Chapter L: M. M. R

_German Heraldry._--Where can I refer to a book in which the armorial bearings of all the principal German families are engraved?

SPERIEND.

_Leman Family._--About the middle of the seventeenth century, say 1650 to 1670, two gentlemen left England for America, who are supposed to have been brothers or near relatives of Sir John Leman, who was Lord Mayor of London in 1616. Traditions, which have been preserved in manuscript, and which can be traced back over one {151} hundred years, tell of a correspondence which took place between the said Sir John and the widow of one of the brothers, in relation to her returning to England.

The writer of this (a descendant of one of these gentlemen) is anxious to learn _the names of the brothers and near relatives of this Sir John_; and whether any evidence exists of their leaving England for America, &c., &c.; and would feel much indebted to any one who would supply the information through your paper.

R. W. L.

Philadelphia.

_A Cob-wall._--Why do the inhabitants of Devonshire call a wall made of tempered earth, straw, and small pebbles mixed together, a _cob-wall_? Walls so constructed require a foundation of stone or bricks, which is commonly continued to the height of about two feet from the surface of the ground. Has the term _cob_ reference to the fact that such a wall is a superstructure on the foundation of stone or brick?

A. B. C.

_Inscription near Chalcedon._--In 1675, when Sir Geo. Wheler and his travelling companion visited Chalcedon (as recorded in his _Voyage from Venice to Constantinople_, fol., Lond. 1682, p. 209.), it was famous only for the memory of the great council held there in A.D. 327, the twentieth of the reign of Constantine the Great:

"The first thing we did (he says) was to visit the metropolitan
church, where they say it was kept; but M. Nanteuil assured us
that it was a mile from thence, and that he had there read an
inscription that mentioneth it. Besides, it is a small obscure
building, incapable to contain such an assembly."

Has the inscription here spoken of been noticed by any traveller, and can any of your readers refer to a copy of it; and say whether it is cotemporary, and whether it has been more recently noticed?

W. S. G.

Newcastle-on-Tyne.

_Domesday Book._--What does the abbreviation glđ, or gelđ, applied to terra, signify? Also, in the description of places, there is frequently a capital letter, B., or M., or S. before it, as in one case, _e. g._ "B. terr. glđ wasta." Can any one inform me what it signifies?

In the case of many parishes, it is stated that there was a church there: is it considered _conclusive_ authority that there was not one, if it is not mentioned in _Domesday Book_?

A. W. H.

_Dotinchem._--What modern town in Holland, or elsewhere, bore or bears the name of Dotinchem, at which is dated a MS. missal I have inspected, written in the fifteenth century? The reason for believing the place to be Dutch is, that the Calendar marks the days of the principal saints of Holland with red letters. There are other indications in the Calendar of the missal having been written in and for the use of a community situated where the influence of Cologne, Liège, Maestricht, and Daventer would have been felt.

Perhaps, should the above Query not be answered in England, some correspondent of your Dutch cotemporary the _Navorscher_ may have the goodness to reply to it.

G. J. R. GORDON.

Sidmouth.

_"Mirrour to all," &c._--Can you refer me to any possessor of the poetical work entitled a _Mirrour to all who love to follow the Wars_ (_or Waves_), 4to.: London, printed by John Wolfe, 1589? A copy was sold by Mr. Rodd for six guineas. (See his Catalogue for 1846.)

H. DELTA.

Oxford.

_Title wanted._--I have a copy of the _Pugna Porcorum_, the margin of which is covered with illustrative and parallel passages, among which is the following:

"Heros
Ad magnum se accingit opus ferrumque bifurcum
Cote acuit, pinguique perungit acumina lardo;
Deinde suis, vasto consurgens corpore, rostrum
Perforat et furcam capulo tenus urget, at illa
Prominuit rostro summisque in naribus hæsit."

Χοιροχοιρογ. 182.

I shall be much obliged to any one who will give me the full title to the book from which this is quoted, and any account of it.

G. H. W.

_Portrait of Charles I.--Countess Du Barry._--In Bachaumont's _Mémoires Secrets, &c._, I read the following passage under date of March 25, 1771:

"L'impératrice des Russies a fait enlever tout le cabinet de
tableaux de M. le Comte de Thiers, amateur distingué, qui avait
une très-belle collection en ce genre. M. de Marigny a eu la
douleur de voir passer ces richesses chez l'étranger, faute de
fonds pour les acquérir pour le compte du roi.

"On distinguait parmi ces tableaux un portrait en pied de
Charles I., roi d'Angleterre, original de Vandyk. C'est le
seul qui soit resté en France. Madame la Comtesse Dubarri,
qui déploie de plus en plus son goût pour les arts, a ordonné
de l'acheter: elle l'a payé 24,000 livres. Et sur le reproche
qu'on lui faisait de choisir un pareil morceau entre tant
d'autres qui auraient dû lui mieux convenir, elle a répondu que
c'était un portrait de famille qu'elle retirait. En effet, les
Dubarri se prétendent parents de la Maison des Stuards."

Can you give me any account of this portrait of King Charles by Vandyk, for which the Countess Du Barry paid the sum of 1000_l._ sterling?

What grounds are there for the allegation, that the Countess was related to the royal House of Stuart?

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia.

* * * * *{152}

Minor Queries with Answers.

