Chapter C: I. R

_Who first thought of Table-turning?_--Whilst the people are amusing themselves, and the learned are puzzling themselves, on the subject of table-turning, would you have any objection to answer the following Query?

Who first thought of table-turning? and whence has it suddenly risen to celebrity?

J. G. T.

Hagley.

_College Guide._--Will some of your correspondents kindly inform a father, who is looking forward to his boys going to college, in what work he will find the fullest particulars respecting scholarships and exhibitions at the different colleges in both universities? Querist is in possession of Gilbert's _Liber Scholasticus_ (1843), the _Family Almanack_ for 1852, and, of course, the _University Calendars_.

S. S. S.

* * * * *

Minor Queries with Answers.

_Done Pedigree._--A very old MS. pedigree of the family of Done of Utkington, in the county before me, connects with that family no less than twenty-three Cheshire families of distinction, viz. Cholmondeley, Egerton, Wilbraham, Booth, Arden, Leicester, and seventeen others. Now, as it appears by your note on the communication of a correspondent (Vol. vi., p. 273.), that there exists a pedigree of the family of Done, of Utkington, in the British Museum, Additional MS. No. 5836. pp. 180. and 186., perhaps you will be good enough to say whether that pedigree discloses the extensive Cheshire family connexion with the Done family above noticed.

T. W. JONES.

Nantwich.

[The following families connected with Done of Utkington occur in the
pedigree (Add. MS. 5836. p. 186.) "Richard de Kingsley, A.D. 1233;
Venables, Swinerton, Peter de Thornton, Lord Audley, Dutton, Aston,
Gerrard, Wilbraham, Manwaring, Eliz. Trafford, widow of Geo. Booth of
Dunham, Ralph Legh of High Legh, Davenport Thomas Stanley de Alderley,
Thomas Wagstaff of Tachbroke, and Devereux Knightley of Fawsley." This
pedigree was copied by Cole from an old MS. book of pedigrees formerly
belonging to Sir John Crew. See also Ormerod's _Cheshire_, vol. ii. p.
133., for a pedigree of Done of Utkington, Flax-Yards, and Duddon,
compiled from inquisitions _post mortem_, the parochial registers, and
the Visitations of 1580 and 1664.]

_Scotch Newspapers, &c._--What are the earliest publications of Scotland giving an account of the current events of that kingdom?

T. F.

[_The Edinburgh Gazette, or Scotch Postman_, printed by Robert Brown on
Tuesdays and Thursdays, appears to have been the earliest gazette. The
first Number was published in March, 1715. This was followed by _The
Edinburgh Evening Courant_, published on Mondays, Tuesdays, and
Thursdays. No. 1. appeared on the 15th December, 1718, and has existed
to the present time. There was another paper issued on May 8, 1692,
called _The Scotch Mercury_, giving a true account of the daily
proceedings and most remarkable public occurrences in Scotland; but
this seems to have been printed in London for R. Baldwin. The earliest
_Almanack_ published in Scotland was in 1677, by Mr. Forbes of
Aberdeen, under the title of _A New Prognostication, calculated for
North Britain_, and which was continued until the year 1700.]

_Dictum de Kenilworth._--Said to have passed anno 1266. What was the nature of it?

ABREDONENSIS.

[It is a declaration of the parliament of Henry III., containing the
terms on which the king was to grant a general pardon to the
malcontents of Ely, namely, that all who took arms against the king
should pay him the value of their lands, some for five years, others
for three and for one. A copy of it is in the Cottonian Library,
Claudius, D. ii., 119. b., and in Tyrrel's _Hist. of England_, p.
1064.]

_Dr. Harwood._--Can you tell me in what year the Rev. Dr. Harwood of Lichfield, author of a History of that city, and other works, died? I {58} believe it was about 1849; but I have not been able to ascertain the exact date.

A. Z.

[Dr. Harwood died 23rd December, 1842, aged 75. For a biographical
notice of him, see _Gent. Mag._ for February, 1843, p. 202.]

* * * * *

Replies.

NAMES OF PLACES.

(Vol. vii., p. 536.)

I have been travelling so much about in the country since I left England, that I have not always the opportunity of seeing your "N. & Q." until long after the publication of the different Numbers. I have in this way seen some Queries put to me about matters connected with the history of the Danish settlements in England. But as I have had no particular information to give, I have not thought it worth while to write to say that I know nothing of any great consequence.

Just when I left Copenhagen, some days ago, a friend of mine showed me that MR. TAYLOR, of Ormesby in Norfolk, asked some questions regarding the Danish names of places in Norfolk.

