Chapter L: S. W

_Minchin._--Could any of your Irish correspondents give me any information with regard to the sons of Col. Thomas Walcot (c. 1683), or the families of Minchin and Fitzgerald, co. Tipperary, he would much oblige

M.

* * * * *

MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS.

_Leapor's "Unhappy Father."_--Can you tell me where the scene of this play, a tragedy by Mary Leapor, is laid, and the names of the _dramatis personæ_? It is to be found in the second volume of _Poems_, by Mary Leapor, 8vo. 1751. This authoress was the daughter of a gardener in Northamptonshire, and the only education she received consisted in being taught reading and writing. She was born in 1722, and died in 1746, at the early age of twenty-four. Her poetical {383} merit is commemorated in the Rev. John Duncombe's poem of the _Feminead_.

A.Z.

[The scene, a gentleman's country house. The _dramatis personæ_:
Dycarbas, the unhappy father; Lycander and Polonius, sons of
Dycarbas, in love with Terentia; Eustathius, nephew of Dycarbas,
and husband of Emilia; Leonardo, cousin of Eustathius; Paulus,
servant of Dycarbas; Plynus, servant to Eustathius; Timnus,
servant to Polonius; Emilia, daughter of Dycarbas; Terentia, a
young lady under the guardianship of Dycarbas; Claudia, servant
to Terentia.]

_Meaning of "The Litten" or "Litton."_--This name is given to a small piece of land, now pasture, inclosed within the moat of the ancient manor of Marwell, formerly Merewelle, in Hants, once the property of the see of Winchester. It does not appear to have been ever covered by buildings. What is the meaning or derivation of the term? Does the name exist in any other place, as applied to a piece of land situated as the above-described piece? I have spelt it as pronounced by the bailiff of the farm.

W. H. G.

Winchester.

[Junius and Ray derive it from the Anglo-Saxon lictun,
_coemiterium_, a burying-place. Our correspondent, however, will
find its etymology discussed in the _Gentleman's Magazine_, vol.
lxxviii. pp. 216. 303. and 319.]

_St. James' Market House._--In a biography of Richard Baxter, the Nonconformist divine, about 1671:

"Mr. Baxter came up to London, and was one of the Tuesday
lecturers at Pinner's Hall, and a Friday lecturer at Fetter
Lane; but on Sundays he for some time preached only
occasionally, and afterwards more statedly in St. James's Market
House."

Where was the Market House situate?

P. T.

[Cunningham, in his _Handbook of London_, under the head of St.
James' Market, Jermyn Street, St. James', tells us that "here,
in a room over the Market House, preached Richard Baxter, the
celebrated Nonconformist. On the occasion of his first Sermon,
the main beam of the building cracked beneath the weight of the
congregation." We recollect the old market and Market House,
which must have stood on the ground now occupied by Waterloo
Place.]

* * * * *

REPLIES.

GRUB STREET JOURNAL.

(Vol. vii., pp. 108. 268.)

REGINENSIS has been referred by F. R. A. to Drake's _Essays_ for an account of this journal. Drake's account is, however, very incorrect. The _Grub Street Journal_ did not terminate, as he states, on the 24th August, 1732, but was continued in the original folio size to the 29th Dec., 1737; the last No. being 418., instead of 138., as he incorrectly gives it. He appears to have supposed that the 12mo. abridgment in two volumes contained all the essays in the paper; whereas it did not comprise more than a third of them. He mentions as the principal writers Dr. Richard Russel and Dr. John Martyn. Budgell, however, in _The Bee_ (February, 1733) says, "The person thought to be at the head of the paper is Mr. R--l (Russel), a nonjuring clergyman, Mr. P--e (Pope), and some other gentlemen." Whether Pope wrote in it or not, it seems to have been used as a vehicle by his friends for their attacks upon his foes, and the war against the Dunces is carried on with great wit and spirit in its pages. It is by far the most entertaining of the old newspapers, and throws no small light upon the literary history of the time. I have a complete series of the journal in folio, as well as of the continuation, in a large 4to. form, under the title of _The Literary Courier of Grub Street_, which commenced January 5, 1738, and appears to have terminated at the 30th No., on the 27th July, 1738. I never saw another complete copy. _The Grub Street Journal_ would afford materials for many curious and amusing extracts. One very entertaining part of it is the "Domestic News," under which head it gives the various and often contradictory accounts of the daily newspapers, with a most humorous running commentary.

JAMES CROSSLEY.

* * * * *

STONE PILLAR WORSHIP.

(Vol. v., p. 122.)

SIR JAMES EMERSON TENNENT, in his learned and curious Note on stone worship in Ireland, desires information as to the present existence of worship of stone pillars in Orkney. When he says it continued till a late period, I suppose he must allude to the standing stone at Stenness, perforated by a hole, with the sanctity attached to promises confirmed by the junction of hands through the hole, called the promise of Odin. Dr. Daniel Wilson enters into this fully in _Præhistoric Annals of Scotland_, pp. 99, 100, 101. It has been told myself that if a lad and lass promised marriage with joined hands through the hole, the promise was held to be binding. Whence the sanctity attached to such a promise I could not ascertain to be known, and I did not hear of any other superstition connected with this stone, which was destroyed in 1814. In the remote island of North Ronaldshay is another standing stone, perforated by a hole, but there is no superstition of this nature attached to it. At the Yule time the inhabitants danced about it, and when there were yule dancings in neighbouring houses, they began the dancing at the stone, and danced from the stone all the road to what was called to {384} me the dancing-house. The sword dance, with a great deal of intricate crossing, and its peculiar simple tune, still exists in Orkney, but is not danced with swords, though I heard of clubs or sticks having been substituted. There are found in these islands the two circles of stones at Stenness, and single standing stones. One of these, at Swannay in Birsay, is said by tradition to have been raised to mark the spot where the procession rested when carrying the body of St.