_"Preparation for Martyrdom."_--Can any of your correspondents discover for me the author of the following work?--

"A Preparation for Martyrdom; a Discourse about the Cause,
the Temper, the Assistances, and Rewards of a Martyr of Jesus
Christ: in Dialogue betwixt a Minister and a Gentleman his
Parishioner. Lond. 1681, 4to."

In order to afford somewhat of a clue to this discovery, I send a few extracts from another anonymous work: _A Letter to the late Author of the_ "_Preparation for Martyrdom_," alluding to various circumstances relating to the author:

"I must confess that I had once as great a veneration for
you as for any one [of] your figure in the church; but then
you preach'd honestly, and liv'd peaceably; but since pride
or ambitious discontent, or some particular respects to some
special friends of the adverse party, or something I know not
what else, has thrust you upon scribbling, and a design of
being popular; since you had forsaken your first love (if ever
you had any) to our church and establishment, and appear to
be running over _ad partem Donati_, to the disturbers of our
church and peace, you must needs pardon this short reflection,
though from an old friend, and sometimes a great admirer of you.

"As for the present establishment, you have (you conclude)
as much already from that as you are likely to have, but you
claw the democratical party, hoping at long run to see an
(_English_) Parliament; that is, we must know, one that has
no _French_ pensioners shuffled into it to blast the whole
business, such as will be govern'd by your instructions; and
then Presbytery (you trust) will be turn'd up Trump, the
Directory once more take place of the Liturgy, and God knows
what become of the Monarchy, and Mr. C. be made a great man.

"What an excellent design was that of your Stipulation, which
I heard one say was like a new modell'd Independency. 'Twas
intended, I suppose, as an expedient to reduce the sheep
of your own flock, which through your default chiefly (as
is commonly reported) were gone astray; but because this
tool could not work, without the force of a law to move it,
therefore by law it must have been establisht, and the whole
nation forsooth comprehended under it, and all must have set
their instruments to your key, and their voices to the tune of
_B--ley_. Oh! had this engine but met with firm footings in
Parliament, as was hoped, our _English_ world had been lifted
off its pillars long before this day; it had gone round, and in
the church all old things had been done away, and everything
had appeared new. But, Sir, I trust the foundations of our
church stand more sure than to need such silly props as your
_Catholicon_ (as you vainly call it) to support 'em.

"What an excellent thing too is your book of Patronage? 'Twere
no living for _Simon Magus_, or any of his disciples here, if
those rules you there lay down were but duly attended to.

"But in those two books you showed yourself pragmatical
only; but in this of _Martyrdom_ not a little impious, in
your unworthy reflections upon almost all the honest people
of England since the beginning of the reign of _Oliver_ the
First, and some time before; not sparing many loyal worthies'
memory who held up a good cause upon their sword points (as you
express it) as long as they could; and when they could do so no
longer, either dy'd for't, or deliver'd themselves up to the
will of the conqueror, yet never (as you) abjur'd the cause.
Our rulers you suppose are ill affected (otherwise your talk
of Popery at your rate is like that of one that were desirous
and in conspiracy to bring in Popery): and, undoubtedly, it had
been in already, had not the prayers of Mr. C., and the fifty
righteous _Non-Cons_ in every city, prevented it."

Ἁλιέυς.

Dublin.

[_The Preparation for Martyrdom_ is not to be found either in the Bodleian or British Museum Catalogues. The author of the _Letter_ in reply to it, however, has afforded a clue to its authorship. Zachary Cawdrey, who appears to have been an admirer of the Vicar of Bray, was Rector of _Barthomley_ in Cheshire during the Commonwealth, and for fourteen years after the Restoration; this explains the hint in the _Letter_, of "setting their voices to the tune of _B--ley_." Cawdrey, moreover, was the author of _Discourse of Patronage; being a Modest Inquiry into the Original of it, and a further Prosecution of the History of it_: which is also noticed in the _Letter_. Zachary Cawdrey was born at Melton Mowbray about 1616; at the age of sixteen he entered St. John's College, Cambridge; and in 1649 became Rector of Barthomley, where he died Dec. 24, 1684. His brother David was one of the ejected, and the author of several works.]

_Reference wanted._--I find, in Blackwood, No. XXXVI. p. 432., a reference to an article in the _Edinburgh Review_, by Sir D. K. Sandford, on Greek banquets. As I cannot find the article itself, may I ask your assistance?

P. J. F. GANTILLON.

N. B.--In the article in Blackwood, p. 441., for "Heges_ander_" read Hege_sippus_; p. 444., for "Demg_le_" read Demgl_us_; p. 450., for "Nausi_dice_" read Nausi_nicus_; p. 455., for "H_es_perides" read H_y_perides.

[The article will be found in the _Edinburgh Review_, vol. lvi. p. 350. January, 1833.]

_Speaker of the House of Commons in 1697._--Who was the Speaker who succeeded Sir John Trevor, and was Speaker of the House of Commons in 1697?

W. FRASER.

Tor-Mohun.

[Peter Foley, Esq., succeeded Sir John Trevor, March 14, 1694. Sir Thomas Littleton, Bart., was chosen the next Speaker, December 3, 1698.]

* * * * *{153}

Replies.

INSCRIPTIONS IN BOOKS.

