Chapter C: Wilson

_Passage in the First Part of Faust._--

"_Faust._ Es Klopft? Herein! Wer will mich wieder plagen?
_Mephistopheles._ Ich bin's.
_Faust._ Herein!
_Mephis._ Du musst es dreimal sagen.
_Faust._ Herein denn!
_Mephis._ So gefällst du mir."

Why must he say it _three_ times? Is this a superstition that can be traced in other countries than Germany? In Horace we have Diana thus addressed:

"_Ter_ vocata audis, adimisque letho,
Diva triformis."--Lib. iii. Ode 22.

But she is there the benign Diana, not Hecate.

Are we to understand the passage to mean, that the number _three_ has a magical influence in summoning spirits; or to teach that the power of evil is so overruled by a higher Power, that he cannot approach to begin his work of temptation and ruin unless he be, not once merely, or twice, but _three_ times, called by the free will and act of the individual who is surrendering himself to his influence? The subject seems worthy of elucidation.

W. FRASER.

Tor-Mohun.

_Lady Anne Gray._--Who was the "Lady Anne Gray," or "Lady Gray," who was one of the attendants on Queen Elizabeth when princess, and is mentioned first in Sir John Harrington's poem in praise of her ladies?

N. A.

_Continental Brasses._--At a recent meeting of the Archæological Institute, Mr. Nesbitt exhibited rubbings of some fine brasses at Bamberg, Naumberg, Meissen, and Erfurt. Mr. Nesbitt would confer a favour on the readers of "N. & Q." by stating the names and dates of those sepulchral memorials, and the churches from which he obtained the rubbings, and thus aid in carrying out MR. W. SPARROW SIMPSON'S excellent suggestion for obtaining a complete list of monumental brasses on the Continent.

WILLIAM W. KING.

_Peter Beaver._--In the early part of the last century, a gentleman named Peter Beaver, whose daughter was married in 1739 to Latham Blacker, Esq., of Rathescar, lived in the old and fashionable town of Drogheda. Can any one inform me as to the year of his death, and whether he left a son? The name has disappeared in Drogheda. I would likewise be glad to know the origin of the name; and, if it be a corruption of Beauvoir, at what time, and for what reason, was it changed? The crest is the animal of the same name.

ABHBA.

_Cremonas._--Can any of your numerous correspondents kindly supply me with a list of the earliest and the latest of the instruments of each of the famous _cremona_ makers? Such a list would be a valuable contribution to "N. & Q."

Mr. Dubourg's work on the _Violin_, excellent as it is in many respects, contains but a meagre account of the instrument itself, and is sadly deficient on the subject of my Query. May I ask him, and I have reason for so doing, on what authority he gives 1664 as the year of the birth of Antonius Stradivarius, in his last edition?

H. C. K.

_Cranmer and Calvin._--In the _Christian Observer_ for March 1827 (No. 303. p. 150.) it is stated that the late Rev. T. Brock, of Guernsey, had been assured by an eminent scholar of Geneva, afterwards a clergyman in our church, that he had met with, in a public library at Geneva, a printed correspondence in Latin between Archbishop Cranmer and Calvin, in which the latter forewarned the former, that though he perfectly understood the meaning of the baptismal service, yet "the time would come when" it "would be misconceived, and received as implying that baptism absolutely conveyed regeneration;" and that Cranmer replied, "that it is not possible such a construction can be put upon the passage, the church having sufficiently explained her meaning in the Articles and elsewhere." I have heard that search was made for these documents by M. D'Aubigné and others, but without success; one of the reports being, that "the documents had been apparently _cut out_." Mr. Brock's informant, I hear, was a Rev. Marc De Joux, who afterwards became an Irvingite, left Guernsey, and went to the Mauritius, where it is believed he still resides. With the _theological_ question I wish not here to meddle, or to express an opinion. But I should be glad if you will kindly permit me to inquire whether any of your readers can give any information as to the existence of the supposed "printed" correspondence {502} referred to? whether or not it does exist? and, if so, where?

C. D.

* * * * *

Minor Queries with Answers.

"_A Letter to a Convocation Man_" (Vol. vii., pp. 358. 415.).--I beg to thank "N. & Q." for the answer to my inquiry respecting the authorship of this letter. I should be very glad to learn further particulars respecting Sir Bartholomew Shower. Was he a member of the House of Commons, as the author of the Letter intimates that he himself was? I shall also be very thankful if TYRO, or any other correspondent, will answer for me these Queries, suggested by the same Letter.

"It was the opinion, indeed, of a late _great preacher_, that
Christians under a Mahometan or Pagan government, ought to value the
peace of the country above the conversion of the people there."