Magnus after his murder in Egilshay in 1110, from that island to Christ's Kirk in Birsay, where it was first interred. Here is a date and a purpose. The single standing stones, in accordance with SIR JAMES'S opinion, and to use nearly his expressions, are said to mark the burial-places of distinguished men, to commemorate battles and great events, and to denote boundaries; and these, and still more the circles, are objects of respect as belonging to ages gone by, but principally with the educated classes, and there is no superstition remaining with any. Such a thing as the swathing stone of South Inchkea is not known to have existed. The stones in the two circles, and the single standing stones, are all plain; but there was found lately a stone of the sculptured symbolical class, inserted to form the base of a window in St. Peter's Kirk, South Ronaldshay, and another of the same class in the island of Bressay, in Zetland. The first is now in the Museum of Scottish Antiquaries in Edinburgh; and the Zetland stone, understood to be very curious, is either there or in Newcastle, and both are forming the subject of antiquarian inquiry.

W. H. F.

* * * * *

AUTOGRAPHS IN BOOKS.

(_Continued from_ Vol. vii., p. 255.)

The following are probably trifling, but may be considered worth recording. Facing the title-page to _The Works of Mr. Alexander Pope_, London, W. Bowyer, for Bernard Lintot, &c., 1717, 8vo., no date at end of preface, is in (no doubt) his own hand:

"To the Right Honorable the Lord Viscount Bolingbroke, from his
ever-oblig'd, most faithfull, and affectionate servant, ALEX.
POPE."

Cranmer's _Bible_, title gone, but at end, Maye 1541:

"This Bible was given to me by my ffather Coke when I went to
keepe Christmas with him at Holckam, anno Domini 1658. WILL.
COBBE."

Sir William Cobbe of Beverley, York, knight, married Winifred, sixth daughter of John (fourth son of the chief justice), who was born 9th May, 1589.

This copy has, before Joshua and Psalms, a page of engravings, being the "seconde" and "thyrde parte;" also before the New Testament, the well-known one of Henry VIII. giving the Bible, but the space for Cromwell's arms is left blank or white. Cromwell was executed July 1540; but do his arms appear in the 1540 impressions?

Cranmer's quarterings are, 1 and 4, Cranmer; 2, six lions r.; 3, fusils of Aslacton. In the _Gent. Mag._, vol. lxii. pp. 976. 991., is an engraving of a stone of Cranmer's father, with the fusils on his right, and Cranmer on his left. The note at p. 991. calls the birds cranes, but states that Glover's Yorkshire and other pedigrees have pelicans; and Southey (_Book of the Church_, ii. p. 97.) states that Henry VIII. altered the cranes to pelicans, telling him that he, like them, should be ready to shed his blood. The engraving, however, clearly represents drops of blood falling, and those in the Bible appear to be pelicans also.

This Bible has the days of the month in MS. against the proper psalms, and where a leaf has been repaired, "A.D. 1608, per me Davidem Winsdon curate."

A. C.

* * * * *

GRINDLE.

(Vol. vii., pp. 107. 307.)

I think I can supply I. E. with another example of the application of this name to a place. A few miles east or south-east of Exeter, on the borders of a waste tract of down extending from Woodbury towards the sea, there is a village which is spelt on the ordnance map, and is commonly called, _Greendale_. In strictness there are, I believe, two Greendales, an upper and a lower Greendale. A small stream, tributary to the Clyst river, flows past them.

Now this place formerly belonged to the family of Aumerle, or Alba Marla, as part of the manor of Woodbury. From that family it passed to William Briwere, the founder of Tor Abbey, and was by him made part of the endowment of that monastery in the reign of Richard I. In the two cartularies of that house, of which abstracts will be found in Oliver's _Monasticon_, there are many instruments relating to this place, which is there called Grendel, Grindel, and Gryndell. In none of them does the name of Greendale occur, which appears to be a very recent form. Even Lysons, in his _Devonshire_, does not seem to be aware of this mode of spelling it, but always adopts one of the old ways of writing the word.

I have not seen the spot very lately, but, according to the best of my recollection, it has not now any feature in keeping with the mythological character of the fiend of the moor and fen. The neighbouring district of down and common land would not be an inappropriate habitat for such a personage. It has few trees of any pretension to age, and is still covered in great part with a dark and scanty vegetation, which is sufficiently dreary except at those seasons when the brilliant colours of the blooming heath and dwarf furze give it an aspect of remarkable beauty.

Whether the present name of Greendale be a mere corruption of the earliest name, or be not, in fact, a restoration of it to its original meaning, is a matter which I am not prepared to discuss. As a general rule, a sound etymologist will not hastily desert an obvious and trite explanation to go in search of a more recondite import. He will not have recourse to the devil for the solution of a _nodus_, till he has exhausted more legitimate sources of assistance.

