse; quod est, non est, erit, esse."

I inclose a similar epitaph in another churchyard (the _locale_ of which I do not know), which may serve to elucidate its meaning:

"That which a Being was, what is it? show:
That being which it was, it is not now.
To be what 'tis is not to be, you see;
That which now is not shall a Being be."

Q. S.

_Straw Bail_ (Vol. vii., p. 85.).--In connexion with, though not as a reply to, MR. CURTIS'S Query touching the origin of the expression "A man of straw," I beg to bring under notice a phrase I heard for the first time a few days ago, but which may nevertheless be well known to others. A seaman, talking to me of a strike for wages among the crew of a ship, said that the captain, as the rate of wages had not been raised, had manned his ship with a "lot of straw-yarders." On my asking the meaning of the expression, I was told that a "straw-yarder" was a man about the docks who had never been to sea, and knew little or nothing of the duties of a seaman.

BRUTONIENSIS.

_Pearl_ (Vol. vi., p. 578.; Vol. vii., pp. 18. 166.).--In the Old German, _merikrioz_ is pearl; and in the Ang.-Sax. it is _meregreot_,--the latter from _mere_, sea, and _greot_, grit, sand, or _grot_, an {343} atom. These are so similar to the Greek _margaritas_, and the _margarita_ of the sister language (Latin), that we may be excused believing they have a common origin; more especially as we find the first syllable (at least?) in almost all the cognate Indo-Germanic or Indo-European languages: Latin, _mare_; Celt., _mor_; Gothic, _marei_; Sax., _mære_ or _mere_; Old Germ., _meri_; Slavon., _more_ and _morze_; Swed., _mar_; Iceland, _mar_; Esthon., _merri_; Lett., _marrios_.

Among modern languages, we have,--Span., _margarita_; Ital., _margarita_ and _maugherita_; Fr., _marguerite_, but used only in the proverb, "Il ne faut pas jeter les marguerites devant les pourceaux." Johnson, Webster, and Halliwell give _margarite_ as an English word. Probably all derived from the Latin.

At the same time, although not occurring (as far as I am aware) in either Greek or Latin, the word _pearl_ is found in some shape in most of the same Indo-Germanic languages: thus, Ital. and Span., _perla_; Low. Lat., _perla_; French, _perle_; Eng., _pearl_; Dan., _paarl_; Swed., _perla_ or _p[)a]rla_; Bohem., _perle_; Ang.-Sax., _pearl_ and _pærl_; Low. Sax., _berel_. Webster says the word _pearl_ may be radically the same as _beryl_. In the Celtic we find, Irish, _pearla_, and Welsh _perlyn_.

The Germans derive _pearl_ from _beer_, a berry, making thus _berle_ or _beerlein_; as in Latin _bacca_ also means a pearl.

Some of your correspondents can, no doubt, inform us whether any analogous words to _pearl_ and _margarita_ exist in the Sanscrit?

A. C. M.

Exeter.

_Sermons by Parliamentary Chaplains_ (Vol. vii., p. 34.).--On the day of Thanksgiving, 19th July, 1648, Mr. Obadiah Sedgwick was ordered to preach before the House, and his sermon to be printed. Where can a copy of it be seen?

JOSEPH RIX.

St. Neot's.

_Etymological Traces of the Social Position of our Ancestors_ (Vol. vii., pp. 13, 14.).--Your correspondent may find the passage to which he wishes to refer again, in one of the back volumes of Dickens's _Household Words_, in an article with the title of "History in Words."

Another correspondent, in the succeeding page of the same Number, will obtain the information he requires by consulting Dunlop's _History of Fiction_.

W. L. N.

_Tuebeuf_ (Vol. vii., p. 207.).--J. E. J. will find Tuboeuf is a town in France, in the department of Mayenne. On May 9, 1194, Richard I. sailed from England on his expedition against Philip II. of France; and he was accompanied by Master Eustace, Dean of Salisbury, for the purpose of his conducting such business of the Great Seal as might be necessary while the king remained abroad. The Doncaster Charter appears to have been sealed on the 22nd of the same month of May, and I shall feel obliged if J. E. J. will give me a copy of Eustace's title, and the date and place, as they appear on the document. The addition to his name in other charters is "tunc gerentis vices cancellarii." He himself became Chancellor and Bishop of Ely on the death of Longchamp.

EDWARD FOSS.

Street-End House, near Canterbury.

"_Goe, soule, the bodies guest_" (Vol. vii., p. 175.).--Your correspondent is mistaken in thinking that his "additions" are a new discovery. Both stanzas were printed, with slight variations from this copy, by Sir H. Nicolas, at the end of his edition of Davison's _Poetical Rhapsody_, 1826, pp. 413--415.; and both are mentioned by Mr. Hannah, when he says (p. 103.):

"In E (the mark by which Mr. H. designates that copy in
Nicolas), one stanza is interpolated after line 36, and a
second at the end."