Who is the preacher here referred to?

Who were the authors, and what were the titles of the many _Defences_ of Sherlock's _Vindication of the Holy and Ever Blessed Trinity_, and _The Divinity and Death of Christ_? *

And what farther is to be learned of Mr. Papin, a Socinian, who jointed the Church of Rome about that period? +

Who was Chief Justice in 1697? Was it Chief Justice Treby? ++

Trelawney, Bishop of Exeter, excommunicated Dr. Bury. When was the living the latter enjoyed "untouched and even unquestioned by another bishop?" §

In case the answers to these should not appear of sufficient importance to be put into type, I enclose an envelope.

W. FRASER.

Tor-Mohun.

P.S.--The misprint you point out, Vol. vii., p. 409., of _Oxoniensis_ for _Exoniensis_, occurred in the Appendix to Wake's _State of the Church and Clergy of England_, p. 4.

[* The titles of nearly twenty works relating to Sherlock's Trinitarian
Controversy will be found _s. v._ in the _Bodleian Catalogue_, vol.
iii. p. 462. See also Watt's _Bibliotheca Britannica_.

+ A long account of Mr. Papin is given in Rose's as well as in
Chalmers's _Biographical Dictionary_.

++ Sir George Treby was Chief Justice of Common Pleas in 1697.

§ Bishop Trelawney, it appears, suspended Dr. Arthur Bury from the
rectorship of Exeter College for some heterodox notions in his work,
_The Naked Gospel_. The affair was carried by appeal from the King's
Bench to the House of Lords, when Bishop Stillingfleet delivered a
speech on the "Case of Visitation of Colleges," printed in his
_Ecclesiastical Cases_, part ii. p. 411. Wood states that Dr. Bury was
soon after restored. For an account of this controversy, and the works
relating to it, see Gough's _British Topography_, vol. ii. p. 147., and
Wood's _Athenæ_ (Bliss), vol. iv. p. 483.

Any farther communications on the above Queries shall be forwarded to
the correspondent.]

_Prester John._--I should be glad, through the medium of "N. & Q.," to be favoured with some information relative to this mysterious personage.

STRATH CLYDE.

[The history of Prester John, or of the individuals bearing that
appellation, appears involved in considerable confusion and obscurity.
Most of our Encyclopædias contain notices of this mysterious personage,
especially Rees's, and Collier's _Great Historical Dictionary_. "The
fame of _Prester_ or _Presbyter_ John," says Gibbon, "a khan, whose
power was vainly magnified by the Nestorian missionaries, and who is
said to have received at their hands the rite of baptism, and even of
ordination, has long amused the credulity of Europe. In its long
progress to Mosul, Jerusalem, Rome, &c., the story of Prester John
evaporated into a monstrous fable, of which some features have been
borrowed from the Lama of Thibet (_Hist. Généaologique des Tartares_,
part ii. p. 42.; _Hist. de Gengiscan_, p. 31. &c.), and were ignorantly
transferred by the Portuguese to the emperor of Abyssinia (Ludolph.
_Hist. Æthop. Comment._ l. ii. c. 1.). Yet is is probable that, in the
twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Nestorian Christianity was professed
in the horde of the Keraites."]

_Homer's Iliad in a Nut._--On the tomb of those celebrated gardeners, Tradescant father and son, these lines occur in the course of the inscription:

"Whilst they (as Homer's Iliad in a nut),
A World of Wonders in one closet shut."

Will you explain the comparison implied in the words "as Homer's Iliad in a nut?"

DAVID.

[It refers to the account given by Pliny, vii. 21., that the _Iliad_
was copied in so small a hand, that the whole work could lie in a
walnut-shell: "In nuce inclusam Iliada Homeri carmen, in membrana
scriptum tradidit Cicero." Pliny's authority is Cicero _apvd Gellium_,
ix. 421. See M. Huet's account of a similar experiment in _Gentleman's
Magazine_, vol. xxxix. p. 347.]

_Monogram of Parker Society._--What is the meaning of the monogram adopted by the Parker Society on all their publications?

TYRO.

[The monogram is "MATTHEW PARKER," Archbishop of Canterbury in the
reign of Queen Elizabeth.]

_The Five Alls._--Can any of your readers give me an interpretation of a sign on an inn in Oxford, which bears this inscription?

"THE FIVE ALLS."

I can make nothing of it.

CURIOSUS.

Oxford.