In answer to them I beg to state, that all the names terminating in _-by_ unquestionably are of Danish origin. MR. TAYLOR is perfectly right in supposing that several of these names of places contain the names of the old Danish conquerors. But I do not think that Ormesby originally has been Gormsby. Gorm certainly is the same as Guthrum; but both of these names are distinctly different from the name "Orme" or "Orm," which, in our old language, signifies a serpent, and also a worm. (The famous ship, on board of which King Olaf Tryggveson was killed in the year 1000, was called "Ormen hin lange," _i.e._ the long serpent.) I have observed that several English families (undoubtedly of old Scandinavian descent) at this day have the family-name "Orm" or "Orme."

Among the other names of places quoted by MR. TAYLOR, Rollesby most probably must be derived from the name "Rollo" or "Rolf;" but I regard the origin of the other names as being much more doubtful. If we had the original forms of these names, it might have been easier to decide upon it. As the names are now, I do not see anything purely Scandinavian in them, except the termination _-by_. It is not at all unlikely that the name Ashby or Askeby might have been called so from "Ash-trees" (Danish "Ask eller Esk"), but I dare not venture into conjectures of this kind.

I should be very happy if I in any other way could be of any service to MR. TAYLOR in his researches about the Danish settlements in East Anglia. His remarks upon the situation of the villages with Danish names are most interesting and instructive. I always sincerely wish that inhabitants of the different old Danish districts in the North and East of England would, in the same way, take up the question about the Danish influence, as I feel fully convinced that very remarkable and important elucidations might be gained to the history of England during a long and hitherto very little known period.

J. J. A. WORSAAE.

* * * * *

CLEANING OLD OAK.

(Vol. vii., p. 620.; Vol. viii., p. 45.)

Having been so frequently benefited by the instruction, especially photographic, issuing from your most useful periodical, I feel myself almost bound to contribute my mite of information whenever I may chance to have the power of doing so; consequently, should you not get a better method of assisting MR. F. M. MIDDLETON out of his difficulty of softening old paint, as describe in the "N. & Q.," No. 191., I beg to offer him the following, and from experience I can vouch for its certainty of leading him to the desired result.

Some years since, having had occasion to enter a lumber-room of an old building, I was struck with the antiquated appearance of an arm-chair, which had, in days long gone by, been daubed over with a dirty bluish paint. Finding, on inquiry, that its owner set no particular value on it, I met with but little difficulty in inducing him to make an exchange with me for a good mahogany one. Soon after its being brought into my house, one of my domestics discovered that it positively swarmed with a species of lice, issuing from innumerable minute worm-holes and crevices, which of course rendered it in its present state worse than useless. Determined not to be deprived of my prize, I resolved on attempting to rid it of this troublesome pest by washing it over with a strong solution of caustic soda, made by mixing some quick-lime with a very strong solution of the common washing soda (impure carbonate of soda), and pouring off the clear supernatant liquid for use. This proceeding, much to my satisfaction, not only succeeded in entirely getting rid of the vermin, but on my servant's scrubbing the chair with a hard brush and hot soap and water, I found that the caustic soda had formed a kind of soap, by chemically uniting with the oil contained in the old paint, thereby reducing it to such a state of softness, that by a few vigorous applications and soakings of the above-named solution, and subsequent scrubbings, my new favourite was also freed from its ugly time-worn jacket of dirty paint, discovering underneath a beautifully carved and darkly coloured oaken surface.

After being perfectly dried and saturated with linseed oil, it was frequently well rubbed, and the {59} chair stands to this day, like some of the valuable discoveries made by the alchemists when in search of the Elixir Vitae, or the Philosopher's Stone, an example of a fortunate and unexpected disclosure made when not directly in search of it. I have since learnt that a fluid possessing the above-named detergent qualities, is to be purchased at some of the oil and colour shops, the formula for its preparation being kept a secret.

HENRY HERBERT HELE.

Ashburton, Devonshire.

P. S.--In making the solution on a caustic alkali, perhaps I should have said that the common carbonate of potass of commerce will do as well as the common carbonate of soda, if not better, from the probability of its making a stronger solution.

The following recipe for taking paint off old oak is from No. 151. of _The Builder_:

"Make a strong solution of American potash (which can be bought at any
colour-shop, and resembles burnt brick in appearance); mix this with
sawdust into a kind of paste, and spread it all over the paint, which
will become softened in a few hours, and is then easily removed by
washing with cold water. If, after the wood has dried, it becomes
cracked, apply a solution of hot size with a brush, which will bind it
well together and make it better for varnishing, as well as destroy the
beetle which is often met with in old oak, and is erroneously called
the worm."