(Vol. vii. _passim._)

Under this head the following translation of part of the inscription at Behistun may be classed. It is, I apprehend, the earliest of this sort of inscription:

"Darius rex dicit: si hanc tabulam, hasque effigies spectas,
et iis injuriam facias, et quamdiu tibi proles sit non eas
conserves, Oromasdes hostis fiat tibi, et tibi proles non sit,
et quod facias id tibi Oromasdes frustretur."

See Rawlinson's "Translation of the Great Persian Inscription at Behistun," par. 17. _Asiatic Society's Transactions_.

The following is an extract from Maitland's _Dark Ages_, p. 270., notes 3 and 4:

"Terrible imprecations were occasionally annexed by the donors
or possessors of books; as in a sacramentary which Mastene
found at St. Benoit sur Loire, and which he supposed to belong
to the ninth century. 'Ut si quis eum de Monasterio aliquo
ingenio non redditurus abstraxerit cum Juda proditore, Anna
et Caipha, portionem æternæ damnationis accipiat. Amen, Amen,
Fiat, Fiat.'"

There is a curious instance of this in a manuscript of some of the works of Augustine and Ambrose in the Bodleian Library:

"Liber S. Mariæ de Ponte Roberti, qui eum abstulerit, aut
vendiderit, vel quolibet modo ab hâc domo absciderit, sit
anathema maranatha. Amen."

In another hand (alienâ manu),--

"Ego Johannes Exōn Epūs, nescio ubi est domus predicta, nec
hunc librum abstuli, sed modo legitimo adquisivi."

Also page 283.:

"Liber B. Mariæ de Camberone: si quis eum abstulerit, anathema
esto."

In the preface to a late publication (1853), _Fragments of the Iliad of Homer from a Syrian Palimpsest_, edited by William Cureton, the editor tells us:

"The Palimpsest Manuscript, in which I discovered these
fragments of a very ancient copy of the Iliad of Homer,
formed a part of the library of the Syrian convent of St.
Mary Deipara, in the Valley of the Ascetics, or the Deserts
of Nigritia. On the first page of the last leaf the following
notice occurs: 'This volume of my Lord Severus belongs to the
reverend and holy my Lord Daniel, Bishop of the province of
Orrhoa (Edessa), who acquired it from the armour of God, when
he was down in the province of the city of Amida, for his own
benefit, and that of every one that readeth it. But under the
curse of God is he whosoever steals it, or hides or removes it
... or tears, or erases, or cuts off this memorial from it,
for ever. And through our Lord Jesus Christ may he who readeth
it pray for the same Daniel, that he may find mercy in the day
of judgment! Yea, and Amen, and Amen. And upon the sinner who
wrote it, may there be mercy in the day of judgment! Amen. But
at the end of his life he bequeathed it to this sacred convent
of my Lord Silas, which is in Tarug (a city of Mesopotamia),
for the sake of the remembrance of himself and of the dead
belonging to him. May the Lord have mercy upon him in the day
of judgment! Amen. Whosoever removeth this volume from this
same convent, may the anger of the Lord overtake him in both
worlds to all eternity! Amen.'"

ANON.

In some of Dugdale's MS. volumes in this College is the following, written by himself:

"Maledictus sit qui abstulerit."

THOMAS W. KING, YORK HERALD.

College of Arms.

* * * * *

THE DRUMMER'S LETTER.

(Vol. vii., p. 431.)

Mr. Forbes rightly describes the Drummer's Letter in the _Sentimental Journey_ as "not only correctly but elegantly written." There is, moreover, in two or three places, a play upon words, which indicates an intimate acquaintance with the idiomatic turns of the language. But all these circumstances are, to my mind, only so many grounds for the belief that the French of the letter is not Sterne's.

If we are to judge of Sterne's French from the samples to be met with in _Tristram Shandy_ and the _Sentimental Journal_, there is ample evidence that his knowledge of that language was somewhat superficial. I shall give a few examples.

Your readers are familiar with the incident in _Tristram Shandy_, where the Abbess and Margarita, having occasion to make use of two very coarse and indecent expressions, resort to the ludicrous expedient of splitting them in two, each pronouncing a separate syllable. Those words are scandalously common in the mouths of Frenchmen; and yet Sterne seems so little aware of the correct spelling of them, that he makes the poor nuns give utterance to two words, one of which, "bouger," means "to move," and the other, "fouter," is unknown to the French language.

Farther on, in chapter xxxiv., the commissary employs the expression "C'est tout égal;" but this is merely the translation of our English phrase "'Tis all one." The French say "C'est égal," but never "C'est tout égal."

In the _Sentimental Journey_, under the head of "The Bidet," La Fleur is made to say "C'est _un_ cheval le plus opiniâtre du monde." Now, the man who could write the Drummer's Letter would not have applied the epithet "opiniâtre" {154} to a horse; and, at any rate, he would have said "C'est _le_ cheval le plus opiniâtre du monde."

In the chapter headed "The Passport," and also in another place, we have the phrase "Ces Messieurs Anglais sont des gens très extraordinaires." This should be "Messieurs les Anglais," &c.

Again, under the head of "Characters," Count de B. says, "But if you do support it, _M. Anglais_, you must do it with all your powers." This "M. Anglais" is our "Mr. Englishman." The correct expression is "M. l'Anglais"--Mr. _the_ Englishman.

I might add other instances; but these, I trust, are sufficient to warrant the opinion that the Drummer's Letter, in its present shape, was not written by Sterne.