[Captain Grose shall interpret this Query. He says, "The Five Alls is a
country sign, representing five human figures, each having a motto. The
first is a king in his regalia, 'I govern all.' The second, a {503}
bishop in pontificals, 'I pray for all.' Third, a lawyer in his gown,
'I plead for all.' Fourth, a soldier in his regimentals, 'I fight for
all.' Fifth, a poor countryman with his scythe and rake, 'I _pay_ for
all!'"]

_Corvizer._--In a deed of the middle of the last century, I find this addition to the name of a person residing at Conway. The word is similarly employed in a list of interments of some "common people," contained in Browne Willis's account of Bangor Cathedral. What does it mean, and whence is it derived?

H. B.

Bangor.

[An obsolete word for a cordwainer or shoemaker. See Ash's
_Dictionary._]

* * * * *

Replies.

ENGLISH COMEDIANS IN GERMANY.

(Vol. ii., pp. 184. 459.; Vol. iii., p. 21.; Vol. vii., pp. 114. 360.)

In 1605 the English comedians first appeared in Prussia. In October they performed before the Duchess Maria Eleonora at Koningsberg, for which they were well paid; they then proceeded to Elbing, whence they were dismissed with twenty thalers, since they produced scandalous things ("weil sie schandbare Dinge fürgebracht"). In 1607, they were again sent away, after they had performed the preceding year at Rostock. Some time after, the Elector of Brandenburg, Joh. Sigismund, employed a certain noble, Hans von Stockfisch, to obtain a theatrical company from England and the Netherlands. A troop of nineteen comedians, under the direction of John Spencer, came with sixteen musicians to add lustre to the electoral feasts. In 1611, they received 720 marks, as well as many hundred ells of various stuffs for costumes and decorations; of which great quantities were used in 1612. Many a time was it necessary to ransom them at great cost from inns and lodging-houses; so that the prince, in 1613, resolved to rid himself of these dear guests, and gave them a recommendation to the Elector of Saxony. In 1616 we find them in Dantzic, where they gave eight representations; and two years later, the Electress of Brandenburg, through Hans von Stockfisch, procured eighteen comedians, who performed at Elbing, Koningsberg, and other places, and were paid for their trouble ("für ihre gehabte Mühe eins für alles") 200 Polish guilders.

In 1639, English comedians are again found in Koningsberg; and, for the last time, in 1650, at Vienna, where William Roe, John Waide, Gideon, Gellius, and Robert Casse, obtained a license from Ferdinand I.

In 1620 appeared a volume of _Englische Comedien und Tragedien, &c._ (2nd edit., 1624), which was followed by a second; and in 1670 by a third: in which last, however, the English element is not so prominent.

These statements of Dr. Hagen are confirmed by numerous quotations from original documents, published by him in the _Neue Preuss. Provincial Blätter_, Koningsb., 1850, vol. x.; vid. et _Gesch. der Deuts. Schauspielk._, by E. Devrient, Leipzic, 1848. Professor Hagen maintains, that in the beginning of the seventeenth century, the English comedies were performed in Dutch; and that, in Germany, the same persons were called indifferently English or Dutch comedians. They were Englishmen who had found shelter under the English trading companies in the Netherlands ("Es waren Engländer die in den englischen Handelscompagnien in den Niederlanden ein Unterkommen gefunden.")--From the _Navorscher_.

J. M.

* * * * *

A GENTLEMAN EXECUTED FOR WHIPPING A SLAVE TO DEATH.

(Vol. vii., p. 107.)

The occurrence noticed by W. W. is, I believe, the only instance on record in the West Indies of the _actual_ execution of a gentleman for the murder, by whipping or otherwise, of a slave. Nor is this strange. In the days of slavery every owner of slaves was regarded in the light of a gentleman, and his "right to do what he liked with his own" was seldom called in question by judges or juries, who were themselves among the principal shareholders. The case of Hodge was, however, of an aggravated character. For the trivial offence of stealing a mango, he had caused one of his slaves to be whipped to death; and this was, perhaps, the least shocking of the repeated acts of cruelty which he was known to have committed upon the slaves of his estate.

During slavery each colony had its Hodge, and some had more than one. The most conspicuous character of this kind in St. Lucia was _Jacques O'Neill de Tyrone_, a gentleman who belonged to an Irish family, originally settled in Martinique, and who boasted of his descent from one of the ancient kings of Ireland. This man had long been notorious for his cruelty to his slaves. At last, on the surrender of the colony to the British in 1803, the attention of the authorities was awakened; a charge of murder was brought against him, and he was sentenced to death. From this sentence he appealed to a higher court; but such was the state of public feeling at the bare idea of putting a white man to death for any offence against a slave, that for a long time the members of the court could not be induced to meet; and when they did meet, it was only to reverse the sentence of the court below. I have now before me the proceedings of both courts. {504} The sentence of the inferior court, presided over by an European judge, is based upon the clearest evidence of O'Neill's having caused two of his slaves to be murdered in his presence, and their heads cut off and stuck upon poles as a warning to the others. The sentence of the Court of Appeal, presided over by a brother planter, and entirely composed of planters, reverses the sentence, without assigning any reason for its decision, beyond the mere allegations of the accused party. Such was criminal justice in the days of slavery!