The "N. & Q." have readers nearer to the spot in question than I am, who may, perhaps, be able to throw some light on the subject, and inform us whether Greendale still possesses the trace of any of those natural features which would justify the demoniacal derivation proposed by I. E. It must not, however, be forgotten that three centuries and a half of laborious culture bestowed upon the property by the monks of Tor, must have gone far to exorcise and reclaim it.

E. S.

Some years ago I asked the meaning of _Grindle_ or _Grundle_, as applied to a deep, narrow watercourse at Wattisfield in Suffolk. The Grundle lies between the high road and the "Croft," adjoining a mansion which once belonged to the Abbots of Bury. The clear and rapid water was almost hidden by brambles and underwood; and the roots of a row of fine trees standing in the Croft were washed bare by its winter fury. The bank on that side was high and broken; the bed of the Grundle I observed to lie above the surface of the road, on the opposite side of which the ground rises rapidly to the table land of clay. My fancy instantly suggested a river flowing through this hollow, and the idea was strengthened by the appearance of the landscape. The village stands on irregular ground, descending by steep slopes into narrow valleys and contracted meadows. I can well imagine that water was an enemy or "fiend" to the first settlers, and I was told that in winter the Grundle is still a roaring brook.

I find I have a Note that "in Charters, places bearing the name Grendel are always connected with water."

F. C. B.

Diss.

* * * * *

ROGER OUTLAWE.

(Vol. vii., p. 332.)

MR. ELLACOMBE will find some account of this personage, who was Prior of Kilmainham, and for several years served the office of Lord Justice of Ireland, in Holinshed's _Chronicles of Ireland_, sub anno 1325, _et seq._: also in "The Annals of Ireland," in the second volume of Gibson's _Camden_, 3rd edition, sub eod. anno. He was nearly related to the lady Alice Kettle, and her son William Utlawe, al. Outlaw; against whom that singular charge of sorcery was brought by Richard Lederede, Bishop of Ossory. The account of this charge is so curious that, for the benefit of those readers of "N. & Q." who may not have the means of referring to the books above cited, I am tempted to extract it from Holinshed:

"In these daies lived, in the Diocese of Ossorie, the Ladie
Alice Kettle, whome the Bishop ascited to purge hir selfe of the
fame of inchantment and witchcraft imposed unto hir, and to one
Petronill and Basill, hir complices. She was charged to have
nightlie conference with a spirit called Robin Artisson, to
whome she sacrificed in the high waie nine red cocks, and nine
peacocks' eies. Also, that she swept the streets of Kilkennie
betweene compleine and twilight, raking all the filth towards
the doores of hir sonne William Outlaw, murmuring and muttering
secretlie with hir selfe these words:

"'To the house of William my sonne
Hie all the wealth of Kilkennie towne.'

"At the first conviction, they abjured and did penance; but
shortlie after, they were found in relapse, and then was
Petronill burnt at Kilkennie: the other twaine might not be
heard of. She, at the hour of hir death, accused the said
William as privie to their sorceries, whome the bishop held in
durance nine weeks; forbidding his keepers to eat or to drinke
with him, or to speake to him more than once in the daie. But at
length, thorough the sute and instance of Arnold le Powre, then
seneschall of Kilkennie, he was delivered, and after corrupted
with bribes the seneschall to persecute the bishop: so that he
thrust him into prison for three moneths. In rifling the closet
of the ladie, they found a wafer of sacramentall bread, having
the divel's name stamped thereon insteed of Jesus Christ's; and
a pipe of ointment, wherewith she greased a staffe, upon which
she ambled and gallopped thorough thicke and thin when and in
what maner she listed. This businesse about these witches
troubled all the state of Ireland the more; for that the ladie
was supported by certeine of the nobilitie, and lastlie conveied
over into England; since which time it could never be understood
what became of hir."

Roger Outlawe, the Prior of Kilmainham, was made Lord Justice for the first time in 1327. The Bishop of Ossory was then seeking his revenge on Arnold le Powre, for he had given information against him as being--

"Convented and convicted in his consistorie of certeine
hereticall opinions; but because the beginning of Powres
accusation concerned the justice's kinsman, and the bishop was
mistrusted to prosecute his owne wrong, and the person of the
man, rather than the fault, a daie was limited for the
justifieing of the bill, the partie being apprehended and
respited thereunto. This dealing the bishop (who durst not
stirre out of {386} Kilkennie to prosecute his accusation) was
reputed parciall: and when by meanes hereof the matter hanged in
suspense, he infamed the said prior as an abettor and favourer
of Arnold's heresie. The Prior submitted himselfe to the trial."

Proclamation was made, "That it should be lawful for anie man ... to accuse, &c. the Lord Justice; but none came." In the end, six inquisitors were appointed to examine the bishops and other persons, and they--

"All with universal consent deposed for the Prior, affirming
that (to their judgements) he was a zelous and a faithfull child
of the Catholike Church. In the meane time, Arnold le Powre, the
prisoner, deceased in the castell; and because he stood
unpurged, long he laie unburied."

In 1332, William Outlawe is said to have been Prior of Kilmainham, and lieutenant of John Lord Darcie, Lord Justice.