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia.

* * * * *

OLD FOGIES.

(Vol. vii., p. 632.)

At the place above referred to, MR. KEIGHTLEY puts to me several Queries; but being resident in the country, I had not an opportunity of seeing them till the 15th instant, and it took some days to get the information that would enable me to answer them.

I have now obtained the most ample evidence of the existence, in the latter part of the last, and the beginning of the present, centuries, of the existence of a peculiar body of men called the _Fogies_, in Edinburgh Castle. My informants agree in describing them as old men, dressed in red coats with apple-green facings, and cocked hats. One says that they fired the Castle guns; another says that he understood them to be the keepers, or, as we might say, the warders of the Castle, and that they were sometimes brought into the town to assist in quelling riots; and this gentleman's recollection of them goes back to 1784 at least. But the oldest date I have been able to get is from a much respected friend, the retired Town Clerk of Edinburgh, who writes to me thus: "I have a most vivid recollection of the _Castle Foggies_. They were an invalid company, and my recollection of them goes as far back at least as 1780, when I was at Stalker's English school in the Lawnmarket."

To the testimony of these still living witnesses, I have to add that of Dr. Jamieson, who gives the word in his _Dictionary_ as one of common and well-known use in Scotland in his time, 1759-1808; though he may have mistaken in supposing it to be exclusively Scottish. It was for his testimony to this _fact_ that I referred to Dr. Jamieson's _Dictionary_, and not for his etymology, for I am not so much of a "true Scot" as to consider him infallible in that department. I have not leisure at present to search any farther for the word in books, but in the meantime I presume to think the evidence I have procured of its use in Scotland, will carry us nearly as far back as MR. KEIGHTLEY'S for its use in Ireland.

I cannot pretend to much acquaintance with the Swedish language, but I was quite well aware that that "is what is meant by the mysterious Su.-G." I was also aware that in the kindred Teutonic tongues the word runs through the various forms of _vogt_, _fogat_, _phogat_, _voget_, _voogd_, _fogde_, _foged_, _fogeti_, with the meaning of bailiff, steward, preses, watchman, guard or protector, tutor, overseer, judge, mayor, policeman; and I doubt not that _fogie_ belongs to the same family, though it has lost its tail. MR. KEIGHTLEY does not need to be told that words frequently degenerate in meaning, falling from the noblest to the basest, from the purest to the most obscene. Is there then anything improbable in supposing that a word once applied to the governor or chief keeper of a castle, came at last to be applied to all, even the meanest, of his subordinates? Dr. Jamieson asserts that the word _fogde_ in the Su.-G. has actually had that fate; can MR. KEIGHTLEY controvert him?

As a proof, _quantum valeat_, that the _Castle fogies_ were so called for some other reason than merely because of their being "old folks," I may mention that there was in Edinburgh, for more than a century, another body of veterans, called the Town Guard, or City Guard, maintained by the magistrates as a sort of military police, or gendarmerie, and finally disbanded in 1817. This corps was generally recruited from old soldiers; and during the period of my acquaintance with them (9½ years) they were all aged, and some of them very old men; yet I never heard the word _fogies_ applied to them. On the contrary, they were always distinguished from the fogies by the elegant appellation of the "Toon Rottens," or Town Rats, as well as by their facings, which were _dark blue_. Some, indeed, of my younger friends, who remember the "Rats" very well, say they never heard of the "Fogies" at all; only one of them, who lived when a boy at the Castle Hill, perhaps about forty years ago, recollects of the word "fogie" as being then applied to the soldiers of the ordinary veteran or garrison battalions, with blue facings, that had superseded the fogies in the keeping of the Castle; but of the veritable apple-green fogies of the older establishment, he has no remembrance. As my own recollections of Edinburgh go back to 1808, the fogies, I presume, must have been by that time extinct, for I never saw any of them, though I frequently heard them spoken of by those who had seen them.

I may mention also that while "fogie" was in use, and of well understood application in Scotland, {155} the phrase "old folks," or, to write it according to our vernacular pronunciation, "auld fo'k," was also, and continues to be, in general and familiar use; but nobody in Scotland, I dare say, ever imagined that "the auld fo'k" of his ordinary acquaintance were just "old fogies," or had anything whatever to do with that peculiar class of men, properly so called, the keepers of the royal castles. It is most remarkable, also, that while the corrupt derivative, as MR. KEIGHTLEY says "old fogie" is, has been almost quite forgotten among us, having disappeared with the men that bore the name of fogies, the parent form, as he would have "old folks" or "auld fo'k" to be, should remain in full vigour and common use, as part of our living speech. In a word, from all I can learn it would appear that the word "fogie," in its most general acceptation, means by itself, without the "old," an old soldier; and that "old fogie" is only a tautological form, arising from ignorance of its meaning. Be its origin, however, what it may, I have no hesitation now in expressing my conviction that MR. KEIGHTLEY'S etymology of the word is utterly groundless.

J. L.

City Chambers, Edinburgh.

* * * * *

DESCENDANTS OF JOHN OF GAUNT.

(Vol. vii., p. 628.)