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia.

* * * * *

LONGEVITY.

(Vol. vii., p. 358., &c.)

On looking over some volumes of the _Annual Register_, from its commencement in 1758, I find instances of longevity very common, if we can credit its reports. In vol. iv., for the year 1761, amongst the deaths, of which there are many between 100 and 110, the following occur:

January. "At Philadelphia, Mr. Charles Cottrell, aged 120 years; and
three days after, his wife, aged 115. This couple lived together in the
marriage state 98 years in great union and harmony."

April. "Mrs. Gillam, of Aldersgate Street, aged 113."

July. "John Newell, Esq., at Michael(s)town, Ireland, aged 127,
grandson to old Parr, who died at the age of 152."

August. "James Carlewhite, of Seatown, in Scotland, aged 111.

"John Lyon, of Bandon, in the county of Cork, Ireland, aged 116."

In September there are three aged 106; one 107; one 111; one 112; and one 114 registered. I will take three from the year 1768, viz.:

January. "Died lately in the Isle of Sky, in Scotland, Mr. Donald
M^cGregor, a farmer there, in the 117th year of his age.

"Last week, died at Burythorpe, near Malton in Yorkshire, Francis
Confit, aged 150 years: he was maintained by the parish above sixty
years, and retained his senses to the very last."

April. "Near Ennis, Joan M^cDonough, aged 138 years."

Should sufficient interest attach to this subject, and any of the correspondents of "N. & Q." wish it, I will be very happy to contribute my mite, and make out a list of all the deaths above 120 years, or even 110, from the commencement of the _Annual Register_, but am afraid it will be found rather long.

J. S. A.

Old Broad Street.

A few years ago there lived in New Ross, in the county of Wexford, two old men. The one, a slater named Furlong, a person of very intemperate habits, died an inmate of the poorhouse in his 101st year: he was able to take long walks up to a very short period before his death; and I have heard that he, his son, and grandson, have been all together on a roof slating at the same time. The other man was a nurseryman named Hayden, who died in his 108th year: his memory was very good as to events that happened in his youth, and his limbs, though shrunk up considerably, served him well. He was also in the frequent habit of taking long walks not long before his death.

J. W. D.

* * * * *

DERIVATION OF CANADA.

(Vol. vii., p. 380.)

The derivation given in the "cutting from an old newspaper," contributed by MR. BREEN, seems little better than that of Dr. Douglas, who derives the name from a _M. Cane_, to whom he attributes the honour of being the discoverer of the St. Lawrence.

In the first place, the "cutting" is not correct, in so far as Gaspar Cortereal never ascended the river, having merely entered the gulf, to which the name of St. Lawrence was afterwards given by Jacques Carter. Neither was the main object of the expedition the discovery of a passage into the Indian Sea, but the discovery of gold; and it was the disappointment of the adventurers in not finding the precious metal which is supposed to have caused them to exclaim "Aca nada!" (Nothing here).

The author of the _Conquest of Canada_, in the first chapter of that valuable work, says that "an ancient Castilian tradition existed, that the Spaniards visited these coasts before the French,"--to which tradition probably this supposititious derivation owes its origin.

Hennepin, who likewise assigns to the Spaniards priority of discovery, asserts that they called the land _El Capo di Nada_ (Cape Nothing) for the same reason.

But the derivation given by Charlevoix, in his _Nouvelle France_, should set all doubt upon the point at rest; _Cannáda_ signifying, in the Iroquois language, a number of huts (_un amas de cabanes_), or a village. The name came to be applied to the whole country in this manner:--The natives being asked what they called the first settlement at which Cartier and his companions arrived, answered, "Cannáda;" not meaning the particular appellation of the place, which was Stadacóna (the modern Quebec), but simply a village. In like manner, they applied the same word to Hochelága (Montreal) and to other places; whence the Europeans, hearing every locality designated by the same term, _Cannáda_, very naturally applied it to the entire valley of the St. Lawrence. It may not here be out of place to notice, that with respect to the derivation of _Quebec_, the weight of evidence {505} would likewise seem to be favourable to an aboriginal source, as Champlain speaks of "la pointe de Québec, ainsi appellée des sauvages;" not satisfied with which, some writers assert that the far-famed city was named after Candebec, a town on the Seine; while others say that the Norman navigators, on perceiving the lofty headland, exclaimed "Quel bec!" of which they believe the present name to be a corruption. Dissenting from all other authorities upon the subject, Mr. Hawkins, the editor of a local guide-book called _The Picture of Quebec_, traces the name to an European source, which he considers to be conclusive, owing to the existence of a seal bearing date 7 Henry V. (1420), and on which the Earl of Suffolk is styled "Domine de Hamburg et de Québec."