The following is also from the same Number:

"To make dark oak pale in colour, which is sometimes a desideratum,
apply with a brush a little dilute nitric acid judiciously; and to
stain light oak dark, use the dregs of black ink and burnt amber mixed.
It is better to try these plans on oak of little value at first, as, to
make a good job, requires care, practice, and attention."

H. C. K.

F. M. MIDDLETON will find that American potash, soft soap, and warm water, will remove paint from oak. The mixture should be applied with a paint-brush, and allowed to remain on until the paint and it can be removed by washing with warm water and a hard brush.

GETSRN.

* * * * *

BURIAL IN AN ERECT POSTURE.

(Vol. viii., p. 5.)

Your correspondent CHEVERELLS refers to the "tradition" of one of the Harcourt family being buried in an erect posture, and asks, "Is the probability of this being the case supported by any, and what instances?" As this Query has been raised, it may be worth while to mention the following circumstance, as a singular illustration of a remarkable subject; though (as will be seen) the actual burial in an erect posture is here also probably "traditional."

Towards the close of the last century, there lived in Kidderminster an eccentric person of the name of Orton (_not_ that Orton, the friend of Doddridge, who passed some time in the town), but "Job Orton," the landlord of the Bell Inn. During his lifetime he erected his tomb in the parish churchyard, with this _memento-mori_ inscription graven in large characters on the upper slab:

"Job Orton, a man from Leicestershire;
And when he's dead, he must lie under here."

This inscription remains unaltered to this day, and may be seen on the right-hand of the broad walk on the north side of the spacious churchyard. His coffin was constructed at the same time; and, until it should be required for other and personal purposes, was used as a _wine-bin_. But, to carry his eccentricity even to the grave, he left strict orders that he should be buried in an _erect posture_: and "tradition" (of course) says that his request was complied with. Your correspondent says that tradition "assigns no reason for the peculiarity" of the Harcourt knight's burial; but tradition has been more explicit in Job Orton's case, whose _reason_ (?) for his erect posture in the tomb was, that at the last day he might be able to rise from his grave before his wife, who was buried in the usual horizontal manner! Job Orton appears to have had a peculiar talent for the composition of epitaphs; as, in his more playful moments, he was accustomed to tell his better-half that if he outlived her he should put the following lines on her tombstone:

"Esther Orton--a bitter, sour weed;
God never lov'd her, nor increas'd her seed."

He seems, however, to have spared her this gratuitous insult. As a farther illustration of the characters of this singular couple, the following anecdote is told. Esther Orton having frequently declared, that she should "never die happy until she had rolled in riches," Job, like a good husband, determined to secure his wife's happiness. Having sold some land for a thousand pounds, he insisted that the money should be paid wholly in guineas. Taking these home in a bag, he locked his wife up in a room; knocked her down, opened his bag of guineas, and raining the golden wealth upon her, rolled his Danae over and over in the coin. "And now, Esther," said Job Orton, "thee mayst die as soon as thee pleases: for thee'st had thy wish, and _roll'd in riches_."

CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.

* * * * *

LAWYERS' BAGS.

(Vol. vii., p. 557.)

Additional evidence of the fact that lawyers used to carry _green_ bags towards the end of the {60} seventeenth century, is to be found in the _Plain Dealer_, a comedy by Wycherley.

One of the principal characters in the play is the Widow Blackacre, a petulant, litigious woman, always in law, and mother of Jerry Blackacre, "a true raw squire under age and his mother's government, _bred to the law_."

In Act I. Sc. 1., I find the following stage directions:

"Enter Widow Blackacre with a mantle and a _green_ bag, and several
papers in the other hand. Jerry Blackacre, her son, in a gown, laden
with _green_ bags, following her."

In Act III. Sc. 1. the widow is called impertinent and ignorant by a lawyer of whom she demands back her fee, on his returning her brief and declining to plead for her. This draws from her the following reply:

"Impertinent again and ignorant to me! Gadsbodikins, you puny upstart
in the law to use me so, you _green bag_ carrier, you murderer of
unfortunate causes," &c.

Farther on, in the same scene, Freeman, a gentleman well educated, but of a broken fortune, a complier with the age, thus admonishes Jerry:

"Come, Squire, let your mother and your trees fall as she pleases,
rather than wear this gown and carry _green_ bags all thy life, and be
pointed at for a tony. But you shall be able to deal with her yet the
common way. Thou shalt make false love to some lawyer's daughter, whose
father, upon the hopes of thy marrying her, shall lend thee money and
law to preserve thy estate and trees."