This Bishop of Ossorie, Richard Lederede, was a minorite of London: he had a troubled episcopate, and was long in banishment in England. I have met with his name in the Register of Adam de Orlton, Bishop of Winchester, where he is recorded as assisting that prelate in some of his duties, A.D. 1336. He died however peaceably in his see, and was a benefactor to his cathedral. (See Ware's _History of Ireland_.)

W. H. G.

Winchester.

[It may be added, that much information respecting both Roger
Outlawe and the trial of Alice Kyteler would be found in the
interesting volume published by the Camden society in 1842,
under the editorship of Mr. Wright, entitled _Proceedings
against Dame Alice Kyteler, prosecuted for Sorcery in 1324_.]

Your correspondent H. T. ELLACOMBE asks who this Roger Outlawe was, and expresses his surprise that a prior of a religious house should "sit as _locum tenens_ of a judge in a law court."

But the words "tenens locum Johannis Darcy le cosyn justiciarii Hiberniæ" do not imply that Outlawe sat as _locum tenens_ of a judge in a law court. For this Sir John Darcy was Lord Justice, or Lord Lieutenant (as we would now say), of Ireland, and Roger Outlawe was his _locum tenens_.

Nothing, however, was more common at that period than for ecclesiastics to be judges in law courts; and it happens that this very Roger was Lord Chancellor of Ireland in 1321 to 1325, and again, 1326--1330: again, 1333: again (a fourth time), 1335: and a fifth time in 1339: for even then, as now, we were cursed in Ireland by perpetual changes of administration and of law officers, so that we have scarcely had any uniform practice, and our respect for law has been proportionally small.

Sir John Darcy was Lord Justice, or Lord Lieutenant, in 1322, in 1324, in 1328 (in which year Roger Outlawe was his _locum tenens_ during his absence), in 1322, and on to 1340.

Roger Outlawe was Lord Justice, either in his own right or as _locum tenens_ for others, in 1328, 1330, and 1340, in which last year he died in office. His death is thus recorded in Clyn's _Annals_ (edited by Dean Butler for the Irish Archæological Society), p. 29.:

"Item die Martis, in crastino beatæ Agathæ virginis, obiit
frater Rogerus Outlawe, prior hospitalis in Hibernia, apud Any,
tunc locum justiciarii tenens: et etiam Cancellarius Domini
Regis, trium simul functus officio. Vir prudens et graciosus,
qui multas possessiones, ecclesias, et redditus ordini suo
adquisivit sua industria, et regis Angliæ gratia speciali et
licentia."

To this day, in the absence of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, _Lords Justices_ are appointed.

J. H. TODD.

Trin. Coll., Dublin.

* * * * *

PROSPECTUS TO CIBBER'S "LIVES OF THE POETS."

(Vol. v., pp. 25. 65.; Vol. vii., p. 341.)

I am obliged to DR. RIMBAULT for noticing, what had escaped me, that this Prospectus has been reprinted in the _Censura Literaria_, vol. vi. p. 352. With respect to my ground for attributing it to Johnson, it will, I think, be obvious enough to any one who reads my remarks, that it was on the internal evidence alone, on which, as every one is aware, many additions have been made to his acknowledged compositions. Your correspondent C., with whom I always regret to differ, is so far at variance with me as to state it as his opinion that "nothing can be less like Johnson's peculiar style," and refers me to a note, with which I was perfectly familiar, to show--but which I must say I cannot see that it does in the slightest degree--"that it is impossible that Johnson could have written this Prospectus." Another correspondent, whose communication I am unable immediately to refer to, likewise recorded his dissent from my conclusion. Next follows DR. RIMBAULT, whom I understand to differ from me also, and who says (but where is the authority for the statement?) "Haslewood believed it to have been the production of Messrs. Cibber and Shields." I have every respect for Haslewood as a diligent antiquary, but I confess I do not attach much weight to his opinion on a question of critical taste or nice discrimination of style. I had, as I have observed, assigned the Prospectus to Dr. Johnson on the internal evidence alone; but since it appeared in "N. & Q." I have become aware of an important corroboration of my opinion in a copy of Cibber's _Lives_ which formerly belonged to Isaac Reed, and which I have recently purchased. At the beginning of the first volume he has pasted in the Prospectus, and under it is the following note in his {387} handwriting: "The above advertisement was written or revised by Dr. Johnson.--J. R." Reed's general correctness and capacity of judging in literary matters are too well known to render it necessary for me to enlarge upon them; and with this support I am quite content to leave the point in issue between your correspondents and myself to the decision of that part of your readers who take an interest in similar literary questions.

It will be observed that I have confined myself in my remarks to the Prospectus exclusively. The authorship of the _Lives_ themselves is another question, and a very curious one, and not, by any means, as your correspondent C. appears to think, "settled." Perhaps I may, on a future occasion, trouble you with some remarks upon the _Lives_ in detail, endeavouring to assign the respective portions to the several contributors.

JAMES CROSSLEY.

* * * * *

PIC-NIC.

(Vol. vii., p. 23.)