ROBERT WRIGHT.

* * * * *

SETANTIORUM PORTUS.

(Vol. vii., pp. 180. 246.)

Although the positions assigned by Camden to the ancient names of the various estuaries on the coasts of Lancashire and Cumberland are very much at variance with those laid down by more modern geographers; still, with regard to the particular locality assigned by him to the _Setantiorum Portus_, he has made a suggestion which seems worthy the attention of your able correspondent C.

His position for _Morecambe Bay_ is a small inlet to the south of the entrance of _Solway Firth_, into which the rivers _Waver_ and _Wampool_ empty themselves, and on which stands "the abbey of _Ulme_, or _Holme Cultraine_." He derives the name from the British, as signifying a "crooked sea," which doubtless is correct; we have _Môr taweh_, the main sea; _Morudd_, the Red Sea; and _Môr camm_ may be supposed to indicate a bay much indented with inlets. It is needless to say that the present _Morecambe Bay_ answers this description far more accurately than that in the Solway Firth. _Belisama Æstuarium_ he assigns to the mouth of the Ribble, and is obliged to allot _Setantiorum Portus_ to the remaining estuary, now called Morecambe Bay. However, he seems not quite satisfied with this last arrangement, and suggests that it would be more appropriate if we might read, as is found in some copies, _Setantiorum_ [Greek: limnê], instead of [Greek: limên], thus assigning the name of Setantii to the inhabitants of the _lake district_.

The old editions of Ptolemy, both Greek and Latin, are very incorrect, and, there is little doubt, have suffered from alterations and interpolations at the hands of ignorant persons. I have not access at present to any edition of his geography, either of Erasmus, Servetus, or Bertius, so I know not whether any weight should be allowed to the following circumstance; in the _Britannia Romana_, in Gibson's _Camden_, this is almost the only _Portus_ to be found round the coast of England. The terms there used are (with one more exception) invariably _æstuarium_, or _fluvii ostium_. If this variation in the old reading be accepted, the appellation as given by Montanus, Bertius, and others, to _Winandermere_, becomes more intelligible.

H. C. K.

---- Rectory, Hereford.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

_Stereoscopic Queries._--Can any of your readers inform me what are the proper angles under which stereoscopic pictures should be taken?

Mr. Beard, I am informed, takes his stereoscopic portraits at about 6½°, or 1 in 9; that is to say, his cameras are placed 1 inch apart for every 9 inches the sitter is removed from them. The distance of the sitter with him is generally, I believe, 8 feet, which would give 10-2/3 inches for the extent of the separation between his cameras. More than this has the effect, he says, of making the pictures appear to stand out unnaturally; that is to say, if the cameras were to be placed 12 inches apart (which would be equal to 1 in 8), the pictures would seem to be in greater relief than the objects.

I find that the pictures on a French stereoscopic slide I have by me have been taken at an angle of 10°, or 1 in 6. This was evidently photographed at a considerable distance, the triumphal arch in the Place de Carousel (of which it is a representation) being reduced to about 1¼ inch in height. How comes it then that the angle is here increased to 10° from 6½°, or to 1 in 6 from 1 in 9.

Moreover, the only work I have been able to obtain on the mode of taking stereoscopic pictures, lays it down that all portraits, or near objects, should be taken under an angle of 15°, or, as it says, 1 in 5; that is, if the camera is 20 feet from the sitter, the distance between its first and second position (supposing only one to be used) should not exceed 4 feet: otherwise, adds the author, "the stereosity will appear unnaturally great."

When two cameras are employed, the instructions proceed to state that the distance between them would be about 1/10th of the distance from the part of the object focussed. The example given is a group of portraits, and the angle, 1 in 10, is afterwards spoken of as being equivalent to an arc of 10°.

Farther on, we are told that "the angle should be lessened as the distance between the nearest and farthest objects increase. Example: if the farthest object be twice as far from the camera as the near object, the angle should be 5° to a central point between these two.