All persons will, I think, agree with MR. WARDEN in his very just complaint of the carelessness with which many of the English Peerages are compiled. It would be a task, little short of a new compilation, to correct the errors and inaccuracies with which many of these productions abound, the less pardonable now, because of the facilities afforded for consulting the Public Records, should even our older genealogists, without such aids, be in some degree excused; but as MR. WARDEN invites, by a personal appeal, the rectification of a chronological error which has crept into all the Peerages, founded upon the authority of Dugdale, respecting the period of the death of Thomas, sixth Lord Fauconberge, I am induced to send you a few Notes, which a recent examination of the Records in the Tower of London has supplied.

When the facts are made patent, there will be no need to dwell upon the inconsistencies pointed out by MR. WARDEN, and the alleged incompatibility in regard to age for an union between two persons of some note in family history, the son of the first Earl of Westmoreland and his Countess Joan and the daughter and heir of the Lord Fauconberge, who formed an alliance from which the co-heirs are, it is believed, represented at this day.

The birth of William Nevill, Lord Fauconberge, afterwards created Earl of Kent, second son of a marriage which took place early in, or just before, the year 1397, may be assigned to in or about the year 1400; and we shall presently see that his future wife was born on the 18th of October, 1406, and married to him before the 1st of May, 1422.

Walter, fifth Lord Fauconberge, died on the 29th of September, 1362 (Esc. 36 Edw. III., 1st part, No. 77.), leaving a son Thomas (issue of his first marriage with Matilda, sister and co-heir of Sir William de Pateshull, Kt., Esc. 33 Edw. III., 1st part, No. 40., and _Rot. Orig._, 34 Edw. III., Ro. 2.), then a minor, under eighteen years of age.

Thomas, who was born circa 1345, was already in 1362 married to his first wife Constancia, by whom he does not appear to have left any issue surviving. His was rather an eventful life; some incidents not noticed by Dugdale will be briefly cited. On the 10th of August, 1372, being then a knight or chivaler, he had letters of protection on going abroad in the king's service, in the company of Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick (_Rot. Franc._, 46 Edw. III.). Here it seems he forgot his allegiance, and having gone over to the French side was branded "tanquam proditor domini Regis Angliæ" (Esc. 5 Ric. II., No. 67., 6 Ric. II., No. 180., and 11 Ric. II., No. 59.). Can this have been the origin of the error in assigning his death to the year 1376? He was, however, yet living in 1401, as in that year he succeeded to the reversion of the estates which his step-mother Isabella (a sister of Sir John Bygot, Chivaler), the widow of Walter Lord Fauconberge, held in dower (Esc. 2 Hen. IV., No. 47.). Not long after this, and apparently a few years only before his death, and when somewhat advanced in years, he married a second time. I have not been able to ascertain to what family his wife Joan, or Johanna, belonged, but she survived her husband only a short time. About the period of his marriage, too (9th August, 1405), an occurrence of some importance to his descendants is recorded, namely, a grant by the king to Sir Thomas Bromflete and Sir Robert Hilton, of the custody and governance of all his estates in England, which had come into the king's hands "ratione ideociæ Thomæ Fauconberge, Chivaler," to hold during the life of the said Thomas. This grant, however, was in the following year, on 24th December, 1406, revoked and annulled, because the said Thomas had proved before the king and his council in Chancery, "quod ipse sanæ discretionis hactenus fuerit et ad tunc existat," and he was thereupon re-admitted to his estates which had descended to him "jure hæreditario post mortem Walteri Fauconberge patris sui, cujus hæres ipse est" (_Rot. Pat._, p. 1., 8 Hen. IV., m. 16.). He had only a few months before (15th February, 1406) obtained from the king livery of an estate which had come to him in {156} 1375 as one of the co-heirs, on his mother's side, of his grandmother Mabilia, a sister of Otho de Graunson, upon the death without issue of Thomas de Graunson, son of the said Otho. (_Rot. Pat._, p. 1., 7 Hen. IV., m. 6.)

Was there in fact any real ground for the suggestion of Lord Fauconberge's idiocy? This is one of the gravest imputations that can be cast upon a family, and it is a most unpardonable presumption to make it lightly and without justice; but it is somewhat singular that nearly fifty years afterwards, his only daughter and heir, born at the very period when this charge was being refuted, and when he himself was upwards of sixty years of age, became the subject of a commission issued to inquire of her alleged imbecility and idiocy. The commissioners sat at Gisburn in Cleveland in the county of York, on the 28th of March, 1463, and it was then found by the inquest that "Johanna Fauconberge nuper comitissa de Kent, fatua et ydeota est, et a nativitate sua semper fuit, ita quod se terras et tenementa sua neque alia bona sua regere scit, aut aliquo tempore scivit:" the jury also returned that she had not alienated any lands or tenements since the death of William, late Earl of Kent, her late husband. That Joan, the wife of Sir Edward Bethom, Kt., thirty years old and upwards, Elizabeth, the wife of Richard Strangeways, Esq., twenty-eight years old and upwards, and Alice, wife of John Conyers, Esq., twenty-six years old and upwards, were the daughters and heirs, as well of the said William the late earl, as of the said Joan the late countess. (Esc. 3 Edw. IV., No. 33.)