As I consider that the true origin of _pic-nic_ remains yet to be discovered, permit me to try and trace the word through France into Italy, and to endeavour to show that the land with the "fatal gift of beauty" was its birthplace; and that when the Medici married into France, the august ladies probably imported, together with fans, gloves, and poisons, a pastime which, under the name of _pique-nique_, became, as Leroux says in his _Dictionnaire Comique_, "un divertissement fort à la mode à Paris."

I will not occupy space by quoting the article "at length" from Leroux, but the substance is this:--Persons of quality, of both sexes, who wished to enjoy themselves, and feast together, either in the open air or in the house of one of the number, imposed upon each one the task of bringing some particular article, or doing some particular duty in connexion with the feast. And to show how stringent was the expression _pique-nique_ in imposing a specific task, Leroux quotes "considérant que chacun avait besoin de ses pièces, prononça un _arrêt_ de pique-nique." (_Rec. de Pièc. Com._)

Thus, I think Leroux and also Cotgrave show that the word _pique-nique_ involves the idea of a task, or particular office, undertaken by each individual for the general benefit.

Let us now go to Italian, and look at the word _nicchia_. Both from Alberti and from Baretti we find it to bear the meaning of "a charge, a duty, or an employment;" and if before this word we place the adjective _piccola_, we have _piccola nicchia_, "a small task, or trifling service to be performed." Now I think no one can fail to see the identity of the _meanings_ of the expressions _piccola nicchia_ and _pique-nique_; but it remains to show how the words themselves may be identical. Those who have been in the habit of reading much of the older Italian authors (subsequent to Boccacio) will bear me out in my statement of the frequency of contraction of words in familiar use: the plays, particularly, show it, from the dialogues in Machiavelli or Goldoni to the libretto of a modern opera; so much as to render it very probable that _piccola nicchia_ might stand as _picc' nicc'_, just as we ourselves have been in the habit of degrading _scandalum magnatum_ into _scan. mag._ It only remains now to carry this _picc' nicc'_ into France, and, according to what is usual in Gallicising Italian words, to change the _c_ or _ch_ into _que_, to have what I started with, viz. the _divertissement_ concerning which Leroux enlarges, and in which, I am afraid, it may be said I have followed his example.

However, I consider the _Decameron_ of Boccacio as a probable period where the temporary queen of the day would impose the _arrêt_ of _pique-nique_ upon her subjects; and when I look over the engravings of the manners and customs of the Italians of the Middle Ages, all indicating the frequency of the _al fresco_ banquets, and find that subsequently Watteau and Lancret revel in similar amusements in France, where the personages of the _fête_ manifestly wear Italian-fashioned garments; and when we are taught that such parties of pleasure were called _pique-niques_, I think it is fair to infer that the expression is a Gallicised one from an Italian phrase of the same signification.

I do not know if it will be conceded that I have proved my case _positively_, but I might go so far _negatively_ as to show that in no other European language can I find any word or words which, having a similar sound, will bear an analysis of adaptation; and though there is every probability that the custom of _pic-nic_ing obtained in preference in the sunny south, there are few, I think, that would rush for an explanation into the Eastern languages, on the plea that the Crusaders, being in the habit of _al fresco_ banquetting, might have brought home the expression _pic-nic_.

JOHN ANTHONY, M.D.

Washwood, Birmingham.

This word would seem to be derived from the French. Wailly, in his _Nouveau Vocabulaire_, describes it as "repas où chacun paye son écot," a feast towards which each guest contributes a portion of the expense. Its etymology is thus explained by Girault-Duvivier, in his _Grammaire des Grammaires_:

"_Pique-nique_, plur. des _pique-nique_: des repas où ceux qui
_piquent_, qui _mangent_, font signe de la tête qu'ils paieront.

"Les Allemands, dit M. Lemare, ont aussi leur _picknick_, qui a
le même sens que le nôtre. _Picken_ signifie _piquer_,
_becqueter_, et _nicken_ signifie _faire signe de la {388} tête_.
_Pique-nique_ est donc, comme _passe-passe_, un composé de deux
verbes; Il est dans l'analogie de cette phrase, 'Qui touche,
mouille.'"

HENRY H. BREEN.

* * * * *

PETER STERRY AND JEREMIAH WHITE.

(Vol. iii., p. 38.)

Your correspondent's inquiry with respect to the missing MSS. of Peter Sterry, which were intended to form a second volume of his posthumous works, published without printer's name in 1710, 4to., and of which MSS. a list is given in vol. i., does not seem to have led to any result. As I feel equal interest with himself in every production of Sterry, I am tempted again to repeat the Query, in the hope of some discovery being made of these valuable remains. I have no doubt the editor of the "Appearance of God to Man," and the other discourses printed in the first volume, was R. Roach, who edited Jeremiah White's _Persuasion to Moderation_, Lond., 1708, 8vo.; and afterwards published _The Great Crisis_, and _The Imperial Standard of Messiah Triumphant_, 1727, 8vo.; and probably Sterry's MSS. may be found if Roach's papers can be traced. It is curious that a similar loss of MSS. seems to have occurred with regard to several of the works of Jeremiah White, who, like Sterry, was a chaplain of Cromwell (how well that great man knew how to select them!), and, like Sterry, was of that admirable Cambridge theological school which Whichcot, John Smith, and Cudworth have made so renowned. Neither of these distinguished men have yet, that I am aware of, found their way into any biographical dictionary. White is slightly noticed by Calamy (vol. ii. p. 57.; vol. iv. p. 85.). Sterry, it appears, died on Nov. 19, 1672. White survived him many years, and died in the seventy-eighth year of his age, 1707. Of the latter, there is an engraved portrait; of the former, none that I know of; nor am I aware of the burial-place of either. The works which I have met with of Sterry are his seven sermons preached before Parliament, &c., and published in different years; his _Rise, Race, and Royalty of the Kingdom of God in the Soul of Man_, 1683, 4to.; his _Discourse of the Freedom of the Will_ (a title which does not by any means convey the character of the book), Lond., 1675, fol.; and the 4to. before mentioned, being vol. i. of his _Remains_, published in 1710. Of White I only knew a Funeral Sermon on Mr. Francis Fuller; his _Persuasion to Moderation_, above noticed, which is an enlargement of part of his preface to Sterry's _Rise, &c._; and his _Treatise on the Restoration of all Things_, 1712, 8vo., which has recently been republished by Dr. Thom. To his _Persuasion_ is appended an advertisement:

"There being a design of publishing the rest of Mr. White's
works, any that have either Letters or other Manuscripts of his
by them are desired to communicate them to Mr. John Tarrey,
distiller, at the Golden Fleece, near Shadwick Dock."

This design, with the exception of the publication of _The Restoration_, seems to have proved abortive. White entertained many opinions in common with Sterry, which he advocates with great power. He does not however, like his fellow chaplain, soar into the pure empyrean of theology with unfailing pinions. Sterry has frequently sentences which Milton might not have been ashamed to own. His _Discourse of the Freedom of the Will_ is a noble performance, and the preface will well bear a comparison with Cudworth's famous sermon on the same subject.

JAS. CROSSLEY.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES.

_Colouring Collodion Portraits._--I shall be obliged if any brother photographer will kindly inform me, through the medium of "N. & Q.," the best method of colouring collodion portraits and views in a style similar to the hyalotypes shown at the Great Exhibition.

We country photographers are much indebted to DR. DIAMOND for the valuable information we have obtained through his excellent papers in "N. & Q.," and perceiving he is shortly about to give us the benefit of his experience in a compact form, under the modest title of _Photographic Notes_, I suggest that, if one of his Notes should contain the best method of colouring collodion proofs, so as to render them applicable for dissolving views, &c., he will be conferring a benefit on many of your subscribers; and, as one of your oldest, allow me to subscribe myself

PHOTO.

_On some Points in the Collodion Process._--In your impression of this day's date (Vol. vii., p. 363.), the Rev. J. L. SISSON desires the opinion of other photographers relative to lifting the plate with the film of collodion up and down several times in the bath of nit. silv. solution; and as my experience on this point is diametrically opposed to his own, I venture to state it with the view of eliciting a discussion.

The _evenness_ of the film is not at all dependent upon this practice; but its sensibility to light appears to be considerably increased.

The plate, after being plunged in, should be allowed to repose quietly from twenty to thirty minutes, _and then rapidly_ slid in and out several times, until the liquid flows off in one continuous and even _sheet_ of liquid; and this also has a beneficial effect in washing off any little particles of collodion, dust, oxide, or any foreign matter which, if adherent, would form centres of chemical action, and cause spottiness in the negative.

{389} I find that the plate is more sensitive also, if not exposed before all the exciting fluid that can be _drained off_ is got rid of; that is, while still quite moist, but without any _flowing_ liquid.

As to redipping the plate before development, it is, I believe, _in general_ useless; but when the plate has got _very_ dry it may be dipped again, but should be then _well drained_ before the developing solution is applied.

MR. F. MAXWELL LYTE (p. 364.) quotes the price of the purest iodide of potassium at 1s. 3d. per oz. I should be glad to know where it can be obtained, as I find the price constantly varies, and upon the last occasion I paid 4s. per oz., and I think never less than 1s. 8d.

MR. L. MERRITT will probably succeed in applying the cement for a glass bath thus:--Place the pieces of glass upon wood of any kind in an oven with the door open until he can only just handle them; then, with a roll of the cement, melting the end in the flame of a spirit-lamp, apply it as if for sealing a letter. This should be done as quickly as possible. The glasses may then be passed over the flame of the lamp (in contact with it), so as to raise the temperature, until the cement is quite soft and nearly boiling (this can be done without heating the parts near the fingers); and while hot the two separate pieces should be applied by putting one down on a piece of wood covered with flannel, and pressing the other with any wooden instrument: metal in contact would cause an instantaneous fracture.

MR. MERRITT's difficulty with the developing solutions depends most probably in the case of the pyrogallic acid mixture not having enough acetic acid. The protonitrate of iron, if made according to DR. DIAMOND's formula, does _not_ require any acetic acid, and flows quite readily; but the protosulphate solution requires a bath, and the same solution may be used over and over again.

GEO. SHADBOLT.

London, April 9, 1853.

_Economical Iodizing Process._--MR. MAXWELL LYTE is probably as good a judge as myself, as to where any weak point or difficulty is found in iodizing paper with the carbonate of potass: if any chemical is likely to be the cause of unusual activity, it is the carbonic acid, and not the cyanide of potash. I still continue to use that formula, and have not iodized paper with any other: though I have made some variations which may perhaps be of use. I found that the nitrate of potash is almost the same in its effects as the carbonate. I would as soon use the one as the other; but the state I conceive to be the most effective, is the diluted liquor potassæ: that would be with iodine about the same state as the iodide of potash, but hitherto I have not tried it, though mean to do so.