Now, I find by calculation that the measurements and the angle here mentioned by no means {506} agree. For instance, an angle of 15° is spoken of as being equivalent to the measurement 1 in 5. An angle of 10° is said, or implied, to be the same as 1 in 10. This is far from being the fact. According to my calculations, the following are the real equivalents:--

An angle of 15° is equal to 1 in 4.
" 12° " 1 in 5.
" 10° " 1 in 6.
" 6½° " 1 in 9.
" 6° " 1 in 10.
" 5° " 1 in 12.
" 4° " 1 in 15.

Will any of your readers oblige me by solving the above anomalies, and by giving the proper angles or measurement under which objects should be taken when near, moderately distant, or far removed from the camera; stating, at the same time, at how many feet from the camera an object is to be considered as near, or distant, or between the two? It would be a great assistance to beginners in the stereoscopic art, if some experienced gentleman would state the best distances and angles for taking busts, portraits, groups, buildings, and landscapes.

It is said that stereoscopic pictures at great distances, such as views, should be taken "with a small aperture." But as the exact dimensions are not mentioned, it would be equally serviceable if, to the other details, were added some account of the dimensions of the apertures required for the several angles.

In the directions given in the work from which I have quoted, it is said that when pictures are taken with one camera placed in different positions, the angle should be 15°; but when taken with two cameras, the angle should be 10°. Is this right? And, if so, why the difference?

In the account given by you of Mr. Wilkinson's ingenious mode of levelling the cameras for stereoscopic pictures, it is said the plumb-line should be three feet long, and that the diagonal lines drawn on the ground glass should be made to cut the principal object focussed on the glass; and "when you have moved it, the camera, 8 _or_ 10 feet, make it cut the same object again." At what distance is the object presumed to be?

Any information upon the above matters will be a great service, and consequently no slight favour conferred upon your constant reader since the photographic correspondence has been commenced.

[phi].

_Photographic Portraits of Criminals, &c._--Such experience as I have had both in drawing portraits and taking photographs, impels me to hint to the authorities of Scotland Yard that they will by no means find taking the portraits of gentlemen that are "wanted" infallible, and I anticipate some unpleasant mistakes will ere long arise. I have observed that inability to recognize a portrait is as frequent in the case of photographs as on canvass, or in any other way. I defy the whole world of artists to reduce the why and wherefore into a reasonable shape; one will declare that "either" looks as if the individual was going to cry; the next critic will say he sees nothing but a pleasant smile. "I should never have known who it is if you hadn't told me," says a third; the next says "it's his eyes, but not his nose;" and perhaps the next will say, "it's his nose, but not his eyes."

I was present not long since at the showing a portrait, which I think about the climax of doubt. "Not a bit like," was the first exclamation. The poor artist sank into his chair; after, however, a brief contemplation, "It's very like, _in-deed_; it's excellent:" this was said by a gentleman of the highest attainments, and one of the best poets of the day.

Some persons (I beg pardon of the ladies) take the habiliments as the standard of recognition. I do not accuse them of doing it wilfully; they do not know it themselves. For example, Miss Smith will know Miss Jones a mile or so off. By her general air, or her face? Oh no! It's by the bonnet she helped her to choose at Madame What-d'ye-call's, because the colour suited he complexion.

These are some of the mortifications attendant on artistic labour, and if they occur with the educated classes, they are more likely to happen even to "intelligent policemen," as the newspaper have it. If I dissent from the plan it is because I doubt its efficiency, but do not deny that it is worth a trial. If the French like to carry their portraits about with them on their passports to show to policemen, let them submit to the humiliation. I doubt very much whether the Chamber of Deputies would have made a law of it: it appears a new idea in jurisprudence that a man _must_ sit for his picture. Any one, however, understanding the camera, would be alive before the removal of the cup of the lens, and be ready with a wry face; I do not suppose he could be imprisoned for _that_.

Both plans are miserable travesties on the lovely uses of portrait painting and photography. Side by side with Cowper's passionate address to his mother's picture, how does it look?

"Oh, that those lips had language! Life has pass'd
With me but roughly since I saw thee last."

And,

"Blest be the art that can immortalise."

If photography has an advantage over canvas, it does indeed immortalise (the painting may imitate, and the portrait may be good; but there is something more profoundly affecting in having the actual, the real shade of a friend perhaps long {507} since in his grave); and we ought not only to be grateful to the illustrious inventors of the art, but prevent these base uses being made of it.

In short, apart from the uncertainty of recognition, which I have not in the least caricatured, if Giles Scroggins, housebreaker and coiner, and all the swell mob, are to be photographed, it will bring the art into disgrace, and people's friends will inquire delicately where it was done, when they show their lively effigies. It may also mislead by a sharp rogue's adroitness; and I question very much its legality.