As I entirely agree with Sir H. Nicolas that the lines in question are "a wanton interpolation," I think Mr. Hannah was perfectly justified in contenting himself with this acknowledgment of their existence.

R.

_Bells versus Storms_ (Vol. vi., p. 508.).--While returning my acknowledgments to your correspondents the REV. H. T. ELLACOMBE and W. S. G., I would briefly refer to the subject again, which may be of interest to some of our readers.

Dr. Fuller says:

"That bells are no effectual charm against lightning. The
frequent firing of abbey churches by lightning confuteth the
proud motto commonly written on the bells in their steeples,
wherein each intitled itself to a six-fold efficacy.

'Men's death I tell, by doleful knell,
Lightning and thunder, I break asunder,
On Sabbath all, to church I call,
The sleepy head, I raise from bed,
The winds so fierce, I do disperse,
Men's cruel rage, I do assuage.'"

"It has anciently been reported," observes Lord Bacon, "and is
still received, that extreme applauses and shouting of people
assembled in multitudes, have so rarefied and broken the air,
that birds flying over have fallen down, the air not being
able to support them; and it is believed by some that great
ringing of bells in populous cities hath chased away thunder,
and also dissipated pestilent air. All which may be also from
the concussion of the air, and not from the sound."

W. W.

Malta.

The following note in connexion with the baptism of bells may be interesting, as it shows the manner of working, at that time.

{344} Among the _Centum Gravamina_ offered to Pope Adrian in 1521 by the Princes of Germany, as given in Herbert's _Henry VIII._, p. 139., this is the 51st:

"That suffragans used to baptize bels under pretence of
driving away divels and tempests; and for this purpose did
invite many rich godfathers, who were to touch the rope while
the bell was exorcised, and its name invoked (unto which all
the people must answer). And that a banquet was used to be
made thereupon, at the cost of the layicks, amounting in
little towns to a hundred florins, whither the godfathers were
to come, and bring great gifts, &c., whereas they desired that
the said bels might be baptized not onely by suffragans, but
by any priest, with holy water, salt, herbs, without such
costs."

H. T. ELLACOMBE.

Clyst St. George.

Will MR. GOLE oblige me and your readers with a reference to the _Golden Legend_, from which he has sent a quotation bearing on bells and storms.

H. T. ELLACOMBE.

Clyst St. George.

_Exercise Day_ (Vol. vii., p. 205.).--The extract from the borough chamberlain's accounts, referred to by your correspondent LEICESTRIENSIS, relates rather to a religious assembly or meeting established by authority in the reign of Elizabeth, and designed as a check on the growing tendency towards Puritanism, which marked that period. In this diocese (at that time the diocese of Chester) Bishop Downham instituted a "monthly exercise," which was confirmed by his successor Dr. Chadderton, in an injunction bearing date Sept. 1, 1585. (See Appendix to Strype's _Annals_, vol. i.) It is there decreed that all parsons, vicars, curates, and schoolmasters shall resort to this exercise, there either to speak or write; and certain penalties are enforced on any neglect of its observance. In the churchwardens' accounts of this parish is an entry of similar import to that quoted by LEICESTRIENSIS: "1656, Pd. for minister diner at the exercise day, 00.00.06," the only perceptible difference being in the degree of hospitality extended to the clergy by their entertainers.

JOHN BOOKER.

Prestwich.

_The Iron Mask_ (Vol. v., p. 474.; Vol. vii., p. 234.).--Your correspondent A. S. A. asks with much complacency, "What authority MR. JAMES CORNISH has for asserting (Vol. v., p. 474.) that the mysterious secret of the _Masque de fer_ has ever been satisfactorily explained?" MR. JAMES CORNISH does not make statements of historical facts without authority: he therefore begs to refer A. S. A. to Delort, _Histoire de l'Homme au Masque de fer_, Paris, 1825; and to _The True History of the State Prisoner, commonly called "The Iron Mask," &c._, by the Hon. George Agar Ellis: London, 1826.

I repeat "my sanguine" expectations that "Junius" will yet be "unearthed." "Matthias" made an equal boast with the "mighty shade," that he would be for ever unknown.

Your Journal "N. & Q." has left no doubt about the author of _The Pursuits of Literature_.

JAMES CORNISH.

_Shakspeare's Use of the Word "Delighted"_ (Vol. ii., pp. 113. 139. 200. &c.).--The following passage from Douce's _Illustrations_ has not been referred to by any of your contributors on this point; to some it may be unknown:

"With respect to the much contested and obscure expression of
_bathing the delighted spirit in fiery floods_, Milton appears
to have felt less difficulty in its consideration than we do
at present; for he certainly remembered it when he made Comus
say:

"' ... one sip of this
Will _bathe_ the drooping _spirits in delight_
Beyond the bliss of dreams.'"