I am not quite certain as to whether, theoretically, this position is right; but I find in iodide of potash, and in the above formula, that the iodine is absorbed in greater quantities by the silver, than the alkaline potash by the nitric acid. Thus, by using a solution for some time, it will at last contain but very little iodine at all, and not enough for the purpose of the photographer; hence it requires renewing. And I have lately observed that paper is much more effective, in every way, if it is floated on free iodine twice before it is used in the camera, viz. once when it is made, and again when it is dry: the last time containing a little bromine water and glacial acetic acid. It appears to me that the paper will absorb its proper dose of iodine better when dry, and the glacial acetic acid will set free any small amount of alkaline potash there may be on the surface; so that it will not embrown on applying gallic acid. By using the ammonio-nitrate of silver in iodizing, and proceeding as above, I find it all I can wish as far as regards the power of my camera. With this paper I can use an aperture of half an inch diameter, and take anything in the shade and open air in five or six minutes, in the sun in less time. The yellow colour also comes off better in the hypo. sulph.

I think MR. MAXWELL LYTE has made a mistake as to the price he quotes: about here I cannot get any iodide of potash under 2s. per ounce, and the five grains to the ounce added to the common dose of nitrate of silver is hardly worth speaking of; it would amount, in fact, to about fifteen grains in a quire of Whatman's paper,--no great hardship, because many use much higher doses of silver for iodizing; forty grains to the ounce is not uncommonly used, but I believe twenty-five grains quite enough.

I presume, in SIR WM. NEWTON's mode of treating positives, the acid of the alum decomposes the alkali of the hypo. sulph. And it would be, I suppose, better for the picture, if its state were entirely neutral when put away or framed; but if alum is added, acid must remain, since SIR WM. says it combines with the size. What I should imagine is, that the idea is good; but experience can only decide if the picture is better put away in an acid condition. I should think there are more available acids for the purpose, for alum has an injurious effect upon colour; and a positive is nothing but colour, the organic matter of the paper stained as it were by the silver: for, after all its washings and application of re-agents, no silver can possibly remain in the paper. The safest state therefore of putting away ought to be ascertained and decided upon; as it is no use doing them if they fade, or even lose their tones.

WELD TAYLOR.

N.B.--The iodized ammonio-nitrate paper will not bear exposure to the sun; it will keep any {390} length of time, but should be kept in a paper, and away from any considerable degree of light.

* * * * *

REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES.

_Bishop Juxon's Account of Vendible Books in England_ (Vol. vi., pp. 515. 592.).--The following note in Wilson's _History of the Merchant Taylors' School_, p. 783., solves the Query respecting the authorship of this bibliographical work.

"_The Catalogue of Books in England alphabetically digested_,
printed at London, 1658, 4to., is ascribed to Bishop Juxon in
Osborne's _Catalogue_ for 1755, p. 40. But, as Mr. Watts, the
judicious librarian of Sion College, has observed to me, this is
no authority, the Epistle Dedicatory bearing internal evidence
against it. The author's name was _William London_, whence arose
the mistake!"

J. YEOWELL.

Hoxton.

_Dutensiana_ (Vol. vi., p. 376.; Vol. vii., p. 26.).--The following statement, extracted from Quérard's _France Littéraire_, sub voce Dutens, will account for the discrepancies mentioned by your correspondents with reference to the works of Louis Dutens.

Dutens published three volumes of _Memoirs_, which he afterwards committed to the flames, out of consideration for certain living characters. He then published, in three volumes, his _Mémoires d'un Voyageur qui se repose_, the two first containing the author's life, and the third being the _Dutensiana_.

Your correspondent W. (Vol. vi., p. 376.) says that Dutens published at Geneva, in six volumes 4to., with prefaces, the entire works of Leibnitz. This statement is thus qualified by the _Biographie Universelle_:

"L. Dutens est l'Editeur de _Leibnitii opera omnia_, mais c'est
à tort que quelques bibliographes lui attribuent les
_Institutions Leibnitiennes_. Cet ouvrage est de l'Abbé
Sigorgne."

The same correspondent inquires whether Dutens was not also the author of _Correspondence inteceptée_: and SIR W. C. TREVELYAN (Vol. vii., p. 26.) says he had seen a presentation copy of it, although it is not included in the list of Dutens' _Works_ given by Lowndes.

This is explained by the fact that the work, originally published under the title of _Correspondence interceptée_, was afterwards embodied in the _Mémoires d'un Voyageur_. Lowndes seems to have had no knowledge of it as a separate publication.

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia.

_Vicars-Apostolic_ (Vol. vii., pp. 309, 310.).--Allow me to correct an error or two in my list of the vicars-apostolic, which appeared in your 178th Number, p 309. The three archpriests were _appointed_ to their office, not _consecrated_.

P. 309.--_Northern District._ Bishop Witham was consecrated 1703, not 1716. He was _translated_ from the Midland to the Northern District in 1716.