WELD TAYLOR.

_Photography applied to Catalogues of Books._--May not photography be usefully applied to the making of catalogues of large libraries? It would seem no difficult matter to obtain any number of photographs, of any required size, of the title-page of any book. Suppose the plan adopted, that five photographs of each were taken; they may be arranged in five catalogues, as follows:--Era, subject, country, author, title. These being arranged alphabetically, would form five catalogues of a library probably sufficient to meet the wants of all. Any number of additional divisions may be added. By adopting a fixed breadth--say three inches--for the photographs, to be pasted in double columns in folio, interchanges may take place of those unerring slips, and thus librarians aid each other. I throw out this crude idea, in the hope that photographers and librarians may combine to carry it out.

ALBERT BLOR, LL.D.

Dublin.

_Application of Photography to the Microscope._--May I request the re-insertion of the photographic Query of R. J. F. in Vol. vi., p. 612., as I cannot find that it has received an answer, viz., What extra apparatus is required to a first-rate microscope in order to obtain photographic microscopic pictures?

J.

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

_Discovery at Nuneham Regis_ (Vol. vi., p. 558.).--May the decapitated body, found in juxta-position with other members of the Chichester family, not be that of Sir John Chichester the Younger, mentioned in Burke's _Peerage and Baronetage_, under the head "Chichester, Sir Arthur, of Raleigh, co. Devon," as being that fourth son of Sir John Chichester, Knt., M.P. for the co. Devon, who was Governor of Carrickfergus, and lost his life "by decapitation," after falling into the hands of James Macsorley Macdonnel, Earl of Antrim?

The removal of the body from Ireland to the resting-place of other members of the family would not be a very improbable event, and quite consistent with the natural affection of relatives, under such mournful circumstances.

J. H. T.

_Eulenspiegel, or Howleglas_ (Vol. vii., pp. 357. 416.).--Permit me to acquaint your correspondent that among the many singular and curious books which formed the library of that talented antiquary the late Charles Kirkpatrick Sharp, and which were sold here by auction some time ago, there was a small 12mo. volume containing _French translations_, with rude woodcuts, of--

1. "La Vie joyeuse et recreative de Tiel-Ullespiegle, de ses Faits
merveilleux et Fortunes qu'il a eues; lequel par aucune Ruse ne se
laissa pas tromper. A Troyes, chez Garner, 1838."

2. "Histoire de Richard Sans Peur, Duc de Normandie, Fils de Robert le
Diable, &c. A Troyes, chez Oudot, 1745."

T. G. S.

Edinburgh.

_Parochial Libraries_ (Vol. vi., p. 432.; Vol. vii., pp. 193. 369. 438.).--

"In the year 1635, upon the request of the Rev. Anthony Tuckney, Vicar
of Boston, it was ordained by the Archbishop of Canterbury (Laud), then
on his metropolitical visitation at Boston, 'that the roome over the
porch of the saide churche shall be repaired and decently fitted up to
make a librarye, to the end that, in case any well and charitably
disposed person shall hereafter bestow any books to the use of the
parish, they may be there safely preserved and kept.'"

This library at present contains several hundred volumes of ancient (patristic, scholastic, and post-Reformation) divinity.

I hope to be able ere long to make a correct catalogue of the books at present remaining, and at the same time make an attempt to restore them to that decent "keeping" in which the great and good archbishop desired they might remain.

Query: In making preparations for the catalogue, I have been informed by a gentleman that he remembers two or more _cart loads_ of books from this library being sold by the churchwardens, and, as he believes, by the then archdeacon's orders, at waste paper price; that the bulk of them was purchased by a bookseller then resident in Boston, and re-sold by him to a clergyman in the neighbourhood of Silsby.

1. What was the date of the sale?

2. The name of the _Venerable_ Archdeacon who perpetrated this robbery?

3. Whether there are any legal means for recovering the missing works?

My extracts are from Thompson's _History of Boston_, a correspondent of yours, a new edition of whose laborious work is about to appear.

THOMAS COLLIS.

Boston.

_Painter--Derrick_ (Vol. vii., pp. 178. 391.).--I cannot agree with J. S. C. that _painter_ is a corruption of _punter_, from the Saxon _punt_, a boat. {508} According to the construction and analogy of our language, a _punter_ or _boater_ would be the person who worked or managed the boat. I consider that _painter_--like _halter_ and _tether_, derived from Gothic words signifying to _hold_ and to _tie_--is a corruption of _bynder_, from the Saxon _bynd_, to bind. If the Anglo-Norman word _panter_, a snare for catching and holding birds, be a corruption of _bynder_, we are brought to the word at once. Or, indeed, we may go no farther back than _panter_.