A. W. S.

Temple.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

[By the courtesy of our valued cotemporary _The Athenaeum_, we are
permitted to reprint the following interesting communication, which
appeared in that journal on Saturday last.]

"NEW PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS.

"Henley Street, July 6.

"Your insertion of the annexed letter from my brother-in-law, Mr. John Stewart, of Pau, will much oblige me. The utility of this mode of reproduction seems indisputable. In reference to its concluding paragraph, I will only add, that the _publication_ of concentrated microscopic editions of works of reference--maps, atlases, logarithmic tables, or the concentration for pocket use of private notes and MSS., &c., &c., and innumerable other similar applications--is brought within the reach of any one who possesses a small achromatic object-glass of an inch or an inch and a half in diameter, and a brass tube, with slides before and behind the lens of a fitting diameter to receive the plate or plates to be operated upon,--central or nearly central rays only being required. The details are too obvious to need mention.--I am, &c.

"J. F. W. HERSCHEL.

* * * * *

"Pau, June 11.

"Dear Herschel.--I sent you some time ago a few small-sized studies of animals from the life, singly and in flocks, upon collodionised glass. The great rapidity of exposition required for such subjects, being but the fraction of a second, together with the very considerable depth and harmony obtained, gave me reason to hope that ere this I should have been able to produce microscopic pictures of animated objects. For the present, I have been interrupted. Meantime, one of my friends here, Mr. Heilmann, following the same pursuit, has lighted on an ingenious method of taking from glass negatives positive impressions of different dimensions, and with all the delicate minuteness which the negative may possess. This discovery is likely, I think, to extend the resources and the application of photography,--and with some modifications, which I will explain, to increase the power of reproduction to an almost unlimited amount. The plan is as follows:--The negative to be reproduced is placed in a slider at one end (_a_) of a camera or other box, constructed to exclude the light throughout. The surface prepared for the reception of the positive--whether albumen, collodion, or paper--is placed in another slider, as usual, at the opposite extremity (_c_) of the box, and intermediately between the two extremities (at _b_) is placed a lens. The negative at _a_ is presented to the light of the sky, care being taken that no rays enter the box but those traversing the partly transparent negative. These rays are received and directed by the lens at _b_ upon the sensitive surface at _c_, and the impression of the negative is there produced with a rapidity proportioned to the light admitted, and the sensibility of the surface presented. By varying the distances between _a_ and _c_, and _c_ and _b_, any dimension required may be given to the positive impression. Thus, from a medium-sized negative, I have obtained negatives four times larger than the original, and other impressions reduced thirty times, capable of figuring on a watch-glass, brooch, or ring.

"Undoubtedly one of the most interesting and important advantages gained by this simple arrangement is, the power of varying the dimensions of a picture or portrait. Collodion giving results of almost microscopic minuteness, such negatives bear enlarging considerably without any very perceptible deterioration in that respect. Indeed, as regards portraits, there is a gain instead of a loss; the power of obtaining good and pleasing likenesses appears to me decidedly increased, the facility of subsequent enlargement permitting them to be taken sufficiently small, at a sufficient distance (and therefore with greater rapidity and certainty) {61} to avoid all the focal distortion so much complained of,--while the due enlargement of a portrait taken on glass has the effect, moreover, of depriving it of that hardness of outline so objectionable in a collodion portrait, giving it more artistic effect, and this without quitting the perfect focal point as has been suggested.

"But there are many other advantages obtained by this process. For copying by engraving, &c. the exact dimension required of any picture may at once be given to be copied from.

"A very small photographic apparatus can thus be employed when a large one might be inconvenient or impracticable, the power of reproducing on a larger scale being always in reserve. Independent of this power of varying the size, positives so taken of the _same_ dimension as the negative reproduce, as will be readily understood, much more completely the finer and more delicate details of the negatives than positives taken by any other process that I am acquainted with.

"The negative also may be reversed in its position at _a_ so as to produce upon glass a positive to be seen either upon or under the glass. And while the rapidity and facility of printing are the same as in the case of positives taken on paper prepared with the iodide of silver, the negatives, those on glass particularly, being so easily injured, are much better preserved, all actual contact with the positive being avoided. For the same reason, by this process positive impressions can be obtained not only upon wet paper, &c., but also upon hard inflexible substances, such as porcelain, ivory, glass, &c.,--and upon this last, the positives being transparent are applicable to the stereoscope, magic lantern, &c.