P. 310.--In the list of the present Roman Catholic prelates in England and Wales, the bishops--from Archbishop Wiseman to Bishop Hendren inclusive--were _translated_ in 1850, not _consecrated_.

J. R. W.

Bristol.

_Tombstone in Churchyard_ (Vol. vii., p. 331.).--In Ecclesfield churchyard is the following inscription, cut in bold capitals, and as legible as when the slab was first laid down:

"Here lieth the bodie of Richard Lord, late Vicar of
Ecclesfield, 1600."

If, however, A. C.'s Query be not limited to slabs in the open air, he will probably be interested by the following, copied by me from the floors of the respective churches, which are all in this neighbourhood. The first is from the unused church of St. John at Laughton-le-Morthing, near Roche Abbey, and is, according to Mr. Hunter, one of the earliest specimens of a monumental inscription in the vernacular:

"Here lyeth Robt. Dinningto' and Alis his wyfe. Robert dyed [=i]
y'e fest of San James M'mo ccc iiij'xx xiij'mo. Alis dyed o'
Tisday [=i] Pas. Woke, a'o D[=n]i M'o ccc'mo xxx'o whose saules
God assoyl for is m'cy. Ame'."

The next three are partly pewed over; but the uncovered parts are perfectly legible. The first two are from Tankersley, the third from Wentworth:

"Hic jacet d[=n]s Thomas Toykyl ... die mensis Aprilis anno
d[=n]i M. cccc. lxxxx. sc[=d]o...."

" ... Mensis Octob. an[=o] dni Milli[=m]o cccc. xxx. quinto."

" ... An[=o] d[=n]i Millesimo cccc. xxxx. vi. cuius ai[=e] deus
propitietur."

Also in Ecclesfield Church is a slab bearing the dates 1571, and J. W. 1593; and the remains of two others, with dates "M'o ccccc'o xix'o," and "M'o ccccc'o xxx'o vi'o."

J. EASTWOOD.

Ecclesfield Hall, Sheffield.

"_Her face is like," &c._ (Vol. vii., p. 305.).--

"Her face is like the milky way i' the sky,--
A meeting of gentle lights without a name."

These lines are from Act III. of Sir John Suckling's tragedy of _Brennoralt_, and are uttered by a lover contemplating his _sleeping_ mistress; a circumstance which it is important to mention, as the truth and beauty of the comparison depend on it.

B. R. I.

{391} _Annuellarius_ (Vol. vii., p. 358.).--_Annuellarius_, sometimes written _Annivellarius_, is a chantry priest, so called from his receiving the _annualia_, or yearly stipend, for keeping the anniversary, or saying continued masses for one year for the soul of a deceased person.

J. G.

Exon.

_Ship's Painter_ (Vol. vii., p. 178.).--Your correspondent J. C. G. may find a rational derivation of the word _painter_, the rope by which a boat is attached to a ship, in the Saxon word _punt_, a boat. The corruption from _punter_, or boat-rope, to _painter_, seems obvious.

J. S. C.

_True Blue_ (Vol. iii., _passim_).--The occurrence of this expression in the following passage in Dryden, and its application to the Order of the Garter, seem to have escaped the notice of the several correspondents who have addressed you on the subject. I quote from _The Flower and the Leaf_, Dryden's version of one of Chaucer's tales:

"Who bear the bows were knights in Arthur's reign,
Twelve they, and twelve the peers of Charlemain;
For bows the strength of brawny arms imply,
Emblems of valour and of victory.
Behold an order yet of newer date,
Doubling their number, equal in their state;
Our England's ornament, the Crown's defence,
In battle brave, protectors of their prince;
Unchang'd by fortune, to their sovereign _true_,
_For which_ their manly legs are bound with _blue_.
These of the Garter call'd, of faith unstain'd.
In fighting fields the laurel have obtain'd,
And well repaid the honors which they gain'd."

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia.

"_Quod fuit esse_" (Vol. vii., pp. 235. 342.).--In one of Dr. Byrom's Common-place Books now in the possession of his respected descendant, Miss Atherton, of Kersal Cell, is the following arrangement and translation of this enigmatical inscription, probably made by the Doctor himself:

"Quod fuit esse quod est quod non fuit esse quod esse
Esse quod est non esse quod est non est erit esse.
Quod fuit esse quod,
Est quod non fuit esse quod,
Esse esse quod est,
Non esse quod est non est
Erit esse.

What was John Wiles is what John Wiles was not,
The mortal Being has immortal got.
The Wiles that was but a non Ens is gone,
And now remains the true eternal John."

I take this opportunity of mentioning that my friend, the Rev. Dr. Parkinson, Canon of Manchester, and Principal of St. Bees, is at present engaged in editing, for the Chetham Society, the Diary and unpublished remains of Dr. Byrom; and he will, I am sure, feel greatly indebted to any of your correspondents who will favour him with an addition to his present materials. O. G. ("N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 179. art. Townshend) seems to have some memoranda relating to Byrom, and would perhaps be good enough to communicate them to Dr. Parkinson.

JAMES CROSSLEY.

I have seen the above thus paraphrased:

"What we have been, and what we are,
The present and the time that's past,
We cannot properly compare
With what we are to be at last.

"Tho' we ourselves have fancied Forms,
And Beings that have never been;
We into something shall be turn'd,
Which we have not conceived or seen."