W. T. M.

Hong Kong.

_Samuel Daniel_ (Vol. vi., p. 603.).--A copy of an original letter of Samuel Daniel, sent to Lord Keeper Egerton with a present of his _Works newly augmented_, 1601, is printed in _Censura Literaria_, ed. 1808, vol. vi. p. 391.

John Daniel, who published _Songs for the Lute, Viol, and Voice_, 1606, is supposed to have been the brother of the poet, and the publisher of his works in 1623. He was of Christ Church, Oxford; and took his degree of Bachelor of Music in 1604. At the commencement of the reign of Charles I., he was one of the court musicians, and his name occurs among the "Musicians for the Lutes and Voices," in a privy seal, dated Dec. 20, 1625, exempting the musicians belonging to the court from the payment of subsidies.

John Daniel's _Songs_ were "printed by T. E. for Thomas Adams, at the Signe of the White Lyon, Paule's Church Yard, folio, 1606." They are dedicated, in rhyme, to "Mrs. Anne Greene, the worthy Daughter to Sir William Greene, of Milton, Knight."

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

_English Bishops deprived by Queen Elizabeth_, 1559 (Vol. vi., pp. 100. 203.; Vol. vii., p. 260.).--I regret that I am unable to furnish A. S. A. with any additional information respecting the Marian bishops. None of the authorities I used give the dates he requires. Possibly, Mr. Charles Butler's _Historical Memoires of the English, Irish, and Scottish Catholics_, 4 vols. 8vo., 1822, might answer his Queries.

I have ascertained from Calamy's _Life and Times_ (vol. i. p. 409.), that Thomas White, the {345} deprived Bishop of Peterborough, died in London, May 30, 1698; and that Robert Frampton, the deprived Bishop of Gloucester, died May 25, 1708 (vol. ii. p. 119.).

JOHN I. DREDGE.

"_Jenny's Bawbee_" (Vol. vii., p. 207.).--This is a very old song, a fragment of which (all we have) appeared in David Herd's _Collection of Ancient and Modern Scottish Songs_, 2 vols. 12mo., Edinb. 1776. As it is very short, I quote it:

"An' a' that e'er my Jenny had,
My Jenny had, my Jenny had,
A' that e'er my Jenny had,
Was ae bawbee.

"There's your plack, and my plack,
An' your plack, an' my plack,
An' my plack, an' your plack,
An' Jenny's bawbee.

"We'll put it a' in the pint-stoup,
The pint-stoup, the pint-stoup,
We'll put it in the pint-stoup,
And birle't a' three."

There is a capital song founded upon this rude fragment, by the late Sir Alexander Boswell. It was published anonymously in 1803, and commences thus:

"I met four chaps yon birks amang,
Wi hinging lugs and faces lang;
I spier'd at neebour Bauldy Strang,
Wha's they I see?

"Quo' he, Ilk cream-fac'd pawky chiel
Thought he was cunning as the diel,
And here they cam' awa to steal
Jenny's bawbee."

Copies of this latter song may be seen in Johnson's _Scottish Musical Museum_, edit. 1839, vol. v. p. 435.; and in Graham's _Songs of Scotland_, 1848, vol. ii. p. 48.

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

The old Scotch ballad with the above title, on which Sir Alexander Boswell, Bart., founded his humorous song, with the same name, may be found in _The Book of Scottish Songs_, recently published in _The Illustrated London Library_, p. 229.

J. K. R. W.

_Irish Convocation_ (Vol. vi., p. 317.).--I am unable to answer W. FRASER'S Queries as to when the Irish Convocation last met, and where their deliberations are recorded; but that gentleman will find some account of its nature and constitution in a recently published pamphlet, entitled _The Jerusalem Chamber_, by the Rev. H. Caswall, M.A., pp. 39, 40.

J. C. B.

_Spontaneous Combustion_ (Vol. vii., p. 286.).--Is there such a thing; meaning, I presume, of the _human body_? One of the latest and best authenticated cases is given in _The Abstainer's Journal_ (Glasgow), No. III., March, 1853, p. 54. In the narrative is included the official medical report from the _Journal of Medical Science_, Dec. 1852.

W. C. TREVELYAN.

_Do the Sun's Rays put out the Fire?_ (Vol. vii., p. 285.).--

"Why does the sun, shining, on a fire, make it dull, and often
put it out?

"1st. Because the air (being rarefied by the sunshine) flows
more slowly to the fire; and

"2ndly. The chemical action of the sun's rays is detrimental
to combustion.

"The sun's rays are composed of three parts; lighting,
heating, and actinic or chemical rays. These latter interfere
with the process of combustion."