"By adopting the following arrangement, this process may be used largely to increase the power and speed of reproduction with little loss of effect. From a positive thus obtained, say on collodion, _several hundred_ negatives may be produced either on paper or on albumenised glass. If on the latter, and the dimension of the original negative is preserved, the loss in minuteness of detail and harmony is almost imperceptible, and even when considerably enlarged, is so trifling as in the majority of cases to prove no objection in comparison with the advantage gained in size, while in not a few cases, as already stated, the picture actually gains by an augmentation of size. Thus, by the simultaneous action, if necessary, of some hundreds of negatives, many thousand impressions of the same picture may be produced in the course of a day.

"I cannot but think, therefore, that this simple but ingenious discovery will prove a valuable addition to our stock of photographic manipulatory processes. It happily turns to account and utilises one of the chief excellencies of collodion--that extreme minuteness of detail which from its excess becomes almost a defect at times,--toning it down by increase of size till the harshness is much diminished, and landscapes, always more or less unpleasing on collodion from that cause, are rendered somewhat less dry and crude.

"A very little practice will suffice to show the operator the quality of glass negatives--I mean as to vigour and development--best adapted for reproducing positives by this method. He will also find that a great power of correction is obtained, by which overdone parts in the negative can be reduced and others brought up. Indeed, in consequence of this and other advantages, I have little doubt that this process will be very generally adopted in portrait taking.

"Should your old idea of preserving public records in a concentrated form on microscopic negatives ever be adopted, the immediate positive reproduction on an enlarged readable scale, without the possibility of injury to the plate, will be of service.

"I am, &c. "JOHN STEWART."

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

_The Ring Finger_ (Vol. vii., p. 601.).--The Greek Church directs that the ring be put on the right hand (Schmid, _Liturgik_, iii. 352.: Nassau, 1842); and although the direction of the Sarum _Manual_ is by no means clear (see Palmer's _Origines Liturgicae_, ii. 213., ed. 2.), such may have formerly been the practice in England, since Rastell, in his counter-challenge to Bishop Jewel, notes it as novelty of the Reformation,--

"That the man should put the wedding-ring on the fourth finger in the
left hand of the woman, and not on the right hand, as hath been many
hundreds of years continued."--Heylyn, _Hist. Ref._, ii. 430. 8vo. ed.

But the practice of the Roman communion in general agrees with that of the Anglican. (Schmid, iii. 350-2.) Martene quotes from an ancient pontifical an order that the bridegroom should place the ring successively on three fingers of the right hand, and then shall leave it on the fourth finger of the left, in order to mark the difference between the marriage ring, the symbol of a love which is mixed with carnal affection, and the episcopal ring, the symbol of entire chastity. (_Mart. de Antiquis Eccl. Ritibus_, ii. 128., ed. Venet. 1783; Schmid, p. 352.)

J. C. R.

_The Order of St. John of Jerusalem_ (Vol. vii., pp. 407. 628.).--As my old neighbour R. L. P. dates from the banks of the Lake of Constance, and may possibly not see W. W.'s communication for some time, I in the meanwhile take the liberty of informing W. W. that the order of St. John was restored in England by Queen Mary, and, with other orders revived by her, was again suppressed by the act 1 Eliz. c. 24.

J. C. R.

{62}

_Calvin's Correspondence_ (Vol. vii., pp. 501. 621.).--It may be well to mention that all the letters of Calvin which MR. WALTER quotes, are to be found in the old collection of his correspondence; perhaps, however, the latter copies may be fuller or more correct in some parts.

The original French of the lone letter to Protector Somerset is printed by Henry in his _Life of Calvin;_ but, like the other documents of that laborious work, it is omitted without notice in the English travestie which bears the name of Dr. Stebbing.

Heylyn's mis-statement as to Calvin and Cranmer is exposed, and the ground of it is pointed out, in the late edition of the _Ecclesia Restaurata_, vol. i. p. 134.

J. C. R.

_Old Booty's Case_ (Vol. vii., p. 634.).--A friend, on whose accuracy I can rely, has examined the _London Gazettes_ for 1687 and 1688, in the British Museum: they do not contain any report of Booty's case. I thought I had laid Booty's ghost in Vol. iii., p. 170., by showing that the facts of the case were unlikely and the law impossible.

H. B. C.

U. U. Club.

_Chatterton_ (Vol. vii., p. 267.).--We are all very curious in Bristol to know what evidence or light J. M. G. of Worcester can bring to bear upon the Rowley Poems from the researches (as he states) of an individual here to prove not only that Chatteron was not their author, but that probably the "Venerable Rowley" himself was.

I had thought in 1853 no one doubted their authorship. There is abundance of proof to show Rowley could not have written them, and that only Chatterton could have done so.

BRISTOLIENSIS.