Thomas Lord Fauconberge died on the 9th of September, 1407, leaving the above-mentioned Joan, or Johanna, his daughter and heir, an infant of one year old. (Esc. 9 Hen. IV., No. 19.; see also Esc. 9 Hen. V., No. 42.) His widow Joan had assignment of dower after her husband's death on 20th October, 1408, and she herself died in the following year, on the 4th of March, 1409. (Esc. 10 Hen. IV., No. 15.) A later inquisition, however, taken on 1st of April, 1422 (Esc. 10 Hen. V., No. 22ᵃ.), states that the said Joan, widow of Sir Thomas Fauconberge, Chivaler, died on the 23rd of June, 1411. The first date is most probably the correct one, as a fact would be more likely to be accurately stated by a jury impanneled a few months only after the event recorded, than by an inquest taken after an interval of twelve or thirteen years.

On the formal proof of age (Esc. 10 Hen. V., No. 22ᵇ.) of Joan Fauconberge, daughter and heir of Thomas Lord Fauconberge and Joan his wife, taken at Northallerton, in the county of York, on the 1st of May, 10 Henry V., 1422, she was described as the wife of William Neville. She appears to have been born at Skelton in the said county, and baptized in the church there on the feast of Saint Luke the Evangelist (18th of October), 1406; and on the same feast in 1421, being the 9th of Henry V., she had accomplished her fifteenth year. Dugdale (tom. ii. p. 4.) has fallen into a singular mistake in alluding to this event, not to speak of the obvious inconsistency which those writers who follow his account have introduced in assigning the year of Lord Fauconberge's decease to 1372, thus making the daughter's birth to have occurred more than thirty years after her father's death. It is this:--One of the witnesses, who speaks to the period of the baptism of Joan, was named _Thomas_ Blawefrount the elder, fifty years of age and upwards, and the reason assigned by him for his remembrance of the event is as follows: "Et hoc scit eo quod Isabella filia prædicti Thomæ desponsata fuit cuidam Johanni Wilton, et idem Thomas fuit ad sponsalia eodem die quo præfata Johanna baptizata fuit, propter quod bene recolit quod præfata Johanna fuit ætatis prædictæ." Dugdale has by a strange oversight made the Isabella here described to be the daughter of Thomas Fauconberge, and sister of Joan, instead of the witness' own daughter.

It is not quite evident, from the language of the document which records the imbecility of the Countess of Kent in March 1463, whether she was then actually dead. It appears, however, clear that she survived her husband, who lived but a few months to enjoy his newly acquired dignity.

The account given by Dugdale of John, son of Thomas Lord Fauconberge, is scarcely intelligible. He says this lord "left issue John, his son and heir," and subsequently adds, "which John died without issue in the lifetime of his father."

Lord Fauconberge may have had a son by his former wife, but I have seen nothing to confirm this supposition. By an inquisition taken after the death of Sir Walter Fauconberge, Chivaler, at Bedford, on the 18th of November, 1415, it was found that Joan, widow of one Sir John Fauconberge, Chivaler, deceased, whom Thomas Brounflete, junior, afterwards married, was then living, and that she granted to the said Sir Walter all the estate which she had in certain rents payable by Matilda Wake, formerly the wife of Sir Thomas Wake, Chivaler; that the said Sir Walter died on the 1st of September, 1415, but the jurors knew not who was his heir. (Esc. 3 Hen. V., No. 15.) Dugdale (vol. ii. p. 234.) cites a feoffment dated 9 Hen. IV., 1407-8, which shows that Thomas Brounflete, Esq., was then married to the said Joan, and consequently that Sir John Fauconberge was dead at that time.

I must close this, for I fear I have now exceeded the limits which your valuable paper may, with justice to others, spare to subjects of this nature.

WILLIAM HARDY.

* * * * *{157}

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

_Lining of Cameras._--I find nothing so good to line a camera with as _black velvet_; for, black the inside of a camera as you will, if it is hard wood or any size used, there will be reflection from the bottom, which, with very sensitive plates, gives a dulness which, I think I may say, is caused by this reflection. I think even the inside of the lens tube might advantageously be lined with black velvet.

W. M. F.

_Cyanuret of Potassium._--I have been using lately 12 grs. of cyanuret of potassium in 1 oz. of water for clearing the collodion plates, instead of hypo. There is one advantage, that there are no crystals formed if imperfectly washed, which is too common with hypo. You must take care to well wash off the developing fluid, whether pyrogallic, protonitrate, or protosulphite: if you use the latter 40-grains strong, the _whitest_ pictures can be obtained, nearly as white as after bichloride of mercury. A good formula to make it is--

Distilled water 11 drachms.
Alcohol 1 drachm.
Nitric acid 20 minims.
Protosulphate of iron 60 grains.

This I know to act well with care, and it will keep a long time.

I find protonitrate solution--

Water 1½ ounce.
Barytes 150 grains.
Protosulph. 150 "

mixed in a proportion of 8 to 4, with a 3-grain solution of pyrogallic--a very nice developing mixture; and, if poured back again after being used, will suffice 6 or 8 times over; but it is _best_ new.

W. M. F.

_Minuteness of Detail on Paper._--Being fond of antiquarian studies, and having learned from "N. & Q." the value of photography to the archæologist, I have serious thoughts of taking up the practice of the art. Before doing so, however, I am anxious to learn how far that minuteness of detail which I so much prize, and which is of such value to the antiquary, is to be obtained by any of the processes on paper. I have seen some specimens produced by collodion which certainly exhibit that quality in an eminent degree. Is anything approaching to such minuteness attainable by any of the Talbotype processes?