J. C. G. says that _derrick_ is an ancient British word: perhaps he will be kind enough to let us know its signification. I always understood that a _derrick_ took its name from _Derrick_, the notorious executioner at Tyburn, in the early part of the seventeenth century, whose name was long a general term for hangman. In merchant ships, the _derrick_, for hoisting up goods, is always placed at the hatchway, close by the _gallows_. The _derrick_, however, is not a nautical appliance alone; it has been long used to raise stones at buildings; but the crane, and that excellent invention the handy-paddy, has now almost put it out of employment. What will philologists, two or three centuries hence, make out of the word _handy-paddy_, which is universally used by workmen to designate the powerful winch, traversing on temporary rails, employed to raise heavy weights at large buildings. For the benefit of posterity, I may say that it is very _handy_ for the masons, and almost invariably worked by Irishmen.

As a collateral evidence to my opinion, that _painter_ is derived from the Saxon _bynder_, through the Anglo-Norman _panter_, and that _derrick_ is from _Derrick_ the hangman, I may add that these words are unknown in the nautical technology of any other language.

W. PINKERTON.

Ham.

_Pepys's "Morena"_ (Vol. vii., p. 118.).--MR. WARDEN may like to be informed that his conjecture about the meaning of this word is fully confirmed by the following passage in the _Diary_, 6th October, 1661, which has hitherto unaccountably escaped observation:

"There was also my _pretty black girl_, Mrs. Dekins and Mrs. Margaret
Pen this day come to church."

BRAYBROOKE.

_Pylades and Corinna_ (Vol. vii., p. 305.).--If your correspondent's question have reference to the two volumes in octavo published under this title in 1731, assuredly Defoe had nothing to do with them, as must be evident to any one on the most cursory glance. The volumes contain memoirs of Mrs. Elizabeth Thomas, on whom Dryden conferred the poetical title of Corinna, and the letters which passed between her and Richard Gwinnett, her intended husband. A biography of this lady, neither whose life nor poetry were of the best, may be found in Chalmers's _Biog. Dict._, vol. xxix. p. 281., and a farther one in Cibber's _Lives_, vol. iv. The _Dunciad_, and her part in the publication of Pope's early correspondence, have given her an unhappy notoriety. I must say, however, that, notwithstanding his provocation, I cannot but think that he treated this poor woman ungenerously.

JAMES CROSSLEY.

_Judge Smith_ (Vol. vii., p. 463.).--I must confess my ignorance of any Judge Smith flourishing in the reign of Elizabeth. I know of only three judges of that name.

1. John Smith, a Baron of the Exchequer during the last seven years of the reign of Henry VIII. From him descended the Lords Carrington of Wotton Waven, in Warwickshire, a title which became extinct in 1705.

2. John Smith, who was also a Baron of the Exchequer in the reign of Anne. He became Chief Baron of the Exchequer in Scotland in 1708, and died in 1726. He endowed a hospital for poor widows at Frolesworth in Leicestershire.

3. Sidney Stafford Smythe, likewise a Baron of the Exchequer under George II. and III., and Chief Baron in the latter reign. He was of the same family as that of the present Viscount Strangford.

If Z. E. R. would be good enough to send a copy of the inscription on the monument in Chesterfield Church, and give some particulars of the family seated at Winston Hall, the difficulty will probably be removed.

EDWARD FOSS.

_Grindle_ (Vol. vii., pp. 107. 307. 384.).--As one at least of the readers of "N. & Q." living near _Grindle_ (Greendale is modern), allow me to say that from the little I know of the places, they appear to me "to possess no traces of those natural features which would justify the demoniacal derivation proposed by I. E." However, as my judgment may be of little worth, if "I. E. of Oxford" should ever migrate into these parts, and will favour me with a call, with credentials of being the veritable I. E. of "N. & Q.," I shall have much pleasure in assisting him to examine for himself all the local knowledge which a short walk to the spots may enable him to acquire.

H. T. ELLACOMBE.

Rectory, Clyst St. George.

_Simile of the Soul and the Magnetic Needle_ (Vol. vi., pp. 127. 207. 280. 368. 566.).--Dr. Arnold, with more religion than science, thus employs this simile:

"Men get embarrassed by the common cases of misguided conscience; but a
compass may be out of order as well as a conscience, and the needle may
point due south if you hold a powerful magnet in that direction. Still
the compass, generally speaking, is a true and sure guide, and so is
the conscience; and you {509} can trace the deranging influence on the
latter quite as surely as on the former."--_Life and Correspondence_,
2nd ed. p. 390.