_House-marks, &c._ (Vol. vii., p. 594.).--It is very well known that the sign of the "Swan with two Necks," in London, is a corruption of the private mark of the owner of the swans, viz., two nicks made by cutting the neck feathers close in two spaces. It is also a common custom in Devon to mark all cattle, horses, &c., with the owner's mark when sent out on Exmoor, Dartmoor, and other large uninclosed tracts for summering: thus, Sir Thos. Dyke Acland's mark is an anchor on the near side of each of his large herd of ponies, on Exmoor.

W. COLLYNS.

Harlow.

_Bibliography_ (Vol. vii., p. 597.).--The following may assist MARICONDA:

Fischer: Beschreibung einiger Typographischer Seltenheiten nebst
Beytraegen zur Erfindungsgeschichte der Buchdruckerkunst, 8vo. Mainz,
1800-4.

Origin of Printing, in Two Essays; with Remarks and Appendix, 8vo.
1776.

The Typographical Antiquities of Great Britain, by J. Johnson, Dr.
Dibdin, Dr. Wilkins, and others, Longmans, 1824.

He will also find a list of works under the head PRINTING in the _Penny Cyclopaedia_.

GETSRN.

_Parochial Libraries_ (Vol. vi., p. 432. Vol. vii. _passim._).--A parochial library was for many years deposited in the room over the south entrance of Beccles Church. The books consist chiefly of old divinity, &c., and appear to have been gifts from various persons; among whom were Bishop Trimnel (of Norwich), Sir Samuel Barnardiston, Sir Edmund Bacon of Gillingham, Sir John Playters, Mrs. Anna North, and Mr. Ridgly of London. There is a copy of Walton's _Polyglot Bible_, 1655-7, besides an odd volume of the same work (Job to Malachi), 1656, uncut. It is probable that many of the books have been lost, as the room in which they were kept was used as a repository for discarded ecclesiastical appliances, and, latterly, for charity blankets during summer. In 1840, with the consent of the late bishop of Norwich, and of the rector and churchwardens of the parish, the remaining volumes (about 170) were removed to the public library room, and placed under the care of the committee of that institution. A catalogue of them was then printed. The greater part have been repaired, with the aid of a donation of 10l. from a former inhabitant, who had reason to believe that some of the works had been lost in consequence of their having been in his hands many years ago. Are there not numerous instances elsewhere in which this example might be copied with propriety?

S. W. RIX.

Beccles.

_Faithfull Teate_ (Vol. vii., p. 529.).--"Though this author's name be spelt Teate, there is great reason to believe that he was the father of Nahum Tate, translator of the Psalms."--_Bibl. Anglopoetica_, p. 361. In the punning copy of verses preceding the "Ter Tria" is this distich:

"We wish that Teats and Herberts may inspire
Randals and Davenants with poetick fire.--JO. CHISHUTT."

My copy is on miserable paper, yet priced 31s. 6d., with this remark in MS. by some former possessor: "Very rare: which will not be wondered at by any one who will read five pages carefully."

E. D.

_Lack-a-daisy_ (Vol. vi., p. 353.).--Todd had better have allowed Johnson to speak for himself: _lack-a-daisy, lack-a-day, alack the day_, as Juliet's nurse exclaims, and _alas-the-day_, are only various readings of the same expression. And of such inquiries and such solutions as Todd's, I cannot refrain from expressing my sentiments in the {63} words of poor Ophelia, "Alack! and fye for shame!"

Q.

Bloomsbury.

_Bacon_ (Vol. ii., p. 247.; Vol. iii., p. 41.).--I think that you have not noticed one very common use of this word, as evidently meaning _beechen._ Schoolboys call tops made of boxwood, _boxers;_ while the inferior ones, which are generally made of beechwood, they call _bacons._

H. T. RILEY.

_Angel-beast--Cleek--Longtriloo_ (Vol. v., p. 559.).--An account of these games, the nature of which is required by your correspondent, is given in the _Compleat Gamester_, frequently reprinted in the latter part of the seventeenth century. The first, which is there called _beast_, is said to derive its name from the French _la bett_, meaning, no doubt, _bete_. It seems to have resembled the game of loo. _Gleek_ is the proper name of the second game, and not _check_, as your correspondent suggests. It was played by three persons, and the cards bore the names of Tib, Tom, Tiddy, Towser, and Tumbler. Hence we may conclude that it was an old English game. The third game, or _lanterloo_, is evidently the original form of the game now known as _loo_. Its name would seem to indicate a Dutch origin.