F. S. A.

[Had this Query reached us last week, we should then, as now, have replied in the affirmative. We should then have referred, for evidence in support of our statement, to Mr. Fenton's Well Walk, Cheltenham, published in the _Photographic Album_, and to Mr. Buckle's View of Peterborough. But we may now adduce a work almost more remarkable for this quality, namely, a view of Salisbury, by Mr. Russell Sedgefield, a young wood engraver, which is about to appear in the forthcoming part of the _Photographic Album_.

To this beautiful specimen of the art we may certainly refer as a proof that it is quite possible to obtain upon paper the greatest nicety of detail; in short, every minuteness that can be desired, or ought to be attempted.]

_Stereoscopic Angles._--I think there can be little doubt that MR. T. L. MERRITT (Vol. viii., p. 110.) has solved the problem as to stereoscopic angles: there can be no reason why one angle should be used for _near_ objects, and another for _distant_. A _true_ representation of nature is required: and, as we cannot view any object with one of our eyes eighteen or twenty feet separate from the other, so it appears to me a true picture cannot be obtained by taking two views so far apart. The result must be to _dwarf_ the objects; and, in confirmation of this, I may state that I was not convinced that the stereoscopic views were taken from nature till I understood the cause of their reduction. All views that I have been able to purchase, of out-door nature, appear to me to be taken from models, and not from the objects themselves.

A view of a tower conveys the idea, not of a tower of stone and lime, but of a very careful model in cardboard; and this is exactly what might be expected from taking the views at so wide an angle. A church is seen, as it would be seen by a giant whose eyes were twenty feet apart, or as we would see a small model of it near at hand.

I hope that some of your photographic correspondents will settle this question, by taking views of the same object both by the wide and close angle, and, by comparing them, ascertain which conveys to the mind the truest representation of nature.

T. B. JOHNSTON.

Edinburgh.

_Sisson's developing Solution_ (Vol. vii., p. 462.).--Will you be so good as to ask MR. SISSON if he finds the above to answer as a bath to plunge the plate _into_, instead of pouring on, as in the case of pyrogallic?

He is entitled to the warm thanks of all photographers for the discovery of a solution which produces such pleasing tints with so much ease; and it needs but the qualification I inquire after to render it perfect. I have used it when at least three weeks made, and am not sure that it is not even better than when fresh.

S. B.

P.S.--Why not devote a little more space to this fascinating art in "N. & Q."? I think, if anything, it grows less latterly.

_Multiplying Photographs._--In Vol. viii., p. 60., you reprint a communication from Sir W. Herschel which has appeared in _The Athenæum_.

{158}

It describes a method of printing from glass negatives, but there being no _cut_ renders the meaning somewhat obscure.

In the last number of the _Photographic Journal_ (21st ult.), some mention is made of this letter. They say it proves to be one already long in use, Mr. Kilburn having practised it for four years. I am very desirous of obtaining more information about it. I want to know the length of the box or camera required; and also the focus of the lens, and the best size. Probably Mr. Kilburn or Sir W. Herschel would one of them be so kind as to say.

W. M. F.

What kind of lens should be used for taking enlarged copies of glass negatives according to Mr. Stewart's plan? and will the same lens also diminish the picture? Will not the usual camera lens act?

PLY.

[The usual compound lens is all that is required.]

Would you have the goodness to explain, in some detail, the two methods by which Mr. Stewart and Mr. Kilburn multiply photographs in a reduced or magnified size; the one by reflected light, the other by transmitted. Mr. Stewart's experiments are upon glass, Mr. Kilburn's on cameras and daguerreotypes. I have never seen any description of this latter process, or of the method of preparing the stereoscope objects: vide _Athenæum_, July 30, 1853.

I observe with great pleasure that the cost of apparatus is becoming less, &c.

AMATEUR.

[However much we may agree in the views expressed in the latter part of AN AMATEUR'S letter, we have been obliged to omit it, as it violates our rule of not opening the columns of "N. & Q." to the recommendation of any particular manufacturer.]

_Is it dangerous to use the Ammonio-Nitrate of Silver?_ (Vol. viii., p. 134.).--No: it is now generally used as the best of _marking inks, without preparation_; and we have never yet heard of an explosion from its use. Mr. Delamotte has evidently confounded this preparation with the chloride of silver precipitated with _strong ammonia_, which, when dried, forms the article known as _fulminating silver_; or by adding to the oxide of silver lime-water, and afterwards a strong solution of ammonia, a black powder is thrown down, which, when dried, is known as _Berthollet's fulminating silver_. There is also one other, formed by adding chloric acid to oxide of silver; after drying this, and then adding potassa to a solution of it, the precipitate, by again being dried, becomes an explosive compound.

The photographer forms a weak solution for his purpose with one of the least soluble and _weakest_ of the ammoniacal preparations, and which, by drying _around the stopper of the bottle_, is very unlikely to become explosive, from its wanting the addition of another element as necessary to the formation of an explosive compound. For my own part, I must say, that I have found, from experience, all the compound solutions of silver keep much better, and the photogenic effect more satisfactory, by mixing only so much as I may require for immediate use, at this time of the year especially.