H. T. RILEY.

_Hans Krauwinckel_ (Vol. v., p. 450.).--When the ground in Charterhouse Square was opened in 1834, for the purposes of sewerage (I believe), vast numbers of bones and skeletons were found, being the remains, as was supposed, of those who died of the Plague in 1348, and had been interred in that spot, as forming a part of Pardon Churchyard, which had lately been purchased by Sir Walter Manny, for the purposes of burial, and attached to the Carthusian convent there. Among the bones a few galley halfpence, and other coins, were found, as also a considerable number of abbey counters or jettons. I do not recollect if there was any date on the counters but the name "Hans Krauwinckel" occurred on some of them which fell into my possession, and which I gave some years ago to the Museum of the City Library, Guildhall. If these were coeval, as was generally supposed, with the Plague of 1348, it is singular that the same name should be found on abbey counters with the date 1601. I should be obliged if any of your correspondents could inform me when the use of jettons ceased in England; and whether Pardon Churchyard was used as a place of sepulture after 1348, and, if so, how long?

H. T. RILEY.

_Revolving Toy_ (Vol. vi., p. 517.).--The Chinese have lanterns with paper figures in them which revolve by the heat, and are very common about New Year time.

H. B.

Shanghai.

_Rub-a-dub_ (Vol. iii., p. 388.).--Your correspondent seems at a loss for an early instance of this expression. In Percy's _Reliques_ there is a song, the refrain or burden of which is:

"Rub-a-dub, rub-a-dub, so beat your drums,
Tantara, tantara, the Englishman comes."

H. T. RILEY.

_Muffs worn by Gentlemen._--In one of Goldsmith's _Essays_ I remember well an allusion to the practice. The writer of the letter, or essay, states that he met his female cousin in the Mall, and after some sparring conversation, she ridicules him for carrying "a nasty _old_-fashioned [A.D. 1760] muff;" and his retort is, that he "heartily wishes it were a tippet, for her sake,"--glancing at her dress, which was, I suppose, somewhat what we moderns call "decolletee".

E. C. G.

_Detached Church Towers._--The Norman tower at Bury St. Edmund's should not be included in the lists. Although now used as the bell tower of the neighbouring church of St. James, it was erected several centuries before the church, and was known as the "Great Gate of the Churchyard," or the "Great Gate of the Church of St. Edmund." It would be very desirable to add to the list the date of the tower, and its distance from the church.

BURIENSIS.

Add to the list the modern Roman Catholic chapel at Baltinglass, Ireland. It has a detached tower built in a field above it, and, although devoid of architectural beauty, is so placed that it appears an integral part of the chapel from almost any point of view.

ALEXANDER LEEPER.

Dublin.

Is not the bell-tower at Hackney detached from the church? I do not remember that it has been yet named by your correspondents.

B. H. C.

_Christian Names_ (Vol. vii., pp. 406. 626.).--On the name of Besilius Fetiplace, Sheriff of Berkshire, in 26 Elizabeth, Fuller remarks,--

"Some may colourably mistake it for _Basilius_ or _Basil_, whereas
indeed it is _Besil_, a surname.... Reader, I am confident an instance
can hardly be produced of a surname made Christian, in England, save
since the Reformation; before which time the priests were scrupulous to
admit any at font, except they were baptised with the name of a
Scripture or legendary saint. Since, it hath been common; and although
the Lord Coke was pleased to say he had noted many of them prove
unfortunate, yet the good success in others confutes the general truth
of the observation."--_Worthies_, vol. i. pp. 159, 160., edit. Nuttall.

J. C. R.

Lord C. of Ireland, which MR. WILLIAM BATES guesses to be Lord _Castlereagh_, was Lord _Clare_, Chancellor of Ireland, who used also to call men {64} with three names by a term opprobrious among the Romans: "Homines trium literarum."

C.

_Hogarth's Pictures_ (Vol. vii. _passim_).--One of the correspondents of "N. & Q." inquires where he could see some pictures from this great artist. May I ask if he is aware of the three very fine large paintings in the Church of St. Mary, Redcliffe, Bristol? which I am told will shortly be sold.

BRISTOLIENSIS.

P.S.--They were painted for the church, and the vestry holds his autograph receipt for the payment of them.

_Old Fogie_ (Vol. vii., pp. 354. 559. 632.).--Whether the origin of this term be Irish, Scotch, or Swedish I know not; but I cannot help stating the significant meaning which, as an Edinburgh boy at the beginning of the century, I was taught to attach to it. Every High-School boy agreed in applying it to the veterans of the Castle garrison, to the soldiers of the Town Guard (veterans also, and especial foes of my school-mates), and more generally to any old and objectionable gentleman, civil or military. It implied that, like stones which have ceased to roll, they had obtained the proverbial covering of _moss_, or, as it is called in Scotland (probably in Ireland also), _fog_. I have heard in Scotland the "_Moss_ Rose" called the "_Fogie_ Rose;" and there is a well-known species of the humble bee which has its nest in a mossy bank, and is itself clothed with a moss-like covering: its name among the Scottish peasantry is the _fogie_ bee.

G. J. F.

Bolton.

_Clem_ (Vol. vii., p. 615.).--MR. KEIGHTLEY considers this word to mean _press_ or _restrain_, and quotes three passages from Massinger and Jonson in support of his opinion; admitting, however, that it is usually rendered _starve_. Now, whatever may have been the root of this word, or whencesoever it may have been derived, I think it must be admitted that _starve_ is the correct meaning of the word in these passages. Let the reader test it by substituting _starve_ for _clem_ in each case. In Cheshire and Lancashire the word is in common use to this day, and invariably means _starved_ for want of food. Of a thin, emaciated child it is said, "His mother _clems_ him." A person exceedingly hungry says, "I'm welly _clem'd_; I'm almost or well-nigh _starved_." It is the ordinary appeal of a beggar in the streets, when asking for food.

EDW. HAWKINS.

_Kissing Hands_ (Vol. vii., p. 595.).--CAPE will find in Suetonius that Caligula's hands were kissed.

C.

_Uniform of the Foot Guards_ (Vol. vii., p. 595.).--In answer to D. N., as to where he can see uniforms of the Foot Guards, 1660 to 1670, I have to refer him to the Orderly-room, Horse Guards, where he will see the costume of the three regiments since they were raised. In Mackinnon's _History of the Coldstream Guards_, he will find that regiment's dress from the year 1650 to 1840.

C. D.

_Book Inscriptions_ (Vol. vii., p. 455.).--At the end of No. 1801. _Harl. MSS._ is the following:

"Hic liber est scriptus,
Qui scripsit sit benedictus.
Qui scriptoris manum
Culpat, basiat anum."

In the printed catalogue there is this note:

"Neotricus quidam hos scripsit versiculos, ex alio forsan Codice
depromptos."

[omega]. [phi].

I have not seen the following amongst your deprecatory rhymes. It may come in with another batch. The nature of the punishment is somewhat different from that usually selected, and savours of Spain:

"Si quisquis furetur
This little libellum,
Per Phoebum, per Jovem,
I'll kill him, I'll fell him!
In ventum illius
I'll stick my scalpellum,
And teach him to steal
My little libellum."

RUBI.

In a Gesner's _Thesaurus_ I have the following label of the date 1762:

"Ex Caroli Ferd. Hommelii Bibliotheca.

"Intra quatuordecim dies comodatum ni reddideris, neq' belle
custodieris, alio tempore, Non habeo, dicam."

L.

_Humbug_ (Vol. vii., pp. 550. 631.).--I do not remember any earlier use of this word than in Fielding's _Amelia_, 1751. Its origin is involved in obscurity: but may it not be a corruption of the Latin _ambages_, or the singular ablative _ambage_? which signifies _quibbling, subterfuge_, and that kind of conduct which is generally supposed to constitute _humbug_. It is very possible that it may have been pedantically introduced in the seventeenth century. May, in his translation of Lucan, uses the word _ambages_ as an English word.

H. T. RILEY.

A severe instance of the use of the term "humbug" occurred in a court of justice. A female in giving her evidence repeatedly used this term. In her severe cross-examination, the counsel (a very plain, if not an ugly person) observed she had frequently used the term humbug, and desired to know what she meant by it, and to {65} have an explanation; to which she replied, "Why, Sir, if I was to say you were a very handsome man, would you not think I was humbugging you?" The counsel sat down perfectly satisfied.

G. H. J.

_Sir Isaac Newton and Voltaire on Railway Travelling_ (Vol. viii., p. 34.).--The passage in Daniel alluded to is probably the following:--"Many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased," chap. xii. v. 4. MR. CRAIG should send to your pages the exact words of Newton and Voltaire, with references to the books in which the passages may be found.

JOHN BRUCE.

_Engine-a-verge_ (Vol. vii., p. 619.).--Is not this what we term a garden engine? The French _vergier_ (_viridarium_) is doubtless so named, quia _virga_ definita; and we have the old English word _verge_, a garden, from the same source.

H. C. K.

---- Rectory, Hereford.

_"Populus vult decipi," &c._ (Vol. vii., p. 572.).--The origin of this phrase is found in Thuanus, lib. xvii. A.D. 1556. See Jackson's _Works_, book iii. ch. 32. s. 9. _note_.