J. H.

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

_Burke's Marriage._--I am obliged to MR. GANTILLON (Vol. viii., p. 134.), but the authority referred to does not answer my questions (Vol. vii., p. 382.): When and _where_ was Burke married? There is no doubt as to _who_ he married. But some biographers say the ceremony took place in 1766, others in 1767. Some leave it to be inferred that he was married at Bath, others in London.

B. E. B.

_Stars and Flowers_ (Vol. iv., p. 22.; Vol. vii., pp. 151. 341. 513.).--To the passages quoted from Cowley, Longfellow, Hood, Moir, and Darwin, may be added the following ingenious application of this metaphorical language:--

"Alas for life!--but we will on with those
Who have an age beyond their being's day.
Mount with our Newton where Light ever flows;
See him unveil its marvels--and display
The hidden richness of a single ray!
Unfold its latent hues like blossoms shed,
Or flowers of air, outshining flowers of May!
A luminous wreath in rainbow beauty spread,
The noblest Fame could leave round starry Newton's head."

_The Mind, and other Poems_, by Charles Swain, p. 64.

BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM.

_Odour from the Rainbow_ (Vol. iii. pp. 224. 310.).--This idea has been traced to Bacon's _Sylva_, Browne's _Britannia's Pastorals_, Snow's _Miscellaneous Poems_, and to a Greek writer referred to by Coleridge. Georgius de Rhodes, in his _Peripatetic Philosophy_, mentions the same effect of the rainbow, and quotes Pliny:

"Dico sexto, iridis effectus duos præcipue numerari. Primus
est, quod plantas, arbores, frutices, quibus incubuerit,
efficit odorationes. Tradunt, inquit Plinius lib. xii. c.
24., in quocunque frutice incurvetur cœlestis arcus, eandem
quæ sit aspalato suavitatem odoris existere; aspalato autem
inenarrabilem quandam. Terra etiam ipsa suavius halare dicitur."

In the annotations on Pliny, _in loco_, Aristotle is referred to in _Problem. Quæst._ xii.

BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM.

_Judges styled Reverend_ (Vol. iv., pp. 151. 198).--The following is an extract from the title of a small octavo volume, printed for the assignees of {159} John More, Esq., London, 1635, which lately came into my hands:--_La novel Natura Brevium du Juge Tresreverend Monsieur Anthony Fitzherbert_; with a new table by William Rastall. The preface is headed as follows:--"La Preface sur cest lieuz compose per le Reverend Justice Anthony Fitzherbert."

Anthony Fitzherbert was appointed Chief Justice of the Common Pleas in 1523, and died in 30 Hen. VIII. William Rastall was appointed Serjeant-at-law in 1554, and one of the Justices of the Common Pleas in 1558: it would seem, therefore, that as Rastall is not styled "Serjeant-at-law" in the title-page of the book when he made a new table to its contents, that the complimentary style of Reverend, as applicable to the judges, was used at least as late as the middle of the sixteenth century.

THOMAS W. KING, YORK HERALD.

College of Arms.

_Jacob Bobart_ (Vol. viii., p. 37.).--I beg to supply the following additional particulars relating to the Bobart family. In the _Correspondence of Dr. Richardson_, edited by Mr. Dawson Turner, will be found a letter from Bobart junior to the Doctor, with a reference to two other letters. In pages 9, 10, and 11, a copious note respecting the Bobart family, by the editor, is given. A short notice of Bobart jun. also appears in the Memoirs of John Martyn, Professor of Botany at Cambridge. The following epitaph on Bobart jun. is in Amherst's _Terræ Filius_, 1726:

"Here lies Jacob Bobart,
Nail'd up in a cupboard."

In the preface to Mr. Nichols' work on _Autographs_, among other albums noticed by him as being in the British Museum, is that of David Krieg, with Jacob Bobart's autograph, and the following verses:

"VIRTUS SUA GLORIA.

Think that day lost whose descending sun,
Views from thy hand no noble action done.

Your success and happyness

Is sincerely wished by

JA. BOBART, Oxford."

Mr. Richardson's engraved portrait of Bobart the Elder is only a copy of Burghers' engraving, so highly spoken of by Granger, and cannot, therefore, be nearly so valuable as the latter.

GARLICHITHE.

_"Putting your foot into it"_ (Vol. viii., p. 77.).--W. W. is certainly "Will o' the Wisp" himself. We must not allow him to lead us into Asia, hunting for the origin of a saying which is nothing more than a coarse allusion to an accident that happens day after day to every heedless or benighted pedestrian in England; but if a foreign origin _must_ be found for this saying, let us travel to Greece rather than to Hindostan, and we shall see in the writings of Æschylus:

"Ἐλαφρὸν, ὅστις πημάτων ἔξω πόδα
Ἔχει, παραινεῖν νουθετεῖν τε τὸν κακῶς
Πράσσοντ'." κ.τ.λ.--_Prom. Vinc._ 271.

C. FORBES.

Temple.

_Simile of the Soul and the Magnetic Needle_ (Vol. vi., pp. 127. 207. 280. 368. 566.; Vol. vii., p. 508.).--We have all overlooked the following use of this simile in Thomas Hood's poem, addressed to Rae Wilson:

"Spontaneously to God should tend the soul,
Like the magnetic needle to the Pole;
But what were that intrinsic virtue worth,
Suppose some fellow, with more zeal than knowledge,
Fresh from St. Andrew's College,
Should nail the conscious needle to the north?"